World Heritage SiteWorld Heritage Site

Member : 江詩婷 陳怡如

Machu Picchu ( Old Peak )

Site

• It is located in the Cusco Region of Peru. • On a mountain ridge above the Uruba

mba Valley in Peru, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cusco and through which the Urubamba River flows.

History

• The Incas started building it around AD 1400, but abandoned it as an official site for the Inca rulers a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest.

• Untill 1911 the American historian Hiram Bingham found it did the heritage being brought to international attention.

Divide

• Agricultural Sectors • Urban － The Sacred District, The Popular District to the south 　 The District of the Priests and the Nobility.

• Especially, The primary archaeological treasures are the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Sun and the Room of the Three Windows.

Intihuatana

World Heritage Site• In 1981 Peru declared an area of 325.92 s

quare kilometers surrounding Machu Picchu as a "Historical Sanctuary ".

• In 1983 UNESCO designated Machu Picchu a World Heritage Site, describing it as "an absolute masterpiece of architecture and a unique testimony to the Inca civilization".

Taj Mahal

Introduction• Location in western Uttar Pradesh,

Agra, India

• It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

• It is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

History• It was build at 1632 ~ 1653.

• By the late 19th century, parts of the buildings had fallen badly into disrepair. The Taj Mahal was defaced by British then, who chiselled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls.

• At the end of the 19th century, British ordered a sweeping restoration project, which was completed in 1908.

Exterior Decoration

• The decorative elements were created by applying paint, stucco, stone inlays, or carvings.

• Because of the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms, the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy, abstract forms or vegetative motifs.

Calligraphyon large pishtaq

Interior Decoration• The inlay work is not pietra dura, but a

lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones.

• The chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face

• The bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right and towards Mecca.

Tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal

Jali screen surrounding the cenotaphs

• It attracts 2 ~ 4 million visitors annually, including more than 200,000 from overseas.

• A dual- pricing system is in place, with a lower entrance fee for Indian citizens than for foreigners.

World Heritage Site• In 1983, it became UNESCO World Heritage Si

te.

Tourism

Colosseum

Introduction

• The Colosseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre , is an elliptical amphitheatre.

• In the centre of the city of Rome, Italy The largest ever built in the Roman Empire.

• It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

History

• Its construction started in 72 AD under the emperor Vespasianand was completed in 80 AD under Titus,with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).

• The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name .

Architecture• Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were

built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure.

• It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters long, and 156 meters wide, with a base area of 6 acres.

Interior seating

• Modern estimates put the figure the Colosseum that could accommodate around 50,000 people .

• They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society.

Past and Now• It was used for gladiatorial contests and

public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles.

• Today is now a major tourist attraction with thousands of tourists annually, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.

Chichen Itza (The mouth of the well at Itza)

Introduction

• The archaeological site is located in the municipality of Tinúm, in the Mexican state of Yucatán.

• A large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya civilization.

History

• Between AD 900 and 1050 it expanded to become a powerful regional capital controlling north and central Yucatan.

• 1531, Spanish conqueror Montejo announced Qiqinyisa sovereignty and intended as the capital of Spain, Yucatan,

Ascendancy • The layout of Chichen Itza site core

developed during its earlier phase of occupation, between 750 and 900 AD.

• Its final layout was developed after 900 AD, and the 10th century saw the rise of the city as a regional capital controlling the area.

• The earliest hieroglyphic date discovered is equivalent to 832 AD, while the last known date was recorded in the Osario temple in 998.

Architectural groups

• El Castillo

• Temple of the Warriors

• Great Ball Court

• El Caracol

El Castillo

Temple of the Warriors

Great Ball Court

El Caracol

World Heritage Site

• In 1983 UNESCO designated Chichen Itza a World Heritage Site

Historic Villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama

• Country: Japan• Site: 1.Shirakawa-gō(It means "White River

Old-District") is located in the village of Shirakawa in Gifu Prefecture.

2. Gokayama area is in Toyama Prefecture.

(Both are in northern Japan.)

• Inscription: 1995

Introduce

History

• This style of house is developed In the 13th century. Those are made for warriors to against the cold in the winter.

• Those houses were protected by the Japanese government , and they were inscribed on World Heritage Sites list in 1995.

Characteristics• These villages are well known for their ho

uses constructed in the “prayer-hands construction” style.

• This style is characterized by a thatched and steeply slanting roof resembling two hands joined in prayer.

• Those houses combine with the unique properties of the thatching,so they allow the houses to withstand the weight of the region's heavy snowfalls in winter.

• Those houses are constructed without nails.

• People have to replace the thatching every 30 or 40 years, but those houses are large, so villagers will help each other to complete this task. They call it” unity”!

Unity!

Problems

• Fire

• Highway

• Crowded Tourist

Autumn

Summer

Spring

Autumn

Winter

The Great Wall of China

Introduce

• Country: China

• Area: The Great wall stretches from

Shanhaiguan in the east, to Lop Lake in

the west .(in northern China )

• Size:8,851.8 km

• Time: from the 5th century BC through the

16th century

• Inscription:1987

History1. The early era

• Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BCE, establishing the Qin Dynasty. The wall were established to protect the empire against intrusions by the Xiongnu people from the north.

• It caused at least one million people died in that time.

• Most of the ancient walls have eroded away, and very few sections remain today.

• After Qin Dynasty the Han, Sui, and Northern dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall.

• The Tang and Song Dynasties did not build any walls in the region.

2.The Ming era

• The Great Wall was revived again during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century because of war.

• During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built another wall called "Liaodong Wall". It could protect agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province and against the enemies from north.

Characteristics

• Before the Ming Dynasty the wall was made by rammed earth ,stones, and wood.

• In the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks ,  lime and stone.

Problems

• More than 60 km (37 mi) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms .

• In many locations the Wall is in disrepair.

• Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism.

sandstormsthe Wall is in disrepair

The Great Wall with snow in the winter.

Petra

Introduce

• Country: Jordan• Site: Ma'an Governorate• Inscription:1985• Time: the 6th century BC

History• This ancient city was deemed a capital

of the Nabataean.

• It’s an important trade pivot for transporting the silk and the spice in the ancient time.

• The city was built in the 6th century BC by the Nabataean and destroyed by the Roman Empire in 106.

• The site remained unknown to the Western world until 1812, when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt .

open-air theater

the snake wayurban tombs

majestic temple Al-Khazneh

Problems

• erosion due to flooding• collapse of ancient structures • improper rainwater drainage • weathering• improper restoration of ancient structures• a lot of tourists

Christ the Redeemer

Introduce

• Country: Brazil• Site: Rio de Janeiro• Time: 1922 ~1931• Size: It is 39.6 meters tall, including its

9.5 meters pedestal, and 30 meters wide. It weighs 635 tons.

• Inscription:2007

History

• It was made in 1921 by  by the Catholic Circle of Rio. The group Organized an event called” Semana do Monumento” to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue.

• Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue; it was sculpted by French sculptor Paul Landowski.

• The monument was opened on October 12, 1931.

Characteristics

• It’s a symbol of Brazilian Christianity, the statue has become an icon for Rio de Janeiro and Brazil.

• It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone.

• The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms symbolizes peace, and its appearance is a representation of the Christian cross .

• The pedestal symbolizing the world.

Problems• the lightning of the violent electrical

storm• graffiti and vandalism• strong wind and rain• Expensive restoration expense