Work on storage diseases on apple by Bioforsk

Jorunn Børve

Apple storage in Norway

• Short time storage (until December 1 or February for juice)

• Ordinary cold storage

• MA and CA?

• Aroma main cultivar, new ones coming?

Apple growing in Norway

Storage decay on Norwegian apples

• most important diseases:

– Bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum)

– Neofabraea rot (Neofabraea spp)

• less importat, but present:

– Nectria- rot (Nectria galligena)

– Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)

– Brown rot (Monilinia fructigena)

– Fusarium rot (Fusarium spp)

TABLE 2. Incidence (%) of fruit decay in organically grown apples of cv. Aroma, harvested weekly over a five week period (at normal harvest

time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and assessed after 4 months at 4°C followed by 2 weeks at 20°C in 2004-2006.

Year

Harvest date

Total fruit rot

Bitter rota

Ripe spota

Grey moulda Physiological

damage

Othersa: Brown=brown unidentified rot

spots, Mon=brown rot, Pen=blue

mould, Fus=Fusarium rot

2004 Brown Fus

September 14 20.0 db

3.3 c 3.3 0 1.2 b 13.9 0

September 21 35.0 b 20.0 bc 10.0 0 2.5 b 9.9 0

September 28 57.5 b 39.2 ab 8.3 0 5.0 b 8.3 0

October 5 86.7 a 64.2 a 6.7 0 7.5 b 8.3 0

October 12 90.0 a 48.3 a 14.2 0.8 19.2 a 13.9 1.7

P-value 0.0001 0.0006 0.24 0.46 0.04 0.7 0.46

2005 Brown Fus

September 20 17.5 1.7 6.7 0 10.0 9.2 0

September 27 33.3 6.7 8.3 0 6.7 17.5 0.8

October 4 50.0 20.0 12.5 0 14.2 10.8 5.0

October 11 46.7 12.5 15.8 0 26.7 15.0 2.5

October 18 51.7 9.2 29.2 1.7 10.8 10.8 0.8

P-value 0.11 0.17 0.15 0.46 0.3 0.77 0.19

2006 Mon Pen

September 12 25.8 b 13.3 2.5 0.8 5.8 0 0 b

September 19 36.7 b 14.7 7.5 0.8 4.2 0 0.8 b

September 26 58.3 ab 40.8 2.5 1.7 6.7 0 0.8 b

October 3 63.3 ab 28.3 5.0 11.7 5.8 0 4.2 b

October 10 75.8 a 42.5 3.3 2.5 8.3 1.7 15.8 a

P-value 0.02 0.17 0.5 0.11 0.7 0.46 0.02

a) Bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, ripe spot caused by Neofabraea spp., grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea, brown rot

caused by Monilinia fructigena, blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. and Fusarium rot caused by Fusarium spp.

b) Mean of 3 × 40 apples per harvest date. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different according to Student

Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05. Incidences were arcsin square root transformed prior to analysis, presented values are non-

transformed means.

Tabell 5. Ròte (%) på eple frå ulike felt i Hardanger (1-5) og Telemark (6-8) i 2006-2008.

2006 Felt Ròte Bitt Kjøle-

Lager- Sopp

Gråsk Fus Frukttre-kreft

Byrjande ròte

Monilia Mucor

1 9.6 3.0 0.4 2.2 0.4 0 1.7 0 0 2 32.2 17.2 0 3.9 0.6 0 4.5 0 0 3 39.5 27.2 0 0 0 0 3.8 0 3.8 4 27.2 12.2 0 1.7 0 0 5.8 0 0 5 - - - - - - - - - 6 9.7 1.0 0.3 2.7 0 0 5 0.3 0 7 28.0 3.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 0 18 2.7 0 8 - - - - - - - - - 2007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 13 13 0.7 0 0 9 0 0 3 6 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 32 12 0.7 1.3 4.7 1.3 12 0 0 5 15 7.5 3.3 1.7 2.5 0 0 0 0 6 9.2 2.3 1.5 0 2.3 0 3.1 0 0 7 19.4 6.0 0.8 0 0.8 0.2 6.9 4.6 0 8 28.8 4.2 0.4 0 2.9 0.4 19.6 0 0 2008 1 3.3 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.9 0 0 2 9.3 1.5 0 1.1 0.4 0 6.3 0 0 3 12.2 4.4 1.5 0.7 0.7 0 4.1 0 0.4 4 7.0 1.1 0 0 0 0 5.2 0 0.7 5 15.2 6.0 0 0.4 0.4 0 8.1 0 0 6 12.3 1.8 0 0 0 0 10.0 0.5 0 7 23.2 5.5 1.8 0.5 0 0 14.6 0.9 0 8 10.9 4.5 0 0 0.9 0 4.8 0.3 0

Registrering av eple hausta 23.09.09 (tal eple av 100)

Handsaming Epleskurv Kjølelagersopp Monilia Andre Totalt

Usprøyta 2,3 24,0 0 0 26,3

Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 0,7 6,0 0,3 0 7,0

Maccani ½ dose 1 4,7 1 0,3 7,0

Maccani full dose 0,7 4,3 0,7 0,3 6

AEC 948 full dose 0,3 1,3 0 0 1,7

P-verdi Ikkje signifikant

0,03 Ikkje signifikant

Ikkje signifikant

0,007

LSD 5% - 13,5 - - 11,2

Registrering 13.01.09 av eple hausta i september 2008 og lagra til januar 2009 (tal eple av 100)

Handsaming Kjølelagersopp Bitterrote Monilia Gråskimmel Totalt

Usprøyta 25,3 2,7 0,3 0,0 29,0

Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 4,3 1,0 0,3 1,3 7,7

Maccani ½ dose 6,0 0,7 2,0 1,0 10,3

Maccani full dose 5,0 0,7 1,7 0,0 8,0

AEC 948 full dose 0,3 0,0 0,3 0,3 1,0

P-verdi 0,003 0,008 Ikkje signifikant

Ikkje signifikant

0,007

LSD 5% 10,2 1,19 - - 12,37

2011 season

Registrering ved hausting

Registrering av frukter etter lagring

Forsøksledd/fungicid Blad med skurv

Frukter med skurv

Kjølelager-sopp

Epleskurv Andre soppsjukdomar

Indre samanbrot

1. usprøyta 186,3 42,0 31,7 9,3 0,7 5,3

2. ditianon 11,7 2,3 9,7 0,0 3,0 8,0

3. fluopyram + trifloksystrobin

10,3 1,3 8,3 1,3 0,3 9,0

4. fluopyram 6,0 0 4,0 0,3 0,3 4,0

5. fluopyram 21,3 1,7 12,7 1,0 1,0 8,3

6. fluopyram + fosetyl-Al

2,3 0,3 8,0 1,0 0,0 7,3

LSD 5% 21,9 7,3 8,0 8,7 i.s. (3,6) i.s. (6,3)

Bitter rot at harvest

Bitter rot after storage

Diversity of appearence – bitter rot

Possible inoculum sources

• Buds

• Leaves

• Weeds

• Other hosts

• And?

Possible inoculum sources Flower buds

0-13% bitter rot on flower buds

No findings on leaf buds

Possible inoculum sources

Leaves

Orchard with low incidence

Orchard with high incidence

Bitter rot:

• Rare at harvest

• Increasing with stoarge time

• More on late harvested apples

• Scab spraying can influence

• Spraying prior to harvest reduces

• Differs between years and orchards

• Main storage disease

Season differences in incidence

Growing area

West East

Fig. 2. Incidence of bitter rot (%) on apples stored at different temperatures. Mean of three years and three oxygen levels in storage air. Mean of

3 replicated samples each of 20 apples at each treatment in each year. Bars denoted with different letters are significantly different at each

assessment according to Student Newman Keuls method at P=0.05.

Neofabraea in Norway

B17 N. perennans eller N. malicorticis:

KD8 N. perennans eller N. malicorticis:

CA 9-4 N.alba:

G71 N.alba:

Neofabraea perennans, malicorticis

and alba

Isolates from 2007 season; 69% N. perennans or

malicorticis and 31% N. alba

Brown rot

Grey mould

Autumn 2012

On storage now?

Fusarium-rot

Tabell 2. Funn av soppane som er årsak til bitterròte, gråskimmel og Fusarium-ròte på knoppar, blad og eple (%) i 8 felt, 2006-2008.

Colletotrichum (%) Botrytis (%) Fusarium (%)

Felt1, år Knoppar blad Eple Knoppar blad eple Knoppar blad eple

1, 2006 0 0 3 0 0 2.2 Funn 0 0.4 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2008 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 22.2 0 0

2, 2006 0 3.2 17.2 0 0 3.9 0 0 0.6

2007 0 7.4 13 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 2008 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.0 0 0 0.5

3, 2006 0 1.6 27.2 0 0 0 0 0 0

2007 4 66.7 2 0 0 2 0 4 2008 0 25.9 4.5 0 0 0.7 21.2 0 0.7

4, 2006 0 3.2 12.2 0 0 1.7 0 0 0

2007 0 3.7 12 0 0 1.3 1.1 0 4.7 2008 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 5.3 0 0

5, 2007 0 14.8 7.3 0 0 3.2 funn 0 2.6

2008 0 11.1 5.5 1.4 0 0.3 18.1 0 0.3

6, 2006 0 0 1.0 0 0 2.7 0 0 0 2007 0 0 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 2.3 2008 0 0 1.8 0 0 0 7.7 0 0

7, 2006 0 0 3.7 0 0 1.0 Funn 0 2.0

2007 0 5.6 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 2008 0 0 5.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0

8, 2007 0 0 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 3.5

2008 0 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.9

1. Felt 1-5 er i Hardanger, medan felt 6-8 er i Telemark.

Neonectria

Mucor rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Soft scald

Senescent breakdown

Harvest time

FIGURE 1. Total fungal fruit decay (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or

1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4°C until February 1 (4 months). Mean of 3 years and 3 × 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean

values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05.

FIGURE 2. Total fungal fruit decay, bitter rot and ripe spot (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time,

1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4°C until February 1 (4 months) and two weeks at 20°C. Mean of 3 years and 3 × 40

apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method

at P = 0.05.

Harvest time

FIGURE 1. Total fungal fruit decay (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or

1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4°C until February 1 (4 months). Mean of 3 years and 3 × 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean

values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05.

FIGURE 2. Total fungal fruit decay, bitter rot and ripe spot (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time,

1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4°C until February 1 (4 months) and two weeks at 20°C. Mean of 3 years and 3 × 40

apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method

at P = 0.05.

Fig. 22. Alderssamanbrot og ròte ved uttak frå kjølelager og etter 2 veker ved 20°C på eple av sorten Aroma hausta over 4 veker i Hardanger, 2007.

Fig. 23. Fysiologiske skadar og ròte ved uttak frå kjølelager på eple av sorten Aroma hausta over 3 veker i Hardanger, 2008.

Sprøyting, 2007