winter dust haze in tropical southern africa

��

�� !��

��" ��# �� $�� %�� !!� �� "# �� $�� %� � &'("& ��

�� )�� *�+, �- �� ! �� .�� '� +�%�� ''/01 -�!� ��

)��

�� ( 2� � &##/�� "1 �� &##(�� " ��%$�� &##(

�%��

�&'( )*+, '-.,*/' 01,. 20'( 03 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* 47 847(,.� 3.02 *9 (0 �5(0:,.� 84() * 2*;42&2 47 &69 *7/ �&<&'(01,. (), *=>., %*'47� �(' 0.4<47 4' -.42*.469 :402*'' :&.747< *7/ ',507/*.469 '046 /,?*(407� 8)45) <.,*(69 475.,*',' /&.47< (),/.9 ',*'07� �( 4' 20:464+,/ 07 (), 507(47,7( :9 (), &7'(*:6, *(20'-),.45 :0&7/*.9 6*9,. &- (0 (), 471,.'407 47 (), �7/4*7 (.*/,847/ *( *:0&( �@@@2 *6(4(&/,� �),7 4( 4' '(.,(5),/ 70.()A8,'(8*./ :9 (), (.*/, 847/ *7/ *55&2&6*(,' 47 (), 24/A(.0-0'-),.,01,. (), *=>., %*'47 *7/ (), �07<0 �,-&:645� �( 4' 5*..4,/ *8*9 01,. (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7 3.02 (), 50*'( 03 ()0', 50&7(.4,'� �(:,<47' (0 /4'*--,*. 0769 8),7 '970-(45A'5*6, ?08 -*((,.7' 5)*7<, 47 �,-(,2:,.� ,*'&.,' 03 *(20'-),.45 -066&(407 /&, (0:402*'' :&.747< 01,. (), �3.45*7 507(47,7( *7/ 03 *(20'-),.45 *,.0'06' *:01, (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7 507B.2 (),', .,'&6('�� :9 (), �09*6 ,(,0.060<45*6 �054,(9 � �* 2* �!�%��!� ��C ��

��0� 03 �4<&.,'C �@� �0� 03 �*:6,'C �� 0� 03 �,3'C ��

"�� C /&'( )*+,D :402*'' :&.747<D *(20'-),.45 -066&(407D '0&(),.7 /.9 ',*'07D (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*�

��

�&'( )*+, )*' :,,7 /,B7,/ *550./47< (0 �466,7,&1, ��E@� *' F�*+, 507'(4(&(,/ 84() /&'( -*.(456,' � � � 8)45) *.,/.9 *7/ '0 (479 ()*( 4( 4' 70( -0''4:6, (0 3,,6 (),2 0. (0 ',, (),2 84() (), 7*G,/ ,9,� :&( 8)45)� *' * 8)06,� 2*G,

(), *4. 600G47< /42 *7/ 0-*6,'5,7(H� �&5) *7 0-*6,'5,75, 4' /&, (0 (), 0-(45*6 -.0-,.(4,' 03 64<)(�

�&'( )*+, )*' :,,7 '(&/4,/ 47 ',1,.*6 *.,*' 03 (), 80.6/� (), :,'( 471,'(4<*(,/ :,47< (), �*)*.* �%&,5),.� ��EID

�*.6'07� ��D �,.3� ��E@D �.&46),( *7/ �&.*7/� ��E�D �0&J&*.( �� !�� E�D 0.*6,'� �� (' -.,',75, )*'

:,,7 70(45,/ 47 * 3,8 +07,' 03 '0&(),.7 �3.45* ��.*::,� ��EID �0&<&,K/.04( �� !�� @� :&( 70 <,7,.*6 '(&/9 )*'

:,,7 507/&5(,/ 47 ()*( *.,*�

�(20'-),.45 /&'( 4' 47/4.,5(69 5075,.7,/ 84() .,5,7( .,',*.5) 07 :402*'' :&.747< :,5*&', '20G, -*.(456,'

507'(4(&(, * -*.( 03 (), /&'( *,.0'06'� !.0/&5,/ '42&6(*7,0&'69 84() (.*5, <*',' (),9 20/439 (), 5),245*6 507(,7(

03 (), *(20'-),.,� 507(.4:&(, (0 4(' -066&(407 *7/ -*.(454-*(, 47 (), :405),245*6 5956,' ��06/*22,.� ��@D

�7/.,*,� �� &5) <*',' /&, (0 :402*'' :&.747< :,502, 47/45*(0.' 03 (), 0.4<47� *( 6,*'( -*.(69� 03 /&'( )*+,�

�), /4'(.4:&(407 47 '-*5, *7/ (), ,106&(407 47 (42, 03 /&'( )*+, 47 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* 3.02 *9 (0

�5(0:,.� 4�, /&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07 *7/ (), 207()' (.*7'4(407,/ (0 (), 8,( ',*'07� *., B.'( /4'5&'',/� �),9 *.,

5)*.*5(,.4+,/� 30. � 207()' 0. 20.,� :9 * .,2*.G*:6, -,.'4'(,75,� 8)45) )*' 70( :,,7 /,'5.4:,/ :,30., *798),.,

47 (), 80.6/� �( 4' 647G,/ 84() (), -*.(45&6*. 3,*(&.,' 03 (), ',*'07*6 '970-(45A'5*6, ?08 -*((,.7' *:01, (),

'0&(),.7 �3.45*7 507(47,7(�

�� @E��AE��EL��L@�@��A�@ M��@

� �� :9 (), �09*6 ,(,0.060<45*6 �054,(9

#�0..,'-07/,75, (0C �� 0&<&,/.04(� ��! �� 7'(4(&( /, �,0<.*-)4,� 741,.'4(, /, !.01,75, ��4;A *.',466, �� *1,7&, �0:,.(�5)&2*7� �NI�� 4;A,7A!.01,75, �,/,;� �.*75,

��

"*&* +��

�), '(*(4'(45*6 :*'4' 03 ()4' '(&/9 4' (), /*469 /*(* 8)45) )*1, :,,7 5066,5(,/ *66 01,. (), 80.6/ 30. (), �E

207()' 03 (), �7(,.7*(407*6 �,0-)9'45*6 �,*. �� 3.02 � &69 �� (0 N� �,5,2:,. ��E� *7/ <*(),.,/ 07

/*469 2*-' :9 (), �,&('5),. �,((,./4,7'(� �), E@ '(*(407' 0. '0 '5*((,.,/ ().0&<) '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45* )*1,

:,,7 &',/ ),., ��4<&., ��

�), /*(* *., /,.41,/ 3.02 (), '92:06' 30. F/&'( )*+,H 5066,5(,/ 3.02 (), /*469 8,*(),. 2*-'� *7/ 50730.2 (0

(), &'&*6 '(*7/*./' 03 2,(,0.060<45*6 ',.145,'� �3 50&.',� /&'( 14'4:464(9 4' * ',24AJ&*64(*(41, 70(407D 20.,01,. 4(

5075,.7' 0769 608 *6(4(&/, /&'( 560&/'� 8)45) ',,2' 30.(&7*(,69 (0 :, *7 &'&*6 5*', 01,. (), 507(47,7(' 8),., (),

/&'( 0.4<47*(,'� �),', /*(* *., *( (), 202,7( (), 0769 /*469 07,' ,*'469 *1*46*:6, 30. (), 8)06, '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6

�3.45*� �,20(, ',7'47< '(&/4,' 50&6/ -.014/, /*469 /*(* 07 (), '-*(4*6 ,;(,7'407 03 /&'( )*+, ,4(),. ().0&<) (),

14'4:6, 5)*77,6� :&( 84()0&( *79 4730.2*(407 *:0&( (), ),4<)( 03 ()0', 560&/'� 0. :9 -.05,''47< (), /*(* 03 (),

(),.2*6 473.*A.,/ �� 5)*77,6� - (0 708� ()4' 2,()0/� 8),7 *--64,/ 01,. 507(47,7('� 4' 0-,.*(47< 0769 07 '&5)

'42-6, 5*',' *' (), �*)*.* ��,<.*7/ �� !�� D �H�0&2, *7/ �,<.*7/� ��

�), '92:06 F/&'( )*+,H 4' /433,.,7( 3.02 F'20G,H� 8)45) )*' :,,7 6,3( 0&(� �), '20G, 506&27' ()*( .4', 3.02

(), <.,*( B.,' )*1, 70( :,,7 (*G,7 47(0 *550&7(� �),4. 507(.4:&(407 (0 (), -)9'45*6 *7/ 5),245*6 5)*.*5(,.4'(45' 03

(), *(20'-),., 4' *70(),. J&,'(407� 8)45) 8466 :, 47(.0/&5,/ 6*(,.�

�), 7&2:,. 03 '(*(407' 84() (), '92:06 F/&'( )*+,H )*' :,,7 5*65&6*(,/ 30. ,1,.9 /*9 47 (), 8)06, 03 '0&(),.7

(.0-45*6 �3.45*� :,(8,,7 �I�� *7/ �� 8)45) *., (), ,;(.,2, 6*(4(&/47*6 :0&7/*.4,' 03 (), ,;(,7'407 03 (),847(,. /&'( )*+,� �7 ()4' 8*9� E@ '(*(407' 8,., 5),5G,/ '9'(,2*(45*669 /&.47< :0() (), 847(,. /&'( )*+, -,.40/'�

3.02 � &69 �� (0 N@ �01,2:,. �� *7/ 3.02 � *9 ��E (0 N@ �01,2:,. ��E� �),', 50&7(' 2*/, 4(

-0''4:6, (0 5*..9 0&( *7 ,6,2,7(*.9 '(*(4'(45*6 *7*69'4' 03 (), .,'&6(' *7/ (0 -.0/&5, '02, 2*-' ')0847< (),

'-*(4*6 ,106&(407 03 ()4' -),702,707 /&.47< 847(,.�

�4<&., �� 05*(407 03 (), '(*(407' 47 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45*

��I �� %��

"*"* +�� 3� �� 4 ��

"*"*&* �� 4 �� * �&'( )*+, 055&..,75, 4' 560',69 647G,/ (0 (), '0&(),.7 /.9 ',*'07 ��4<&., ��C 47

20'( 03 (), '(*(407' 1,.9 64((6, .*47 4' 30&7/ /&.47< (), -,.40/ '(.,(5)47< 3.02 *9�&7, (0 �,-(,2:,.��5(0:,.

��*6(,. *7/ �4,()� ��I�D �.43B()� �� ), 0769 ,;5,-(407 4' (), ,*'(,.7 50*'(� 8),., .*47 507(47&,' 3*6647< :&(

47 '2*66,. *20&7(' ()*7 /&.47< (), .,'( 03 (), 9,*.� �6',8),.,� (), .*479 ',*'07 <,7,.*669 '(0-' 47 *&(&27� ,4(),.

47 �-.46 8),7 -.,54-4(*(407 3*66' &7/,. �@ 0. �@ 22 0. 47 *9 8),7 4( 4' 746� ,'-,54*669 47 (), '0&() ��4<&., N�� 7

�)*:* �'0&(),.7 *=>.,�� (), 502-6,(, 501,. 03 ()47 560&/' 84()0&( *79 .*47� 8)45) 4' 5)*.*5(,.4'(45 03 �-.46�

J&45G69 /4'*--,*.' 47 (), :,<47747< 03 *9 � :,7+*� ��E�D �.*::,� ��EID �H(02:4� ��EE� ��@�� ), *.,*

84()0&( *79 .*473*66 475.,*',' &7(46 &69D (), -,.40/ &69��&<&'( 50..,'-07/' (0 4(' <.,*(,'( ,;(,7(� (),7 4(

/42474'),' 47 �,-(,2:,. ��4<&., N�� ), 847(,. /.9 ',*'07 07 *1,.*<, 6*'(' 3.02 N (0 I 207()' 47 (), 70.() *7/

&- (0 � 0. �@ 47 (), '0&() ��&:.,''07 �� !�� 4<&., �� ), '*2, .,<42, ,;(,7/' (0 (), �.,*( �*G,' *.,* 47

�*'( �3.45*� :&( (), /.9 ',*'07 4' <,7,.*669 ')0.(,.O0769 N 207()'� 3.02 &7, (0 �&<&'( ��0&<&,/.04( �� !��

��@�� 7 (), 70.(),.7 6424( 03 (), *=>., :*'47� 847(,. 4' 6,'' /.9 :&( -.,54-4(*(407 /4'(475(69 8,*G,7'D (), '*2,

5642*(45 .,<42, 507(47&,' 70.() 03 (), �J&*(0.� 84() * ')0.( /.9 ',*'07 3.02 &7, (0 �&<&'(� 50..,'-07/47< 84()

(), 70.(),.7 '&22,. ��,.0&;� ��EN��

"*"*"* -�� 4 �� &#15 � � &#16* �� *7/ ��E *., <,7,.*669 507'4/,.,/ *' )&24/ 9,*.' 47

'0&(),.7 �3.45* *' 8,66 *' 47 8,'(,.7 �3.45* ��45)06'07� ��EI� ��EED �9'07� ��EI�� 7 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45* 4(

4' -0''4:6, (0 502-*., (), *1,.*<, .*47 *20&7( ��I��E�� *7/ (), .*47 47 �� *7/ ��E� /&.47< (), '0&(),.7

/.9 ',*'07 *( 30&. '(*(407' ��*:6, �� .02 (),', .*47 *20&7(' 8, 2*9 ,*'469 /,/&5, (), /433,.,75,' :,(8,,7 (),

'(*(407'� %0() 9,*.' 8,., :,608 *1,.*<, 47 �&'*G*� *:01, *1,.*<, 47 *)*6*-9,� *7/ 560', (0 *1,.*<, 47

%&6*8*90� �7 �068,+4� (), �� /.9 ',*'07 8*' :,608 *1,.*<, *7/ ��E 8*' *:01, *1,.*<,� �7 3*5( (), 2*47

�4<&., �� ,7<() 03 /.9 ',*'07 �*3(,. �&:.,''07 �� !�� C �� 6,'' ()*7 N 207()'D �� N�I 207()'D N� I�� 207()'D �� 20., ()*7 � 207()'D�� *66&14*6 )4<) -6*47' 03 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45*

��

47(,.*77&*6 1*.4*:464(9 0.4<47*(,' 47 (), 6,7<() 03 (), /.9 ',*'07� �.02 &7, (0 �&<&'(� (), 8,*(),. 4' *:'06&(,69

/.9� '0 ()*( (), 1*.4*:464(9 4' ,J&*6 (0 +,.0 ��&62,� �� ), 0769 ,;5,-(407 4' &69 �� 47 *)*6*-9,� 605*(,/

07 (), 3.47<, 03 (), (.0-45*6 +07,� 84() (), ),*14,'( 847(,. .*473*66 47 (), -,.40/ ��I��E� ��22�� ),

:,<47747< *7/ (), ,7/ 03 847(,. 2*9 :, ,4(),. J&4(, .*479 0. J&4(, /.9� /,-,7/47< 07 :0() -6*5, *7/ 9,*.� �7 ��E

30. ,;*2-6,� *)*6*-9, /4/ 70( .,5,41, *79 .*47 /&.47< �5(0:,. *7/ �01,2:,. �*1,.*<, ��I��E�C �@�22��

8),.,*' �068,+4 .,5,41,/ 20., ()*7 &'&*6 ��E22� *1,.*<, �N@22��

�),.,30., 8, 2*9 '&<<,'( ()*( (), 47(,.*77&*6 1*.4*:464(9 03 (), /.9 ',*'07 5075,.7' 2*4769 (), :,<47747< 03

(), ,;(,7'407 -)*', *7/ (), ,7/ 03 (), .,<.,''407 -)*', 03 (), 5).07060<45*6 /,1,60-2,7( 03 /&'( )*+,� �), 6*((,.

8466 :, '(&/4,/ 30. :0() �� *7/ ��E�

"*'* �� !��! ��!��%� � �7 �� 3� � &#16

�&'( )*+, 8,*(),. -.,1*46' /&.47< 847(,. 47 20'( 03 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45*� ,'-,54*669 01,. (), 477,. -6*(,*&�

�07'4/,.47< (), /*469 7&2:,. 03 '(*(407' *33,5(,/ :9 /&'( )*+, ().0&<)0&( ��E �(), 0769 9,*. 84() /*(* 3.02 (),

:,<47747< (0 (), ,7/ 03 (), 847(,. /&'( ',*'07�� 8, 5*7 /4'-6*9 30&. 2*47 5).07060<45*6 -)*',' ��4<&., ��

�4<&., N� �;(,7'407 03 /.0&<)( 47 �-.46 *7/ �5(0:,.C �� *.,* 84() * .*473*66 *1,.*<, 608,. ()*7 N@ 22 47 �-.46D �� '(*(407 84() 6,'' ()*7 N@ 2247 �-.46 ��ED N� *.,* 84() * .*473*66 *1,.*<, 608,. ()*7 N@ 22 47 �5(0:,.

�*:6, �� *47 *20&7( �47 22� /&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07

�(*(407' *9��01,2:,. &7,��&<&'(

��I��E� �� E ��I��E� �� E

�068,+4 �� E NNN � @ @�&'*G* �� @E �� @ @ @ @%&6*8*90 ��@�� NE �� @ @ *)*6*-9, ��N�� I �E� �I� � ��

��E �� %��

"*'*&* �� * �)4' '(.,(5),' 3.02 I *9 (0 �� &7,� �&.47< ()4' �A8,,G -,.40/� (), 7&2:,. 03

'(*(407' *33,5(,/ :9 /&'( )*+, 475.,*',' J&4(, .,<&6*.69� 47 '-4(, 03 '02, ?&5(&*(407'C B1, 07 �� *9� �@ 07 �N

*9� �.02 �� &7, (0 �� &7,� (), 7&2:,. 03 '(*(407' 84() /&'( )*+, .*7<,' 3.02 �� (0 �I� &7, �� 4' 07, 03 (),

)4<),'( -,*G'� 84() N� '(*(407' 471061,/� �), *1,.*<, 1*6&,' 30. (), '&55,''41, B1, �@A/*9 -,.40/' �0. /,5*/'�

*., �� @� �N� �I� *7/ �� '(*(407'�

"*'*"* �� * �)4' (*G,' -6*5, 3.02 �� &7, (0 N@ �&<&'(� �( 4' 5)*.*5(,.4+,/ 2*4769 :9 :0() * <.,*(

7&2:,. 03 '(*(407' *33,5(,/ /*469 :9 /&'( )*+, �24742&2 �I� 2*;42&2 NI� *7/ 2*79 ?&5(&*(407' *550./47< (0

')0.( *7/ 607< 5956,'� '0 ()*( 8, 2*9 /433,.,7(4*(, /,5.,*'47< -)*',' �� &7, (0 � &69� �� &69 (0 �� &<&'(�

*7/ 475.,*'47< -)*',' �� &69 (0 �� &69� �� &<&'( (0 �� &<&'(�� ), *1,.*<, 1*6&,' 03 '&55,''41, /,5*/' *.,

*:0&( �� '(*(407'�

"*'*'* �� * �.02 (), :,<47747< 03 �,-(,2:,. (0 �@ �5(0:,.� (), 7&2:,. 03 '(*(407' *33,5(,/ :9

/&'( )*+, 56,*.69 /,5.,*',' �3.02 �� (0 E�� /,'-4(, '02, ?&5(&*(407'� ,'-,54*669 *( (), ,7/ 03 �,-(,2:,.� 84() *

',507/*.9 -,*G 03 �� '(*(407' 07 � �5(0:,.�

"*'*/* ��!�� * �.02 (), ',507/ )*63 03 �5(0:,.� 1,.9 3,8 '(*(407' *., *33,5(,/� 03(,7 6,'' ()*7 B1,� �(

()*( (42,� /&'( )*+, '5*.5,69 055&.'D 4( 502-6,(,69 /4'*--,*.' 47 �,5,2:,.�

�4<&., �� *469 7&2:,. 03 '(*(407' *33,5(,/ :9 /&'( )*+,C �*� � *9�N@ �01,2:,. ��ED �:� � &69�N@ �01,2:,. ��

��

"*/* ��! �� 7 �� 3� � &#16

�), *.,*' *33,5(,/ :9 /&'( )*+, /&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07 501,. 20'( 03 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45*� �), 1*.40&'

5).07060<45*6 -)*',' *., 5)*.*5(,.4+,/ :9 '-,54B5 .,<407*6 3,*(&.,'� �), B.'( '(*<, 03 ()4' '(&/9 4' :*',/ 07

��E 207()69 /*(*C ,*5) 2*- .,-.,',7(' (), '-*(4*6 /4'(.4:&(407 03 (), '(*(407' *33,5(,/ :9 /&'( )*+, *550./47<

(0 (), 7&2:,. 03 )*+9 /*9' 30. ,*5) 207()O3.02 *9 (0 �01,2:,.O*7/ 30. (), 8)06, -,.40/ ��4<&., � ��

*7/ %��

"*/*&* ��4 �7 �� 3� �� * �.02 *7&*.9 (0 �-.46 ��E� (),., 4' 0769 1,.9 055*'407*6 /&'( )*+,

*( * 3,8 '(*(407' 47 50*'(*6 '0&()A8,'(,.7 �3.45* *7/ (), '0&(),.7 *=>., %*'47� �, 5*7 *6'0 70(, '02, 055*'407*6

/&'( )*+, 47 70.(),.7 -*.(' 03 (), *=>., %*'47 *7/ 47 (), �*G, �45(0.4* .,<407� *''054*(,/ 84() (), 70.(),.7

),24'-),., 2*47 /.9 ',*'07 ��,.0&;� ��EN��

�

�4<&., �� 07()69 '-*(4*6 ,;(,7'407 03 /&'( )*+, 47 ��E � *9��01,2:,.�� 07()69 2*-'O7&2:,. 03 )*+9 /*9' 30. ,*5) 207()C �� E�N�D �� D N� ��@D �� D �� I� �%� *- 30. (), 8)06, -,.40/ � *9��01,2:,. ��E�O7&2:,. 03 )*+9 /*9'C �� 20., ()*7 �@@D ��

�@@D N� ��@D �� N��@D �� N@D I� ��@

�N@ �� %��

�.02 I *9 (0 �E *9� /&'( )*+, ',((6,' /087 2*4769 01,. (), '0&(),.7 .,<407' 03 (), *=>., %*'47� 07 (),

70.(),.7 :0&7/*.9 03 (), '0&(),.7 �3.45* -6*(,*&� �0. ()4' 8)06, 207()� (), 50., 03 (), /&'( )*+, *.,* 507'4'(' 03

(), 477,. .,<407' ,*'(8*./ 3.02 �&*7/*� *607< (), �7<06*� *=>., :0./,.C 30. ,;*2-6,� *6*7P, ��7<06*� 8*'

507(47&*669 '&:P,5(,/ (0 /&'( )*+, 3.02 � *9� 0'( 03 (), '(*(407' '5*((,.,/ ().0&<)0&( �7<06* *7/ *=>.,

:,(8,,7 (), �� *7/ �@�� -*.*66,6' 8,., *33,5(,/ /&.47< *( 6,*'( �� /*9' 47 (), 207()��&.47< (), 30660847< /*9'� (), /&'( )*+, *.,* '-.,*/' 4..,<&6*.69 (08*./' (), &--,. *2:,+4 %*'47 3.02

8,'(,.7 *2:4* (0 �)*:*� �.02 24/A&7,� (),., 4' * <.,*( 70.()8*./ *7/ ,*'(8*./ ,;(,7'407C *( (), (42, 03 (),

'06'(45,� (), /&'( )*+, ,;(,7/' 3.02 (), �(6*7(45 50*'( (0 �*G, �45(0.4* ().0&<) (), .*4730.,'( .,<407' *7/ '*1*77*

-6*(,*& 03 *=>.,� �7<06* *7/ 8,'(,.7 *2:4*�

"*/*"* �� 4 �� %��%�% �� 3� ��* �0. 7,*.69 ().,, 207()'� 3.02 (), ,7/ 03 &7, (0 24/A

�,-(,2:,.� /&'( )*+, 4' 1,.9 502207 47 20'( 03 (), 477,. .,<407' 03 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45*�

�4<&., � �507(47&,/��

%�

�

�� N�

�), 50., 03 (), *.,* 4' 605*(,/ 2*4769 47 (), *=>., %*'47 '0&() 03 (), �J&*(0.� �7 &69 4( '-.,*/' 3.02 (), 20&()

03 (), *=>., � *(*/4� ,*'(8*./ (0 (), ')0.,' 03 �*G, �*7<*794G* �"*6,24,�C ()4' 84/, *.,* :,502,' )*+9 30. N@

0. N� /*9' /&.47< (), 207()� �.02 (),., /&'( )*+, '(.,(5),' 47 ().,, 2*47 /4.,5(407'� �( ,;(,7/' (0 (), �.,*( �*G,'

03 ,*'(,.7 �3.45*� ,'-,54*669 '0&() 03 �*G, �45(0.4*C 47 �*7+*74*� �*:0.* 4' *33,5(,/ 07 �� /*9'O*7/ 507(47&*669

3.02 � &69O 0')4� 560', (0 (), "4642*7P*.0� 07 �E /*9'� �( .,*5),' (), 20&7(*470&' .,<407' 03 (), 8,'(,.7 �43(

�*66,9 �"*:*6,� 47 '0&()A8,'(,.7 <*7/*� �I /*9'�� ( ,;(,7/' (0 70.(),.7 %0('8*7* � *&7� �� /*9'��

�55*'407*669� (), /&'( )*+, 2*9 ,;(,7/ :,907/ (), �J&*(0. ��4'*6*� *( (), (0- 03 (), *=>., :,7/� �� /*9'�� *7/

,1,7 .,*5),' (), ')0., 03 (), �7/4*7 �5,*7 47 ",79* � 02:*''*� *7/ �*7+*74* ��*. ,' �*6**2�� ( -&'),'

(08*./ (), '0&()A,*'(,.7 477,. .,<407'� ,'-,54*669 3.02 *6*84 ��4607<8,� � /*9'� /087 (0 42:*:8, ��*.*.,� �

/*9'�� 84()0&( .,*5)47< (), 0+*2:4J&, 50*'(�

�7 �&<&'( (), 0&(647, 03 (), /&'( )*+, *.,* 4' J&4(, '4246*.D )08,1,.� 4(' *.,* 4' * 64((6, 84/,. 8),.,*' (),

7&2:,. 03 '(*(407' *33,5(,/ /&.47< (), 8)06, 207() 4' 3,8,.� �7 3*5(� * '64<)( '0&()8*./ /.43( 4' 70(45,*:6,D 560',

(0 (), �J&*(0.� /&'( )*+, :,<47' (0 /,5.,*',C 0769 � /*9' 47 "4'*7<*74 �� /*9' 47 &69�� I /*9' 47 "*:*6, ��I

/*9' 47 &69�� @ /*9' 47 *(*/4 �N@ /*9' 47 &69�D :9 507(.*'( 4( 475.,*',' 07 :0() '4/,' 03 *2:,+4 �N@ /*9' 47

*&7� �N /*9' 47 �&'*G*�� 02, 1,.9 055*'407*6 ()&7/,.'(0.2' 055&. 47 (), *=>., %*'47 47 �&<&'(� �)4'

,106&(407 :,502,' 20., *7/ 20., 0:140&' 47 �,-(,2:,.� 8),7 (), 50., 03 (), /&'( )*+, 201,' 3.02 (), '0&(),.7

-*.( 03 (), *=>., %*'47 (0 (), *2:,+4 %*'47� %9 '608 /,<.,,'� ,'-,54*669 3.02 (), ',507/ /,5*/ 03 ()4' 207()�

.*47' *7/ '(0.2' (*G, (), -6*5, 03 (), /&'( )*+, 70.() 03 (), �@�� -*.*66,6�

"*/*'* ��8�� * �), '0&()A,*'(8*./ .,<.,''407 (*G,' -6*5, 2*4769 3.02 24/A�,-(,2:,. (0

�01,2:,.C /&'( )*+, -.0<.,''41,69 6,*1,' (), *=>., %*'47 ��5(0:,.�� :,502,' 5075,7(.*(,/ 47 (), 608,. *2:,+4

%*'47 ��01,2:,.�� *7/ B7*669 /4'*--,*.' ��,5,2:,.��

�), �,-(,2:,. 2*- ()&' /4'-6*9' (.*7'4(407*6 3,*(&.,'C /&'( )*+, *.,* '-.,*/' 01,. :0() (), *2:,+4 %*'47 *7/

(), -6*(,*& '(.,(5)47< 3.02 70.(),.7 �7<06* (0 �*G, �*7<*794G*� �), 2*;42&2 7&2:,. 03 )*+9 /*9' 055&.' 47

*&7 �N@ /*9'�� :&( 47 '02, 0(),. '5*((,.,/ (087' (),., 8,., �� )*+9 /*9'C *6*84� 42:*:8, *.,*�

84746&7<* �70.(),.7 *2:4*� �� 01* �4':0* ��7<06*� �� *7/ "*6,24, � *=>.,� I�� ( 20'( 03 (),','(*(407'� /&'( )*+, (,2-0.*.469 1*74'),' *.0&7/ 24/A�,-(,2:,. 8),7 (), B.'( '(0.29 '(*<, 03 (), '0&(),.7 .*479

',*'07 055&.'� �60',. (0 (), �J&*(0.� 4( /0,' 70( 502, :*5G 6*(,. 07C �� ,-(,2:,. 47 "4G84( � *=>.,� �� N�,-(,2:,. 47 �&6&*:&.< � *=>.,� I�� ,-(,2:,. 47 "*:*6, �<*7/*� �� 7 507(.*'( 4( 502,' 30. (), B.'((42, (0 +42:* � *6*84� �� 07 �@ �,-(,2:,.� *( (), ,7/ 03 (), /.9 ',*'07��7 �5(0:,.� /&'( )*+, 84()/.*8' 3.02 (), *=>., %*'47C 70 20., ()*7 �@ )*+9 /*9' 47 "*247* � *=>.,� �� 0.

�01* �4':0*� E /*9' 47 "*6,24,� � /*9' 47 �&:&2:*')4 � *=>.,� �� *66 :,30., �� 5(0:,.D 6,'' ()*7 � /*9',6',8),.,� 0'( 03 (), '(*(407' 84() 20., ()*7 �@ )*+9 /*9' *., '4(&*(,/ 47 (), *2:,+4 %*'47� '0&() 03 ��)4' *.,* '(.,(5),' 3.02 �@�� *&7� �@ /*9'� 20'( 03 (),2 :,30., �@ �5(0:,.�� (0 �*G, *6*84 � +42:*� �E

/*9'�� ().0&<) *2:4* ��/06*� �I /*9'� *7/ 42:*:8, ��*.*.,� �I /*9'�C '02,(42,' /&'( )*+, 2*9 .,*5) (),

0+*2:4J&, 50*'( �Q&,642*7,� � /*9'��

�7 �01,2:,.� (), 6*'( '-0(' 03 (), '0&(),.7 /&'( )*+, 2*9 :, 0:',.1,/ 560', (0 �*G, *6*84 � +42:*� �� /*9'

&7(46 �� 01,2:,.� *7/ 47 (), 608,. *2:,+4 1*66,9 ��,(,� �� /*9'� &7(46 �I �01,2:,.�� ( (), '*2, (42,� :0.,*6

/&'( )*+, 4' 50247< :*5G 47 (), �J&*(0. .,<407�

"*1* ��%�� &#159&#16

�, 30&7/ 4( 47(,.,'(47< (0 502-*., (), 5).07060<45*6 *7/ '-*(4*6 -.05,'',' 03 /&'( )*+, 47 �� *7/ ��E� :9

&'47< &69��01,2:,. /*469 /*(*� �), ,106&(407 03 /&'( )*+, 4' <60:*669 '4246*. 47 :0() 9,*.'D 0769 '02, '64<)(

/433,.,75,' 2*9 :, /,(,5(,/� 2*4769 47 �,-(,2:,. *7/ �5(0:,.� 8),7 30. ().,, /,5*/'� (), 7&2:,. 03 '(*(407'

*33,5(,/ :9 )*+, 4' 2&5) <.,*(,. 47 ��E �� ()*7 47 �� E� ��

"*1*&* �� !��! ��* �), 502-*.4'07 03 (), ',507/ )*63A9,*. /*(* 0769 *6608' (), 2*;42&2

,;(,7'407 *7/ (), .,<.,''407 -)*',' 03 /&'( )*+, (0 :, (*G,7 47(0 *550&7( ��4<&., ��

�N� �� %��

�4<&., I� 07()69 '-*(4*6 ,;(,7'407 03 /&'( )*+, 47 �� &69��01,2:,.�O7&2:,. 03 )*+9 /*9' 30. ,*5) 207()C �� E�N�D �� D N��@D �� D �� I

�� NN

�),., 4' * <.,*( '4246*.4(9 03 (), &69��01,2:,. ',J&,75, 03 :0() �� *7/ ��EC (), 2*;42&2 ,;(,7'407 03

/&'( )*+, (*G,' -6*5, 47 &69 *7/ �&<&'(D 3.02 (), :,<47747< 03 �,-(,2:,. (0 24/A�5(0:,.� (), 7&2:,. 03 )*+9

'(*(407' /,5.,*','D B7*669� (),., *., 0769 1,.9 3,8 6,3(� &7(46 (), ,7/ 03 �01,2:,.� �769 '64<)( 1*.4*(407' *.,

0:140&'C 3.02 (), 6*'( /*9' 03 �&<&'(� /&'( )*+, 84()/.*8' 20., J&45G69 47 �� ,'-,54*669 /&.47< (), B.'( )*63

03 �,-(,2:,.� *7/ 3.02 �� ,-(,2:,. (0 �@ �5(0:,.� �), 20'( 70(45,*:6, /433,.,75, 5*7 :, /4'5,.7,/ *.0&7/ �I

�,-(,2:,.� 84() )*63 *' 2*79 '(*(407' *33,5(,/ 47 �� )0', 1*.4*(407' *., 5077,5(,/ 84() '02, 5)*7<, 47

'-*(4*6 -.05,'','�

"*1*"* ��! ��* �), 207()69 2*-' .,-.,',7(47< (), /&'( )*+, *.,* ().0&<)0&( (), -,.40/ &69�

�01,2:,. �� 4<&., I� /4'-6*9' :0() 502207 3,*(&.,' *7/ /433,.,75,' :,(8,,7 �� *7/ ��E�

�7 &69 �� (), )*+9 *.,* ',,2' (0 :, 20., 502-*5( ()*7 47 &69 ��E� !*.(45&6*.69� 4( /0,' 70( '(.,(5)

,*'(8*./ :,907/ �*G, �45(0.4* *7/ �*G, �*7<*794G*C 0')4� 7,*. (0 "4642*7P*.0� 4' 70( *33,5(,/ *( *66 ��E /*9'

47 ��E�� (), '*2, *' (), �7/4*7 �5,*7 50*'(� �), 50., 03 (), /&'( )*+, *.,* 4' .*(),. 20., '0&()8*./ 0.4,7(*(,/�

3.02 (), *=>., :*'47� (0 (), &--,. *2:,+4 .,<407D �,.-* !47(0 ��7<06*� �� <,(' N@ )*+9 /*9' �0769 �N 47��E�� %&6*8*90 � 42:*:8,� �@�� I �707, 47 ��E�� ), '&:'4/4*.9 7&56,&' 5,7(.,/ 07 (), �*G, *6*848,'(,.7 .,<407� 8)45) *--,*.' *:0&( �@ �,-(,2:,. ��E� 4' *6.,*/9 0:140&' 47 &69 ��C �I )*+9 /*9' 47 :,9*

��*7+*74*� �� @ 47 +42:* � *6*84� ��),., 4' 70 '4<74B5*7( ,106&(407 47 �&<&'(� '0 ()*( (), '*2, /433,.,75,' :,(8,,7 �� *7/ ��E 2*9 :,

-047(,/ 0&(C 2*79 20., )*+9 /*9' 47 (), '0&(),.7 477,. .,<407'O�,.-* !47(0 �N� )*+9 /*9' 47'(,*/ 03 �� 47

��E�� &'*G* �� 47'(,*/ 03 �N�O*7/ 7,*. �*G, *6*84O +42:* �� /*9'� 707, 47 ��E�D 3*. 3,8,. )*+9 /*9'

47 '02, ,*'(,.7 �3.45* '(*(407'O�*:0.* �I 47'(,*/ 03 �@�� "*'*2* � *2:4*� N 47'(,*/ 03 �I�� *.*., �@ 47'(,*/ 03

�I�� 7 (), 70.(),.7 -*.( 03 *=>., %*'47 � :*7/*G* *7/ "4'*7<*74� 560', (0 (), �J&*(0.�� /&'( )*+, )*' *6.,*/9

J&4(, 1*74'),/�

�7 �� (), .,<.,''407 -)*', �8)45) '(*.(' 2*4769 47 �,-(,2:,. 47 :0() 9,*.'� 4' J&45G,. 47 (), '&:,J&*(0.4*6

.,<407'C 47 "47/& 30. 47'(*75, � *=>.,� N�� (), 6*'( �*7/ '47<6,� )*+9 /*9 47 �� ,-(,2:,.� 8),.,*' 47 ��E� (),.,*., �N )*+9 /*9' &7(46 �� ,-(,2:,.D 47 �*:0.* ��*7+*74*� �� (),., 4' 0769 07, /*9 84() /&'( )*+, 47

�,-(,2:,. �� (),., *., �I 47 �,-(,2:,. 03 (), 7,;( 9,*.� �7 (), 507(.*.9� /&'( )*+, 4' '(.07<,. 47 '02, 5,7(.*6

.,<407' 30660847< * '0&()A8,'(�70.()A,*'( /4.,5(407� 3.02 �,.-* !47(0 �� /*9' 47'(,*/ 03 0769 � 47 �,-(,2:,.

��E�� (0 "07<060 � *=>.,� �� /*9' 47'(,*/ 03 �I�� 7 (), '*2, 8*9� (), �*G, *6*84 7&56,&'� 8)45) ,;(,7/'

'0&()8*./ (0 42:*:8, 47 ��E� ,;(,7/' 70.()8*./ (0 �*7+*74* 47 ��C ()&'� :9 502-*.47< (), 7&2:,. 03 )*+9

/*9' 47 �,-(,2:,. �� *7/ ��E� 8, 70(45, .,'-,5(41,69 N *7/ �� /*9' 47 �*.*.,� :&( �� *7/ @ 47 :,9*D 47

�0/02* ��*7+*74*�� ,-(,2:,. �� 4' (), )*+4,'( 207() 47 (), 9,*. �� /*9'� 47'(,*/ 03 +,.0 47 �,-(,2:,.

��E��

�7 �5(0:,.� (), /&'( )*+, *.,*� 5,7(.,/ 07 �*G, *6*84 47 :0() 9,*.'� 4' '2*66,. 47 �� ()*7 47 ��E� �7 20'(

03 (), 8,'(,.7 '(*(407'� (),., *., 1,.9 3,8 )*+9 /*9'C 47 84746&7<* 0769 � �� 47 ��E�� 47 �01* �4':0*� @ ��@ 47

��E�� 7 3*5( /&'( )*+, 6,*1,' (), �(6*7(45 '4/, *7/ :,502,' 20., 5075,7(.*(,/ 47 (), *2:,+4� *6*84 .,<407C

N� /*9' 47 +42:* ��E 47 ��E�� /*9' 47 �4607<8, �I 47 ��E�� /*9' 47 :,9* �N 47 ��E�� /*9' 47

�&'*G* �N 47 ��E�� 7 :0() 9,*.' ()4' 4' (), 6*'( /&'( )*+, -05G,(� :,30., (), .*479 ',*'07�

�1,7 43 (),9 /4'-6*9 '-,54B5 *'-,5(' /&, (0 (), 1*.4*:464(9 03 *66 (), 5642*(45 -*.*2,(,.'� (), (80 9,*.' ��

*7/ ��E <41, * <00/ /,'5.4-(407 03 (), 42-0.(*7( -6*5, 03 /.9 )*+, /&.47< 847(,. 47 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45*�

�),9 507B.2 .,<407*6 0. 605*6 '(&/4,' ��8*7/*� �0&<&,/.04( �� !� ��@�D *=>.,� �.*::, ��EI��

N� � �� !��

�), ,;(,7( *7/ (), /&.*(407 03 847(,. /&'( )*+, 47 (), (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* *(20'-),., ',,2 &74J&, 47 (),

80.6/� �),9 47/45*(, ,'-,54*669 3*10&.*:6, 507/4(407' 502:4747< (), ,;4'(,75, 03 *1*46*:6, *,.0'06' *7/

*(20'-),.45 /97*245' (0 5.,*(, * ',*'07*6 *55&2&6*(407 *:01, (), 507(47,7(�

�N� �� %��

'*&* :�� 7 ��

�&'( )*+, 4' ),., 2*/, &- 03 *,.0'06' 84() (80 2*47 0.4<47'� 8)45) *., /,?*(,/ '046 /&'( *7/ B., /,:.4'� �),

0(),. -0''4:6, 0.4<47'� '&5) *' ',* '*6('� 1065*745 /&'(� *7/ 47/&'(.4*6 ,24''407'� *.,� 47 3*5(� 0&( 03 (), J&,'(407�

�), /&'( 2*G47< &- (), )*+, 4' -*.(69 ,.0/,/ 3.02 /.4,/ 6*7/' 8)45) *., 70 607<,. -.0(,5(,/ :9 1,<,(*(407�

�), <,060<9 03 (), '&:'(.*(&2� 502:47,/ 84() * /.9 ',*'07 *7/ (), .,/&547< '*1*77* 1,<,(*(407 ,;-6*47' (),

*1*46*:464(9 03 B7, &7:0&7/ -*.(456,' 07 ,;(,7'41, &7507'064/*(,/ '&.3*5,'� �), B.'( -*.(456,' (0.7 *8*9 3.02 (),

'046' :9 (&.:&6,75, 47 * /,',.( *., 30.2,/ 03 56*9 �!,8,� ��E�D 4//6,(07 �� !�� EI�� *' 4' 507B.2,/ 47 (), 5*',

03 (), �*)*.* � 0.*6,'� �� 0&.5,' 03 56*9 47 '0&(),.7 �3.45* *., /41,.',� �),9 2*9 -*.(45&6*.69 0.4<47*(,

3.02 (), 06/ �3.45*7 !.,5*2:.4*7 -6*(30.2� 8)45) 4756&/,' .05G' '&5) *' '5)4'(' '&4(*:6, 30. -.0/&547< ()47 /&'(�

*7/ 3.02 *66&14&2 *7/ 5066&14&2 03 (), Q&*(,.7*.9� 0.,01,.� '046' 30.2,/ :9 8,*(),.47< 03 5.9'(*6647, .05G'

)*1, * 608 '46(L56*9 .*(407 /&, (0 (), /,502-0'4(407 03 '4645*(, 247,.*6 (0 -.014/, ',1,.*6 (9-,' 03 56*9� *' 8,66 *'

*66&14*6 /,-0'4(' *7/ 3*7'� -6*9* ',/42,7(' *7/ .41,. :,/'�

�( 4' /43B5&6( (0 /,(,.247, (), 42-0.(*75, 03 (), '046 '&--69 47 '&'-,7'407 47 (), *(20'-),.,� �, 0769 G708

()*( .,-0.(' 03 *,064*7 /&'( -.,',7( 47 (), �0&()A,*'( (.*/, 847/' 3.02 '0&(),.7 �3.45* *607< (), ,*'(,.7 ,/<, 03

(), �(6*7(45 �5,*7 )*1, *7 *1,.*<, 60*/47< 03 ��2< 2�N ()*( 247,.*60<45*669 .,?,5(' (), /,(.4(*6 '046

5)*.*5(,.4'(45' 03 (), *.,* ��),'(,. �� !��

�), ',507/ 2*47 0.4<47 03 *,.0'06' 4' :402*'' :&.747<� �), '(&/9 03 (), 5),245*6 507(,7( 03 -.,54-4(*(407 47

(), �07<0 �,-&:645 ')08,/ ()*( (), 47?&,75, 03 (), -*.(456,' *7/ <*',0&' ,24''407' :9 :402*'' :&.747< 3.02

'*1*77* 4' -.,-07/,.*7( *7/ ,'(42*(,/ *( *:0&( E@ -,. 5,7( 03 (), 5),245*6 507(,7( ��*5*&; �� !� �� ' ()*(

'(&/9 4' :*',/ 07 (), (80 /.9 ',*'07' 03 (), �07<0 �,-&:645� 0769 (), '0&(),.7 -*.( 03 8)45) 4' *33,5(,/ :9 (),

'*2, *(20'-),.45 54.5&6*(407 *' (), .,'( 03 (), (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� 4( .,-.,',7(' * <00/ 4/,* :&( 70( * -.,54',

-,.5,7(*<, 03 (), 0.4<47 03 (), /&'( )*+, *55&2&6*(47< 47 ()*( *.,* �',, �,5(407 �� 3 30&.AB3()' 03 (), 5),245*6

507(,7( )*' * :402*'' :&.747< 0.4<47� 8, 5*7 507'4/,. ()*( *:0&( (), '*2, -,.5,7(*<, 5*7 :, *--64,/ (0 *,.0'06'�

�), '20G, 3.02 :402*'' :&.747< 507(*47' -*.(456,' 03 /433,.,7( '4+,'� �), '2*66 /&'( -*.(456,' *., *5(41, 47

'5*((,.47< '06*. .*/4*(407 *''054*(,/ 84() ), 0-*6,'5,7( *(20'-),.,� �),9 *6'0 )*1, * 607< 643, 47 (), *(20'-),.,

&764G, (), ),*19 07,' ��.&(+,7 *7/ �7/.,*,� ��@��

%402*'' :&.747< 4' 84/,'-.,*/ 47 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� ,'-,54*669 47 (), /.9 ',*'07� %,5*&', (), :.0*/ 3,*(&.,' 03

(), 2*P0. :402,' *., /,(,.247,/ 2*4769 :9 .,<407*6 5642*(,� (), -6*(,*& :,(8,,7 �@ *7/ �@�� 8*' 501,.,/ :9 *7*(&.*6 1,<,(*(407 2*/, 03 (.0-45*6 /,54/&0&' /.9 30.,'(' �%��%$�� *7/ 70.() 03 �@�� :9 (.0-45*6 :.0*/A6,*1,/30.,'('� %0() )*1, :,,7 84/,69 .,-6*5,/ :9 (), *7().0-0<,745 '*1*77*' *7/ 5&6(41*(,/ 6*7/'� �), 70.() 03 (),

*=>., %*'47 4' 055&-4,/ :9 (), ,J&*(0.4*6 :.0*/A6,*1,/ 30.,'( *7/ /,',.( '-.,*/' *607< (), 8,'( 50*'( *( (), 300( 03

(), -6*(,*& ,'5*.-2,7( ��&:.,''07 �� !�� 4<&., ��

%402*'' :&.747< 055&.' ,1,.9 9,*. 47 (), '*1*77*'� �( 4' *''054*(,/ 84() ',1,.*6 -&.-0','C .,201*6 03 /.9

'*1*77* 1,<,(*(407 *( (), ,7/ 03 (), /.9 ',*'07� ')43(47< 5&6(41*(407 ��%� �� 56,*.47< 03 30.,'( *7/ :&'),'

,*.69 47 (), /.9 ',*'07 (0 -.020(, .,<,7,.*(407 03 <.*''� ,(5� �), 1,.9 608 -0-&6*(407 /,7'4(9 �� G2�� 4'

*''054*(,/ 84() 1,.9 ,;(,7'41, *<.0A-*'(0.*6 -.05,'',' ��&:.,''07 �� !��

&5) 03 (), :&.747< 055&.' 47 (), /.9 ',*'07� ,'-,54*669 (), '*1*77* B.,' 47 (.0-45*6 *.,*' ��.&(+,7 *7/

�7/.,*,� ��@D �06/*22,.� ��@D �7/.,*,� ��D �,62*' �� !�� ), 605*(407 *7/ (), 3.,J&,759 03 (),',

'*1*77* B.,' *., 70( *' 8,66 G7087 *' 47 ), 70.(),.7 -*.( 03 (), 507(47,7(� �), -)0(0<.*-)45 42*<,' 03 (), 74<)(A

(42, 608A64<)( '*(,664(, 42*<,.9 03 (), �,3,7', ,(,0.060<45*6 �*(,664(, !.0<.*2 �� !� 03 (), �� )*1,

/4'-6*9,/� 30. ��EI *7/ ��E�� (), :402*'' :&.747<' 47 (.0-45*6 �3.45* ��*)007 �� !�� ),9 507B.2 (),

42-0.(*75, 03 :402*'' :&.747< 47 (), '0&(),.7 -*.( 03 (), 507(47,7(�

�), *77&*6 '97(),'4' 03 *66 B., 605*(407' .0&<)69 /4'-6*9' * 504754/,75, 84() (), '*1*77* *.,*' :&( /433,.,75,'

84() (), /&'( )*+, *.,* 8,., /,(,5(,/ 47 �� *7/ ��E� �),., 8,., 7,*.69 70 B.,' 47 &7, ��EI *7/ ��E� 47 (),

,J&*(0.4*6 :.0*/A6,*1,/ 30.,'( *7/ 47 70.()A,*'(,.7 �7<06*� :0() *.,*' ()*( *., *33,5(,/ :9 (), /&'( )*+, 47 847(,.�

�), -,*G 03 :&.747< *5(414(9 504754/,' 84() (), 70.(),.7 :0&7/*.9 03 (), (.0-45*6 :.0*/A6,*1,/ 30.,'( '0&() 03 (),

,J&*(0.4*6 07,� �( (), ,7/ 03 (), /.9 ',*'07 47 �5(0:,.� (), <.,*(,'( B., *5(414(9 4' 6424(,/ (0 '0&(),.7 50&7(4,'� *'

4' (), /&'( )*+,�

�), 42-0.(*75, *7/ (), 605*(407' 03 :402*'' :&.747< /4'-6*9,/ :9 (), '*(,664(, 42*<,' *., 507'4'(,7( 84() (),

50756&'407' 03 (), '(&/9 03 (), /4'(.4:&(407 03 �� ,24''407' 3.02 :402*'' :&.747< /&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07 47

�� N�

(.0-45*6 �3.45* :*',/ 07 (), �� '(*(4'(45' ��E@ ��,, 47 �*0 �� !�� @�� ( 507B.2' ()*( (), <,7,.*6

/4'(.4:&(407 03 :402*'' :&.747< 47 847(,. 47 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* /0,' 70( 1*.9 2&5) 3.02 9,*. (0 9,*.� �0�

*6()0&<) /&'( )*+, *.,*' 501,. :402*'' :&.747< 605*(407'� (),9 *6'0 )*1, * <.,*(,. '-*(4*6 /4'(.4:&(407� �),

.,/4'(.4:&(407 03 (), )*+, 01,. '0&(),.7 �3.45* 4' /&, (0 (), *(20'-),.45 54.5&6*(407�

'*"* �$�!�3�� 7 �� %��

�), 20:464+*(407 03 (), /&'( 47 (), *(20'-),., /,1,60-' .*-4/69 8),7 (), /.9 ',*'07 :,<47'� �( 4' 5077,5(,/

84() *7 42-0.(*7( *(20'-),.45 5)*7<, 47 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� (), 2*47 3,*(&.,' 03 8)45) *., G7087

��47/6*(,.� ��D �*6P**./� ��D 466'� ��D �,.0&;� ��END �9'07� ��EI� ��4<&., E��

�7 *9� (), 608 *(20'-),., :,502,' 3*10&.*:6, (0 (&.:&6,75,� 8)45) (*G,' */1*7(*<, 03 /&'( *1*46*:464(9 30.

(.*7'-0.(47< 4( 47 (), *4.� �), �7(,. �.0-45*6 �071,.<,75, 07, �� )*' 5.0'',/ (), �J&*(0. *7/ (), *=>., �4.

%0&7/*.9 � �%�� 8)45) ',-*.*(,' (), (.*/, 847/' 3.02 (), �7/4*7 *7/ �(6*7(45 �5,*7'� )*' '64--,/ 70.()8*./ 07

(), 507(47,7(� �*'( 03 (), �%� (), 608 *(20'-),., )*' (), ,;(,7'407 03 (), (.*/, 847/' 3.02 (), �7/4*7 �5,*7�

%,5*&', (), 471,.'407 03 (), (.*/, 847/ 4' 30&7/ *( *:0&( �� G2 *607< (), *6*<*'9 50*'(� * ')*6608 6*9,.

&7/,. (), 471,.'407 '-.,*/' 01,. (), ,*'(,.7 ,'5*.-2,7( �%4<<� �� ' ,*.69 *' �-.46 4( )*' *6.,*/9 .,*5),/

20'( 03 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* ��466'� ��D �,.0&;� ��EN�� ' 4( )*' :,,7 )&24/4B,/ :9 4(' 5.0''47< 01,. (),

05,*7� 4( <41,' .*47 07 (), 0+*2:4J&, 50*'(� �(' )&24/4(9 4' J&45G69 ,;)*&'(,/ *7/ .*473*66 4' 6424(,/ (0 (),

50*'(C (), *4. 50247< 3.02 (), ,*'( )*' 60'( 20'( 03 4(' 204'(&., 8),7 4( .,*5),' (), 476*7/ -6*(,*&� ,*78)46,�

-.,''&., :,608 �@@ )!* 475.,*',' 47 (), *.,* ��0&<&,K/.04( �� !�� @�� <4147< .4', (0 * 24/A(.0-0'-),.45 )4<)

-.,''&., :0() 5,7(.,/ 07 8,'(,.7 *2:4*� �( 4' /&, (0 -06*. *4. 2*'','� '(.07<,. 47 847(,.� .,*5)47< (), 6*(4(&/, 03

(), 507(47,7( 47 (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7� *7/ (),7 :,47< 5*..4,/ 07 ,*'(8*./ :9 (), )4<)' ��*6P**./� ��D �,.0&;�

��END �9'07� ��EI�� ( 4' 647G,/ 84() (), <,7,.*6 -.,''&., 475.,*', 47 (), 70.()� 8)45) *--,*.' 47 ��E 8),7 (),

)4<)' :,502, /,,- ,70&<) (0 <,( 01,. (), ,'5*.-2,7( ��0&<&,K/.04( �� !�� @�� ), 847/ :60847< 70.()A

�4<&., �� *47 1,<,(*(407 *.,*' 47 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45* �*3(,. �&:.,''07 �� !�� C �� /,',.(D �� 0-,7 ',24A*.4/ 1,<,(*(407D N� ()0.7:&'),'� '(,--,D �� '*1*77* 800/6*7/ �%��%$��D �� 30.,'(�'*1*77* 20'*45D I� .*47 30.,'(D �� *66&14*6 )4<) -6*47' 03 '0&(),.7 (.0-45*6 �3.45*

�NI �� %��

�4<&., E� �;(,7'407 03 (), /&'( )*+, *7/ (), 50..,'-07/47< 5)*.*5(,.4'(45' 03 (), 8,*(),. ().0&<) ().,, /*9'� 47 *9 ��()�� &7, ��()�*7/ &69 ��N()�C �� *.,* 6424(' 03 (), '4; 56*'',' 03 /,8 -047( (,2-,.*(&.,' .,-.,',7(,/ 07 (), B<&.,'D �� 4'0:*.D N� '(*(407 84() /&'( )*+, �'2*66

/0(� '(*(407 84()0&( /&'( )*+,�

�� N�

,*'(8*./ 3.02 (), )4<)' 4' '&:'4/47< *7/ /.9� �// (0 ()4' (), (,2-,.*(&., :,50247< 8*.2,. :9 24//*9� �66 (),',

.,*'07' ,;-6*47 ()*( 47 *9 (), 8*(,. :*6*75, 47 (), '046 ')08' * /,B54( 47 �)*:* ��6,;*7/., *7/ �+,7<&� ��I�

*' 47 (), 8)06, 507(47,7(*6 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� �42&6(*7,0&'69 4( 4' )*.1,'( (42,� (), '*1*77* 1,<,(*(407 4'

/.9 *7/ )&<, B.,' /,1,60-� �046' :,502, :*.,� (),4. &--,. 6*9,. /.4,' 0&( *7/ /4'47(,<.*(,'� �), )4<) <.0&7/

(,2-,.*(&.,' 5*&', :&09*759 47 /*9(42,� *7/ (), ),*( 03 (), B., 3.02 :402*'' :&.747< 4' .,.*/4*(,/ 3.02 (),

-*.(456,' (0 (), *(20'-),.,� �0 -*.(456,' *., 5071,5(,/ *8*9 3.02 (), <.0&7/ *7/ /433&',/ &-8*./ 47 (),

:0&7/*.9 6*9,. 03 (), *(20'-),.,�

'*'* ��%�!�� 7 �� %�� 8� ��

�), 605*(407 03 (), /&'( *55&2&6*(407 47 (), *(20'-),., 47 847(,. 4' /&, 20., (0 (), 3,*(&.,' 03 (), ',*'07*6

'970-(45A'5*6, ?08 -*((,.7' *:01, (), 507(47,7( ()*7 (0 (), 605*(407 03 (), '0&.5,' 03 *,.0'06' (),2',61,' 07 (),

'0&(),.7 ,/<, 03 (), 2*47 *55&2&6*(407 *.,* 03 (), /&'( )*+,�

�&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07� (), 847/ :608' 3.02 (), '0&()A,*'( 01,. (), '0&(),.7 �3.45* -6*(,*& (08*./' (), *=>.,

%*'47 *7/ 3.02 (), 70.()8,'( *7/ 8,'( 47 (), 8,'(,.7 -*.( 03 (), 507(47,7(� 01,. (), �(6*7(45 ,'5*.-2,7( ��,.0&;�

��EN�� ), (.*/, 847/ 3.02 (), �7/4*7 �5,*7 '-.,*/' 01,. (), 507(47,7( 70.() 03 �@�� *3(,. * /43?&,75, 7,*. (),,*'( 50*'(� 84() 07, -*.( 03 (), ?08 :60847< 70.()8*./ 01,. (), 05,*7 ��*6P**./� ��D 466'� ��D %4<<� ��

�( ,;(,7/' *' 3*. *' (), �% ��4<&., �� ,'( 847/' :60847< 3.02 �( �,6,7* 01,. (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7 *7/ 5*66,/

F207'007H '8,,- (), 608,. -*.( 03 (), *=>., %*'47� �),., 4' *6'0 *7 471,.'407 47 (), �7/4*7 (.*/, 847/� �( 4' 30&7/

*( *:0&( �� G2 01,. (), *6*<*'9 �,-&:645 *7/ 4' '&--0',/ (0 -*'' *:01, (), ,*'(,.7 ,'5*.-2,7( *7/ '-.,*/

01,. (), 507(47,7( ��*6P**./� ��D 466'� ��D %4<<� ��

�0 -*.(456,' *., /433&',/ :&09*7(69 &-8*./ &7/,. (), 471,.'407 6,1,6 03 (), (.*/, 847/� 8)45) -.,1,7(' (),2

3.02 .4'47< *79 )4<),.� �),7 (),9 /.43( )0.4+07(*669 07 (), -.,1*4647< 847/' 70.()A8,'(8*./ (0 (), *=>., %*'47

*7/ (), �(6*7(45 �0*'(� �),9 '-.,*/ 01,. (), 507(47,7( :,907/ (), *,.0'06 '0&.5,'� *' 3*. *' (), �J&*(0.� 8)45)�

07 *1,.*<,� 504754/,' .0&<)69 84() (), :0&7/*.9 03 (), (.*/, 847/ 47 (), 70.() *( �@@@2 *6(4(&/,� �), '970-(45A

'5*6, ?08 -*((,.7' ,;-6*47 (), *1,.*<, 5075,7(.*(407 03 (), /&'( )*+,C *,.0'06' *., (.*--,/ :9 *7 471,.'407 *(

*:0&( � G2 *:01, (), 507(47,7(� �), 2*;42&2 5075,7(.*(407 4' 605*(,/ 47 (), 70.()A8,'( 03 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� ()4'

'4/, 03 (), 70.() ,/<, 03 (), *.,* 8),., '0&()A,*'( 847/' :608� �&, (0 (), 605*(407 03 (), )4<) *( ()*( *6(4(&/,�

()0', 847/' (&.747< 8,'(8*./ 01,. (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7 5*..9 *8*9 (), /&'( 47 (), '*2, /4.,5(407� �4()47 '&5) *

�4<&., �� 1,.*<, 207()69 :0&7/*.4,' 03 847/ ?08' �3.02 �,.0&;� ��EN�D �� % *( �@@@ 2 *6(4(&/, �� &69� �&��&<&'(�D �� 70.():0&7/*.9 03 (), '0&()A,*'( (.*/, *( �@@@ 2 *6(4(&/, � � *.5)� ��-.46� 9� *9� 7� &7,� � &69� �&��&<&'(� �� ,-(,2:,.�

��5(0:,.�D N� �� *( �@@@ 2 *6(4(&/,� �..08�2*47 /4.,5(407 03 (), ?08 *( �@@@ 2 *6(4(&/, 01,. (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7

�NE �� %��

<,7,.*6 0&(647,� (), -.,54', '4(&*(407 5)*7<,' 3.02 9,*. (0 9,*. *' 47 �� *7/ ��E� /,-,7/47< 07 (), 9,*.69

3,*(&.,' 03 (), *(20'-),.45 54.5&6*(407�

�,5,7( .,',*.5) 5075,.747< :402*'' :&.747< 507B.2' 47 * .0&7/*:0&( 8*9 (), *:01, '4(&*(407� %,5*&',

:402*'' :&.747< -.0/&5,' (.*5, <*',' 507'(4(&(,/ 2*4769 03 5*.:07 2070;4/, *7/ )9/.05*.:07'� 47 *//4(407 (0

74(.0<,7 0;4/,' 8)45) *., .,6*(,/ (0 (), 30.2*(407 03 0+07, 47 (), (.0-0'-),.,� (), '-*(4*6 /4'(.4:&(407 03 (),',

<*',' :,502,' 42-0.(*7( 30. 0&. -&.-0', ��.&(+,7 *7/ �7/.,*,� ��@D �4')2*7 *7/ �*.',7� ��E�D �,45)6, �� !��

��EI��

�0&7/47<' 2*/, 47 (), �07<0 �,-&:645 /&.47< N 9,*.'� 3.02 ��EN (0 ��EI *7/ 47 ��@�� )*1, ')087 ()*( (),

*77&*6 ,106&(407 03 0+07, 5075,7(.*(407 )*' * 2*.G,/ 475.,*', 47 (), /.9 ',*'07� 8)45) 504754/,' 7,*.

%.*++*1466, �� 84() (), '0&(),.7 847(,.� �),9 /4'-6*9 '4246*. 0+07, *7/ �4(G,7 7&56,4 -.0B6,' 3.02 &7, (0

�&<&'( 84() (9-45*6 42-0.(*7( 1*6&,' (.*--,/ *( * 6,1,6 3.02 �� G2 (0 �� G2 )4<) :,(8,,7 (), (0- 03 (),

F207'007H :,608 *7/ (), (.*/, 847/ 471,.'407 *:01,� �),9 0.4<47*(, 3.02 :402*'' :&.747< ��.0' �� !�� EE�

�� ), 607< ,-4'0/, 03 42-0.(*7( 0+07, 5075,7(.*(407 47 �5(0:,. ��E� *5502-*74,/ :9 )*+, 8*' 5077,5(,/

84() '0&()A,*'( (.*/,' .,*5)47< %.*++*1466, ��.0' �� !�� EE��

�4,6/ 2,*'&.,2,7(' 2*/, 47 (), �07<0 �,-&:645� 7,*. %.*++*1466,� 47 (), �0&(),.7 �,24'-),.,� /4'-6*9

42-0.(*7( 50756&'407'C -066&(407 3.02 :402*'' :&.747< .,*5),' (), 50&7(.9 47 847(,.� �( 4' *''054*(,/ 84() (),

'0&()A,*'( 847/ *7/ 4' (.*--,/ *( *:0&( � G2 &7/,. 4(' 471,.'407� �), '4(&*(407 8)45) -.,1*46' *:01, (), (.0-45*6

'0&(),.7 -6*(,*& ,;(,7/' *' 3*. *' (), �07<0 �,-&:645� 8),., 4( 4' *7 *5G7086,/<,/ 3*5( ()*( '02, /&'( )*+,

,-4'0/,' 055&.� *6()0&<) (),., 4' 70 2,7(407 03 )*+, 47 (), �� /*(*� �), )9-0(),'4' ()*( )*+, /0,' 70( ',,2 (0

:, .,-0.(,/ 47 ()*( 50&7(.9 4' 507B.2,/� �( ,;-6*47' 8)9 47 �� *7/ ��E (), )*+, ,;(,7'407 600G' *' 43 4( 4'

'(0--,/ 47 (), 70.()A8,'( :9 (), *=>., .41,.� 8,'( 03 4(' :,7/� �7 3*5(� 4( 50A4754/,' 84() (), :0./,. :,(8,,7 *=>.,

*7/ �07<0 �,-&:645'�

�0 /&'( )*+, 4' (), 20'( 14'4:6, 3,*(&., 03 (), *(20'-),.45 -066&(407 3.02 :402*'' :&.747<� �1,7� 43 4( /0,' 70(

-,.'4'( ,1,.9 /*9 *66 (), ',*'07 607<� (), *''054*(,/ 20/4B5*(407 47 (), 5),24'(.9 03 (), *(20'-),., /0,'� �4<),'(

0+07, 5075,7(.*(407' *., *6'0 -.,',7( 47 �7<06* 47 847(,.� :,(8,,7 &69 *7/ �,-(,2:,. ��*:4*7 *7/

!.&5)74,845+� ��

'*/* �� 7 �� 3� ��

�)4' 507(.*5(407 50..,'-07/' 84() *7 42-0.(*7( 5)*7<, 47 (), *(20'-),.45 ?08' 01,. (), *.,*C (), '0&()8*./

201,2,7( 03 (), �% *''054*(,/ 84() (), �7/4*7 (.*/, 84()/.*8*6� *7/ (), *..41*6 03 (), �(6*7(45 8,'( 847/

*:01, (), 507(47,7(�

�), �% :,<47' .,5,/47< 47 �&<&'(� �7 �,-(,2:,.� 4( .,*5),'� *( <.0&7/ 6,1,6� * '0&()A8,'(�70.()A,*'( 647,

().0&<) *=>., (0 �*G, �*7<*794G* *7/ :9 �5(0:,. )*' .,*5),/ �@�� 47 (), 8,'( ��,.0&;� ��EN�� 0.() 03 (), �%� �(6*7(45 847/ :608' 3.02 (), 8,'(� 3.02 (), <.0&7/ 6,1,6 &- (0 )4<) *6(4(&/,'� �),., 471,.'407 5,*',' (0

,;4'(� �&24/ *4. (*G,' (), -6*5, 03 (), -.,140&' /.9 *4. 50247< 3.02 (), ,*'(� '0 ()*( 42-0.(*7( .*473*66' 055&. �*(

6,*'( *.0&7/ �@@22 47 �5(0:,. ��E�� ), 507/4(407' *''054*(,/ 84() (), /&'( )*+, B.'( /4'*--,*. 47 (), 70.()�

6*(,. 47 (), '0&()� 0.,01,.� ,1,7 '0&() 03 (), �%� (),9 :,502, 6,'' 3*10&.*:6,D 47 -*.(' 03 (), *.,*� ,*'( 847/'

:608 &- (0 6,1,6' *:01, �@@ )!*�

�)4' *1,.*<, ,106&(407 )4/,' 1,.9 42-0.(*7( /433,.,75,' 3.02 /*9 (0 /*9� *' ')087 :9 (), ��E /*(* �',,

�,5(407 �� ), /*469 ?&5(&*(407' 03 (), �% *., 1,.9 :.0*/� *' 2&5) *' ',1,.*6 )&7/.,/' 03 G4602,(.,' :,(8,,7

(80 '&55,''41, /*9'� �7 �� ,-(,2:,. ��E� (), �7/4*7 (.*/, :6,8 *620'( *' 3*. *' (), '0&.5,' 03 (), *=>., *7/

(), *2:,+4 47 (), 608 *(20'-),.,� *7/ /.9 '&:'4/47< *4. 50247< 3.02 (), 8,'( )*/ 471*/,/ '0&() 03 �� 84()* 1,.9 /.9 50., 47 (), 8,'( *7/ /41,.<47< 847/' *.0&7/� �,'( 847/ '-.,*/ 01,. *66 (), *=>., %*'47 ,*'(8*./ (0

�*G, �45(0.4*� 84() '(0.29 ')08,.' -.,1*4647< 01,. (), �.,*( �*G,' .,<407� �), /&'( )*+, 8*' 507B.2,/ 84()47

* '2*66 *.,* 560', (0 �*G, *6*84 ��4<&., �@�� 7, 8,,G 6*(,.� 07 (), �� ,-(,2:,.� 4( *<*47 .,*5),/ �@�� 47(), *=>., %*'47 *7/ (), �J&*(0. 47 �*'( �3.45*C (), '(*(407' 84() /&'( )*+, *., 2&5) 20., 7&2,.0&' ()*7 07 ��

�,-(,2:,. ��4<&., �@�%��

�7 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* �5(0:,. 4' *68*9' (), 207() 03 (.*7'4(407 :,(8,,7 (), /.9 *7/ (), 8,( ',*'07'� �7 �

*7/ I �5(0:,. ��E�� *' 47 �5(0:,. �� *7/ ��E� �/.9� )*+, 8*' .,-0.(,/ 47 20'( 03 (), *.,*� *7/ '20G, *7/

.*47 84() ()&7/,. 50&6/ :, 0:',.1,/ *( (), '*2, (42, ��0770.' �� !�� 20G, *7/ /.9 )*+, )*1, *

�� N�

.,6*(407')4- 84() :402*'' :&.747<� 8)45) 475.,*',' 47 �5(0:,. 47 ,*'(,.7 �3.45* ��*)007 �� !�� @�� ,'&6('

0:(*47,/ :9 (), �!� ,;-,.42,7( 30. (), -,.40/ ��N �5(0:,. ��E� 5075,.747< (), 5*.:07 2070;4/, *20&7('

30. �� 6*(4(&/,� ��607<4(&/, <.4/A'J&*.,' /4'-6*9 * 2*;42&2 47 (), '*2, *.,* 03 '0&(),.7 �3.45* ��,45)6, �� !��

��@��

�), '0&7/47<' *( �*.*., *7/ %&6*8*90 07 I �5(0:,. ��E� ')08' * 14<0.0&' 5071,5(407 *''054*(,/ 84() .*47

*7/ ()&7/,.'(0.2� �&5) * /,,- 5071,5(407 0769 *33,5(' * '2*66 -0.(407 03 (), 50&7(.9 *550./47< (0 ,(,0'(*(

42*<,'� :&( 4( 6,*/' (0 * 1,.(45*6 (.*7'-0.( 03 (), �� /&.47< (), <.08() '(*<,' 03 (), 5&2&6&' 560&/' ��0770.' ��

�!�� ( (), ,7/ 03 (), /.9 ',*'07� *(20'-),.45 507/4(407' .,6*(,/ (0 :402*'' :&.747< *7/ (), (.*--47< 03 (),

/&'( )*+, /4'*--,*. 47 20'( 03 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* 84() (), 84()/.*8*6 (08*./' (), '0&() 03 (), �%�

'*1* -�� 7 �� 3� �� 7 �� 7��

� '(.4G47< 3,*(&., 03 (), '-*(4*6 /4'(.4:&(407 03 (), /&'( )*+, 507'4'(' 03 * 2*P0. 5075,7(.*(407 *:01, (),

-6*(,*&� �), 50*'( 4' 2&5) 6,'' )*+9 ,;5,-( 47 * '2*66 -0.(407 (08*./' (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7� �08,1,.� 4(' 605*(407

5)*7<,' 3.02 207() (0 207() *7/� 07 *1,.*<,� 47 ��E 4' P&'( '0&() 03 (), *=>., .41,. 20&()�

�4<&., �@� �4()/.*847< /&'( )*+, 47 �,-(,2:,. ��EC �� 8,*(),. 5)*.*5(,.4'(45' 07 �� ,-(,2:,.� �%� 8,*(),. 5)*.*5(,.4'(45' 07 ��,-(,2:,.C �� 847/ /4.,5(407 �),., 3.02 '0&() (0 70.()�D �� '(*(407 84() /&'( )*+,D N� '(*(407 84() '(0.29 ')08,.D �� *.,* 84() * /,8 -047((,2-,.*(&., )4<),. ()*7 �@��D �� *.,* 84() * /,8 -047( (,2-,.*(&., 608,. ()*7 �@��D I� 647,' 03 ,J&*6 /,8 -047( (,2-,.*(&., �47 ��

��@ �� %��

"7086,/<, 03 (), '-*(4*6 /4'(.4:&(407 03 /&'( )*+, *:01, (), �(6*7(45 *7/ �7/4*7 �5,*7' 4' * 2,*7' (0 ')08

8),(),. (), /&'( 6,*1,' (), 507(47,7(*6 *.,* *7/ 4' (.*7'-0.(,/ 3*. *8*9� �( 4' /,.41,/ 3.02 ',*'07*6 *1,.*<, ')4-�

'-*5, ')&((6, 0. '*(,664(, /*(*� �( 4' 507'4'(,7( 84() 8)*( )*' :,,7 /4'5&'',/ -.,140&'69 07 (), /&'( )*+, *:01, (),

507(47,7(�

�7 *&(&27� /&'( )*+, ,'(42*(,/ 3.02 ')4-A/*(* 50..,'-07/' (0 * ()47 50*'(*6 3.47<, 03 608 1*6&,' 84() *

2*;42&2 *607< �0&() �*24:4* � 5�07*6/� ��NE� 47 !9,� ��E�� )4' -047( )4<)64<)(' * '2*66 *,.0'06 -6&2,

0.4<47*(47< 3.02 (), /,',.( ��*0 �� !�� EE�� 2*<,' 3.02 �� 5*65&6*(,/ 47 ,J&41*6,7( *,.0'06 0-(45*6 /,-()

��!� 30. (), '*2, ',*'07 �*1,.*<, ��@ *7/ �� /4'-6*9 30. (.0-45*6 �3.45* * -6&2, 84() 4(' 2*;42* 47

�4<,.4* /,5*947< '0&()8*./ *' 3*. *' �7<06* *7/ ,*'(8*./ (0 (), 24/A�(6*7(45 ��&'*. �� !�� -,.'� 5022�� ID

�(08, �� !�� I�� 3 8, *--69 (), 20/,6 03 *,.0'06 -6&2,' 0.4<47*(47< 3.02 (), 507(47,7(� 84() )4<) 1*6&,' 7,*.

(), 50*'( /,5.,*'47< '(,*/469 84() /4'(*75,� 8, )*1, (0 /,*6 84() )*+, 50247< 3.02 8,'(,.7 �3.45* (.*7'-0.(,/ *(

*6(4(&/, 47 (), �� *7/ (08*./' (), '0&()A,*'( :9 (), 847/'� �)4' 4' 507'4'(,7( 84() (), 6*5G 03 70(,80.()9 /&'(

,24''407 3.02 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* 47 '-.47<�

�47(,.� 3.02 &7, (0 �&<&'(� 4' (), ',*'07 ')0847<� *550./47< (0 ')4- /*(*� (), 607<,'( /&'( -6&2, (08*./' (),

8,'(� 84() (80 .*(),. 608 2*;42* *607< (), 50*'(' 03 �7<06* *7/ �*24:4* �!9,� ��E�� ,*'07*6 (42, 5)*.(' 03

�� /4'-6*9 30. 847(,. * -6&2, 0.4<47*(47< 7,*. (), *=>., 20&() 3.02 (), �07<0 �,-&:645 (0 70.() �7<06* *7/

3*7747< 0&( (08*./' (), 24/A�(6*7(45� 8),., 4( P047' (), /&'( -6&2, 3.02 8,'(,.7 �3.45* ��&'*. �� !�� -,.'�

5022�� ID �(08, �� !�� I�� ),', 42*<,' *., 507'4'(,7( 84() (), '-*(4*6 /4'(.4:&(407 03 (), /&'( )*+, *:01,

'0&(),.7 �3.45* *' '(&/4,/ :,30., �',, �,5(407 ��

�&'( )*+, .,*5),' (), �(6*7(45 50*'( 03 (), *=>., *7/ (), �07<0 �,-&:645' *7/ 4' 5*..4,/ 8,'(8*./ 01,. (),

05,*7� �(' 024''407 47 (), �� /*(* 03 (), 6*((,. 50&7(.9 4' 507B.2,/ 8),7 4(' -6*5, 4' ')087 *' 42-0.(*7( 47 (),

*=>., �,-&:645 *(20'-),.,� �( 4' 5*..4,/ 01,. (), �(6*7(45 :9 (), 847/ :60847< 8,'(8*./ 07 (), ,/<, 03 (), �(

�,6,7* )4<) *( *:0&( �@@@2� �7 (), 24//6, *(20'-),., (), '0&(),.7 /&'( )*+, /0,' 70( P047 (), 70.(),.7 07,�

8)45) 4' '-.,*/ 01,. (), 05,*7 *( (), 6*(4(&/, 03 (), �,7,<*6A *&.4(*74* 50*'('�

�7 '-.47<� 3.02 �,-(,2:,. (0 �01,2:,.� ')4-A/*(* ')08 (), /&'( (0 :, *( (), 2*;42&2 03 (), 30&. ',*'07' 7,*.

�*24:4* � 5�07*6/� ��NE� 47 !9,� ��E�� 64<)(' 03 �I�� ,-(,2:,. ��E� 03 (), �� N ,;-,.42,7( ')08

0+07, 5075,7(.*(407� 47 *4. 2*'',' 0.4<47*(47< 3.02 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� �( 4' .*(),. )4<) 47 (), :0&7/*.9 6*9,.

��@@@2 *6(4(&/,� 8),., 4' 4( *''054*(,/ 84() '20G, *7/ )*+,� *7/ )4<) 47 (), 24/A6,1,6 03 (), *(20'-),., 3.02

�@@@ (0 �@@@2 ��)4-2*7 �� !�� ND �7/.,*, �� !�� ,*'07*6 �� 42*<,' 30. �,-(,2:,. (0

�01,2:,. ��@�� /4'-6*9 * -6&2, 0.4<47*(47< 47 24/A�7<06* *7/ 3*7747< 0&( 8,'(8*./ *' 3*. *' (), 4/A

�(6*7(45� �), 2*;42&2 1*6&, :,(8,,7 @�� *7/ @�N ��! �4756&/47< (), 2*;42&2 207()69 1*6&, 03 @�N� 47�,-(,2:,.� 4' 608,. ()*7 (), 847(,. 2*;42&2 ��&'*. �� !�� -,.'� 5022�� ID �(08, �� !�� I��

�-.47< 4' (), 0769 ',*'07 8),7 (), 0+*2:4J&, �)*77,6 �(), *77&*6 *1,.*<, 03 ��! �@�� 03 8)45) 4''4<74B5*7(69 608� -.,',7(' 07 �� 42*<,' * -6&2, 3.02 '0&()A,*'(,.7 �3.45*� �), ��! )*' * '(.07<

2*;42&2 47 �5(0:,. �@�� &'*. �� !�� ID �(08, �� !�� I��66 (),', .,'&6(' *., 507'4'(,7( 84() (), *1,.*<, *(20'-),.45 '4(&*(407 *:01, (), 507(47,7( /&.47< (), (.*7'4(407

:,(8,,7 (), /.9 *7/ (), 8,( ',*'07D *' (), �% 84()/.*8' '0&()8*./ 84() '&55,''41, ,-4'0/,' 03 605*6 /,,-

5071,5(407� :402*'' :&.747< /,1,60-,/ 2*4769 47 �*'(,.7 �3.45* 47/&5,' (.*7'-0.( 47 (), 3.,, *(20'-),., 03

*,.0'06' *7/ *''054*(,/ <*','� �&'( *7/ <*',' 5,*', (0 :, (.*--,/ 47 (), 608 *(20'-),.,� �),9 *., (.*7'-0.(,/

8,'(8*./ :9 847/'� <4147< * '-.47< *,.0'06 -6&2, 3.02 �7<06* *:01, (), �(6*7(45 *7/ ,*'(8*./ *:01, (),

0+*2:4J&, �)*77,6 :9 605*6 /,-.,''407'�

'*(* �� ! �7�� !�$�! $��%��! �4�!��

�&'( )*+, 5*7 :, 507'4/,.,/ *' *7 47/45*(0. 03 :405),245*6 5956,'� �,3,.,75,' *., &'&*669 2*/, (0 (), (80

:,((,. G7087 *.,*'� 4�,� �2*+074* *7/ �,'( �3.45* ��06/*22,.� ��@D �7/.,*,� ��D �,62*'� �� 2-0.(*7(

/433,.,75,' 47 /&'( )*+, /,1,60-2,7( *7/ (.*7'-0.( ,;4'( :,(8,,7 70.(),.7 *7/ '0&(),.7 �3.45*� �( -6*9' * 6,''

42-0.(*7( -*.( 70.() 03 (), �J&*(0. ()*7 '0&() 30. ',1,.*6 .,*'07'� �( 055&.' *' '-,66' 03 *,.0'06' 0.4<47*(47< 3.02

(), /,',.( 47 (), �*)*.* 4(',63� 8),., /&'( '(0.2' )*1, :,,7 2&5) '(&/4,/ *7/ 56*''4B,/ ��*.6'07� ��D 0.*6,'�

��D �,<.*7/ �� !�� E�D %&,5),.� ��EI�� ),9 *., 502207 47 (), �*)*.*� 8),., (),9 .,-.,',7( 07 (), 8)06, *

��

2&5) <.,*(,. 7&2:,. 03 '-,66' ()*7 47 (), "*6*)*.4� �), 1,.9 /433,.,7( '&.3*5, 03 (), /,',.(' 47 (), �*)*.* *7/

"*6*)*.4 ,;-6*47' (), 20., 42-0.(*7( .06, 03 *,.0'06' 03 (), 30.2,. 47 (), *(20'-),.,�

%402*'' :&.747< /,1,60-' /&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07 47 (), '*1*77*' *7/ -.0/&5,' *,.0'06' *7/ (.*5, <*','

��*)007 �� !�� @D �06/*22,.� ��@D �7/.,*,� ��D �,62*'� �� ), /.9 ',*'07 6*'(' � 0 I 207()' 01,.

20'( 03 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� 84() 3*'( (.*7'4(407' (0 (), 8,( ',*'07'� ,;5,-( 47 '2*66 *.,*'� �7 70.(),.7 �3.45*

4( /,5.,*',' 3.02 �@ 0. �� 207()' 07 (), '0&(),.7 ,/<, 03 (), �*)*.* (0 � 0. � 207()' 7,*. (), �&47,* 50*'(

��,.0&;� ��EN�� ( -.0/&5,' * 607<,. ',*'07 03 :402*'' :&.747< 47 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� �*1*77* '&.3*5,' *., 6*.<,. 47

(), �0&(),.7 �,24'-),.,� 8),.,� *550./47< (0 '*(,664(, 42*<,'� * <.,*(,. 7&2:,. 03 B.,' 055&. ,1,.9 9,*.

��*)007 �� !�� @�� 3 *,.0'06 ,24''407' *., ,'(42*(,/ :9 8,66A/,B7,/ -,.5,7(*<,' 03 :&.7( '&.3*5,' 84() * 608

.*(40 30. (), /,',.(' ��06/*22,.� ��@D �7/.,*,� ��D �,62*'� �� (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45* ')0&6/ :, *

6*.<,. '0&.5, 03 *,.0'06' *7/ <*',' ()*7 (), 70.(),.7 �3.45*�

�07/4(407' 03 *,.0'06 (.*7'-0.( *., 1,.9 /433,.,7( 47 :0() 5*','� �7 (.0-45*6 70.(),.7 �3.45*� -.,1*4647< 847/'

�8)45) ,7'&., 4(' )0.4+07(*6 ?08� :608 '0&()8*./ 47 (), /4.,5(407 03 (), �� 4�, (), 70.()A,*'(,.69 (.*/,847/'

��*.2*((*7�� ), *,.0'06' *., (.*--,/ &7/,. (), (.*/, 471,.'407� �' /,,- 5071,5(407 647G,/ 84() 'J&*66 647,'

-.0-*<*(47< 8,'(8*./ /,1,60- 47 (), �� (), *,.0'06' *., /.41,7 &-8*./ (0 24/A(.0-0'-),.,� 8),., (),9 *.,

(*G,7 01,. (), �(6*7(45� �),9 *., (.*7'-0.(,/ 2*4769 47 *6(4(&/, 6*9,.' *' )4<) *' ��I G2� �)0', -.05,'','

/,1,60- *66 9,*. .0&7/ 01,. 70.(),.7 �3.45*� 84() 0769 '2*66 /433,.,75,' 47 (),4. 47(,7'4(9� /&, (0 (), �� '64/47<

3.02 7,*. (), �&63 03 �&47,* 47 (), 70.(),.7 847(,. (0 *:0&( ��@�� 47 '&22,. *7/ :*5G *<*47 /&.47< (),

',507/ )*63 03 (), 9,*.� �7/45*(407' 03 �*)*.*7 *,.0'06' /,'5,7/47< 47 (), �*.4::,*7 507B.2 (), (.*7'-0.( *5.0''

(), �(6*7(45 � 0.*6,'� �� *7/ ,'(42*(407' 03 (), ��! 01,. 70.(),.7 (.0-45*6 �(6*7(45 0:(*47,/ 3.02 ��

*., 507'4'(,7( 84() '&5) *7 0&(647,� �),9 /4'-6*9 607< -6&2,' 03 *,.0'06' 0.4<47*(47< 3.02 (), 50*'(� 84() *

/,5.,*'47< 5075,7(.*(407 8,'(8*./ *' 3*. *' �2,.45* /&.47< *66 30&. ',*'07' ��&'*. �� !�� -,.'� 5022�� ID

�(08, �� !�� I�� 7 847(,.� *,.0'06' *., *6'0 (.*7'-0.(,/ 01,. (), ,/4(,..*7,*7 (08*./' �&.0-, 47 .,6*(407 (0

(), ,/4(,..*7,*7 -06*. 3.07( � 0.*6,'� ��

�7 507(.*'(� (.*7'-0.( 0&( 03 '0&(),.7 �3.45* /433,.' *550./47< (0 (), ',*'07'� �)4-' )*1, 0769 70(45,/ * 608 /&'(

5075,7(.*(407 *607< (), 50*'( � 5�07*6/� ��NE� 47 !9,� ��E�� 7 *,.0'06 -6&2, 0.4<47*(,' 3.02 (), 507(47,7(

*:01, (), �(6*7(45 0769 47 '0&(),.7 847(,. *7/ '-.47< *' /4'5&'',/ ,*.64,.� :&( 707, )*' :,,7 /,(,5(,/ 47 '&22,.

*7/ *&(&27 ��&'*. �� !�� -,.'� 5022� ��ID �(08, �� !�� I��

�0 8, 5*7 -&( (0<,(),. (), -*.(45&6*. 507/4(407' 03 -.0/&5(407 *7/ (.*7'-0.( 03 *,.0'06' *7/ *''054*(,/ <*',' 47

(.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� �), '2*66 '&.3*5, 03 (), /,',.( *7/ (), 502-*.*(41,69 &7430.2 6,7<() 03 (), /.9 ',*'07�

(), 42-0.(*75, 03 '*1*77* '&.3*5,' *7/ (), <.,*( 7&2:,. 03 B.,'� ,;-6*47 (), 42-0.(*75, 03 *,.0'06' *7/ <*',' 47

(), *(20'-),., /&.47< (), 847(,. /.9 ',*'07 *7/ (),4. /,5.,*', 47 '-.47<� �), 507/4(407' 03 (), *(20'-),.45

54.5&6*(407 ,;-6*47' (), *55&2&6*(407 03 /&'( *7/ <*',' *:01, (), 507(47,7( /&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07 *7/ (),4.

(.*7'-0.( *:01, (), 8,'( *7/ 5,7(.*6 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �(6*7(45 47 847(,. *7/ '-.47<�

�.*7'-0.( 0&( 03 (), 507(47,7( 4' 6424(,/ (0 (80 ',*'07' 47 '0&(),.7 �3.45* 47'(,*/ 03 30&. 47 70.(),.7 �3.45*�

*7/ 4' 6,'' 42-0.(*7( 47 (), /.9 ',*'07 8),.,*' (), B.,' ',,2 (0 :, 20., 7&2,.0&' ��*)007 �� !�� ),

'47G' 03 *,.0'06' *7/ <*',' *., -*.(69 07 (), 507(47,7( *7/ -*.(69 47 (), ,*'(,.7 *7/ 5,7(.*6 �(6*7(45 �5,*7� &764G,

70.(),.7 �3.45*� 8)45) -.0/&5,' *,.0'06' *7/ <*',' (.*7'-0.(,/� 84() * .,<&6*. /,5.,*', 47 42-0.(*75,� *5.0'' (),

�(6*7(45 *' 3*. *' �2,.45*�

�), 42-0.(*75, 03 *,.0'06'� *7/ 507',J&,7(69 03 *''054*(,/ <*','� 47 (), *(20'-),., 03 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7

�3.45* 5*7 :, ,'(42*(,/ 0769 J&*64(*(41,69 47 ()4' .,',*.5)� �),4. ',*'07*6 ,106&(407 '&5) *' 4' /,'5.4:,/ ),.,

/4'-6*9' *7 &7J&,'(407*:6, .06, 47 *(20'-),.45 5),24'(.9 *7/ 5642*(,� ,'-,54*669 47 847(,. *7/ '-.47<� �&.(),.

'(&/4,' )*1, (0 ,2-)*'4+, (), J&*7(43947< 03 '0&(),.7 �3.45* -.0/&5(407 03 *,.0'06' *7/ <*',' *7/ 4(' -*.( 47

5)*7<,' 03 *(20'-),.45 5),24'(.9� 4756&/47< (),4. -0''4:6, 47?&,75, 07 5642*(, ��0&<)(07� ��

��

�&'( )*+,� J&4(, 502207 47 /.9 *.,*'� -.,',7(' 07, /4'(475(41, 3,*(&., 47 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*C 4(' 84/, ,;(,7(

/&.47< (), 8)06, *&'(.*6 847(,.� �798),., ,6',� 4( 4' 502-0',/ 03 '-,66' 6*'(47< * 3,8 /*9'� *' 607< *' 5,.(*47

'970-(45 3,*(&.,' 507(.4:&(, (0 20:464+, /&'( *7/ (0 (.*7'-0.( 4( 3*. *8*9� �7 (.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*� /*(* 30.

�� *7/ ��E �507B.2,/ :9 /*(* 3.02 20., .,5,7( 9,*.'� /4'-6*9 ()*( /&'( )*+, 4' 2*4769 * ',*'07*6

�� %��

-),702,707� 6*'(47< 47 847(,. 3.02 *9 (0 �5(0:,.� 4�, (), 8)06, /.9 ',*'07� �(' ,;(,7( 475.,*',' &7(46 &7,�

.,*5),' 4(' -,*G 47 �&<&'( *7/ /,5.,*',' *3(,.8*./'� �7 (), *=>., %*'47� ()4' )*+9 8,*(),. 4' 507(47&0&' /&.47< �

0. N 207()' *7/ 47(,.24((,7(O*( 6,*'( 07, /*9 0&( 03 (80O47 (), -.,140&' *7/ 30660847< 207()'� �6(0<,(),.� 4(

6*'(' 6,'' :&( .,2*47' 3.,J&,7(� �( 4' /&, (0 (), '970-(45A'5*6, ?08 -*((,.7' 03 (), /.9 847(,.� �), /&'( 3.02 '046'

*7/ :402*'' :&.747< 4' 20:464+,/ &-8*./ *' )4<) *' ��@@2� 8),., 4( 4' '(0--,/ :9 *7 471,.'407 47 (), (.*/,

847/'� �),7 4( 4' '-.,*/ 70.()8*./ *' 3*. *' (), �J&*(0. *7/ 8,'(8*./ :9 ()0', (.*/,' -.,1*4647< 01,. 20'( 03 (),

507(47,7( *( ()*( 6,1,6� �&'( *55&2&6*(,' /&.47< (), ),*.( 03 (), 847(,. *:01, (), 70.()A8,'( -*.( 03 '0&(),.7

�3.45* :,30., ,'5*-47< 01,. (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7 *( (), 6*(4(&/, 03 (), *=>., *7/ �07<0 �,-&:645'�

�,5,7( '(&/4,' 07 (), *(20'-),.45 5),24'(.9 03� *7/ 07 *(20'-),., /&'( /,(,5(,/ 01,.� (), �(6*7(45 �5,*7 :9

'*(,664(,' 507B.2 (), -6*5, 03 <*',' 3.02 :402*'' :&.747<� ,'-,54*669 /&.47< (), /.9 ',*'07 *7/ (),4. (.*7'-0.(

*5.0'' (), �(6*7(45 :,47< 6424(,/ -.42*.469 (0 847(,. *7/ ',507/*.469 (0 '-.47<� 8)45) 50..,'-07/ 84() (), *&'(.*6

/.9 ',*'07 *7/ (), (.*7'4(407 (0 (), 8,( ',*'07� �&.47< (), 207()' 03 (.*7'4(407� (), *,.0'06' *., 6,'' 42-0.(*7(

:&(� /&, (0 5)*7<47< 54.5&6*(407 507/4(407' 47 (), *(20'-),.,� (),9 *., 20., ,*'469 '-.,*/ *:01, 507(47,7( *7/

507(4<&0&' 05,*7'� �)4' 4' 507'4'(,7( 84() (), ',*'07*6 ,106&(407 03 /&'( )*+,� 4�, *(20'-),.45 *,.0'06'� '&5) *' 4'

')087 ),.,� �&'( )*+, )*' 70( 0769 * 5642*(060<45*6 42-0.(*75,� 4( 4' *6'0 *7 47/45*(0. 03 (), 47?&,75, 03 :402*''

:&.747<� 8)45) -.0/&5,' 20'( 03 (), *,.0'06' 20/43947< (), *(20'-),.45 5),24'(.9 ,106&(407�

��"��

�), *&()0.' ()*7G �. �� (08, �� *')47<(07� �� 30. <4147< (),2 * 50-9 03 -*-,.' 70( 9,( -&:64'),/

*7/ (0 �.� %.4*7 �46,' 30. 42-.0147< (), �7<64')�

��

�), -*-,. :9 �9'07 �� !� 07 F�7 *4. (.*7'-0.( 5642*(060<9 30. '&:(.0-45*6 '0&(),.7 �3.45*H� � �* 2* �!�%��

�I�� 8*' 70( *1*46*:6, (0 (), *&()0.' 8),7 ()4' -*-,. 8*' :,47< .,14',/�

��

�6,;*7/.,� � *7/ �+,7<&� � �� F�, .,K<42, )9/.4J&, /*7' 6,' '06' /, 6* .,K<407 /, �&:&2:*')4 ��*&(A�)*:*� *=>.,�H� ��!�� IN�

�7/.,*,� � �� F%402*'' :&.747<O4(' )4'(0.9� &', *7/ /4'(.4:&(407 *7/ 4(' 42-*5( 07 ,714.072,7(*6 J&*64(9 *7/ <60:*6 5642*(,H� 47�,147,� � �� ,/�� !�$�! .��%�� .�� ;��%�� !�%�� .�� %�!�� *2:.4/<, 741,.'4(9 !.,''� �*2:.4/<,--� ��

�7/.,*,� � �� 7/,.'07� %� �� %6*G,� �� %.*/')*8� � �� 06647'� � �� .,<0.9� �� *5)',� �� *7/ �)4-)*2� � �� F�7?&,75, 03 -6&2,' 3.02 :402*'' :&.747< 07 *(20'-),.45 5),24'(.9 01,. (), ,J&*(0.4*6 *7/ (.0-45*6 �0&() �(6*7(45 /&.47< �� NH�2* ��4�* �� I�� N��E@E�

%4<<� �� F�*64/*(407 03 (.,7/' 47 (), '&.3*5, 847/ B,6/' 01,. (), 0+*2:4J&, �)*77,6H� � �* 2* �!�%��!�� E�� E��ENE�

%&,5),.� �� EI� �� !�� <�� %� ��!�� =�� ),R', /05(0.*( /H�(*(� 741,.'4(,K /, �,42'� ��@ --�� @ --�

�*)007� �� (05G'� %� �� ,147,� � �� 03,.� �� *7/ �H�,66� "� !� ��@� F�,*'07*6 /4'(.4:&(407 03 �3.45*7 �*1*77* B.,'H� �� E��E��

�*.6'07� �� F�(20'-),.45 (&.:4/4(9 47 �*)*.*7 /&'( 0&(:.,*G' *' /,(,.247,/ :9 *7*69'4' 03 '*(,664(, :.4<)(7,'' /*(*H� � * >��* ��N��NN��

�,.3� �� E@� F�*.*5(,K.4'(4J&,' /& (.0&:6, *(20'-),K.4J&, ,7 �3.4J&, /, 6H�&,'(H� ?� ��!��

�),'(,.� �� /,.B,6/� � �� .43B7� � �� 0)7'07� �� *7/ !*/<)*2� �� F�064*7 /&'( *607< (), ,*'(,.7 2*.<47' 03 (), �(6*7(45�5,*7H� ��* ��!�� @I�

�0770.'� �� *)007� �� .�� ,45)6,� �� %.&7.,� �� *.'(*7<� �� ,46,.� �� *7/ �5),,6� �� F�*1*77* :&.747< *7/5071,5(41, 24;47< 47 '0&(),.7 �3.45*C 42-645*(407' 30. �� ,24''407' *7/ (.*7'-0.(H� 47 �,147,� �� /�� !�$�! .��%�� .�� ;��%�� !�%�� .�� %�!�� *2:.4/<, 741,.'4(9 !.,''� �*2:.4/<,� --� ��

�.*::,� � ��EI� ?� ��$�!�� !� ��$�!�� @�AB�� 5*/,K24, �09*6, /,' �54,75,' /H�&(.,A ,.� %.&;,66,'� �� --� S �N 5*.(,'�

�.0'� %�� ,62*'� �� <*7<*� �� 6*4.*5� %� *7/ �07(*7� � ��EE� F�,*'07*6 (.,7/' 03 0+07, 47 ,J&*(0.4*6 �3.45*C ,;-,.42,7(*6 ,14/,75, 03-)0(05),245*6 30.2*(407H� 2* ��4�* ��*� �� EN��ENII�

�.0'� %�� <*7<*� �� 47<*� �� 4')2*7� � *7/ %.*5G,((� �� F�4'(.4:&(407 03 (.0-0'-),.45 0+07, *( %.*++*1466,� �07<0� /,(,.247,/3.02 0+07,'07/, 2,*'&.,2,7('H� 2* ��4�* �� EI��E��

�.&(+,7� !� � *7/ �7/.,*,� � �� @� F%402*'' :&.747< 47 (), (.0-45'C 42-*5( 07 *(20'-),.45 5),24'(.9 *7/ :40<,05),245*6 5956,'H�� II��I�E�

�� N

�,62*'� �� 0&/P*7,� !�� !0/*4.,� �� *7/ ,7*&(� � �� F%402*'' :&.747< 47 �3.45*C *7 *'',''2,7( 03 *77&*669 :&.7,/ :402*'' 47�,147,� � �� ,/�� !�$�! .��%�� .�� ;��%�� !�%�� .�� %�!�� *2:.4/<, 741,.'4(9 !.,''� �*2:.4/<,�--� ��I��N��

�,&('5),. �,((,./4,7'( �70( /*(,/�� ! ��4��! ,�� &#159&#16� >��!� >�� -��! @� � �"1��9"1��,,8,((,.*2(� �*2:&.<�

�0&<&,K/.04(� �� %*.(� �� *7/ �H(02:4� � "� � ��@� F�9-, /, (,2-' /, <.*7/, '*4'07 ',R5), /*7' 6H�3.4J&, /,' �.*7/' �*5'H� ��$!* ��*� �* �!�%��!�� E�

�.&46),(� �� *7/ �&.*7/� !� ��E�� F�(&/,' /, 6* 50&5), 6424(, 5071,5(41, '*)*.4,77, ,7 -.,K',75, /, :.&2, ',R5), �,;-,K.4,75, �56*('�H�.�� 4�!�4�� !*� ��

�&:.,''07� �� *.5)*6� �A�� *7/ �*4'07� � A!� �� ?�� 7��C�� !!�� %,647A�,56&'� �E@ --��*:4*7� !� *7/ !.&5)74,845+� !� �� F ,.4/407*6 /4'(.4:&(407 03 0+07, 47 (), (.0-0'-),., *7/ 4(' ',*'07*6 1*.4*(407'H� 2* ��4�* ��

�� @IN��@�N��47/6*(,.� � �� F ,*7 207()69 *4.?08 *( 608 6,1,6' 01,. (), 8,'(,.7 �7/4*7 �5,*7H� ��4�* �%� �� --��4')2*7� � *7/ �*.',7� � �� E�� F�4'(.4:&(407 03 (0(*6 0+07, *7/ '(.*(0'-),.45 0+07, 47 (), (.0-45'C 42-645*(407' 30. (), /4'(.4:&(407 03(.0-0'-),.45 0+07,H� 2* ��4�* �� I�� II��IIN��

�0&J&*.(� �� !� ��E�� F�:',.1*(407' 03 '*)*.*7 *,.0'06'C .,'&6(' 03 �56*(' B,6/ ,;-,.42,7(� !*.( �C ()45G7,'',' *7/ *,.0'06 '4+,/4'(.4:&(407'H� 2* �!�%* ��* ��!�� E�N��

�06/*22,.� � �� @� F�4., 47 (), (.0-45*6 :40(*� ,50'9'(,2 -.05,'',' *7/ <60:*6 5)*66,7<,'H� ��!* �� --��.43B()� �A�� F�*'(,.7 �3.45*H� 47 �!�%�� 7 �7�� >��!� ��4 �7 �!�%��!��4� �06� �@� �6',14,.� �2'(,./*2� I@� --��466'� �� F�), '(.&5(&., 03 (), �7(,.A�.0-45*6 �071,.<,75, 07, 47 ,J&*(0.4*6 �3.45* *7/ 4(' .,6*(407')4- (0 �*'( �3.45*7 .*473*66H�2* � ��* .��* �� N�� N��N��

�0&<)(07� � �� !�%�� &##/� �� )�� 7 �!�%�� !�� 7 �� #" �%�� *2:.4/<, 741,.'4(9 !.,''� �*2:.4/<,� NN� --�

�&'*.� �� %�� (08,� �� *7/ !.0'-,.0� � ��I� F!*((,.7' 03 (.0-0'-),.45 *,.0'06' 01,. (), 05,*7'H� !,.'07*6 5022&745*(407��*5*&;� � !�� ,62*'� �� .0'� %�� ,3,41.,� %� *7/ �7/.,*,� � �� F�7?&,75, 03 :402*'' :&.747< ,24''407' 07 -.,54-4(*(4075),24'(.9 47 (), ,J&*(0.4*6 30.,'( 03 �3.45*H� 47 �,147,� �� ,/�� !�$�! .��%�� .�� ;��%�� !�%�� .��%�!�� *2:.4/<, 741,.'4(9 !.,''� �*2:.4/<,� --� �I��N�

�,<.*7/� �� %,.(.*7/� � � *7/ �,':04'� � ��E�� F�&'( 560&/' 01,. �,'( �3.45*C * 5)*.*5(,.4+*(407 :9 '*(,664(, /*(*H� � * ��4�� EN�

�,<.*7/� �� H�0&2,K� �� *7/ *7G084*G� �� F�*(,664(,A/,.41,/ 5642*(060<9 03 (), �*)*.*7 *,.0'06H� 47 �975)� �� "� �,/�� 7�� %�� 7 �!�� %�� !.05,,/47<' �!�� N@�� --� ��N��

�,.0&;� � ��EN� ?� �!�%�� !=�7��C�� !�� )*2-407� !*.4'� INN --�� *(6*'� :,7+*� � ��E�� F�H,K106&(407 /, 6* (,7,&. ,7 ,*& /, 6H*4. *R -.0;424(,K /& '06 /*7' 6* .,K<407 /, �&:&2:*')4 *& 50&.' /, 6* -,K.40/, '*7' -6&4,'507(47&,66,'H� ��!* ��!* -��

4//6,(07� �� 0&/4,� �� *7/ �,66'� �� EI� F�), 3.,J&,759 *7/ '0&.5, *.,*' 03 /&'( '(0.2'H� 47 �45G647<� �� ,/�� !�� %��!��4� �66,7 *7/ 7847� �475),'(,.� --� �N��

0.*6,'� �� +��* �$�!�3�� -�� +�� 50-, �� 46,9� �,8 �0.G� N�@ --��H�0&2,� �� *7/ �,<.*7/� � �� F�-(424'*(407 /& (.*4(2,7( ,( /, 6H42*<,.4, ,(,0'*( �� -0&. 6H,K(*:64'',2,7( /H&7, 5642*(060<4, /,'*,K.0'06' '*)*.4,7'H� D��!!� �!�%��C�� !!�� II�E@�

�45)06'07� �� EI� F�), '-*(4*6 50),.,75, 03 �3.45*7 .*473*66 *702*64,'C 47(,.),24'-),.45 (,6,5077,5(407'H� 2* �!�%* ��!* ��!�� NI��NE��

�45)06'07� �� ,,90&7<� "� *7/ �00-47<*.7,.� � ��EE� ��!�� 7 �7�� 7�!! � � �� ! D��$�!��4� �60.4/* �(*(, 741,.'4(9��*66*)*'',,� �6� �� --�� 2*-'�

�H(02:4� � "� � ��EE� F�106&(407 /, 6H)&24/4(,K *(20'-),K.4J&, *& 50&.' /, 6H*77,K, /*7' 6* -*.(4, 473,K.4,&., /, 6* (.0-0'),R., /H&7, .,K<407(.0-45*6, )&24/,� �*' /, �&:&2:*')4 ��*&(A�)*:*� *=>.,�H� 47 �� 2�� !�%��!�� 07(A�4<4� � �.-45&2 ,/�� 4,R<,� --� �N��

�H(02:4� � "� � ��@� �� !��C�� %�� !!�� !=��!�� !�%�� !�� ?�$�%$�� $� %�� !� @�AB�� ),R', /, /05(0.*(� �*5&6(,K /,' �54,75,'� 741,.'4(,K /, �4,R<,� N�� --�

!,8,� �� E�� H�,',.( /&'(C 0.4<47� 5)*.*5(,.4'(45' *7/ ,33,5( 07 2*7H� ��!* ��* �%* ��* ��*� �EI --�!9,� "� ��E�� !�� +�� +�� +�� 5*/,245 !.,''� �07/07� NN� --��*0� �.� �� (08,� �� 5�6*47� �� !� *7/ �*--,.� � ��EE� F�,1,60-2,7( *7/ *--645*(407 03 *,.0'06 .,20(, ',7'47< 84() �� /*(*3.02 (), �� '*(,664(,'H� 47 !� �� 0::'� *7/ 5�0.245G� � !� ��!� � � �!�%�� ,,-*G !&:6�� *2-(07� �� --� I��

�,45)6,� �� .�� 077,.'� �� 066*7/� �� 9-,'� �� *6640� �� *'*'� � �� 0.2',7� %� %�� *960.� � �� *7/ �*'G,()� �� EI� F 4//6, *7/ &--,. (.0-0'-),.45 5*.:07 2070;4/, .*(40' *' 2,*'&.,/ :9 * '*(,664(,A:0.7, .,20(, ',7'47< /&.47< �01,2:,. ��E�H�2* ��4�* �� @�� EI��EEE�

�)4-2*7� � �� %*5)2,4,.� �� *7/ �7/,.'07� %� �� N� F�� N� 2,(,0.060<45*6 )4<)64<)('H� 2* ��4�* �� NN@��NN��(08,� �� <7*(01� �� *7/ �47<)� �� I� F�,1,60-2,7(� 1*64/*(407 *7/ -0(,7(4*6 ,7)*75,2,7(' (0 (), ',507/ <,7,.*(407 0-,.*(407*6*,.0'06 -.0/&5( *( ��L��H� 2* ��4�* �� '&:24((,/�

�*6P**./� �A� �� F�970-(45 2,(,0.060<9 03 (), �0&(),.7 �,24'-),.,H� 47 �,8(07� �� ,/�� !��4 �7 �� E�%�� ,(,0.060<45*6 070<.*-)'� �2,.45*7 ,(,0.060<45*6 �054,(9� %0'(07� �� --� �N��N�

�9'07� !� �� EI� �!�%�� D��$�!��4 � �� 7�� ;30./ 741,.'4(9 !.,''� �;30./� ��@ --��466,7,&1,� �� E@� �!�� %��!�� !�%��!�� ,R2, ,K/�� !.,'',' /, 6H741,.'4(,K �*1*6� Q&,K:,5� I�E --��*6(,.� �� *7/ �4,()� �� I�� F�3.4J&, *& '&/ /, 6H�J&*(,&. ��H� 47 F!�%��% >�!��!�� &'(*1 �4'5),. �,.6*<� �,7*��,4 47 �*0� ,4A�&,9 �4& *7/ �.&(+,7� � !� ��@� F�'(42*(,' 03 *77&*6 *7/ .,<407*6 .,6,*',' 03 �� *7/ 0(),. (.*5, <*',' (0 (),*(20'-),., 3.02 B.,' 47 (), (.0-45'� :*',/ 07 (), �� '(*(4'(45' 30. (), -,.40/ ��E@H� ��!* �� @��I��

�� %��

winter dust haze in tropical southern africa

Documents