witeli marsi dasavletisken · ritoriebze. agvistos tvesi polonelebi isev gadavidnen setevaze,...

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arCil CaCxiani1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis buneba da genezisi dResac araa bolomde

naTeli da naklebad cnobil omad rCeba evropuli omebis istoriaSi. albaT, is im omebis siaSi un-da SevitanoT, romelTa daviwyebasac saguldagulod cdilobda da cdilobs sabWoTa isto-riografia. `daviwyebuli omebis~ rigSi unda ganvixiloT sabWoeTis mier warmoebuli iseTi srulmasStabiani samxedro dapirispirebebic, rogoric iyo 1939-1940 wlebis sabWoTa kavSiri-fineTis, e.w. `zamTris omi~, II msoflio omis periodSi da mis Semdgom baltiispireTSi dawyebu-li xangrZlivi antisabWoTa partizanuli omi, anu `tyis Zmebis omi~, 1979-1989 wlebis sabWoTa kavSir-avRaneTis omi da Tundac, sul ukanasknel xans, 2014 wels ruseTis mier donbasSi warmoe-buli saomari moqmedebebi.

1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis ganxilva politikuri da wminda samxedro xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc strategiul, ise operatiul da taqtikur doneebze, metad saintereso da mniSvnelovania. Tumca mTavari sakiTxi, riTac es omi saqarTvelosa da qarTve-lebisTvisaa saintereso, omis dinamika da misi bataluri peripetiebia, ramac gansazRvra amierkavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli mTavari samxedro-politikuri movlenebis ar-si da raoba.

sabWoTa ruseTsa da poloneTs Soris omis samxedro strategiebisa da operaciebis dagegm-va-marTvis ukeT warmosadgenad, albaT, jarebis saxeobebisa da gvareobebis mokle genezisi da maTi sabrZolo aqtivobebis ganxilvac sakmarisi iqneba. artileriisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis sferoSi arsebuli sagrZnobi progresis miuxedavad, I msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg kava-leria jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. misi taqtikuri mniSvneloba, marTalia, Semcir-

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omi

istoria

brZolebSi orive mxare iyenebda tankebsa da javSanmanqanebs. Tumca, SezRuduli raodenobi-sa da teqnikuri monacemebis gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo maTze dayrdnobiT garRvevis organizeba. tankebs rusebi iyenebdnen, rogorc moZrav sayrden punqtebs Tavdacvasa da SetevaSi, polone-lebi ki – rezervadac, romelic Sesabamisi meTauris gadawyvetilebiT gamoiyofoda. farTod gamoiyeneboda agreTve javSan-matareblebi – brZolis warmoebisa da sacecxle mxardaWeris es umZlavresi saSualeba. javSan-matareblebi mcire desantis gadasxmis saSualebasac iZleoda.

da, magram strategiul doneze mainc sakmaod didi iyo. doqtrinaluri TvalsazrisiT, kavale-ria, romlis mniSvnelobas jer kidev 1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omSi mixvdnen amerikelebi, mxolod ruseTSi iyo aRiarebuli. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg mxolod sabWoTa ruseTSi Se-iqmna msxvili sakavalerio SenaerTebi – cxenosani korpusebi da armiebi. isic faqtia, rom wiTe-li kavaleriis moqmedebebSi ukve SeiniSneboda momavali blickrigis garkveuli elementebi, bolSevikTa 1-li cxenosani armia ki SeiZleba am samxedro strategiis Canasaxovan instrumentad ganvixiloT.

orive mxares aviaciis garkveuli raodenoba hqonda. polonelebi efeqturad iyenebdnen av-iacias ara marto sadazvervo daniSnulebiT, aramed saxmeleTo operaciebis mxardasaWeradac. sahaero brZolebi Zalian iSviaTad imarTeboda – mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi po-lonelma mfrinavebma mxolod 4 sabWoTa TviTmfrinavi Camoagdes. yve-laferi imaze miuTiTebda, rom aviaciis gamoyenebis polonuri doqtrina ufro warmatebuli iyo. varSavis opera-ciisas polonelTa warmatebaSi mniSvnelovani roli swored aviaciam iTamaSa – sahaero daz-vervis saSualebiT maT sabWoTa kavSiris or armias Soris gaCenili rRveuli aRmoaCines.

sabWoTa jariskacebi zamTris omSi sabWoTa jariskacebi avRaneTSi

bolSevikTa 1-li cxenosani armia


55

ruseTi

moskovi

ukraina

kievi

poloneTi

varSava

CexeTi

praRa

lietuva

vilniusi

latviariga

belarusi

minski

polonuri javSanmanqana sabWoTa javSanmatarebeli

1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis mizezebi erTdroulad ideologiuricaa da nacionaluric. ruseTsa da poloneTs Soris arsebuli miwebis (lietuva, latvia, belarusi, ukraina) teritoriuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi araerTi didi Tu mcire omi momxdara. 1919-1921 wlebis ruseT-poloneTis omSi, romelic ruseTis samo-qalaqo omis fonze mimdinareobda, erT mxares poloneTi da dasavleT ukrainis saxalxo respub-lika warmoadgenda, xolo meores – sabWoTa ruseTi, sabWoTa belarusi da sabWoTa ukraina.

oqtombris gadatrialebis Sedegad, ruseTis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave bolSevikebma globaluri politikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba igrZnes. bolSevikTa li-derebs sjerodaT, rom msoflio revoluciis gamarjveba uaxloesi momavlis sakiTxi iyo. sao-caria, magram faqtia, rom bolSevikuri gadatrialebis meore dResve, 1917 wlis 26 oqtombers gamarTul sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis II yrilobaze bolSevikTa erT-erTi mTavari ideologi, lev trocki, didi STagonebiT acxadebda: `evropuli revoluciis gaRvivebis saqmeSi Cveni re-voluciis imedi gvaqvs. Tu evropis ajanyebuli xalxebi ar gasresen imperializms, maSin Cven TviTon gagvsresen – es udavoa. an rusuli revolucia aagorebs brZolis qariSxals dasavleT-Si, an Tavad Cven dagvaxrCoben yvela qveynis kapitalistebi~. bolSevikuri revoluciis `gaRvi-vebisaTvis~ ki germaniasTan zavis dadeba da ruseTis I msoflio omidan saswrafo gamosvla iyo saWiro. umZimesi, damRleli da gamanadgurebeli omis mesame wlis Tavze rusi jariskacisaTvis omidan revoluciuri gamosvlis perspeqtiva realobad iqca. isargebla ra memarcxeneTa ga-mosvlebiT, omis damamTavrebel etapze leninma III internacionalis, komunisturi internacio-nalis, anu ̀ kominternis~, Seqmna daisaxa miznad, romlis amocanac msoflios yvela socialistu-ri partiis gaerTianeba da ruseTidan revoluciuri moZraobis eqsporti iyo. da marTlac, 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskis zavis dadebam leninsa da mis TanamebrZolebs `oqtombris mona-povrebis~ ganmtkicebisa da ganvrcobisaTvis brZolis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba mis-ca. ruseTi da misi mosaxleoba ki, sisxlismRvreli samoqalaqo omisaTvis gaiwira.

56

istoria

xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan sul mcire xanSi, moklevadiani demokratiuli prelu-diis Semdeg, bolSevikebi aqtiur moqmede-bebze gadavidnen. ukve 1918 wlis 7 marts, ruseTis komunisturi partiis VII sagangebo yrilobaze gamosvlisas, vladimer lenini cekas mier Catarebuli samuSaoebisa da sa-momavlo gegmebis Sesaxeb politikuri anga-riSiT warsdga: `radgan Cveni revolucia moxda am bednier momentSi, rodesac mtace-belTa verc erTma giganturma jgufma ver SeZlo verc dauyovnebliv dasxmoda erTma-neTs Tavs da verc Cven winaaRmdeg moaxerxes gaerTianeba – mxolod am saerTaSoriso po-litikuri da ekonomikuri momentiT SeeZlo esargebla da isargebla kidec Cvenma revo-luciam, raTa ganexorcielebina Tavisi brwyinvale triumfaluri svla evropul ruseTSi, gavrcelebuliyo fineTSi, daiw-yos kavkasiis, rumineTis dapyroba~. diax, zustad es sityva aris naxmari – ̀ dapyroba”!

brest-litovskis zavma ara mxolod omi-dan gamoiyvana ruseTi, aramed saSualeba misca mas, rom saerTaSoriso izolaciisTvi-sac daeRwia Tavi. kremlSi imaze daiwyes fiq-ri, Tu ra mimarTulebiT, romel qveyanaSi da ra sqemiT daewyoT `proletaruli revolu-ciis~ eqsporti. am TvalsazrisiT, lenini da misi uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas germanias, poloneTsa da avstria-ungreTs uTmobdnen. saocaria, mag-ram faqtia, rom bolSevikTa molodinic TiTqos marTldeboda. 1918 wlis noemberSi revoluciebi moxda germaniasa da estoneT-Si, imave wlis dekemberSi – litvasa da lat-viaSi. germaniis revoluciam kremlis geg-mebs axali gaqaneba misca. dRis wesrigSi da-uyovnebliv dadga `proletaruli revolu-ciis eqsportis~ sakiTxi germaniaSi. bolSe-vikuri eqspansiis am dasavlur sqemas ki gzad poloneTi eRobeboda...

rac Seexeba poloneTs, 1918 wlidan ru-seTSi bolSevikTa xelisuflebaSi mosvlis momentidan, `proletariatis diqtaturisa~ da `msoflio proletaruli revoluciis~ ideologiidan gamomdinare, axali polonu-ri saxelmwifo da misi lideri marSali iu-zef pilsudski undoblad uyurebdnen ro-gorc ̀ TeTr~, ise ̀ wiTel~ ruseTs. istoriu-li gamocdilebiT poloneTi kargad icnob-da rusuli imperializmis dampyroblur arss... 11 noembers, kompienSi xelSekrule-bis dadebisa da I msoflio omis dasrulebis dRes, polonelebma kontroli aiRes varSa-vaze. 14 noembers ki, varSavaSi oficialurad gamocxadda damoukidebeli polonuri sa-xelmwifos Seqmna, romelsac ̀ meore reC pos-polita~ ewoda. bolSevikuri agresiisgan Tavis dasaRwevad iuzef pilsudskis mizans federaciuli saxelmwifos Seqmna warmoad-genda, poloneTis, ukrainis, belarusisa da baltiispireTis SemadgenlobiT.

poloneTis damoukideblobis gamocxa-debidan ramdenime dReSi, 1918 wlis 17 noem-bers, iqmneba bolSevikTa `dasavleTis ar-mia~ da iwyeba e.w. ̀ wiTeli marSi~ dasavleTi-

ioseb stalini, vladimer lenini da lev trocki

leninis gamosvla ruseTis sabWoebis II yrilobaze

brest-litovskis zavis xelmowera


57

iuzef pilsudski (1867-1935) – poloneli saxelmwifo da samxed-ro moRvawe, axali polonuri saxelmwifos pirveli xelmZRvaneli da 1918 wels poloneTis armiis Semqmneli. ruseTis 1905 wlis revo-luciis aqtiuri monawile da poloneTis socialisturi partiis lideri. I msoflio omSi avstriis armiis SemadgenlobaSi ibrZoda ruseTis winaaRmdeg. poloneTis respublikis pirveli marSali. XX saukunis evropuli politikuri scenis mniSvnelovani figura.

germaniis revoluciis barikadebi

1919 wlis oqtomberSi dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris dawyebulma xangrZlivi mo-laparakebebis procesma Sedegi ar gamoiRo. Tumca, bolSevikebma isargebles saomari moqmedebebis SeCerebiT da gamoTavisuf-lebuli SenaerTebi denikinisa da iudeniCis winaaRmdeg mimarTes. faqtia, rom polone-Tis frontze saomar moqmedebebSi Sesvene-bam saSualeba misca wiTel armias sabolood gaetexa denikini... am periodSi orive mxarem Zalebis mokreba da axali SeteviTi moqmede-bebisTvis mzadeba daiwyo.

saomari moqmedebebi 1920 wlis dasawyi-sidan ganaxlda. general edvard rij-Smig-lis SenaerTebma moulodneli dartymiT ai-Res dvinski. 6 marts ki – moziri da kalinko-viCi. wiTeli armiis mcdelobebs, gamoeswo-rebinaT mdgomareoba, Sedegi ar mohyolia. maTTvis uSedegod dasrulda SeteviTi moq-medebebi ukrainaSic. warumatebeli xelmZR-vanelobis gamo, dasavleTis frontis sar-dali vladimer gitisi moxsnes Tanamdebobi-

fronti polocki-borisovi-bobruiski-mo-ziri-Jitomiris xazze gavida. es xazi, faq-tobrivad, 1772 wlis ruseT-poloneTis saz-Rvars emTxveoda... fronti dastabilurda...

1919 wlis seqtemberSi pilsudskim poli-tikuri xelSekruleba dado ukrainis saxal-xo respublikis liderTan, general semion petliurasTan, wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb.

saken `revoluciis monapovrebis~ litvasa da belarusSi gasatanad. poloneTisa da germaniis gasabWoebis Semdeg ki rus bolSe-vikTa SeiaraRebuli eqspansia `msoflio re-voluciaSi~ unda gadazrdiliyo.

1918 wlis 10 dekembers bolSevikTa `da-savleTis armiam~ minski aiRo. 12 ianvars ki gaica Setevis meore fazis dawyebis brZane-ba, rac poloneTis teritoriebis okupacias da germaneli komunistebis daxmarebas gu-lisxmobda. rusebis mier vilnos dakavebis Semdeg, 1919 wlis 27 Tebervals, gamocxadda metad egzotikuri saxelwodebis mqone sa-xelmwifos – litbelis (litva-belorusiis sabWoTa respublika) Seqmna. amave dros da-iwyo polonelTa SeteviTi moqmedebebi aR-mosavleTis mimarTulebaze. polonurma Se-naerTebma daikaves kobrini-prujani-mdina-re nemanis xazi. 19 Tebervals ki isini vilno-Si Sevidnen. ase Seiqmna poloneT-sabWoTa ruseTis fronti litvisa da belarusis te-ritoriebze. agvistos TveSi polonelebi isev gadavidnen Setevaze, romlis mizanic minskis aReba iyo. eqvssaaTiani brZolis Sem-deg, 9 agvistos, polonelebma minski aiRes, xolo 29 agvistos – bobruiski. oqtomberSi bolSevikebi kontrSeteviTi moqmedebebiT Seecadnen mdgomareobis gamosworebas, mag-ram – uSedegod. 1919 wlis Semodgomaze

58

istoria

minski

vilniusi

kaunasi

borisovi

kenigsbergi

mogilevi

vitebski

sebeJi

daugavpilsi

elgavaliepaia

maJeikiai

paneveJisi

kalvaria

raseiniai

klaipeda

alenSteini

tilsiti

pultuski

lomJa

Stabini

sedlce

slucki

bobruiski

postavi

SvenCenisi

molodeCno

novogrudoki

baranoviCi

ruJani

luninecimaziri

Jlobini

litbeli

polonur-ukrainuli SenaerTebis Sete-viT moqmedebebTan erTad, foilo-wiTeli xidis midamoebSi, rusebTan omSi did warma-tebas miaRwies qarTulma SenaerTebmac. qar-Tulma mxarem ara Tu moigeria me-11 armiis SenaerTebis Semoteva, aramed kontrSeteva-zec gadavida da operatiuli upiratesobac moipova. bolSevikebma wiTeli xididan didi

dan da kavkasiis frontis sardlad gadaiyva-nes. mis adgilze ki, 27 wlis warmatebuli me-Tauri, ruseTis samoqalaqo omis gmiri mixa-il tuxaCevski dasaxelda. wiTeli armiis mTavarsardalma kamenevma 1920 wlis 20 marts moaxsena lenins, rom dasavleTis frontis sardlis Tanamdebobaze igegmebo-da tuxaCevskis daniSvna, romelic `unaria-nad da gabedulad atarebda bolo operaci-ebs general denikinis gasanadgureblad~. amave dros, jarebis marTvis gasaumjobeseb-lad, bolSevikTa dasavleTis frontis samx-reTis SenaerTebisagan Seiqmna samxreT-da-savleTis fronti, romlis sardlad aleq-sandr egorovi dainiSna.

am ambebamde ramdenime dRiT adre ki, kerZod, 1920 wlis 25 aprils, polonurma da ukrainulma SenaerTebma frontis mTel sig-rZeze daiwyes strategiuli SeteviTi moqme-debebi kievis mimarTulebaze. warmatebuli SeteviTi moqmedebebis Sedegad poloneleb-ma win waiwies 200-300 km-iT. 7 maiss polonu-ri SenaerTebi, petliuras ukrainuli nawi-lebis mxardaWeriT, kievSi Sevidnen, or dRe-Si ki mdinare dnepris marcxena napirzec ga-davidnen da 15-kilometriani siRrmis plac-darmic Seqmnes...

sabWoTa saagitacio antipolonuri plakati

semion petliura (1879-1926) – ukraineli po-litikuri, saxelmwifo da erovnuli moRvawe, profesiiT Jurnalisti. maswavlebeli, istori-kosi, mkvlevari, mecnieri da publicisti. 1900 wlidan – ukrainis revoluciuri partiis wevri, memarcxene nacionalisti. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ukrainis erovnul-ganmaTa-visuflebeli moZraobis lideri, ukrainis safronti rad-is xelmZRvaneli, ukrainis saxalxo respublikis direqtoriis meTauri, ukrainis ja-rebisa da flotis mTavari atamani.


59

danakargebiT daixies ukan, rac male panikur gaqcevaSi gadaizarda. yvelaferTan erTad, ruseTis TeTri moZraobis axalma liderma, generalma petre vrangelma swrafad da ef-eqturad Caatara jarebis reorganizacia, warmatebiT ukuagdo wiTlebis Seteva da kontrSetevazec gadavida. bolSevikebi um-Zimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. dasavle-Tis frontze polonelTa mier miRweuli didi gamarjveba da kievis dakaveba, qarT-velTa mier warmatebiT ganxorcielebuli kontrSeteviTi moqmedebebi yazaxi-ganjis mimarTulebaze, rasac daemata general vrangelis mier yirimidan wamowyebuli Se-teviTi moqmedebebi, cxadyofs, rom 1920 wlis maisis dasawyisSi bolSevikTa dasav-luri ̀ wiTeli marSisa~ da ̀ msoflio prole-taruli revoluciis~ bedi marTlac bewvze ekida.

baltiis zRva

slupskigdanski

elblagi

bidgoSCi

gnezno

plockipultuski

lomJa

sedlce

Stabini

belostoki

bresti

kobrini

slomini

baranoviCi

pinski

lunineci

minski

slucki

maziri

gomeli

Jlobini

bobruiski

mogilevi

orSa

vitebski

polocki

sebeJi

opoCka

ostrovi

pskovivoru

valga

valmiera

cesisi aluqsne

luZa

kaunasi

iekabpilsi

riga

tukumsi

borisovi

olStini

kenigsbergi

klaipeda

liepaia

vilniusi

ventspilsi

maJeikiai

SiauliaitelSiai

paneveJisi zarasai

daugavpilsi

disna

SvenCionisi

raseiniaiukmerge

kalvariasuvalki

seini lida

kievis aRebisa da bolSevikTaTvis poloneTis frontze Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan gamom-dinare, leninis miTiTebiT, 1920 wlis 7 maiss moskovSi saswrafod daido samSvidobo xelSekruleba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis da bolSevikuri ruseTis mTavrobebs Soris, romlis Za-liTac ruseTi deiure cnobs saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas, mis saxelmwifo sazRvrebsa da mTavrobis legitimurobas.

frontebze Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, bolSevikTa cekas politbiurom moi-wona polonuri agresiis Semdgomi mogeriebis gegma, rac iTvaliswinebda dasavleTis frontidan mTavar dartymas belarusze. samxreT-dasavleTis frontis SenaerTebis valdebuleba ki iyo damx-mare dartyma. samxreT-dasavleTis frontis gasaZliereblad samxedro sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Se-iyvanes ioseb stalini, frontis SemadgenlobaSi ki CarTes CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmedi budionis 1-li cxenosani armia.

sabWoelebis winsvla 1918 wels

mixail tuxaCevski (1893-1937) – rusi da sabWoTa samxedro moRvawe, I msoflio omis monawile, mefis armiis yofili oficeri, podporuCiki. ruseTis samoqalaqo omis gmiri,

sxvadasxva frontis sardali. samxedro Teoretikosi da publicisti, strategiuli `siRrmiseuli SeteviTi operaciis~ koncefciis erT-erTi avtori da apologeti. Semd-

gomSi sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze axalgazrda marSali. I msoflio omSi ibrZoda dasav-leTis frontis 1-li gvardiuli diviziis SemadgenlobaSi. 1915 wels germaneleb-

ma tyved aiyvanes, gagzavnes ingolStadtis cixeSi, sadac masTan erTad ijda Sarl de goli. 1917 wlis seqtemberSi tuxaCevski cixidan gaiqca da gadavida SveicariaSi. imave wlis oqtomberSi dabrunda ruseTSi. dainiSna aseulis me-Taurad semionovskis polkSi. 1918 wlis gazafxulidan gadadvida bolSe-vikTa mxareze, rkp(b) wevri 1918 wlidan, muSaobda centraluri aRmasru-lebeli komitetis samxedro ganyofilebaSi, Semdeg dainiSna moskovis ra-ionis samxedro komisrad. 1918 wlis ivnisidan bolSevikTa muSur-glexu-ri wiTeli armiis erT-erTi meTauri da armiebis sardali. Tavdapirve-lad formirebis procesSi myofi aRmosavleTis frontis 1-li armiis sardali. 1918 wlis dekemberSi samxreTis frontis sardlis TanaSemwe, 1919 wlis 24 ianvridan 15 martamde – samxreTis frontis me-8 armiis sardali, Semdeg, 1919 wlis 5 aprilidan, aRmosavleTis frontis me-5 armiis warmatebuli sardali. 1919 wlis bolos kolCakis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli aRmosavleTis frontis sardali, 1920 wlis 4 Tebervlidan

– kavkasiis frontis sardali, xolo imave wlis aprilidan – sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis dasavleTis frontis sardali. misi zedmetad

Tavdajerebuli strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis gamo, 1920 wlis Se-modgomisaTvis, sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omi wiTeli armiis sruli ka-

tastrofiT dasrulda.

semion budionis 1-li cxenosani armia maikopidan 3 aprils gamovida da Se-uerTda samxreT-dasavleTis fronts, romelic saerTo Setevaze 26 maiss ga-davida. dartymis mTavar mimarTulebaze tuxaCevskim 31 000 polonelis piris-

60

istoria

agvistos pirveli ricxvebisaTvis dasav-leTis frontis SenaerTebi tuxaCevskis sardlobiT gadian mdinare vislas xazze da safrTxes ukve uSualod varSavas uqmnian. 1 agvistos belostokSi yalibdeba polone-Tis revkomi da vrceldeba mimarTva `polo-neTis mSromelebisadmi~. daiwyo muSaoba po-loneTis wiTeli armiis Seqmnis mizniT. le-nini da sxva bolSeviki liderebi varSavaze SeteviTi operaciis saswrafo dawyebas moi-Txovdnen.

pir 60 000 kaci daayena. tuxaCevskim uaryo mTavarsadlobis Setevis gegma (minskze dar-tyma centriT) da SeteviTi moqmedebebis dawyeba Tavisi gegmiT ganizraxa – iribi dar-tyma Setevis marjvena flangiT bJiSkianis me-3 sakavalerio korpusisa da me-4 armiis ZalebiT, raTa polonelebi Seeviwroebina pinskis Waobebisaken. pilsudskis brZanebiT, polonelTa 1-lma da me-4 armiebma, I msof-lio omisdroindeli germanelTa yofili TavdacviTi poziciebis dakavebis mizniT, lidis mimarTulebiT ukan daixies.

1920 wlis 19 ivlisisaTvis dasavleTis frontze wiTeli armiebi grodno-baranovi-Ci-luninecis xazze gavidnen, xolo 26 ivli-sisaTvis warmatebuli SeteviTi moqmedebe-biT wiTlebma gadaabijes poloneTis eTnog-rafiul sazRvars belostokis raionSi. 1 ag-vistos rusebma brest-litovskic aiRes da mdinare vislaze gasasvlelad daiwyes mza-deba. polonelTaTvis operatiuli viTare-ba ukiduresad damZimda. vislaze operaciis dawyebamde yvela samxedro specialisti im azrisa iyo, rom poloneTis bedi gadawyve-tili iyo. uimedo strategiul mdgomareo-basTan erTad, polonelTa sabrZolo su-liskveTebac daeca. poloneTis armiaSi mo-raluri sisustis is niSnebi gaCnda, rasac qveyana saboloo daRupvamde unda mieyvana.

magram iyo erTi adamiani, romelic ar iz-iarebda rusi bolSevikebisa da wiTeli meTa-urebis am sayovelTao aRtyinebas – samxreT-dasavleTis frontis samxedro sabWos wevri ioseb stalini. igi ambobda: `axla uadgiloa is trabaxi da saqmisaTvis saziano is TviT-kmayofileba, riTac zogierTi amxanagia da-kavebuli. erTni ukmayofiloni arian fron-tebze miRweuli warmatebiT da mTeli xmiT gahyvirian `varSavaze marSis~ Sesaxeb. meo-reni, Cveni respublikis TavdacviT ukmayo-filoni, amayad acxadeben, rom isini mxolod `wiTel sabWoTa varSavas~ Seurigdebian... Cveni warmatebebi poloneTis frontze di-

sergei kamenevi (1881-1936) – mefis armiis yo-fili polkovniki da sabWoTa ruseTis muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis mTavarsardali, `voens-peci~, I rangis komandarmi. ruseT-iaponiis, I mso-flio omisa da ruseTis samoqalaqo omis aqtiuri monawile. I msoflio omSi 1914 wlis seqtembridan 1-li dasavleTis frontis armiis Stabis kvar-termeisteris ufrosi adiutanti, Semdeg – armi-is operatiuli ganyofilebis ufrosi. 1917 wlis aprilidan polkovniki, poltavis 30-e polkis me-Tauri. 1917 wlis noembridan me-15 saarmio kor-pusis Stabis ufrosi. oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg emxroba bolSevikebs. 1918 wlis aprili-dan muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis Semadgenlo-baSia. 1918 wlis ivnisidan vitebskis wiTeli qvei-Ti polkis meTauri, 1918 wlis agvistodan – smo-lenskis raionis samxedro xelmZRvaneli, 1919 wlis agvistodan – aRmosavleTis frontis sar-dali da muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis mTavar-sardali. 1924 wlis aprilidan wiTeli armiis mTavari samxedro inspeqtori, 1925 wlidan – Sta-bis ufrosi. 1926 wlis agvistodan wiTeli armiis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosi, amave dros m.frunzes saxelobis samxedro akademiis taqti-kis ciklis ufrosi. 1927 wlidan samxedro da sam-xedro-sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moad-gile da sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro revoluciu-ri komitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgile. 1935 wli-dan eniWeba I rangis komandarmis samxedro wode-ba, maSin roca samoqalaqo omSi misdami daqvemde-barebul xuT mxedarTmTavars (k. voroSilovi, s. budioni, v. bliuxeri, al. egorovi da m. tuxaCevs-ki) mieniWaT umaRlesi samxedro wodeba – sabWoTa kavSiris marSali. gardaicvala 1936 wlis 25 ag-vistos gulis SeteviT. 1937-1939 wlebis didi wmendebis dros igi `samxedro-faSisturi SeTq-mulebis~ monawiled gamocxadda. kamenevis saxe-li amoSales ruseTis samoqalaqo omis oficia-luri istoriidan, misi samxedro xasiaTis Srome-bi ki daviwyebas mieca.


61

piotr vrangeli (1878-1928) – rusi mxedarT-mTavari, generaluri Stabis general-leitenan-ti. ruseT-iaponiisa da I msoflio omis monawile, TeTrgvardiuli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri. 1917 wlis ianvridan usuriis cxenosani diviziis me-2 brigadis meTauri, 1917 wlis ivlisidan me-7 sakavalerio diviziis meTauri, Semdeg – Sereuli sakavalerio korpusis sardali. 1918 wlis dasaw-yisidan moxaliseTa armiaSi cxenosani diviziis meTauri. 1919 wlis noembridan moxaliseTa armi-is sardali yirimSi, 1920 wlis dasawyisidan – ru-suli armiis umaRlesi mTavarsardali da samx-reT ruseTis saxelmwifos mmarTveli. giorgis jvris kavaleri. 1920 wlis Semodgomidan emigra-ciaSi wavida.

samxreT-dasavleTis frontis sardali aleq-sandr egorovi da frontis revoluciuri sabWos wevri ioseb stalini

1. dasavleTis frontis ZalebiT varSa-vis CrdiloeTidan garSemovlas;

2. samxreT-dasavleTis frontidan gad-mojgufebuli 1-li cxenosani armiisa da

tuxaCevskis mTavari amocana varSavis aReba iyo, mizani – polonelTa ZiriTadi Za-lebis ganadgureba, xolo samxedro strate-gia – ormagi garSemortyma. sardlis opera-tiuli Canafiqri moicavda:

dia. da, ra Tqma unda, es warmatebebi kidev ufro ganviTardeba. magram naadrevia miRwe-uli warmatebebiT zedmeti baqibuqi. ar unda vifiqroT, rom polonelebTan saqme ukve mo-Tavebuli gvaqvs da mxolod `varSavaze mar-Si” dagvrCa... denikinisa da kolCakis zurgi-sagan gansxvavebiT, polonelTa zurgi erT-gvarovani da nacionalurad Sekrulia. um-Tavresi ganwyoba ki, `samSoblos gancda~, polonelTa fronts mravali ZafiT gadae-cema, rac nawilebSi nacionalur SekavSire-basa da simtkices qmnis. swored aqedan ga-momdinareobs polonelTa jaris mdgrado-ba~. da mTavari daskvna: ̀ Tu poloneTis jars sakuTriv poloneTis teritoriaze mouwevs omis warmoeba, maSin masTan brZola, eWvgare-Sea, Zalian rTuli iqneba~.

aq ki Rirs erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, `detalze~, SeCereba: jer kidev 1919 wlis ag-visto-seqtemberSi polonel kriptologTa jgufma, vice-polkovnik ian kovalevskis xelmZRvanelobiT, moaxerxa sabWoelTa Sif-rebis gatexva. 1919 wlis agvistodan 1920 wlis bolomde polonelma deSifratorebma ramdenime aTasi radiograma daiWires da ga-Sifres. am Sifrogramebis umetesoba 1920 wlis zafxulis periodze modioda, rode-sac deSifratorebs TveSi 500-mde radio-gramis gaSifvra uxdebodaT. am faqtma erT-erTi mTavari roli iTamaSa ruseT-polone-Tis omis mTel msvlelobasa da Sedegebze.

me-12 armiis ZalebiT dasavleTis frontis me-14 da me-16 armiebTan erTad varSavis samx-reTidan garSemortymas;

3. Crdilo-dasavleTis da samxreT-aRmo-savleTis mimarTulebebidan erTdroulad dartymas varSavaze.

62

istoria

wiTlebis ucilobeli upiratesoba, polonelebTan SedarebiT, 1920 wlis kampaniaSi rusuli sakavalerio SenaerTebi iyo, pirvel rigSi, semion budi-onis 1-li cxenosani armia da haik bJiSkianis me-3 sakavalerio korpusi. 1-li cxenosani armia, umZlavresi operatiuli sajariso gaerTianeba, Seiqmna

1919 wlis bolos CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmedi wiTeli sakavalerio nawilebis SeerTebiTa da gamsxvilebiT, maSindeli samxreTis frontis samxedro-revoluciuri sabWos wevris – stalinis iniciativiT. zogadad, sakavalerio armiis Seqmnis idea pils-udskis `strategiul lafsusad~ miaCnda. magram rusebis sa-kavalerio SenaerTebis sabrZolo SesaZleblobebma, saku-Tari cxenosani artileriis, javSnosani manqanebisa da jav-

Sanmatareblebis cecxliT mxardaWeram naTlad daanaxa polonelebs am mosazrebis mcdaroba. polonelebisaT-vis rusuli sakavalerio SenaerTebis sabrZolo po-tenciali moulodneli siurprizi aRmoCnda. gansa-kuTrebiT, rusuli kavaleriis tyviamfrqveviani sa-zidrebi, didi sacecxle Zalisa da manevrulobis ga-mo. SubiTa da xmliT SeiaraRebuli poloneli kava-leristis taqtika sruliad uZluri aRmoCnda ru-sul kavaleriasTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom omis bolos polonelebmac miiRes kavaleriis SeiaraRebaSi tyviamfrqveviani manevruli sazidrebi.

uris ganadgurebisa da varSavasTan Tavmoy-rili sabWoTa SenaerTebis alyaSi moqcevis perspeqtivac. pilsudskis gegmis Tanaxmad ganisazRvra varSava-brestis gzatkecilze gasvla. erTdroulad mimdinareobda Sete-viTi moqmedebebi me-3 diviziis ZalebiT vlodavaze, tankebis mxardaWeriT – minski-mazoveckze. general sikorskis me-5 armiis SenaerTebma elviseburi, damangreveli dar-tyma miayenes sabWoelebs varSavasTan, tan-kebiT, javSanmatareblebiTa da dajavSnuli manqanebiT. Setevis tempi iyo 30 km. dReSi. rusebis strategiuli Canafiqri varSavis `ormag garSemortymaze~ CaiSala...

1920 wlis 11 agvistos kamenevi sabolo-od iRebs gadawyvetilebas samxreT-dasav-leTis frontis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali 1-li cxenosani armiisa da me-12 armiis dasav-leTis frontisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb; 15

polonelTa strategiuli gegma iTva-liswinebda mniSvnelovani Zalebis koncent-racias varSavis samxreTiT, mdinare vepSTan. swored am mizniT iqmneba general rij-Smig-lis centraluri frontis Semadgenlobis-gan damrtymeli dajgufeba, bolSevikTa da-savleTis frontis zurgSi moulodneli mZlavri dartymisaTvis.

1920 wlis 12 agvistos wiTeli armiis da-savleTis frontis SenaerTebi Setevaze ga-dadian. da kidev erTi `detali~ – polonur-ma radiodazvervam daiWira brZaneba varSa-vaze SeteviTi moqmedebebis dawyebis Sesa-xeb, xolo saaviacio dazvervis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, general vladislav haleris me-5 armiam daartya tuxaCevskis metad gawe-lil fronts zustad wiTlebis me-3 da me-15 armiebis Sexebis areSi. garRvevis ubanze Za-lebis mniSvnelovani koncentraciis Semdeg, 16 agvistos, marSali pilsudski iwyebs Ca-fiqrebul strategiul kontrdartymas. po-lonelTa warmatebuli moqmedebebis Sede-gad, rusTa me-16 armiis samxreTis frTa srulad ganadgurda. aSkara gaxda wiTlebis dasavleTis frontis mTeli infrastruqt-

semion budioni (1883-1973) – rusi samxedro moRvawe, samoqalaqo omis gmiri, sabWoTa kavSi-ris marSali, samgzis sabWoTa kavSiris gmiri. mo-nawileobda ruseT-iaponiis da pirvel msoflio omebSi. 1918 wlidan iyo wiTel armiaSi, kavaleri-is meTauri.

rusuli artileria, bolSevikTa me-16 armiis me-8 msroleli diviziis haubicebis batarea mdinare bugTan

63


saerTo jamSi, wiTlebis dasavleTis frontis me-4 armia Tavisi oTxive diviziis narCenebiT, agreTve haik bJiSkianis me-3 cxe-nosani korpusis gadarCenili nawilebi da me-15 armiis ori divizia kveTen prusiis saz-Rvars, maTi internirebis adgils. 21 seqtem-brisaTvis ki polonelebma sruliad gaanad-gures rusebis samxreT-dasavleTis fron-tis samive armia, riTac man faqtobrivad ar-seboba Sewyvita. ̀ saswauli vislaze~ moxda – rusebma katastrofuli marcxi iwvnies.

agvistos wiTeli armiis mTavarsardlis mi-er samxreT-dasavleTis frontisaTvis gag-zavnil direqtivaze armiebis dasavleTis frontisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb pasuxi ara-vis gaucia. mTavarsardlobis ganmeorebiT moTxovnaze ki, 1-li cxenosani armiis sar-dalma budionim ase upasuxa: `mocemul mo-mentSi armia sabrZolo moqmedebebSia Cabmu-li da brZolidan gamosvla ar SeuZlia~… .

bolos da bolos, moskovis mkacri zewo-liT, 20 agvistosaTvis budionis 1-li cxe-nosani armiis SenaerTebi CrdiloeTisken daiZrnen. 1920 wlis 31 agvistos komarovos-Tan XX saukunis umsxvilesi sakavalerio brZola daiwyo. rusebis 1-l cxenosan armias general rumelis 1-li cxenosani divizia daupirispirda. miuxedavad didi ricxobri-vi upiratesobisa, wiTlebis cxenosani armia sastikad damarcxda. maTi danakargi 4 000 ka-ci iyo, rumelis kavaleristebisa ki – 500. budionis armiis narCenebi da masTan erTad mTeli samxreT-dasavleTis fronti iZule-buli gaxda ukan, lvovisaken, daexia da Tav-dacvaSi gadasuliyo. omis Semdeg tuxaCevs-kim pirdapir daadanaSaula stalini da misi wre varSavis operaciis CavardnaSi... es braldeba sabediswerod imoqmedebs wiTeli armiis axalgazrda sardlis, SemdgomSi yve-laze axalgazrda sabWoTa marSlis momaval-ze... Tumca es ukve sul sxva istoriaa...

sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omi or ax-ladwarmoqmnil saxelmwifos – bolSevikur ruseTsa da meore reC-pospolitas Soris mimdinareobda. orive qveyana I msoflio om-

1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-polo-neTis omi bolSevikTaTvis sruli katast-rofiT dasrulda. am omis mTavari batalia, 1920 wlis agvistos varSavis brZola ki ome-bisa da samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi `vislaze saswaulis~ saxeliT Sevida. faq-tia, rom aRikveTa rus bolSevikTa `wiTeli marSi~ dasavleTisken.

1920 wlis 12 oqtombers dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris daiwyo molaparakebebi cecx-lis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, 18 oqtombers ki sao-mari moqmedebebi SeCerda... 1921 wlis 18 marts omi iuridiulad dasrulda. rigaSi xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas da ganisazRvra poloneTis aRmosavleTi sazR-vrebi... bedis ironiaa, rom zustad am dRes, 1921 wlis 18 marts, xeli moewera rus bolSe-vikebsa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-publikis warmomadgenlebs Soris ukve ru-seT-saqarTvelos 1921 wlis Teberval-mar-tis meore omSi cecxlis Sewyvetis xelSek-rulebasac...

riga

vilniusikaunasi

minski

smolenski

moskovi

rJevi

kurski

kievi

Jitomirilvovi

lublini

brestivarSavapoznani

vroclavi

loZi

sCecini

stokholmi talini

fskovi

belostoki

krakovi

venabratislava

riga

vilniusikaunasi

minski

smolenski

moskovi

rJevi

kurski

kievi

Jitomirilvovi

lublini


vroclavi

loZi

sCecini

stokholmi talini

fskovi

belostoki

krakovi

venabratislava

riga

vilniusikaunasi

minski

smolenski

moskovi

rJevi

kurski

kievi

Jitomirilvovi

lublini


vroclavi

loZi

stokholmi talini

fskovi

belostoki

krakovi

bratislava

64

rusi tyveebi

istoria

1919 wlis marti 1919 wlis dekemberi 1920 wlis ivnisi

is Sedegad iyo dangreuli, orive udides ma-terialur siduxWires ganicdida, orive ax-lad qmnida sakuTar SeiaraRebul Zalebs, miznebi ki gansxvavebuli hqondaT... am omSi miRweuli gamarjvebiT poloneTma SeZlo Tavisi 1795 wlidan dakarguli saxelmwifo-ebriobis aRdgena da SenarCuneba. mTavari ki is iyo, rom poloneTma dasavleTisken mimar-Tuli bolSevikuri eqspansia da `msoflio proletaruli revolucia~ SeaCera.

am omma udidesi zegavlena iqonia orive qveyanaze da, amasTan, saqarTvelos demok-ratiul respublikaSi mimdinare samxedro-politikur procesebze. am omis gamoZaxili 1939 wlis molotov-ribentropis paqtsa da

molotov-ribentropis paqti – 1939 wlis 23 agvistos germaniis mesame raixsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dadebuli Tavdausxmelobis paqti, romelsac germaniis mxridan xeli moawera sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ioahim fon ribentropma, xolo sabWoTa mxridan – sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrma viaCeslav molotovma. am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirs da germanias Tavi unda aeridebinaT erTmaneTze TavdasxmisaTvis, aseve ar unda gaerTianebuliyvnen iseT aliansebSi, romelic am paqtis xelmomweri rome-lime qveynis winaaRmdeg iqneboda mimarTuli. paqtis gasaidumloebul muxlebSi gansazRvruli iyo aRmo-savleT evropis qveynebis (poloneTi, lietuva, latvia, estoneTi, fineTi, agreTve besarabia) gayofa.

poloneTi

latvia

lietuva

riga

vilniusikaunasi

minski

smolenski

moskovi

rJevi

kurski

xarkovi

kievi

Jitomirilvovi

lublini


vroclavi

loZi

sCecini

stokholmi talini

fskovi

belostoki

krakovi

venabratislava

riga

vilniusikaunasi

minski

smolenski

moskovi

rJevi

kurski

xarkovikievi

Jitomirilvovi

lublini

brestivarSava

poznani

vroclavi

loZi

sCecini

stokholmi talini

fskovi

belostoki

krakovi

venabratislava

riga

vilniusikaunasi

minski

smolenski

moskovi

rJevi

kurski

xarkovikievi

Jitomiri

lvovi

lublini

brestivarSava

poznani

vroclavi

loZi

sCecini

stokholmi talini

fskovi

belostoki

krakovi

venabratislava

poloneTi-sabWoTa kavSi-

ris omis sqema (1919-1921)

sabWoTa ruseTi da

sxva sabWoTa qveynebi

Seteva

sabWoTa kavSiris mier aRmosavleT polone-Tis dapyrobis sakiTxzec aisaxa. misi Sedegi iyo katinis tragediac – sabWoTa НКВД-is mi-er polonel oficerTa masobrivi daxvreta, rac stalinis SurisZiebis aqti iyo. 1937-1938 wlebis didi represiebis dros stalin-ma Tavisi adreuli warumateblobis yvela mowmec Tavidan moiSora, erTguli voroSi-lovisa da budionis garda. man TavisTvis mi-saReb konteqstSi gadawera istoria. aRmo-savleT poloneTis dapyrobiT stalinma 1939 wlis seqtemberSi aRasrula is, rac 1920 wels ver moaxerxa, xolo 1945 wlidan dawye-buli, aRmosavleTi evropa, romelic naciz-misa da faSizmis yavisferi Wirisagan gaTavi-suflda, bolSevizmis mewamul bindSi CaiZi-ra...

vislas saswauli, kosak voicexis naxati


65

ukan daxeva

1920 wlis agvisto rigis xelSekruleba

wiTeli armiis poziciebi

polonelebis poziciebi

witeli marsi dasavletisken · ritoriebze. agvistos tvesi polonelebi isev gadavidnen setevaze,...

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