Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungenzum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber/EditorJörg Frey (Zürich)

Mitherausgeber /Associate EditorsMarkus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala)Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) · J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

415

Abraham’s Family

A Network of Meaning in Judaism,Christianity, and Islam

Edited by

Lukas Bormann

Mohr Siebeck

Lukas Bormann, born 1962; held chairs at Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, the University of Bayreuth, Technical University of Braunschweig and wasresearcher and lecturer at the universities of Hildesheim and Frankfurt; since 2014 professorfor New Testament at the Philipps-University Marburg.orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0823-4421

ISBN 978-3-16-156302-7 / eISBN 978-3-16-156686-8DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-156686-8ISSN 0512-1604 / eISSN 2568–7476(Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio-graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de.

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Printed in Germany.

Preface

This volume presents a scholarly journey through the centuries on whatmany religious and ethnic groups have understood as “Abraham’s Family.”To make this happen many institutions and individuals contributed time,money, thoughts, and also trust.

The research presented in this volume was part of a project at ÅboAkademi University in Finland and Marburg University in Germanyfunded by the Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia) and the GermanAcademic Exchange Service (DAAD) in 2015 and 2016. The project con-cluded with a conference at the Theology Faculty in Marburg in Septem-ber 2016. At this conference several outstanding scholars as well as post-doc researchers and PhD students from Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ger-many, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, and theUnited States presented and discussed their ideas on Abraham’s Family intheir particular field of research.

I am pleased to acknowledge publicly the contribution to this confer-ence of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the Evangelische Kirche in Hessenand Nassau, the Evangelische Kirche of Kurhessen Waldeck, and the Ur-sula Kuhlmann Fund at Marburg University.

I am most grateful to the publisher Mohr Siebeck, Dr. HenningZiebritzki, the editor Prof. Jörg Frey and the editorial board of Wis-senschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament for accepting theproceedings of the Marburg Conference on Abraham’s Family for publi-cation in this esteemed series. The authors of the essays collected in thevolume and I myself also thank Dr. J. Andrew Doole who proofread allcontributions and made many valuable suggestions to clarify meaningand improve style. Hannah Kreß prepared the indexes for the volume. Itwas a great pleasure to cooperate with all the institutions and individualsmentioned in this preface.

Marburg, Easter 2018 Lukas Bormann

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PART IABRAHAM’S FAMILY IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

Konrad Schmid (University of Zurich)Remembering and Reconstructing Abraham.Abraham’s Family and the Literary History of the Pentateuch . . . . 9

Antti Laato (Åbo Akademi University)The Abraham Story in Genesis and the Reigns of David andSolomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Magnar Kartveit (VID Specialized University, Stavanger)Abraham and Joseph in Samaritan Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Lotta Valve (Åbo Akademi University)The “Wooing of Rebekah” and the Methodological Riftbetween Tradition History and Reception History . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

PART IIABRAHAM’S FAMILY IN ANCIENT JEWISH LITERATURE

Jacques T. A. G. M. van Ruiten (University of Groningen)Abraham’s Family in the Book of Jubilees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Aliyah El Mansy (University of Marburg)“He is perfect, he is a true man!” (Jub. 27:17).Constructions of Masculinities in Abraham’s Family . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Jesper Høgenhaven (University of Copenhagen)Abraham and his Family in Qumran Biblical Exegesis . . . . . . . . . . 145

VIII Table of Contents

Michael Becker (1958–2018) (University of Munich)Abraham and the Sacrifice of Isaac in Early Jewish andChristian Exegesis.Conceptual Patterns in Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Christian Noack (Schulzentrum Marienhöhe, Darmstadt)Abraham’s Family in Philo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

PART IIIABRAHAM’S FAMILY IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

Lukas Bormann (University of Marburg)Abraham as “Forefather” and his Family in Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Angela Standhartinger (University of Marburg)Member of Abraham’s Family?Hagar’s Gender, Status, Ethnos, and Religion in Early Jewishand Christian Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Christfried Böttrich (University of Greifswald)Abraham and his Children in Luke-Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Guido Baltes (University of Marburg)The Prodigal Son and his Angry Brother.Jacob and Esau in a Parable of Jesus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

J. Cornelis de Vos (University of Münster)Abraham’s Family in the Epistle to the Hebrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Eva-Maria Kreitschmann (University of Marburg)Abraham’s Family Network in the New Testament Writings . . . . . 317

PART IVABRAHAM’S FAMILY IN EARLY CHRISTIANLITERATURE

Martin Meiser (University of Saarland and University ofErlangen-Nuremberg)Abraham and His Family in Ancient Greek and LatinPatristic Exegesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Table of Contents IX

Anni Maria Laato (Åbo Akademi University)Divided by a Common Ground.The Prophecy of Jacob and Esau (Gen 25:19–26) in PatristicTexts up to Augustine with respect to Modern Inter-FaithDialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Michaela Durst (University of Vienna)Abraham and Hellenismos in Julian the Apostate’s Contra Galilaeos.Challenging Christian Knowledge about the Divine . . . . . . . . . . . 377

PART VABRAHAM’S FAMILY IN MEDIEVAL JEWISHEXEGESIS AND IN ENCOUNTER WITH ISLAM

Reuven Firestone (Hebrew Union College, Los Angeles)Hagar and Ishmael in Literature and Tradition as aforeshadow of their Islamic Personas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Mariano Gomez Aranda (ILC-CSIC, Madrid)The Conflict between Jacob and Esau in Medieval JewishExegesis.Reinterpreting Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Bärbel Beinhauer-Köhler (University of Marburg)Maqam Ibrahım and the Sacred Landscape of MeccaAccording to Ibn Jubayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Catalin-Stefan Popa (University of Marburg)Syrians and the Appeal to Abraham in the Early Islamic Times . . . 465

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Introduction

Abraham, whom the apostle Paul calls the “father of us all” (Rom 4:16),was already a central figure in Judaism and came to be important in Chris-tianity and Islam, so that it is now very common to call this three religions‘the Abrahamic religions.’ Some aspects of Abraham are common to allthree religions: Abraham as the first monotheist or the first opponentof idolatry is one example. Some characteristics are emphasized by oneof the three religions: in Judaism Abraham is ‘the father of Israel’ andalso the ‘first proselyte’; in Islam Ibrahim is pictured as ‘the leader of thefirst community of true Islam’; in Christianity Abraham is understood asboth ‘the father of faith’ and the paradigm (gr. typos) of every Christianbeliever. However, Abraham is not remembered alone, but with his family.Since more than two decades intense scholarly work has been devotedto investigating and discussing Abraham as a center-piece of religiousmemory and identity-building, but very seldom it is recognized that itis not only Abraham itself as a single and dominating figure but his fam-ily which is reflected upon to discuss both connections and boundariesbetween different but related religious and ethnic groups. In this processof remembering and redefining Abraham his family history and traditionhave also been used, modified, enlarged or shortened in order to explain,encourage, legitimize or challenge ethnic or religious groups from themiddle of the sixth century b.c.e. or earlier and even still today. TheAbraham tradition is an issue of narrative and counter-narrative, memoryand counter-memory. Besides the well-known ideas about Abraham asan outstanding figure his family is also used to define both borders ofidentity and connections to other groups. Moreover Abraham’s familyis brought in as a network of meaning to express opposition, antithesisor common ground within and between different religious movements.The most famous example is the idea of the two sons of Abraham, Isaacand Ishmael, presenting two different branches of the Abraham heritagewith the aim of explaining the antagonisms and the connections betweendifferent ethnic and religious groups.

Additionally, some interdisciplinary aspects should be taken into con-sideration. Political science, cognitive science and linguistics emphasizethat the term family is not only a term to denote kinship, but is also used

2 Introduction

as a metaphor and concept of meaning to evoke previous knowledge aboutfamily and to transfer it to different areas such as ethnicity, distributionof power, ethics, and gender relations. Family as a network of meaningworks as a conceptual frame to confirm or to define anew the center andthe margins of social entities, to relate and to disconnect different partsof a network, or to involve a special family understood as prototypical (inour case Abraham’s family) into a new conceptual frame, which means adifferent historical and religious context.

For the purpose of this volume the term ‘Abraham’s family’ coversthe traditions of the ancestors and descendants of Abraham named inGen 11–36 from his forefathers Nahor and Terah (Gen 11:22) to thefamilies of his grandchildren Jacob and Esau and their descendants(Gen 25:23–26; 36:1–43). The contributions to this volume discuss thepresentation, enlarging, shortening, re-narrating and reception of Abra-ham’s family in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The topics cover HebrewBible /Old Testament, Second Temple writings, New Testament, Rabbinicliterature, Greek, Latin and Syriac church fathers, and also Jewish me-dieval interpretation and a twelfth-century Arabic travel report of a pil-grimage to Mecca.

Part I Abraham’s Family in the Old Testament collects contributionswhich deal with the Abraham tradition of the Hebrew Bible and itshistorical and literary foundations. Konrad Schmid analyzes Abraham’sfamily from the perspective of the literary history of the Pentateuch. Hedemonstrates that it is possible to define at least three main stages of thedevelopment of the Abraham tradition in the Pentateuch. He starts withthe youngest literary strata, the post-priestly Abraham tradition whichis dominated by God’s commandment to Abraham to sacrifice his son(late Persian period), goes on to the priestly Abraham, who is seen asthe common origin of many nations described as a family system (earlyPersian period) and ends with the presumable earliest pre-priestly Abra-ham tradition in which the national identity of Israel is negotiated (722to 587 b.c.e.). Antti Laato asks about traces of political ideologies anddiplomatic needs preserved in the Abraham tradition which has its rootsin the times of the united monarchy under David and Solomon, when thismonarchy was supported by Egypt. Magnar Kartveit presents the evidencein the Hebrew Bible, the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Septuagint in con-nection to various ancient Jewish sources and later Samaritan traditionsto demonstrate how the Samaritans related both Abraham and Joseph toMount Gerizim, the main sanctuary of this ethno-religious group. LottaValve reflects on marriage as a central issue of Abraham’s family tradition.

Introduction 3

In the story of the wooing of Rebekah (Gen 24) several layers of interpre-tation can be detected. Some issues of this very detailed and elaboratestory were passed over in silence by the reception history, while otherswere re-narrated and even further developed along halakhic principles inrabbinical sources.

Part II Abraham’s Family in Ancient Jewish Literature starts with aninvestigation into Abraham’s Family in the Book of Jubilees by JacquesT. A. G. M. van Ruiten. He demonstrates that the Jubilees account is closelydetermined by the Abraham tradition of the book of Genesis, but stressescertain aspects of the family relations distinct from Genesis as, for exam-ple, proper lineage and the separation from the nations. However, evenJubilees was interested in the continuation of some family bonds, par-ticularly in elaborating Abraham’s affection to Ishmael. Aliyah El Mansyreflects on the impact of masculinity studies on the research of the recep-tion history of Abraham’s family. She finds in the re-narrating of Jacob andEsau by Jubilees two concurrent types of masculinity. Jacob is presented asthe representative of a hegemonic masculinity whereas Esau represents amarginalized masculinity which is seen as endangering the model of Jew-ishness preferred by the book of Jubilees. Jesper Høgenhaven investigatesAbraham and his family in Qumran Biblical Exegesis. In these texts Abra-ham is related especially to the priests, Levites and Zadokites. Abraham isseen as a founder of sacrificial practices and plays a legitimizing role forthe priestly leaders of the Qumran community. Michael Becker works outsome conceptual patterns which are used in ancient Jewish and Christianexegesis of the Aqedah (Gen 22). He argues that the idea of an “effectivedeath” of Jesus may be related to some patterns of the retelling of theAqedah in the Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum. Christian Noack starts hisconsideration of Abraham’s Family in Philo with the distinction of threetypes of Biblical commentaries produced by Philo of Alexandria withdifferent aims and audiences. On this basis Noack demonstrates Philo’simplication that his audience has in mind the full network of Abraham’sfamily, had learned the etymological meaning of their names and willfollow his allegorical interpretation which aims to win the souls of thehearers or readers for the true philosophy which is identical with theJewish faith.

In Part III Abraham’s Family in the New Testament the three maingroups of New Testament writings which engage in the reception of Abra-ham’s family are discussed: the letters of Paul, Luke-Acts, and the letterto the Hebrews. Lukas Bormann reflects on the unique designation ofAbraham in Rom 4:1 as “forefather” on the background of the use of

4 Introduction

this term in literary, papyrological and epigraphical sources. Paul des-ignates Abraham with this term to lay the ground for his controversialredefining of Abraham’s family as a model for the people of God, butsurprisingly none of the deutero-Pauline literature followed these ideasand did not even mention Abraham. Angela Standhartinger applies someinsights of intersectionality theory and historical family studies on Hagar,a marginalized figure in Abraham’s family, who is presented in ancientJewish text as a ‘distant relative’ to this family. Christfried Böttrich empha-sizes that the figure of Abraham has many facets of meaning in Luke-Actsand ties together the past and the future. In distinction to Paul, Luke is notinterested in Abraham as an example of faith but in his role as an image ofhope and an eschatological figure who inhabits the role of a ‘symposiarchin the eschaton.’ Guido Baltes concentrates on a parable in the gospel ofLuke which is called by many exegetes the center of this gospel: the Prodi-gal Son. He demonstrates that it is possible to read the presentation of thetwo brothers in this parable against the background of the siblings Jacoband Esau. J. Cornelis de Vos turns to the interpretation of Abraham’s familyin the Letter to the Hebrews. He addresses the way in which the author ofHebrews uses the figures of Abraham and his family for his ideas abouta family for all but also narrows the membership to an eschatologicalperspective for pedagogical reasons. Eva-Maria Kreitschmann investigatesconceptual patterns of Abraham’s family-network used in the New Tes-tament. The so-called patriarchal triad and the reference to Abrahamas father is re-interpreted in a way which allows connecting the historyof Israel to those outside this ethno-religious entity. Other parts of thefamily network are used especially by Paul to clarify but also sometimesto intensify conflicts between different groups.

In Part IV Abraham’s Family in Early Christian Literature the reader ofthis volume will find a detailed ‘tour d’horizon’ through the reception ofAbraham’s family in ancient Greek and Latin patristic exegesis providedby Martin Meiser. Abraham’s family is seen by these authors as ‘familiasacra.’ However, this view causes many moral concerns which lead toexegetical questions and psychological reflections of the circumstances ofthe behavior of the members of this family. Anni Maria Laato points to thefact that tradition shared by religious groups leads more often to divisionthan to common ground. The interpretation of the prophecy of Rebecca’ssons in Gen 25:19–26 by the church fathers is an example of such divi-sion between Christians and Jews through the centuries building a longtradition of different interpretations. Michaela Durst turns to a topic towhich scholars in recent years have paid more and more attention: the

Introduction 5

anti-Christian polemics of the emperor Julian the Apostate. His universalconcept of nations includes the notion that Abraham and his specific‘ethnos’ is not different from other ethnic groups and as such more relatedto the Hellenistic concept of national diversity than to Christianity whichclaims to be the true Israel.

Part V Abraham’s Family in Jewish Exegesis and in Encounter with Islampresents some intriguing insights on the importance of Abraham’s familyin Islam and the influence of the Islamic tradition building on both Chris-tianity and Judaism. Reuven Firestone focusses on Hagar and Ishmael askey personages in Islamic tradition. Although the Qur’an knows nothingof Hagar and little of Ishmael, both personas appear in detail in some earlyextra-Qur’anic literature and become crucial figures in the foundationstory of Islam. Mariano Gomez Aranda demonstrates the variety andeven debate within medieval Jewish exegesis about the conflict of Jacoband Esau. The main issues were the conflict between righteousness andwickedness, between rabbinic education and idolatry, and between thepeople of Israel and other nations. Bärbel Beinhauer-Köhler demonstratesthat Abraham and his family were both prototypes of monotheistic faithand the inventors of religious practices. She analyzes the travel account ofIbn Jubayr (1145–1217) on his pilgrimage to Mecca, the place of Ibrahim,where he arrived in 1183. In performing the rites at this holy place Mus-lims became part of the narrative of Ibrahim, Ishmael, and Hagar. Catalin-Stefan Popa focusses on the role of Abraham in the Christian theologicaldiscourse in the early Islamic period presented in the Syriac tradition.In response to the everyday reality of Islamic rule Syriac Christians con-nected Abraham closer to the Christian doctrine of the trinity and toChristology.

The rich variety of the contributions leads to further questions andprovokes further scholarship in many areas. Altogether they demonstratethat from the very beginning of the Abraham tradition right up to itscontemporary reception the single figure of Abraham was not sufficientfor the purposes of the interpreters. When Abraham was remembered andprevious interpretations of Abraham were challenged it was in most casesunavoidable to engage with Abraham’s family as a network of meaning todefine the center and the margins of ethno-religious groups.

Part IAbraham’s Family in the Old Testament

Remembering and Reconstructing Abraham

Abraham’s Family and the Literary History of the Pentateuch

Konrad Schmid

1. Who is Abraham?

In the Hebrew Bible, especially in the book of Genesis where three quar-ters of all instances of “Abraham” can be found, Abraham and his fam-ily are not just a genealogical topic. In the framework of the conceptof “Abrahamic religions” (which was so successful that it even led tothe establishment of a corresponding chair at the University of Oxfordin 2008), 1 Abraham is often perceived as the first monotheist, believingin the creator God. But in the Hebrew Bible this is only a marginal notion,basically relying on one single verse, Gen 15:6, which is very difficult tounderstand and to translate (who is “he,” “he,” and “him”? what is themeaning of the weqatal hiphil form of :(?אמן 2 “And he believed YHWH;and he reckoned it to him as righteousness.” From a biblical perspective,the notion of Abraham as the first “believer” must be relativized. First,according to Gen 4:26, Yahwism is as old as Enosh: “To Seth also a sonwas born, and he named him Enosh. At that time people began to invoke(לקרא) the name of YHWH.”

Secondly, even though Gen 15 is supported by Gen 22 which portraysAbraham as an unconditional believer, the focus of Gen 15 is not on

1Nuanced or even critical evaluations of the concept are provided by Ulrike Bechmann,“Die vielen Väter Abrahams: Chancen und Grenzen einer dialogorientierten Abrahamrezep-tion,” in Impuls oder Hindernis? Mit dem Alten Testament in multireligiöser Gesellschaft(ed. Joachim Kügler; Münster: Lit, 2004), 125–150; Idem, “Abraham und Ibrahim: DieGrenzen des Abraham-Paradigmas im interreligiösen Dialog,” MTZ 57 (2007): 110–126;Jon D. Levenson, “The Conversion of Abraham to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam,” inThe Idea of Biblical Interpretation (eds. Hindy Najman and Judith H. Newman; JSJSup83; Leiden: Brill, 2004), 3–40; ; Idem, Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch inJudaism, Christianity, and Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).

2Cf. Manfred Oeming, “Der Glaube Abrahams. Zur Rezeptionsgeschichte von Gen 15,6in der Zeit des zweiten Tempels,” ZAW 110 (1998): 16–33.

10 Konrad Schmid

monotheism. Rather, Abraham is the recipient of promises as well as apartner in God’s covenant, according to Gen 15. Nevertheless, the ideaof Abraham’s conversion to biblical monotheism, i. e. Yahwism, is notabsent from the Hebrew Bible, but it occurs in only one single instance, inJosh 24:2:“And Joshua said to all the people: ‘Thus says YHWH, the God of Israel: Longago your ancestors – Terah and his sons Abraham and Nahor – lived beyond theEuphrates and served other gods.’”

Thus Josh 24 presupposes that Abraham and his family were idola-tors back in Mesopotamia, and only by YHWH’s calling of Abraham(Josh 24:3) did he become a Yahwist.

The beginning of the Abraham story in Gen 11 is silent about such aconversion of Abraham from idolatry to Yahwism. We only learn fromGen 11:31 that Terah, Abraham’s father, and Abraham originally lived inUr Kasdim in Southern Babylonia, but then left for Haran in NorthernSyria:“Terah took his son Abram and his grandson Lot son of Haran, and his daughter-in-law Sarai, his son Abram’s wife, and they went out together from Ur Kasdim to gointo the land of Canaan; but when they came to Haran, they settled there.”

According to Gen 11:32, Abram’s father Terah died in Haran. And this isthe point in Abram’s history where he receives a comprehensive promise(Gen 12:1–3), notably still in Haran:“And YHWH said to Abram, ‘Go from your country and your kindred and yourfather’s house to the land that I will show you. I will make of you a great nation,and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I willbless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse; and in you all thefamilies of the earth shall be blessed.’”

Since it is YHWH who speaks to him in Gen 12:1–3 without introducinghimself as such, there is no indication that Abram is viewed as having adifferent religion besides adhering to YHWH. The conceptual differencesbetween Gen 11 and Josh 24 are results of their different literary historicaland theological positions. Neither Gen 11:31 nor Josh 24:2 is an earlytext: Gen 11:31 is assigned to the so-called Priestly document (“P”) whichprobably belongs to the early Persian period, and Josh 24 is a post-Priestlytext, as vv. 6–7 demonstrate quite clearly its dependence on the Priestlyversion of the crossing of the sea (Exod 14). 3

3Cf. Konrad Schmid, Genesis and the Moses Story: Israel’s Dual Origins in the HebrewBible (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2010), 197–213.

Index(prepared by Hannah Kreß)

Index of Sources

1. Hebrew Bible /Old TestamentGenesis2:21 3552:24 3504 3624:2 1894:26 99 1110 2010:4 422, 43810:7 4511 1011:26–12:3 10011:26–29 10811:26–27 10511:28 10811:29 11011:31 1011:32 1012–25 338 f., 340 f., 345, 349,

35912–15 317, 31912 18, 66, 34912:1–3 10, 101, 119, 34712:1 18, 195, 34712:2 5412:4–14 24, 10012:7 26212:10–20 51, 10913 42, 11713:4 1813:5–13 35213:14–17 19, 26213:18 5114 42, 53, 309 f.14:8 6514:17–20 309 f.14:18–24 5214:18–22 5414:18–20 64 f.

14:18 66 f.15 9, 102, 161, 163, 241,

254, 262, 273, 38215:1–16 16, 10015:1–6 11115:2–3 23615:4 19515:5–6 22915:5 196, 22815:6 9, 197, 232, 26615:7–11 38815:9 19715:16 15115:18 55 f.15:19–21 5516 19, 112, 236, 239, 241,

251, 351, 362, 400, 40816:1–6 249 f.16:1–4.15–16 11516:1–4 12216:1 24016:2 238, 24816:4–14 40716:4 24616:6 11316:7–14 112, 11516:7 4516:8–12 23816:11–12 40416:11 23816:12 40416:13 23816:15–16 123, 23917 12, 19 f., 22, 26 f., 31,

102, 153, 245, 251,382, 407

17:1–27 10017:1–8 37717:2.4 2217:4–6 2117:4 12

478 Index

17:5 224, 33217:7–8 23, 26, 16017:7 1217:10–14 38417:10–11 38517:16–21 25317:16 19717:18b 2717:20 24617:23–26 12318:1–21 34, 10018:1–15 11918:10b – 15 2918, 29, 30 35919 118, 346, 352, 35919:8 118, 35219:15 34619:30–38 37 f., 353 f.19:31–32 11819:37–38 2820:1–7 23621:17–19 172, 229, 239, 241,

247 f., 358, 40821:1–7 12021:1–3 1821:1 25521:8–21 239, 24221:8–13 24021:9–13 11321:9–10 25621:9 241, 256, 35521:10 114, 25921:13 25721:14 25521:20 1721:21 258, 397, 40721:22–23 5121:31 5122 9, 15–19, 31, 53 f., 120,

157, 169–173, 182,273, 307, 356, 382

22:1–19 100, 16722:1–9 10222:2 6122:5 356 f.22:10 15722:11–12 15722:12.16 18222:16 30722:17 180, 30722:20–25 4, 10022:20–24 83

23 52, 11424 81–86, 88–95, 12524:1–67 12024:2 8724:16 90, 9525 229, 290, 358, 362,

400, 41825:1–6 4425:1–4 115, 40125:1–2 23625:3.12–18 12825:5–10 10225:5–6 100, 12125:6 102, 123 f.25:7–10 100, 10225:8 21725:9 4725:12–18 10425:12–16 23925:13–16 43 f.25:13 37125:18 43 f.25:19–34 42125:19–26 361, 363, 37425:19–20 10425:20 124 f.25:21–23 36425:22 42525:23 368, 373, 426 f., 429,

432 f., 437, 440, 44525:24 422 f., 427, 42925:25 13425:27 13425:28 104, 12125:30 42327 29027:1–40 36927:27–29 428, 434, 43627:29 42827:40 43828:3–4 15728:14 43928:15 43932 44132:9 442–44433 37533:1–17 28733:12 44233:18 53, 6834 74, 77 f., 40437:28.36 4539 355

Index 479

39:21 4541:42 28742:21 2548:21–22 7449:10 155

Exodus1:7 542 822:11–4 23, 3192:24 3193–15 603:1–21 3193:6 268, 318 f., 3263:8.17 556:3 159 f.6:4 256:8 26, 319, 3236:12.30 2413:5 5513:18 4514 1015 6019:1 29320:2 6223:23.28 5524 159 f., 16324:4–6 15824:4 15924:8 159 f.27:21 2428:35 2429:42 2432:13.23 31932:13 32333:1 32333:2 55, 31934:11 5540:22–25 24

Leviticus18:5 22926:42 319

Numbers13–14 4514:25 4518:21–32 31121 38, 4121:4 4532:11 319, 32332:38 41

Deuteronomy1:1–2 451:8 319, 3231:19 451:40 452 412:1 452:5 2952:9.19 37, 39, 416:10 319, 3236:4 1397:1 559:5 319, 32311:29–30 6816:19 42417:14–20 3920:7 5521:15–17 23621:18–21 28723:3–6 38, 4123:3 35523:8–9 29525:5–6 26825:19 15526:13 29727:9–26 6027:26 22929:12 31930:20 319, 32332 6032:8–9 49, 5632:21 77 f.32:25 42333–34 21833:10 4434 21934:4 319, 32334:5 6034:6 223

Joshua2 3353:10 556:25 33513:15–23 4115:1–4 4616:10 5617:12–17 5624 10 f.24:2–3.14–15 109, 12724:2 10, 109, 34824:3 10, 109

480 Index

Judges1 564:19 925:25 9211 35811:14–27 38, 41

1 Samuel14:48 15515:1–9 15515:7 4421:10–15 5022:3–4 3925 5126:19 4927 50 f.27:8–12 5028:1–2 5031 49

2 Samuel2:4 515 565:1–5 516 538 35, 39, 558:2 398:12 4010–12 39 f.10:2 4010:6 40, 4210:15–19 5512:15–25 9314:5 2515:7–9 5116 5017:2 4023:3 4023:36 4924:5–6 41

1 Kings1–11 481:43 253:1 364:7–19 415:1 556–8 536–7 488:65 559:16 36, 5610:1–13 4810:22 4811:7.33 39

11:16 43711:41 3614:19.29 3614:21 4018:36 319

2 Kings4:14 255:17 498:22 43717:23 7223:29–30 5825:25 405

1 Chronicles5:10 495:19 4028:38 4059:44 40511:38 4911:39 4011:46 4027:30–31 48

2 Chronicles1:4 253:1 53, 61 f.19:3 2519:11 40523:1 40530:6 31933:17 25

Ezra10:13 2510:22 405

Nehemiah2:19 454:1 456:1 45

Psalms8:5–7 302, 30523 28724:6 36531:1–2 22972:8–11 5576:3 5378:67–68 75, 7983:6–9 3783:6 40189:26 55103 287107:2–3 324109:4 307, 309

Index 481

110:4 53, 67141:16 370

Proverbs26:18–19 414

Isaiah2:1–5 2712:2–3 36815–16 4225:6–8 32425:6 27125:8 32427:13 32437:32 32540–66 5641:8–9 30341:8 34642:1–4 36543:1 15343:5–6 32445:20 32548:8–9 30449:12 32451:2 1154:1 229, 25560:1–22 27160:6–7 45

Jeremiah3:18 3244:31 4239:25–26 40311:5 32331:10–20 28740:7–41 40541:3 40548 42

Ezekiel16:11–17 9216:19–21 17220:25–26 17223:42–4 9226:2 427, 43127:20–22 4537:19.22 75, 79

Daniel8:17 7310:7.21 2511:35.40 7312:4.9 73

Hosea2:1 368

2:15 928:9 404

Amos7 307:9.16 317:9 297:16 29

Micah4:1–4 2717:12 324

Zechariah9:9–10 5510:6–7 76, 79

Malachi1:1–2 2291:2–3 230 f., 362

2. Apocrypha2 Esdras* 76

Judith8:26–27 169

Jubilees1:5.7 1357:20 13711:14–15 10511:14–12 31, 100 f.11:16–17.18–24 10111:16–17 10611:16 13512:1–8.16–21 10112:1–8 10612:6–7 10612:9 10912:12–16 34812:12–14 10812:25–27 10112:27 10612:28–31 10713:1–29 10013:17 10014:1–24 10014:1–20 10214:1–6 111 f., 12214:11 16314:21–24 11514:21 24315 102, 128

482 Index

15:1–34 10015:19.21 12315:20 12316 11716:1–17 14, 10016:1–4 11916:7–9 11816:15–19 102, 120, 12317:1–4 24217:4–17 12317:4–7 113, 11517:11 40717:14 243, 258 f.17:15–18:19 100, 10217:15–18 11517:15 163, 17418:1–3 16318:16 17518:18–19 16419 13019:1–31 10019:1–9 114 f.19:10 100, 120, 12519:11 24319:13–15 13319:13–14 10019:13 13919:15–23:8 121, 12619:16 13819:26–29 12620–23 101, 12120:1–23:8 10120:1–13 100 f.20:1.11–13 12620:11 10220:13 12821:1–26 100 f.21:12 16322:1–23:8 10022:1–9 12222:10–23:1 10222:10–24 12722:16–19 12822:20–22 12822:20 14122:25–30 12723:9–31 10225:7 13927:17 129, 134, 13927:21–24 13930:1 5331:12 136

35 13035:1–6 13635:9–12 13835:13–17 14035:14 14136:9–11 14037:4 14437:24 14447:9 135

1 Maccabees1:11–15 662:1 2222:51–60 3382:54 1448 442

2 Maccabees4:10–17 666:2 64

3 Maccabees2:21 215

4 Maccabees5:37 3267:19 32613:11–12 17913:17 32616:18–20 17916:20–21 33816:25 32618:11 17918:23 326

Sirach /Ecclesiasticus3:16 7748:18 7750:25–26 77 f.

Tobit14:7 325

Wisdom of Solomon10:7–8 11718:22 254

3. Old Testament PseudepigrahiaApocalypse of Abraham8:9 215

Artapanus2 245

1 Enoch* 406

Index 483

2 Enoch* 67

Eupolemus1 661:137–143 63

4 Ezra6:7–10 294

4. Qumran WritingsDamascus Document (CD)* 145, 148 f., 151, 156,

163 f., 2363,2 149, 15116,6 153, 160

Genesis Apocryphon 1QapGenar (= 1Q20)XX 2 164XXI 20 164XXII 12–17 67

Milhama /War Scroll (=1QM)* 74

Serek Hayahad /Rule of the Community(=1QS)* 744Q158 145, 157–160, 1644Q174 1554Q175 1554Q176 1554Q177 1554Q180 1564Q213a 3114Q214b 1634Q225 145, 160–164, 170,

173, 175 f.4Q226 1704Q252 145, 154–157, 1644Q252 5 iv 5 1544Q252–254a 1484Q364–367 145, 157 f.4Q371 72, 76, 794Q372 72–794Q372 10–15 724Q372 11–14 764Q379 17 4 1484Q388a 7 ii 1–2 1494Q393 3,7 1494Q544 67

Melchizedek 11QMelch (= 11Q13)* 67

5. New TestamentMatthew1:1–17 3351:6 3353:7–10 2665:8 3525:17.19 3858:5–13 3258:10 3258:12 32510:37 35713:28 32521:28–32 28722:23–33 268, 327

Mark10:28 34812:18–27 268, 326 f., 34012:26 326

Luke1:1 2641:14–17 2631:46–56 3331:46–55 323, 3401:47 2631:67–79 3231:68–79 264, 3401:68 2641:73–74 2642:1 3363:1 3363:7–9 265 f., 3333:8 264 f., 3343:10–14 2663:18 2673:23–38 265, 3363:34 2657:9 3257:48 32313:10–17 264, 33313:16 26413:23–38 34013:28–29 265, 34013:28 27114:14 32714:26 35015:1–3 29815:1 27915:2 27915:11–32 27615:11 28815:13 298

484 Index

15:19.21 29015:22 29115:29 290, 297 f.15:31 280, 28416 27116:19–31 271, 323 f.16:22 27017:29 34619:1–10 264, 323, 333, 34019:9 26420:27–40 26820:27–38 32720:36 26820:38 273

John3:23 684:4–6 704:20 798 330 f.8:31–59 330, 3408:56 34619:15 366

Acts3:11–26 320, 3403:12–26 2643:13 2693:25 2657 3227:1–57 2657:1–8 2727:2–53 3207:2–52 3227:2–8 3407:5.7 3237:32 2697:51 26510 26513 34013:13–52 32013:26 328, 32917 340

Romans1:3–4 2121:3 2112:29 3853:21–32 3313:28–31 2114 208 f., 227–230, 266,

331 f., 3404:1–25 211

4:1 208, 211–213, 216 f.,222, 224, 231

4:3 3314:11–18 211, 2244:11 2244:12 2244:16–17 230, 3324:16 2334:17–18 2244:17 3324:18 2294:23–24 2328 1828:32 1828:33–34 3549–11 3289 227 f., 372, 3759:1–5 2119:3 2119:4–5 3289:6–13 229, 3419:6–12 2309:6–9 2549:6–7 3299:7–13 3739:7 3509:9–13 329, 3379:10–13 362 f., 368, 3759:10 2309:12–13 2319:13 337, 341, 36511:1–2 36311:1 225, 227, 232, 32712:4–5 230

1 Corinthians1:10 2306:16 3519:10 23211:18 23012:12–27 23012:25 230

2 Corinthians11:22 225, 227, 327

Galatians3–4 227 f., 230, 2663 229 f.3:1–4:7 3403:1–29 3313:6–9.15–18 2533:6.7 3493:7–9 209

Index 485

3:7.29 2323:8 332 f.3:16.29 3323:16 228, 3323:23 2533:27–29 2543:29 226, 255, 3324 230, 337, 4104:5 2534:21–31 230, 336, 341, 3524:21–30 2314:21 2534:22–23 254 f.4:23–26 4114:24–25 2544:24 2564:26–27 2554:27 229, 2574:28–5:1 4114:28 2554:29–30 3414:29 3564:30–31 2315:1 231, 2575:11 2566:12 256

Ephesians6:12–17 355

Philippians2:2 2303:5 225, 2323:7–8 227

Hebrews1 3102 3142:5–18 3142:9 3042:15 3042:16 303 f.5:1–7:28 675:11–6:12 3076 3146:13–7:10 3076:13–20 307 f.6:13–15 3076:14 3077 338 f.7:1–10 307, 309, 311, 3157:1–2 67, 3097:1 3107:18 338

8:9 30311 311, 314 f.11:8–22 312, 337 f.11:8–11 26611:8 34711:10.16 6711:11 33811:17–19 18211:18 31311:19 35711:20 337

James2:23 272, 346, 349

1 Peter3:5–6 3463:15–16 355

Revelation6:2 365

6. Mishnah, Talmud and relatedliteratureTosefta Sotah (t. Sotah)6:6 259, 414

Babylonian Abodah Zarah (b. Abod. Zar.)10b 293

Babylonian Berakot (b. Ber.)62b 170

Babylonian Megillah (b. Meg.)6a 427, 43114a 110

Babylonian Sanhedrin (b. Sanh.)69b 110

Babylonian Yoma (= Kippurim) (b. Yoma)28b 226

Jerusalem Berakot (y. Ber.)5:2 170

Jerusalem Ketubbot (y. Ketub.)1:3 90

486 Index

6.2 Targumic TextsFragmentary Targum (Frg. Tg.)Gen 22 170

Targum Neofiti (Tg. Neof.)Gen 21:8 259Ex 22 170

Targum Onqelos (Tg. Onq.)Gen 22 170

Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (Tg. Ps. – J.)Gen 11:29 110Gen 16:1 243Gen 21:9.15–16 259Gen 22 170Gen 25:1 116, 243

Targum Yerušalmi (Tg. Yer.)Gen 25:1 116

6.3 Other rabbinic worksPirqe Rabbi Eliezer (Pirqe R. El.)26–30 24330 116, 243, 259

Genesis Rabbah (Gen. Rab.)63:6 425, 43063:7 42663:8 422, 427, 42963:10 423, 425 f.63:12 423 f.63:13 42465:10 42465:18 42566:1 42666:3–4 42867:6 42767:8 42775:13 426, 42876:3 427, 44382:13 428, 432

Exodus Rabbah (Exod. Rab.)1:1 25917:3 287

Leviticus Rabbah (Lev. Rab.)34:9 294

Qohelet Rabbah (Qoh. Rab.)3:15 287

Lamentations Rabbah (Lam. Rab.)2 287

Seder Eliyahu Rabbah (S. Eli. Rab.)18 28428 284

Seder Eliyahu Zuta (S. Eli. Zut.)4 2845 284

Tanhuma (Tanh.)* 423–426, 428–430,

439, 441, 443, 445

7. Greek and Latin works

AmbroseDe Abraham (Abr.)1.2/26 3521.2/3 3471.2/4 3481.2/7 3491.2/8 3481.3/13 3471.4/22 3501.4/23 3501.4/24 3501.4/25 3511.6/52 347, 3521.6/56 3541.7/59–60 3491.8/71 3582.72–75 352

AmbrosiasterQuaestiones Veteris et Novi Testamenti(Qu.)43 358117 8, 357

AugustineContra mendacium (C. mend.)9.20 3539.21 353

De civitate Dei (Civ.)1.21 3575.1 37315.2 41216.16 37716.19 349

Index 487

16.21 37716.26 37716.29 350 f.16.32 357 f.16.34 412

Confessionum libri XIII (Conf.)4.3 3735.3 3737.6 373

De octo Dulcitii quaestionibus (Dulc.)7.4 351

Expositio in epistulam ad Galatas (Exp.Gal.)40.1–9 35840.21–24 358

Contra Faustum Manichaeum (Faust.)22.5 35322.31 35122.44 35422.45 354

Homilia in Vetum Testamentum2.1 358

Quaestionum evangelicarum libri II(Quaest. ev.).2.33 278

Quaestiones in Genesim (Quaest. Gen.)1:51 35626 349, 352

Quaestiones in Heptateuchum (Quaest.Hept.)1:42 3531:44 347

Sermones (Serm.)8.14 357

In Evangelium Johannis tractatus (Tract. Ev.Jo.)12,4 356

The Venerable BedeIn Genesim (In Gen.)4 351 f.

Caesarius of ArlesSermones (Serm.)81.1 348

81.2–3 34883.2 34783.3 34684.4 357

CassianConlationes (Conl.)2:7 357

Cyrill of AlexandriaCommentarius in Lucem (Comm. Luc.)107 279

Glaphyra in Genesim (Glaph. Gen.)3.2 3573.5 356

DidymusIn Genesim (In Gen.)48 352209 348210 348226 348234 351

EusebiusHistoria ecclesiastica (Hist. Eccl.)I 4,12–15 378I 10,6–7 387

Onomasticon (Onom.)* 68

Praeparatio Evangelica (Praep. ev.)9 629.16–19 3859.19.1–3 2439.20.1 1709.23.1 245

IrenaeusAdversus haereses (Haer.)4.31.1–2 3544.31.3 3544.36.7 278

488 Index

Isidore of Seville

Quaestiones in Vetus Testamentum (Quaest.V. T.)15.4 346

JeromeEpistulae (Epist.)21 27828.2.2 37136.16 36871.4.6 371

Quaestiones hebraicarum liber in Genesim(Qu. hebr. Gen.)25:1 243, 25972:24 356

John ChrysostomHomiliae in epistulam ad Galatascommentarius (Hom. Gal.)4.4 253

Homiliae in Genesim (Hom. Gen.)32.4 34938.1 35138.2 35142.4 35244.4 347, 35544.5 35446.1 35647.1 35747.2 358

Josephus FlaviusAntiquitates judaicae (Ant.)1.10.4 4071.12.2 4081.12.4 4081.151 1101.154–256 2451.154–168 2721.157 3211.183–187 2541.189–190 2591.215 2561.219 2591.221 2541.222–236 1781.224 178

1.226 1781.227 1781.230–231 1781.237 1142.213 2544.26 2165 4087.103 2158.155 215, 2179.278 739.288–291 719.291 7511.341 7512.265 22214.490–491 22315.403 22316.187 22317.14 23617.75 216

Bellum judaicum (B. J.)1.63 65

Contra Apionem (C. Ap.)1.168–171 3842.16 244

Vita (Vita)1–2 2162 223

Julian the ApostateContra Galilaeos (Contra Galilaeos)fr. 1 390fr. 1:87,2 381fr. 1:87,3 381fr. 2:87,5 381fr. 17:105–106 383fr. 19–20 390fr. 21–22 392fr. 23–24 393fr. 45:139,10 389fr. 47:141,11–13 382fr. 48 391fr. 49:143 382fr. 53–54 393fr. 55 391fr. 62,6–10 390fr. 83:117,9 387fr. 83:177 387fr. 84:178–179 383, 387

Index 489

fr. 85:179,5–6 385fr. 85:179,6–180,10

385fr. 86:181,7–13 386fr. 86:181,10–11 385fr. 86:181,13–15 390fr. 86:182,1–2 387fr. 87:182,2–6 388fr. 87:182,15–183,1

388fr. 88:183,14–184,19

389fr. 88:184,20–23 389

Maximus ConfessorAmbigua ad Iohannem (Ambigua adIohannem)4:21 348

Quaestiones et dubia (Quae. dub.)39 34780 352

OrigenContra Celsum (Cels.)1,22 3844,24–25 3834,33 3864,43 3834,44–45 3834,45 353 f.

Homiliae in Genesim (Hom. Gen.)7,3 3567,6 352, 3558,2 3578,5 357

Petrus ChrysologusSermones (Serm.)5 278

Philo AlexandrinusDe Abrahamo (Abr.)66 34794 348168–207 170, 177170 177

175 178176 177177 178178 177180–181 172180 177250 248, 251251 252

De cherubim (Cher.)3 24965 19067–70 20171 201

De congressu eruditionis gratia (Congr.)6 19320 194, 25023 25024–33 20043–44 19147 19248 19249 19251–52 18953 19261 20073–79 250129 200130 200132 191139 250

De fuga et inventione (Fug.)2–118 25123–38 20149 201119–176 251166–172 198166–167 198167 198168 198173 198174 198177–201 251201–213 251

De gigantibus (Gig.)62 19363 193

Quis rerum divinarum heres sit (Her.)85 19692–94 197102–103 197

490 Index

Legum allegoriae I,II,III (Leg.)1.80–82 2021.82 2022.59 2523.29 1973.43 1983.87 2523.198 1903.219 2523.244 250

De migratione Abrahami (Migr.)2 1957 19512–15 19213 19216–22 20221 20228–29 198, 20128–33 19829–31 19938–39 202148 192148–150 192179 193189 193

De mutatione nominum (Mut.)12 18954–59 195 f.56–57 19659 19670–71 19677–80 19992–96 202131 197135–136 202201 194209 252

De opificio mundi (Opif.)143 218145 218

De posteritate Caini (Post.)35 19036 190177 193

Quaestiones et solutiones in Genesin III,IV(QG)3.19 186, 2504.153 217, 223

De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini (Sacr.)2–3 190

2 1895:4–6 3267 19944 194

De somniis I (Somn.)1.47 1921.48–49 1921.55 1921.58–59 1921.85–86 1921.248 193

De virtutibus (Virt.)220–222 335

Ps.-AthanasiusQuaestiones ad Antiochum Ducem (Quaest.ad Antiochum Ducem)98 350

TertullianAdversus Judaeos (Adv. Jud.)1 367

De cultu feminarum (Cult. fem.)2.2.6 348

Adversus Marcionem (Marc.)5.4.8 253

De monogamia (Mon.)6.3, 4 34911.4 35016.4 353

De patientia (Pat.)6.2 357

De pudicitia (Pud.)8–9 278

Theodoret of CyrusQuaestiones in Genesim (Qu. Gen.)67 349 f.70 35571 35572 35673 357

Index 491

Zeno of VeronaSermones (Serm.)1:43.4,7 357

8. Qur’an2:125–127 4512:125 4552:136 4482:217 3983:58–60 4483:65–68 4483:65 466

3:95–97 4514:74–84 45111:69–72 39914 45114:35–41 45914:37 45119:41–50 45121:51–71 45137:83–96 45137:99–113 398, 447, 449 f.37:102–103 46037:102 474109 455112 455

Index of Subjects

Abraham Ibn Ezra 435, 437 f., 445 f.Abraham-Lot cycle 29–31, 37 f., 42Alexandria 185 f., 195, 204ancestor(s) 11 f., 74 f., 164, 213–217, 219,

221–223, 225, 229, 335 f., 449, 463antitypes (s. typos) 299, 315Aqedah, binding /sacrifice of Isaac 3, 15,

61, 157, 167 f., 170, 175 f., 179, 181 f., 239

blasphemy 77 f.blessing 11, 128, 155–157, 163 f., 218,

262, 265, 267, 339, 425–428, 431, 434,436 f., 445

body 134, 143, 195 f., 202, 250–252, 254boundary-marker 330, 332bride 82, 94, 121, 125brother 87 f., 105, 107 f., 110 f., 117, 127,

135, 143, 275–282, 287–298, 362 f.,365–368, 370, 372 f., 375

child(ren) 119, 121–124, 127, 198, 200,230–233, 235 f., 255–257, 264–268, 327,329 f., 372–374

Christianity 361, 363, 379–381, 390–392,438, 445

circumcision, circumcised 23, 123, 153 f.,223 f., 331 f., 384 f.

conceptual pattern 3 f., 167concubine 191, 240, 245, 250, 450concupiscence 350, 354countermemory (s. memory) 209, 224,

232 f., 322covenant 12, 20, 22–27, 102, 103 f.,

151–153, 158–160, 164, 364 f., 384,410–412, 420

creation 61, 127 f., 217 f., 224cult, cultic 52 f., 163 f., 387 f., 390–392,

394, 454, 457, 460 f.

daughter 37 f., 108–110, 117–119, 192 f.,264, 329, 333, 352–355

daughter-in-law 10, 124, 259descent, descendant 12, 19 f., 23, 41, 44 f.,

47, 54–56, 76–78, 105, 109, 118 f., 164,215 f., 222 f., 225–227, 242, 262–264, 301,303 f., 314 f., 327 f., 330 f., 340 f., 386, 400,402, 406, 438 f., 467

ecclesiology 325education, paideia 135, 191, 193–195,

249–252, 425, 445,election 127 f., 164, 372, 375empirical model 33eschatological, eschatology 4, 154, 156,

232 f., 271 f., 323–326ethnic, ethnicity, ethnos 222, 235–237,

243 f., 249 f., 252, 258, 318, 320, 322–325,327–337, 340 f., 377 f.

faith 163, 197, 207–209, 223 f., 226–230,232 f., 266, 272 f., 311–314, 340 f., 362,364 f., 367 f., 471–473

family bonds 128, 232father 31, 105–107, 120, 122–124, 127 f.,

192 f., 224 f., 230, 232, 266 f., 283–287,290 f., 339–341, 356

forefather 163, 165, 207, 210–217,220–224, 226, 232

friend of God 272, 346, 466

gender 129–132, 235–237, 257genealogy 116, 225, 265, 334–337, 448 f.Gentile, anti-Gentile, Gentile /Jew 128,

262, 264–267, 278–283, 296–298, 325 f.,370

Gerizim, Mount 59–65, 68–72, 77–79grace 198, 208 f., 224, 368, 373grandchild(ren) 126grandson 222, 259, 338

Hasmonean 131, 223, 442Hebron 27, 51–54

Index 493

heir(s) 253, 307 f., 312, 314, 361, 364 f.,397

Hellenism, Hellenizing, Hellenized 131,171, 377, 379–381, 387, 391, 393 f.

heritage 217, 333, 340, 448holy women, familia sacra 4, 346, 355,

359house, father’s 88, 195, 276, 284household 115 f., 123 f., 235, 259, 340, 412husband 138, 141, 235, 255, 335

identity 28, 130–133, 292, 294, 328–331,334–341, 447–451, 463

idolatry 106–108, 348, 355 f., 425, 445impurity /purity 106 f., 141 f.intercourse 141 f., 349, 351 f., 354inter-faith dialogue 361 f., 375Islam 397–399, 416–420, 447–451, 455,

461 f., 465–469, 475

Jephthah 180 f., 358Jerusalem 51–54, 67, 77–79, 254–256Judaism 171, 292–294, 340, 361,

379–381, 384–387, 390 f.justification 207 f., 415

kinship 212–214, 216, 218, 223–226, 228,317 f., 340 f.

Levite(s) 152 f., 163 f., 310 f., 339literary history 9, 15liturgy 60, 70, 263, 458

Maccabees 131, 135, 143 f., 179marriage 39 f., 43, 81 f., 84, 94 f., 103–105,

107–113, 115, 124 f., 142 f., 244, 348 f.,353, 358

masculinity 129–131, 133 f., 143 f.Mastema 153 f., 161–163, 174–176matriarch(s), matriarchal 241, 245, 248 f.,

335, 337, 341Mecca 397–399, 419 f., 447–453,

461–463Medina 451, 461Mediterranean 335, 400Melchizedek 52 f., 63, 65–69, 307,

309–311memory (s. countermemory) 292, 319 f.,

322, 328, 330 f.monogamy 235, 349 f.morality, moral 143, 236, 247, 294, 349,

359

Muhammad 397 f., 420, 475mukat ez 90, 92, 95

Nahmanides 440–446narrative 28–30, 287–291, 361–363,

398 f., 421, 423, 445, 451 f., 461 f.nephew 38, 117network, family 222, 224, 317, 319, 337,

339, 341

orthodox 458, 460 f.

pagan 377 f., 380–383, 467–469parable 275–291, 296, 298parents 105, 137, 139–142patriarch, patriarchal 239, 241, 245, 247,

257, 268 f., 271–273, 319–324, 326 f.,334 f.

patristic 278–281, 345, 361–363, 411people of God 208, 226, 230, 325 f., 341Persian period 14, 16, 19, 31Philistines 49–51philosophical schools 185pilgrimage (Hajj) 398, 450, 452 f., 457,

460, 462polemic, polemical 76–78, 378–381polygamy 236, 349–351priest(s), priestly 10 f., 14 f., 19, 28,

65–67, 83, 152 f., 164, 309–311promise 30 f., 54–56, 111 f., 114,

171–173, 175 f., 179 f., 241 f., 262–265,272 f., 307–309, 312–315, 328 f.

prophecy 361, 363–365, 367–370,374–376

Qumran 145–149, 153–157, 160,163–165

Qur’an 397–399, 419, 461 f.

rabbis, rabbinic 89 f., 92, 167 f., 182 f.,292–295, 413, 415 f., 422 f., 425–427,429 f., 445

Rashbam 432–435, 445Rashi 404, 429–432, 445 f.reception history 81, 95, 275, 282, 298reconciliation 288 f., 291 f., 295 f., 298,

375Reigns of David and Solomon 33, 35 f.,

53, 56reinterpretation, reinterpreting 421 f.,

429 f., 439 f., 442 f., 445 f.resurrection 268 f., 271, 313, 326 f.

494 Index

reworking, reworked 147 f., 157, 164rewriting, rewritten 127 f., 131, 146 f., 301ritual 447, 451–453, 456, 459, 462 f.Rome 292–295, 426–428, 431, 437 f., 442,

445royal archives 36 f., 42, 57 f.

sacred, sacrality 397–399, 447, 461sacrifice 171 f., 177–179, 181, 290, 387 f.,

390 f., 398, 447, 451 f., 460, 462, 474sacrifice /binding of Isaac, Aqedah 16,

167, 169, 171, 173, 179–183, 474Samaritan 59 f., 62–64, 66, 68–72, 74–79Second Temple period 145, 209, 288seed (of Abraham), σπέρµα Αβραάµ 225,

227 f., 304–306, 314, 327, 329Seleucid 64, 131, 144servant 81, 85–88, 91–95, 237–240,

242 f., 253, 256–258Shechem 53, 59, 65 f., 68, 70, 74, 77siblings 255, 362sister 105, 109, 348 f.slave 235–238, 240, 251, 254, 258, 411 f.slave woman 112 f., 122, 227, 231, 237,

239–243, 245 f., 248 f., 251, 258 f.,410–412

son, sonship 15, 30 f., 95, 105–107, 110 f.,114 f., 119–124, 140 f., 143 f., 232,275–291, 297 f., 320–322, 329, 332,334–336, 340 f., 356 f., 369 f., 397 f.

soul 186–195, 197–204, 408 f.status, social 235–238, 240 f., 257–259,

336, 359Syrian 384, 400 f., 465 f., 475

Tannaitic 283, 285 f.Temple, Jerusalem 76–79, 413tolerance 380 f.tradition history 81twins 367, 373, 422, 429, 441typos, typology (s. antitypes) 218, 262,

273 f., 292, 294, 299

virgin, virginity 90, 92 f.

wife, wives 109–116, 124–126, 141, 192,334

wisdom 185 f., 188, 191, 198–201,249–252

Zadok, Zadokite(s) 152 f., 163 f.Zion Theology 35

Index of modern authors

Aitken, Kenneth T. 82, 84Allegro, John M. 155, 157

Bailey, Kenneth 281, 283, 285, 287, 290Bernstein, Moshe 74, 148, 155, 158, 162Blum, Erhard 13, 23, 29, 37, 55, 58, 171,

239Bourdieu, Pierre 132Brett, Mark 13, 21, 403Brooke, George J. 148, 155Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig 461

Chilton, Bruce D. 168 f., 177–179, 182Cook, Michael 465, 468–470, 474Crenshaw, Kimberlé 237Crone, Patricia 465, 468–470, 474

Davies, Philip R. 168 f., 177–179, 182Davila, James 63Degele, Nina 132Deißmann, Adolf 219Dillmann, August 82Dozeman, Thomas 404 f.Dunn, James 208, 210, 212, 330

Eissfeldt, Otto 82Eph’al, Israel 43 f., 401

Finkelstein, Israel 14, 29, 39, 46 f., 52

García Martínez, Florentino 74, 118, 176Goodman, Martin 209, 213, 216, 224,

233, 306, 317Griffith, Sidney 467 f., 470, 473 f.Gudorf, Michael E. 302, 304Gunkel, Hermann 13, 17 f., 82

Heither, Theresia 345, 378Hendel, Ronald S. 135, 137, 143, 209,

224, 233Hofius, Otfried 289–291, 297

Holladay, Carl 62–65Holst, Søren 145, 160, 163 f.Horst van der, Pieter 213, 384

Jungbauer, Harry 137

Kippenberg, Hans G. 63, 78Kitchen, Kenneth A. 46, 48Knauf, Ernst Axel 21, 27, 43 f., 46,

401Knibb, Michael 74

Lambrecht, Jan 208, 210, 291Levine, Amy Jill 280, 282, 298Levy-Rubin, Milka 468Lockshin, Martin I. 432, 435Lohse, Eduard 210

Marcus, Ivan G. 429Mazar, Benjamin 46

Naumann, Thomas 21 f., 411Neuwirth, Angelika 451, 462Nöldeke, Theodor 466Noth, Martin 82

Penn, Michael 467–473Perry, Menakhem 85–88, 90 f., 95de Pury, Albert 12, 21–24, 27

von Rad, Gerhard 82Räsiänen, Heikki 231Reemts, Christina 345, 378Reinink, Gerrit 466 f., 470, 474Rendsburg, Gary 83Rofé, Alexander 83 f.Rokeah, David 392Roth, Wolfgang 82Ruiten van, Jacques 38 f., 111, 134, 138,

174, 242

496 Index

Sasson, Jack 93 f.Schuller, Eileen 74 f.Segal, Michael 131, 158Seters van, John 14, 82Sheridan, Mark 345Shinan, Avigdor 91–94Smend, Rudolf, 15 82Snodgrass, Klyne R. 282, 285, 287 f.Stenschke, Christoph 297Sterling, Gregory 63, 186

Tigay, Jeffrey H. 33 f.Tov, Emanuel 146, 157 f.Trible, Phyllis 238, 405, 420Tzoref, Shani 155

Vermes, Geza 147, 168

Walter, Nikolaus 63Wellhausen, Julius 13, 19, 82Westermann, Claus 82White Crawford, Sidnie 157 f.Williams, Benjamin 281, 290Winker, Gabriele 132Wöhrle, Jakob 13, 257Wright, Nicholas T. 208, 280–283, 285,

292

Zahn, Molly 147, 409Zakovitch, Yair 91–94Zimmerli, Walther 12