Cognitive Development in Middle and Late ChildhoodChapter 12

Piagets Theory and Concrete Operational ThoughtConcrete operations Piagets term to describe the thinking of 7 to 11year-old children; logical thinking about physical, concrete objectsCognitive operations internalized mental operations

Key question 1: What are the characteristics of childrens thinking during the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget?

Formal Operations

Intelligence and Thinking1904 Binet ScaleIntelligence quotient (IQ): measure of intelligence based on an intelligence test. It is constructed from a ratio of a childs mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. IQ = MA/CA x 1001916 Lewis Terman revised the Binet Scale and called it the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Key question 4: What are some different perspectives on intelligence?

The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores

Extremes of IntelligenceGiftednessAbove-average intelligence (IQ over 130) and superior talent for somethingPrecocityMarch to their own drummerPassion to master

Learning DisabilitiesLearning disability includes:A minimum IQ level (i.e at least IQ of 80)A significant difficulty in a school-related areaExclusion of other conditionsBoys classified 3 times more than girlsDiagnosis difficult

Extremes of IntelligenceMental RetardationCondition of limited mental abilitySeveral IQ classificationsCausesOrganic: genetic or brain disorderCultural-familial: no causal evidence found

Extremes of IntelligenceIQClassification%Limitations 55-70Mild 89Difficulty adapting to daily life40-54Moderate 6Can work, support oneself25-39Severe 3.5Can talk, do simple tasks, require extensive supervision0-24Profoundly 1Require constant supervision

IQ Classifications of Mental Retardation

http://www.cc.com/video-clips/jur0u9/the-colbert-report-the-word---meducation

DyslexiaDyslexia may cause children to focus on letter-sound combinations at the beginnings of words. Yet they have difficulty with those same combinations in other positions in words. Example: Stop and past

Gardners Theory of Multiple IntelligencesTheory of multiple intelligences: Gardners theory is that people have eight (possibly nine) separate intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and (possibly) existential.

Creative thinking Ability to think in novel or unusual waysDifferent from intelligenceConvergent thinking intelligence reflected on conventional tests; produce one correct answerDivergent thinking creativity; produce many answers for one question

Creativity