workshop giftige marine planktonalger · 2019-02-06 · conclusions on toxins as a defence...

WorkshopGiftige marine planktonalger

Velkommen til Marinbiologisk Sektion, BIO-KU

• Kort introduktion af MBS og hvad vi laver

Giftige marine planktonalger

• Kort introduktion til “planktonalger/mikroalger”

• Kort introduktion til giftige alger

• Hvilke giftstoffer producerer algerne?

• Mikroskopi og video af nogle almindelige giftige alger og enintroduktion til effekter af giftige på mikrober, bunddyr og fisk

• Kort introduktion til de giftige alger som forårsager problemer idanske farvande

• Rundvisning og en praktisk introduktion til hvordan vi arbejder med giftige planktonalger

• Diskussion af hvordan planktonalger, i særdeleshed giftige plankton-alger, kan inkorporeres i gymnasie-undervisningen

04/02/2019 1

Helsingør:Strandpromenaden 5

Copenhagen:Universitetsparken 4

Staff Number

Professors 5

Associate Professors 5

Emeritus 10

Postdocs 15

PhDs 17

Technical staff 5

Master thesis students 25

Bachelor students many

Total ≈ 80-90

Marine Microbiology

Aquatic Microbial Biology•Microenvironmental ecology and photobiology•Microbial interactions and behaviour•Ecology of planktonic mixotrophic consortia•Virus-host interations in microbial communities•Functional end genetic diversity of marine bacteria•Molecular systematics and evolutionary history of protists

Physiology and functional biology of

marine animals

Climate Change•Implications of ocean acidification for system productivity and trophic interactions•Temperature related impacts on fish, community dynamics and biogeo-chemistry in polar ecosystems

Aquaculture and Bioproducts•Bacteriophage control of fish pathogens•Physiology and growth of bivalves•Nutritional physiology of fish•Implications of toxic algae•Use of algal products for fuel and food additions

Functional Biology•Functional morphology and evolution of benthic invertebrates•Adaptational and respiration physiology of marine animals•Comparative physiology of marine fish and invertebrates

Microsensor techn.

Research topic Methodology and infrastructure

Molecular biology

Research vessel

Bioimaging

Research projects

Salt water system

Respiration and swimtunnels

Figures: 1) Marine bacteriophage. 2) The dinoflagellate Ceratium. 3) 3D reconstruction of the polychaete Diurodrilus. 4) Shark chasing bait fish at the Great Barrier Reef

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Marine Biological Section

04-02-2019

Dias 1

Definitions:

What is an alga?

A microalgae?

Which microalgal groups do you know?

Definitions of plankton algae and microalgae

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Definition: What is an alga? And a microalgae?

Which algal groups do you know?

•Cyanobacteria

•Euglenids

•Cryptomonads

•Haptophytes

•Dinoflagellates

•Photosynthetic stramenopiles: Diatoms, Raphidophytes, Dicthyochopytes, etc

Definitions of plankton algae and microalgae

The microbial food web Microalgae in the pelagic food web

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4

Definition: What is an alga? And a microalga?


Are these organisms microalgae?

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Definition: What is an alga? And a microalga?


Are these organisms microalgae?

Hausman & Hülsman, 1996;

Hausman et al. 2003

Mixotrophs in the marine planktonic food web

Jones 1994

Models of mixotrophy - I

Stoecker 1998

Models of mixotrophy - II

A new classification

Mitra et al 2016

The effect of food concentration on

growth, ingestion and photosynthesis

Hansen 2011

Prey concentration (µgC l-1

)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Gro

wth

rate

, µ

(d

-1)

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Fragilidium mexicanum, 20 uE

Fragilidium subglobosum, 45 uE

Karlodinium armiger, 180 uE

Paragymnodinium shiwhaense, 20 uE

The effect of food concentration on

photosynthesis, food uptake and growth

Hansen 2011

Prey concentration (µgC l-1

)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Gro

wth

ra

te,

µ (

d-1

)

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0Cochlodinium polykrikoides, 20 µmol

Gonyaulax polygramma, 50 µmol

Gymnodinium aureolum, 20 µmol

Heterocapsa triquetra, 20 µmol

Lingulodinium polyedrum, 20 µmol

Prorocentrum donghaiensis, 20 µmol

Prorocentrum micans, 20 µmol

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Some phytoflagellates only feed when they are nutrient limited

The sequestration of cell organelles by Dinophysis spp

Teleaulax amphioxeia

ChloroplastNucleomorphCryptophyte nucleusHost nucleus/nuclei

Dinophysis sppMesodinium rubrum

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Marine algal toxins

Shellfish toxinsASP-Amnesic shellfish poisons (diatoms)

DSP-Diarrhetic shelfish poisons (dinoflagellates)

NSF-Neurotoxic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates))

PSP-paralytic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria)

Azaspirazids (dinoflagellates)

• Lytic compounds (also called ichthyotoxins, or allelochemicals)

The chemical structures of these toxins are largely unknown

(dinoflagellates, raphidophytes, prymnesiophytes, dicthyochophytes)

• Other toxinsNodularin, microcystins etc (cyanobacteria)

Harmful and toxic microalgae and their toxins

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Paralytic shellfish toxins leading to Paralytic shellfish poisoning


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Rasmussen et al 2016

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Domoic acid leading to Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)


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Diarrheic shellfish toxins leading to Diarrheic shellfish poisoning


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Allelochemicals, ichthyotoxinsExample: the prymnesins


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Warning when you go search for toxic algae and their toxins

Many species make more than one type of toxin


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Example: Alexandrium ostenfeldii(dinoflagellate)

Types of toxins• PSP• Spirolides• Lytic compounds

(not yet chemically characterized)

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Abiotic and biotic factors affecting algal toxin production and excretion

Light/temperature

Growth phase; i.e. due to effects of

- Nutrients (N, P, Si)

- pH

- For mixotrophs – Prey availability

Co-existence with grazers; i.e. Copepods

- Copepodamides

Marine algal toxins

• Shellfish toxinsASP-Amnesic shellfish poisons (diatoms)

DSP-Diarrhetic shelfish poisons (dinoflagellates)

NSF-Neurotoxic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates)

PSP-paralytic shellfish poisons (dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria)

Azaspirazids (dinoflagellates)

• Toxins from fish-killing algae The chemical structures of these toxins are largely unknown

(dinoflagellates, raphidophytes, prymnesiophytes, dicthyochophytes)

• Other toxinsNodularin etc (cyanobacteria)

Production of toxins: a way to kill

competitors and protist grazers?

Methodology

• Addition of filtrates from dense cultures of either nutrient limited or

replete cultures of toxic algae to natural plankton assemblages or

laboratory cultures

• Short terms exposure experiments (hours-days)

• Mixed growth experiments (days-weeks)

Growth of the ciliate Favella ehrenbergii on the

PST producer Alexandrium tamarense

Hansen 1989 Hansen 1989

Video of Favella affected by Alexandrium (PST-producer)

Hansen 1989

In the end the ciliates swell and subsequently lyse

Toxic algae and protistan grazers: Alexandrium spp

Alexandrium spp. produce PSP-toxins, but these are not the ones causing the effects!

Hansen 1989

Prymnesium parvum

• Haptophyte

• Worldwide distribution

• High biomass bloom

• Produce toxins which act as

allelochemicals, removing competitors

• Allows for mixotrophy

• Deterrent against planktonic grazers

• Kills fish and benthic invertebrates

Gert Hansen

Marine Biological

Section

The haptonema of Chrysochromulina spp is long, while that

of Prymnesium parvum is very short

So is toxicity involved in food capture in Prymnesium parvum??

Chrysochromulina

polylepis

Prymnesium

parvum

Skovgaard &Hansen 2003

How Prymnesium immobilizes a prey cell

P. parvum density (x105 cells ml-1)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Feed

ing

freq

uen

cy

(%

feed

ing

P.

parvu

m c

ells)

0

10

20

30

40

A dinoflagellate

A diatom

Is food uptake by Prymnesium parvum mediated

by excreted toxins?

Skovgaard & Hansen 2003

Toxicity (% immobilized prey cells)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Fe

ed

ing

ac

tivit

y (

% f

ee

din

g P

. p

arv

um

ce

lls)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Prymnesium parvum cultures that are toxic feed more on motile prey

than cultures that are non-toxic

Skovgaard & Hansen 2003

How Prymnesium affects fish

Conclusions on toxins as a defence mechanism againts

competitors and protist grazers

• Fish-killing algae exudate toxins which destroy cell membranes

leading to lysis of target cells

• Some of the toxins involved are glycolipids (hemolysins, prymnesins).

In most cases, however, the chemical structures of the toxins are unknown

• Toxins like PSP, DSP, Domoic acid, and Nodularin have no effects on other

algae and protist grazers

• For the defence to be fully effective, a certain algal density is required

• Bioassays are often used to study the toxicity of algae to other organisms,

but the pH of the growth medium has often not been taken into account

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DictyochophytesPseudochattonella farcimen (often in the Danish news media still calledChattonella or Verrucophora)Dictyocha speculum

Biology: Pseudochattonella farcimen blooms occur in winter-spring in inner Danish waters. The species was first observed in the North Sea in 1998. Dicthyocha speculum blooms occur in May-june in inner Danish watersBoth species have a very complex life cycle including multi-nucleate stages

Only non-toxic strains in culture so far

Ichthyotoxic algae in North Atlantic waters


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Ichthyotoxic algae in North Atlantic waters

Pseudochattonella farcimen, March 2011

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Pseudochattonella farcimen – species with multinucleate stages

Jakobsen et al 2011

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HaptophytesPrymnesium parvum (and maybe other Prymnesium species and Chrysochromulina polylepis)

Biology: Blooms occur in spring and summer in brackish waters

Ichthyotoxic algae in Danish waters


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Dinoflagellates• Alexandrium spp (A. tamarense, A. minutum,

A. ostenfeldii, A. pseudogonyaulax, plus som foreign fish-killing species, e.g. A. monilatum, A. taylori, A. leei, etc)

• Karenia mikimotoi

• Karlodinium spp (K. veneficum, K. armiger, maybe new species)

Biology: Blooms occur in late spring and summer in brackish waters



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Dinoflagellates

Pfiesteriaceans (heterotrophic, thekate). Recent recurrent blooms in recirculated fish farms (pike perch, trout) since 2012 • Pfiesteria shumwayae• Luciella masanensis


Moestrup et al 2014


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Ejsing Seafarm

Hirtshals

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Thank you!


workshop giftige marine planktonalger · 2019-02-06 · conclusions on toxins as a defence...

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