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Slide 2 Wireless monitoring & control in Agriculture Slide 3 Why Wireless ? Boston central telephone station at 40 Pearl Street after the blizzard of 1881 Slide 4 Wireless Revolution TI REGENCY TR-1, 1955, $450 (today) 1 st Transistor, 1947 Sony TR-610, 1958 Integrated Circuit, 1963 1 st Integrated Circuit, ~1958 Today ~$5 Slide 5 Outlines WPAN WLAN WMAN WWAN WSN WC RF GSM/GPRS Bluetooth ZigBee WiFi Sensors Slide 6 WPAN IEEE WPAN IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth v1.1 IEEE 802.15.2 Bluetooth WiFi IEEE 802.15.3 WiMEDIA WPAN IEEE 802.15.3a UWB WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee WPAN ( WSAN, S Sensor) Slide 7 WLAN IEEE 1999 IEEE 802.11 WLAN WiFi IEEE WLAN IR Infrared 5GHz 11a 2.4GHz 11b IR IrDA 11a 11b 2003 11g 11a 11b 11g IEEE 11g EDR Extended Data Rate 20Mbps 54Mbps IEEE 802.11n 100Mbps 11n 540Mbps 640Mbps Slide 8 WMAN IEEE WMAN IEEE 802.16 Intel WiMAX WiMAX 5 8 50km WWAN Slide 9 WWAN GSM PHS WMAM GSM 1/5 1/6 CDMA WWAN IEEE WWAN IEEE 802.20 GSM Switch Packet GSM GPRS EDGE 3G CDMA IEEE WWAN IEEE 802.20 MBWA Mobile Broadband Wireless Access IEEE 802.20 3.5GHz 1Mbps 250km/hr Slide 10 : WSN IC Slide 11 Sensor Network Interface electronics, radio and microcontroller Soil moisture probe Mote Antenna Gateway Server Internet Communications barrier Sensor field Slide 12 Gateway Server Internet Sensor field Watershed Sensor Network Slide 13 (Wireless Communication) RF 100~600 MHz, etc. GPRS GSM GPRS 160 Kbps 802.11b/g Internet TCP/IP eathernet 2.4GHz 802.11b/11Mbps 802.11g/54Mbps 1Mbps 570 Router/Bridge IEEE802.15.4 ZigBee 2.4GHz 868MHz 915MHz 75 / 20kbps 250kbps 2 5 6 IEEE802.15.1 Bluetooth 10 2.4GHz Slide 14 Collect & Display Data via Wired LAN via Wireless LAN via Telephone line via Mobile communication GPRS/GSM DB PHP, Java, etc. DBMS Report VB, VC, BCB, etc. Report & Control DB Table, Chart, Picture for current / max / min / avg, etc. Table, Chart, Picture for History data. Slide 15 RF 150~600 MHz Slide 16 Spectrum Technology, Inc. Slide 17 Base Monitoring Unit Receives the transmitted data from the wireless remote sensing units, displays the current values, and alarm status. Pre-defined high or low temperature conditions trigger the red alarm indicators and the alarm sounds to notify you of the situation in real-time. Slide 18 Wireless Remote Sensing Unit Measures the temperature and humidity value and transmits the data wirelessly to the local monitoring unit. It transmits the data over 400MHz radio frequency band and operates with 2Pcs AA batteries (included), which can be installed and replaced very easily by the end user. Battery life is 6 months. Remote units require a radiation shield. Slide 19 426.075 MHz, Low power RF RS232 Serial port Slide 20 Radiation Shield Protect your sensor from rain, solar radiation, or other sources of heat that can distort measurements. Slide 21 Spec Log Crop Monitor Software Log weather data on your PC and produce the reports you need to manage plant growth. Reports include: T/RH Hours, DIF Temperature, Degree-Days, Daily and Monthly Summaries. Slide 22 2005 15130 NT$ 34: 1 Ex. rate 13430 NT$ 6630 NT$ 4930 NT$ 2550 NT$ 6766 NT$ Slide 23 Netafim, Isreal Slide 24 Weather station ET (Penman) Radiation Wind Rain T & H Soil temp Leaf wetness Enable use of the actual/historical data to plan irrigation strategy for future situations Slide 25 Field station transmitter Reliable and simple Built-in battery for 5 year No external antenna Range max :1-4 km Frequency: 150 600 MHz Built-in interface for: Three Tensiometers Three TDT Soil moisture Water meter / tipping bucket Weather station Other digital or analog inputs 150~600 MHz Slide 26 Principles of Operation Data is sampled every 15 minutes and transmitted every 30 minutes to the base station. Wireless data transfer from the sensors to the collector or a PC Downloading the data from the collector or the PC via telephone line or cellular Data processing and presentation for decision-making in real time Data collecting for historical analyses and research Slide 27 Wireless data transfer Sending range: Up to 1 4 km Field Station Field Collector Telephone line Cellular Slide 28 Extending the Transmitting Range via the Repeater Range: Up to 7 10 km Repeater range 1- 4 km Slide 29 Remote accesses to data Loc al PC Field Collector Telephone line Cellular Slide 30 Decagon Device, Inc., USA Slide 31 Slide 32 Slide 33 ECH 2 O Probe and Em5R Slide 34 Em5, Em5R Slide 35 Rm1 Slide 36 902~928 MHz ISM Slide 37 Slide 38 Spectrum Technology, Inc. Designed specifically for WatchDog stations, the low- power Spread Spectrum radio technology does not require an FCC license. You benefit by locating your station in an optimum microclimate to capture valuable weather data. System includes four AA rechargeable batteries (replaces the station's alkaline batteries), base station transceiver/antenna with power adapter, transceiver/antenna with solar power for the WatchDog station, and mounting hardware. 900 MHz Slide 39 WatchDog Stations Model 900ET Evapotranspiration (ET), solar radiation, wind speed/direction, wind chill, dew point, temperature, RH and rainfall. Three (3) available external sensor channels for leaf wetness, soil moisture or other sensors. Model 800 Station This 8-channel data logging station is used for: Soil moisture measurement, Multiple sensor measurements, Microclimate and field research. Model 700 Weather Station Wind speed/direction, temperature, RH and rainfall. Has four (4) available external sensor channels for soil moisture, soil temperature or leaf wetness sensors Model 600 Weather Station Wind speed/direction, temperature, and rainfall. Has four (4) available external sensor channels for soil moisture, soil temperature or leaf wetness sensors Model 550 Weather Station Portable Station Lets You Document Real-Time Weather Conditions At Any Site. Includes wind speed/direction, temperature and RH. Model 525 Weather Station Portable Station Lets You Document Real-Time Weather Conditions At Any Site. Includes wind speed/direction and temperature. Slide 40 Campbell Scientific, Inc. The CR205 Datalogger includes an on- board 915 MHz spread spectrum radio. The CR205's input channel configuration and small size is optimal for measuring one or two sensors. The CR215 Datalogger includes an on- board 2.4 GHz spread spectrum radio. The RF401 Spread Spectrum Radio has a 910 to 918 MHz operating frequency range, which is allocated to the US and Canada. The RF411 spread spectrum transceiver has an operating frequency range of 920 to 928 MHz, which is allocated to Australia/Israel. Slide 41 GSM/GPRS 1900/850 MHz Slide 42 GSM Introduction Slide 43 Radio Interface Slide 44 GPRS Slide 45 Campbell Scientific, Inc. Slide 46 Slide 47 Slide 48 Comparison between wireless LAN & PAN Feature WiFi (IEEE 802.11b) Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) Radio DSSS 1 FHSS 2 DSSS Data rate 11 Mbps1 Mbps250 kbps Nodes per master 32764,000 Slave enumeration latency Up to 3 secUp to 10 sec30 ms Data typeVideo, audio, graphics, pictures, files Audio, graphics, pictures, files Small data packet Range 100 m10 m70 m ExtendabilityRoaming possibleNoYes Battery lifeHours1 week1 year+ Bill of material$9$6$3 ComplexityComplexVery complexSimple 1 DSSS: Direct sequence spread spectrum FHSS: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum Slide 49 Bluetooth 30 days (park mode @ 1.28s) 802.15.4/ZigBee more battery-effective at all beacon intervals greater than 0.246s At beacon interval ~1s, 15.4/ZigBee battery life 85 days 802.15.4/ZigBee vs Bluetooth Slide 50 Wireless PAN 802.15.1 Bluetooth 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz 1 Mbps Slide 51 Bluetooth Slide 52 Wireless PAN 802.15.4 ZigBee 433, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz 250 kbps Slide 53 the software Network, Security & Application layers Brand management IEEE 802.15.4 the hardware Physical & Media Access Control layers PHY 868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz MAC Network Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree Security 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption Application API ZigBee Alliance IEEE 802.15.4 Customer Silicon Stack App IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee In Context Slide 54 What is ZigBee? Internet Everything Your toaster gets an IP address Wireless standard formed by an alliance of industry leaders Motorola, Phillips, Samsung, Cisco over 100 companies!! Slide 55 Applications ZigBee Wireless Control that Simply Works RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS TV VCR DVD/CD remote security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt PERSONAL HEALTH CARE BUILDING AUTOMATION security HVAC AMR lighting control access control mouse keyboard joystick patient monitoring fitness monitoring Slide 56 Revolution in Computer, Communication and MEMS 0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch 25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch ~14 mW~ 64 W ~ $35~ $6K (today) 512 KB Flash160 KB Floppies 128 KB RAM16-256 KB RAM 4 MHz4.77 MHz MICAZ Mote (2005)Original IBM PC (1981) Slide 57 Slide 58 MoteIV Technology, Inc., US Slide 59 Slide 60 Crossbow Technology, Inc., USA UC Berkley, Smart Dust http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/ Crossbow http://www.xbow.com MICA2DOT Slide 61 Crossbow Technology, Inc., USA Available Sensor Boards Light and Temperature Acceleration/Vibration (2- Axis ADXL202 based) Acoustic Magnetometer Weather Monitoring GPS Slide 62 Crossbow Smart Dust MICAz 5.8 X 3.2 cm DOT 2.5cm 315 433 868 900 916 MHz 802.15.4 ZigBee UC-Berkely TinyOS 100m 250 Kbps 8 10 bits A/D 3.3V 2 AA GPS $125 $105 Slide 63 Features of Intel s Imote ARM* core SRAM FLASH BT radio Stackable connectors (top and bottom) 2.4 GHz antenna Multicolor status LED Optional external antenna connector Optional voltage regulator (bottom) Slide 64 Imote 2 --Top View Basic I/O connector Dialog PMIC 36 mm 48 mm PXA273 LED Crystals Slide 65 Imote 2 -- Bottom View 36 mm 48 mm Advanced I/O connector Advanced I/O connector Crystal Antenna Optional SMA connector Mini USB Connector CC2420 Slide 66 Bandwave Technology, Inc. Taiwan Import 802.15.4 4 Sensors on a chip T: Temperature (dry bulb) (-40~120 o C) RH: Relative Humidity (0~99%) TSR: Total Solar Radiation PAR: Photosynthetically Active Radiation Slide 67 Bandwave Technology, Inc., Taiwan (TSR & PAR) 2 3A USB Slide 68 Mote feature comparison Feature ImoteMicazTelosMica2Imote 2 CPU type @[MHz]32bit ARM @128bit Atmel @816bit TI @88bit Atmel @832b XS@13(104) SRAM [kB]644104256/32,000 FLASH [kB]512128 + 51248 KB / 1024 KB128 + 51232,000 RadioBT802.15.4 300-900MHz15.4 (BT/802.11) Bandwidth [kb/s]720250 15250 (720/11,000) Power C/R/T [mA]15 / 24 / 248 / 20 / 181 / 20 / 188 / 10 / 2740/20/18 Power sleep [uA]1-250276191-100 Security HW4LFSR-128AES-128 NY OS supportTinyOS Slide 69 Sensor Web NASA JPL Sensor Web http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/ Slide 70 Slide 71 NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, USA Slide 72 Pods at the Huntington Garden, CA Slide 73 Pod deployment in Antarctica Pod deployment in Space Center Slide 74 Pod deployment in Greenhouse Slide 75 Sensor Web Deployment at a Recharge Basin Facility Slide 76 Wireless LAN 802.11b/g WiFi 2.4 GHz 11 Mbits Slide 77 Light Sensor PICNIC / Wireless LAN device CCD LED/Fan Humidity & Temperature sensors Field Server of Japan Slide 78 Field Server 1.Accurate Measurement Air-temperature Humidity 2.Sampling Gas (CO 2, NOx, SOx) Insects Microbes Virus Dusts 3.Cooling Slide 79 Field Server of Japan PICNIC card DDA Type FPAA Type FS IPv4 web Slide 80 Field Server Engine DDS-type PICNIC Ver.1.0 FPAA-type 24 bit 10 bit 24 bit Ver.2.0Ver.3.0 Slide 81 Field Server Engine-PICNIC PICNIC (Programmable Interface Controller with Network Interface Card) 10cm x 7cm 10bits A/D PIC16F877 4 0-5V 4 5V 4 5V RTL8019AS RS-232 RJ-45 TCP UDP IP WEB Slide 82 Specification of DDS-Type 1.Web server 2.DDS (1 Hz 70 MHz) 3.24bit-AD converter (8 ch) 4.10bit AD converter (8 ch) 5.10bit DA converter (1 ch) 6.Power photo MOS relay(2 ch) 7.Serial I/O (RS-232C) 8.DC-DC converter (in: 4-34 V, out: 5 V) DDS: Direct Digital Synthesizer Slide 83 Measurement by DDS Type ElementPhysical parameter Humidity Rainfall Leaf wetness Soil moisture EC Water level Water stress Capacitance Impedance Capacitance DD Material AD-Conv. Slide 84 FPAA F ield P rogrammable A nalog A rray 20 OP-AMP Resistor Capacitor Cross-bar Switch Field Server Engine FPAA Multiplier Soil-moisture sensor EC sensor Plant moisture sensor Humidity sensor pH Pressure Acceleration Infrared-Visible LED/LD Photo sensor Microphone sensor Speaker emitter RF antenna Slide 85 Inside of the Field Server Slide 86 Real-time data Database Live Camera Monitoring results created by Agent System Slide 87 Sample XML file and agent action XML configuration file get raw data exchange data zoom & snapshot Agent Program Slide 88 Data Collecting Method PC-Cluster Data gathering agent Web crawler Internet ADSL CATV Mobile Global IP Private IP FSG Firewall Private network of FieldServers Provider VPN FSG: Field Server Gateway Slide 89 Field Server of Japan http://model.job.affrc.go.jp/FieldServer/default.htm http://yummy.narc.affrc.go.jp/FieldServer/monitor/ Monitoring page Main page Slide 90 Sensors Slide 91 Sensors: T & RH from Sensirion AG The temperature sensor and the humidity sensor together form a single unit. This also enables an accurate and point- precise determination of the dew point, without incurring errors due to temperature gradients between the humidity and the temperature sensors. Through the unique linkage of these sensor elements with the signal amplifier unit, the analog-to-digital converter, the calibration data memory, as well as the digital, bus-ready interface, all on a surface area of a few square millimeters. Slide 92 Sensors Temperature Sensor: (0 - 100 c 1 c) LM35DZ Humidity: (0 100% RH 1%RH) HIH-3610 Pressure: (950 - 1050 KPa 1KPa) MPVX5010DP Water level: by pressure gauge ( 0 10 m 1 cm) Light: (0 10000 lux 10 lux) Photo Transistor Wind Direction: ( 0 360 1 ) Variable Resistor Wind Speed: (0 - 67 m/s 0.1m/s) Counter Rain Gauge: (0 - 9999 mm 0.1mm) Tapping Slide 93 Sensors Slide 94 Sensors: Rain Gauge/Drain Gauge Slide 95 Sensors: soil related Air or Soil Temperature sensor Slide 96 Sensors: Soil related Easy to install Easy to understand (centibar) Measures small soil samples Requires continuous maintenance Tensiometer Slide 97 Soil moisture sensor Volumetric water content Fast responds Robust & Reliable Maintenance free Measuring large soil volume Can be operated in all crops Slide 98 Soil moisture sensor The Echo probe measures the dielectric constant of the soil in order to find its volumetric water content. Since the dielectric constant of water is much higher than that of air or soil minerals, the dielectric constant of the soil is a sensitive measure of water content. The ECHO probe has a very low power requirement and high resolution. This gives you the ability to make as many measurements as you want (even hourly) over a long period of time (like a growing season, for example), with minimal battery usage. http://www.decagon.com/echo/ Slide 99 ECHO Probes: Models and Specifications ECHO probe model EC-20 (20cm length) ECHO probe model EC-10 (10cm length Slide 100 Slide 101 ECH2O DataTrac (Graphing Software) Slide 102 Dielectric Leaf wetness sensor The Dielectric Leaf Wetness Sensor, like its name implies, measures surface wetness by measuring changes in the dielectric on the sensor surface. Designed to mimic the thermodynamic properties of a leaf in shape and dimensions. Specifications are in development by Decagon Device, Inc. Slide 103 CO 2 Sensor