Word FormationWord Formation

1. Morphological Process

(by means of derivational morphemes)

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2. 2. CoinageCoinage(( 신조어신조어 ))    

Kodak, nylon, xerox, kleenex, Jell-o,

vaseline, baguette,

google, yahoo, gay (since 1971)

  우황청심환 , 미원 ,

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Slang (informal, in-group words/phrases)vs.

Jargon (words used by a particular group)

• 쏘다 , 짱이야 , ( 즐 ?), 메뚜기 ( 도서관에서 주인이 자리를 비운 좌석을 찾아

메뚜기처럼 돌아다니며 공부하는 학생 )

• 갈구다 , ㅅ -) ㅋ헐 지댕이다 ! ㅋ , 캐간지 , ( 엣지있다 , 간지있다 ) 딱가리 , • 시다바리 , 생까다 ( 외면하다 ) 캐쩐다 ( 최고 ) vs. 찌질 , ( 존나 ), 캐 ___,

죽음이다 . 캐안습이다 , 안구에 쓰나미 , • 캐 (generalized intensifier) 짜증 , 지못미 ( 지켜주지 못해서 미안해 )• Awesome, bad, cool, killer, 2 4 ㅣ 8er, Do u text? Toys”r’us

• cool (since 1933, from Black English)

• awesome (fashionable, since 1980), rowdy (row [rau])

• U/V/W 자형 경기 (U: 경기가 급격하게 하강한 후 침체가 오래간 후 회복 V: 급락 후 급상 , W: 6-12 개월간 회복세 이후 다시 급락 , double dip) 3

cf. Antonomasia ( 환칭 ):

• Solomon, jean, vandal, hamburger, sandwich 

• Solomon: wise man • sandwich: named for the fourth Earl of

Sandwich, who put his food

between two slices of bread

so that he could eat while he gambled

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robot: after the mechanical creatures in the Czech writer Karel Capek‘s play R.U.R., the initials standing for

"Rossum's Universal Robots"

• jumbo: after an elephant brought to the United States by P. T. Barnum (however, “Jumbo olives” need not be as big as

an elephant) • vandal: after the Vandals, 문명 ( 로마 ) 의 파괴자

• hamburger: after Hamburg; Hamburg(er) steak • jean: after the Genova, of Italy, for the product of its cotton goods

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3. Borrowing ( 차용어 ) Latin influence: in OE; cheese, butter, bishop, kettle

After the conversion: Angel, candle, priest, martyr, radish, oyster,

purple, school, spend

In ME: pedestrian, bonus, anatomy, contradict, climax, dictionary,

benefit, multiply, exist, paragraph, initiate, scene, inspire

alcohol, zero (Arabic),

opera, balcony, mezzanine, piano (Italian),

boss (Dutch), robot (Czech), curry (Tamil)

tycoon (Japanese), yogurt/turban (Turkish),

shawl (Persia/Iran)

croissant (French)6

French borrowingsGovernment: parliament, majesty, treaty, alliance, tax,

Church: parson, sermon, baptism, incense, crucifix, religion

Foods: veal, beef, mutton, bacon, jelly, peach, lemon, cream,

biscuit, croissant, Colors: blue, scarlet, vermilion,

Household: curtain, chair, lamp, towel, blanket, parlor

Play words: dance, chess, music, leisure, conversation

Literary words: story, romance, poet, literary

Learned words: study, logic, grammar, noun, surgeon, anatomy, stomach

Ordinary words of all sorts: nice, second, very, age, bucket, gentle, final, fault, flower, cry, count, sure, move, surprise, plain

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4. Compounding ( 복합어 )

• N-N: fire-engine, oil-well,  note-book  desk-top, bottle-neck, sky-diving• A-N: green-house, blue-bird, double-dip ( 경기가 반짝 상승한 후 다시 침체하는 현상 )

• V-N: scrub-nurse, jump-suit,   • P-N: after-thought, in-laws • N-V: spoon-feed, steam-roll,     • A-V: white-wash, dry-clean

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bookstore, housekeeper, English teacher, blackboard,

dishwasher,  dog food box, baseball bat rack

• P-V: over-look, under-estimate   

• V-V: drop-kick, break-dance

• N-A: nation-wide, sky-blue,      

• A-A: red-hot, deep-blue

• P-A: over-ripe, in-grown

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5. Blending ( 합성어 ) • gasoline + alchohol gasohol⇒ • smoke + fog smog⇒ • brunch (breakfast + lunch), motel (motorists + hotel), • telecast (television + broadcast), spam = spiced ham, • Reaganomics (President Reagan's version of economic policy), bit

= binary + digit • 욘플르엔자 ( 배용준 / 욘사마 + influenza)  • 슈믈리에 ( 슈 ( 酒 )+ sommelier: 와인전문가 )• 인강 ( 인터넷 강의 ) blog = web + log• modem = modulator + demodulator • chunnel (new underwater link between Britain and the continent) = channel + tunnel • between compounding and blending: guesstimate workaholic, medicare (medical + care)

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6. Clipping ( 절제 )

• gas (gasoline),  ad (advertisement),

• fan (fanatic), flu (influenza)

• bus (omnibus),  plane (airplane)

• prof.(professor), lab (laboratory)

• mob (mobile, mobility)

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7. Backformation (7. Backformation ( 역조성어역조성어 ))

• television → televise, editor → edit, donation → donate,

• option → opt, emotion → emote, enthusiasm → enthuse

• peddler, swindler, stoker, laser

→ peddle, swindle, stoke, lase

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8. Conversion (8. Conversion ( 개조개조 ):): change in the function of a

word • He's papering the bedroom walls. • Have you buttered the toast? • We bottled the home-brew last night. • They are vacationing in France. • They up the prices. • We down a few beers. • The bill was so controversial that it was

tabled again.

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9. Acronyms9. Acronyms ( 두자어 )

• DELL(Department of English Language and Literature)

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • NASA  (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) • UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) • UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)

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• radar (radio detecting and ranging)

• laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) 유도 방출에 의한 빛의 증폭 • aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 후천성면역결핍증

• scuba (self-contained underwater breathing

apparatus) 자급식 수중호흡장치

• DRAM (dynamic random accessary memory) D 램 , 동적램 : PC 에 주로 사용하는 반도체

• M&A (mergers and acquisitions) 인수합병• MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) 양해각서• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) 와이파이• Email, email, e-mail (electronic mail) 이메일

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Recent acronyms for SM(short message)

• BBL(Be Back Later, 잠시 후 다시 돌아 오겠음 )

• CYA(See Ya, 안녕 !), BFN(Bye For Now, 당분간 안녕 ) • QC(Quality Control) 품질분야 용어

• IE(Industrial Engineering) 생산분야 용어

• VE(Value Engineering)

• Buy the way

• R u texting?

• Toys"R"Us

• 냉무• UCC (User Created Content: 사용자제작콘텐트 ) 취업전선에도 UCC 떴다

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10. Echoism (Onomatopoeia): 의성어

• pop, click, clink, clang, • hiss, wheeze, whisper,

• murmur, meow, bow-wow,                • cock-a-doodle-doo

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11. Reduplication: 반복어

• pooh-pooh( 깔보다 ), tiptop( 최고 ), • hanky-panky( 속임수 , play --), • dilly-dally( 꾸물거림 ),      tacktock( 똑딱 ), • singsong( 단조롭게 , in a singsong), • wiggle-waggle( 흔들흔들 ), • super-duper( 초대형의 ), • pitter-patter( 후두둑 , 타다닥 ), • hugger-mugger(        쉬쉬해 버리다 hush up), • nitwit( 멍청이 ), lovey-dovey( 홀딱 반한 )

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Exercise 1. Write in the blanks the meaning of the underlined bound bases.

Examples Base meaning

1 audience, audible, audition, auditory

2 suicide, patricide, matricide, infanticide

3 oral, oration, oracle, oratory

4 aquaplane, aquatic, aquarium, aquanaut

5 photography, xerography, biography, calligraphy

6 corps, corpse, corporation, corporeal

7 tenable, tenant, tenure, tenacious

8 pendulum, pendant, suspenders, impending

9 manual, manicure, manuscript

10 eject, inject, project, reject 19

Exercise 2. Write in the blanks the meanings of the bound bases italicized in the words below.

question meaning example

1 geo graphy

2 bio logy

3 biblio phile

4 inter vene

5 comprehend

6 recur

7 inspect

8 oppose

9 inspire

10 rodent

11 portable

12 rupture

13 annual

14 carnal

15 bigamy 20