WOR L DR E SO U RCE SFORUM

NAT U R A L R E S O U R C E SSustainable Targets, Technologies, Lifestyles and Governance

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Christian Ludwig | Cecilia Matasci | Xaver Edelmann | Editors2015ISBN: 978-3-9521409-6-3

ISBN 978-3-9521409-6-3

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LIST OF AUTHORS ..........................................................................................................................................5

CORRESPONDING AUTHORS ........................................................................................................................ 13

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... 15

PART I TARGETS, INDICATORS AND BENCHMARKS FOR RESOURCE USE...................................................... 17

1. FROM SCARCITY TO SECURITY: A RATIONALE FOR RESOURCES IN LCA .......................................................................... 192. A GLOBAL COLLABORATIVE ACCOUNTING NETWORK TO CALCULATE THE RESOURCE USE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.............. 243. RESOURCE EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRIAL SMES: DRIVERS AND EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY................................................... 304. CASCADING AS A SUITABLE STRATEGY TO IMPROVE THE RESOURCE EFFICIENCY OF WOOD CONSUMPTION? ........................... 375. INVESTIGATING THE LIFE SPAN OF CORK PRODUCTS THROUGH A LONGITUDINAL APPROACH.

OVERVIEW OF TWO YEARS RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 436. RESOURCE EFFICIENT PRODUCT PROVISION – CLOSING THE RESOURCES LOOP FOR WASTE MOBILE PHONES AND

SMARTPHONES ............................................................................................................................... ................ 497. THE FUTURE OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS: LEARNING FROM THE PAST.................................................................... 558. BASEL ON ITS WAY TO THE 2000 WATT SOCIETY................................................................................................... 609. COVERING THE LAST MILE IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON – THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING STRATEGIES IN THE

PROVISION OF UNIVERSAL ELECTRICITY ACCESS ....................................................................................................... 6910. ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE AS A MECHANISM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN

THREE CROPS: POTATOES, CORN AND BROAD BEANS. A 2030 STUDY. JUNIN REGION (PERU). .......................................... 7611. A WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH TO MODELLING LOW CARBON URBAN HEAT PROVISION .................................................... 8212. DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF CHINA'S SHALE GAS RESOURCES IN LIGHT OF GLOBAL WARMING......................................... 8813. INFLUENCING REDD+. STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN GHANA’S REDD+ PROCESS ..................................................... 9314. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND STRATEGY FOR THEIR REDUCTION IN INDONESIAN

VILLAGES ............................................................................................................................... ...................... 10015. REDUCING THE MATERIAL FOOTPRINT OF MEALS................................................................................................... 10616. FOODWASTE IN ABU DHABI’S HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY: HOWMUCH IS TOO MUCH?...................................................... 11117. THE NUTRITIONAL FOOTPRINT – ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF FOODSTUFFS ............................... 116

PART II TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION, BUSINESS AND FINANCE ............................................................. 123

18. MINERALISATION OF CO2 USING SERPENTINITE ROCK TOWARDS INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION........................................... 12519. PRODUCING PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE (PCC) FROM STEELMAKING SLAGS USING THE SLAG2PCC CONCEPT ........... 13020. THE POTENTIAL OF ALTERNATIVE BIOMASS BASED GAS TURBINE CYCLES IN LATIN AMERICA............................................. 13721. PRELIMINARY TECHNO ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND RISK ASSESSMENTS OF A HYBRID SOLARISED GAS TURBINE

CONCEPT............................................................................................................................... ...................... 14722. HEAVY HYDROCARBON MIXTURES AS FUELS FOR SIEMENS DLE GAS TURBINES .......................................................... 16023. SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL FROM SEWAGE WATER CASE STUDY FOR AN ANDEAN CITY ........................................... 16624. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AS A TECHNOLOGY TO OPTIMIZE THE MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL ORGANIC WASTE IN

COLOMBIA ............................................................................................................................... ................... 17225. RECOVERY AND REFINING OF PRECIOUS METALS ALLOYS BY OXI NITROGEN LEACHING.................................................... 17826. PYROLYSIS FOR COFFEE PULP VALORIZATION ........................................................................................................ 186

27. DIRECTED BIOPROSPECTING AS A STRATEGY FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF WASTE AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

VALORISATION............................................................................................................................... ............... 19128. SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIOFERTILIZERS: A NOVEL APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT OF LAND RESOURCES ........................... 195

PART III LIFESTYLES AND EDUCATION....................................................................................................... 199

29. MODELING SOCIETAL TRANSITION: INTRODUCING A SCHEME THAT COULD SERVE AS A REFERENCE POINT WITHIN THE

TRANSITION COMMUNITY ............................................................................................................................... 20130. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – THE IMPLICATIONS OF SEN’S CAPABILITY APPROACH AND

LUND’S CHOICE AWARENESS THEORY ................................................................................................................. 20831. LIFE QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR HOG BREEDERS .......................................................................................... 21432. SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF SUBJECTIVE VALUE OF FOREST CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, A CASE STUDY IN JAPAN ............... 21933. INNOVATIONS FOR PROTECTING RIDGE AND REEF: A CSR STRATEGY AND PRACTICE....................................................... 22434. DEVELOPING AN ENVIRONMENTALLY AWARE UNIVERSITY ....................................................................................... 23035. EDUCATION FOR RESOURCE PRESERVATION AND EFFICIENCY: IDENTIFYING AND DEVELOPING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL

AREAS OF EDUCATION IN GERMANY................................................................................................................... 23736. RAIL REVOLUTION OR CARBON CREATOR? ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR HIGH SPEED RAIL TO REPLACE DOMESTIC

FLIGHTS WORLDWIDE ............................................................................................................................... ...... 244

PART IV CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND DECOUPLING..................................................................................... 251

37. BUSINESS MODELS FOR A CIRCULAR WORLD: THE CASE OF METALS............................................................................ 25338. THE ROLE OF RESOURCE EFFICIENCY IN THE GERMAN TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM .................................... 26039. COMPLEX HUMAN NATURE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS IN A RESOURCE CONSTRAINED WORLD – SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED TO RESOURCE USE AND SCARCITY, AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS AIMING AT RESOURCE EFFICIENCY...... 26640. DYNAMIC MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS OF STEEL: STATE OF ART AND METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT .................................. 27141. WEALTH FROMWASTE IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY............................................................................................... 27742. POTENTIAL AVAILABILITY OF SECONDARY SCARCE METALS FROM SE LECTED APPLICATIONS IN GERMANY............................ 28343. RECOVERY OF METALS FROMWASTE, AN EXAMPLE FOR THE RESOURCE CYCLE ............................................................. 28944. EXPERIENCE DRAWN FROM PROJECTING CRITICAL MATERIAL FLOWS ALONG THE LIFE CYCLE OF OPTOELECTRONIC

PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................................... .................... 29445. WATERP:WATER ENHANCED RESOURCES PLANNING (ERP) “WHERE WATER SUPPLY MEETS DEMAND” ......................... 300

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 307

INDEX........................................................................................................................................................ 347

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Figure 1: Framework of EU policy addressing different resource categories

Figure 2: A rational for a comprehensive impact assessment of resources: aspects to be considered

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Figure 1: Illustration of the myEcoCost project structure

Figure 2: Environmental data flow in the myEcoCost resource accounting system (Geibler et al. 2013)

Tableau 1: Material Footprint calculation of 1kg of potato pancake production (based on assumptions).

Figure 3: Value chain in potato pancake production

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Figure 1. SMEs sectors: Resource Efficiency Figure 2. SMEs sectors: Resource Efficiency and decrese cost of production

Table 1: Description of variables

Table 2: Results of Logit model according significance

Table 3: Tests for model adjustment

Tests LogitModel ProbitModelLog Likelihood 104.63406 104.64002Akaike's Information Criterion 225.2681 225.28Bayesian Information Criterion 252.7379 252.7498

Figure 3. Map of Resource efficiency SMEs in Lima

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Frischknecht & Jungbluth 2007

Rüter & Diederichs (2012)

Figure 1: Scheme of a possible basket of benefit composition.

Ekvall & Finnveden 2001, Fleischer 1996

Fleischer (1996) Bystricky et al. (2010)

Figure 2: Cascading system (top) and reference system (bottom) for the scenario “Full cascade”.

Figure 3: Cascading system (top) and reference system (bottom) for the scenario “Particleboard”.

Figure 4: Results of LCA of cascading of waste wood in comparison to products from primary wood (differences between the two systems in percent).

15% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15%

Full cascade

Particleboard

HTP [kg DCB eq.] AP [kg SO2 eq.] GWP fossil [kg CO2 eq] Primary energy fossil [MJ]

CascadingPrimary wood advantage

Table 1: Wood consumption of the different baskets for the scenarios “Full cascade” and “Particleboard” in kilogram dry matter.

Gärtner et al. (2013)

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Figure 1: Fruit bowl cases after two years: Images, evaluation chart, and interrelations graphic

Figure 2: Images of PK purse coins after 2 years and placement of examples in the conceptual model

product user

context of use

general context

Figure 3: Evolution of differences observed over time – soap dish

Figure 4: Evolution of differences observed over time – keychain

Figure 5: Aggregated results; evolution of the assessments of the four aspects/ parameters

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Table 1: Monetary value of metals stocks in mobile phones and smartphones in Germany (2004-2013)4

Table 2: Monetary value of metals in global sales of mobile phones (2004-2013)

Table 3: Monetary value of material stock in smartphones sold in Germany (2010-2017)

Table 4: Gold content of selected electronic equipment (g/unit)

Figure 1 – Take back system for separate collection of mobile phones

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Figure 1. Change in internal and external temperatures since 1970 (DTI 2006, p. 6)

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per capita per capita

per capita

per capita

Figure 1: The Space Type Energy Model (STEM).

intra muros-

Figure 2: The urban and rural prototypes of the City of Basel.

per capita

Figure 3: Energy mix (end energy) of the Canton Basel-Stadt. In 2010, the total end energy consumption reached 5902 GWh.

Figure 4: Present and future end energy demand per capita for the City of Basel for the reference scenario and the 2000-Watt-scenario.

Figure 5: Present and future power demand (end energy) and renewable power production for the City of Basel for the reference scenario and the 2000-Watt-scenario.

Figure 6: Present and future heat demand (end energy) and renewable heat production for the City of Basel for the reference scenario and the 2000-Watt-scenario (STP sewage treatment plant).

per capita

Figure 7: Present and future greenhouse gas emissions in CO2-equivalents per capita and year for the City of Basel for the reference scenario and the 2000-Watt-scenario.

per capita

Table 1: Annual expenses and savings in the reference scenario and the 2000-Watt-scenario.

Figure 8: Typical expenses of a citizen of Basel, including the costs for the 2000-Watt-Society.

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Figure 1

Figure 1: Typical remote households in the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 2

Figure 2: Identified challenges and leverage points within the Brazilian rural electrification initiative for off-grid solutions

Figure 3

Figure 3: Knowledge-sharing has the potential to activate identified leverage points

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.

Figure 1: Foxon’s Co-evolutionary framework (Foxon, 2011)

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World Energy Outlook 2012

Figure 1: Blocks for 1st and 2nd Shale Gas Bidding Round

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neither fast, nor easy

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Table 1: Strategies for Reducing GHG Emissions Proposed for Indrokilo

Figure 1: Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in 2008 – 2012

Figure 2: Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation until 2020

Figure 3: Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management until 2020

Figure 4: Total GHG Emissions in Indrokilo until 2020

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Figure 1: Material Footprint of protein sources, Source: Kauppinen et al. 2008

Table 1: Material footprint and nutritional values of typical lunch meals in Germany. Source: own calculations

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Figure 1: Results of the interviews with chefs/EHS personnel at UAE hotels.

Figure 2: Materials Flow Analysis for the lunch buffet at a UAE hotel

Table 1: Mass values for the different food waste categories measured as part of the MFA.

Nutritional Footprint

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a. Estimation of health and environmental issues related to the specific food products b. Allocation and evaluation of the results in comparison to the basic references

(Assessment of all relevant indicators/ ranges 1-3) c. Identification (calculate and displayed as the nutritional footprint) and quantitative

comparison of results

Table 1: Indicators included in the nutritional footprint

strong

small

Land use ( <3.75 // <1.25

3.76- 5.625 // 1.25 – 1.875

>5.625 // >1.875

Table 2: Sustainable level - assessment of daily intake and a lunch meal (qualitative assessment) [revised based on Scheiper et al. (2015) and Lukas et al. (2015)]

Table 3: Assessment of results (based on several data, e.g. Lukas et al. 2014, Mekonnen/Hoekstra 2010a/2010b, Kaupinnen et al. 2008, Wirsenius et al. 2010) 10

How can companies deal with new data-based indicators to influence their own product portfolio?

How can instruments such as the nutritional footprint affect consumer choices?

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Figure 1: A schematic illustration of the mineral carbonation process under development at ÅA.

Figure 2: Summary for process parameters optimal range for Mg(OH)2 production (Nduagu, 2012b)

Figure 3: Process schematic for serpentinite carbonation applied to an industrial lime kiln gas without CO2 pre-separation (Slotte et al, 2013)

S/S extraction Dissolution

Carbonator

Crystallizer

Compression

PP I &II

Gas products

20 MgCO3hot product

8 12 Water

3 Flue gas

7 Flue gas

Expansion

Solid hotproducts

CO2 lean gas

15 Residues16 Iron(steel

making)

1 AS

2 Serpentine

19Recovered

AS

21 CO2 leangas

13 Flue gas 18 Water17 Water

HX 1

HX 2

HX 3

HX 4

Lime kiln

Flue gas (heatexchange)

Water (heatexchange)

Material streams

Flue gas

Evaporated water(heat exchange)

CO2 lean gas

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Figure 1: The slag2pcc process for PCC manufacturing from steelmaking slags.

-

Figure 2: Process scheme and picture of the constructed demonstration setup at ÅAU

Figure 3: Observed limitations for selective calcium extraction with ammonium chloride solvent, the experiments listed (Mattila and Zevenhoven, 2014) are marked with circles. The shown stoichiometric limit is calculated for a slag containing 45% CaO, of which 50% is in reactive form.

Table 1: The chemical composition of various PCC samples produced with the slag2pcc method (XRF analysis): 1) 0.50 mol/L NH4Cl, 2) 0.65 mol/L NH4Cl, 3) 1.84 mol/L NH4Cl. (Mattila, 2014). (For entries labeled “-“ the element was not detected by the analysis instrument.)

Figure 4: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) pictures of a) aragonite, b) rhombohedral calcite, c) vaterite and d) scalenohedral calcite particles, produced with the slag2pcc process. Scale bars 10 μm in a and c, 1 μm in b) and 2 μm in d).

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Figure 1: Schematic of an Indirect Fired Gas turbine Cycle and the corresponding T-S diagram.

Figure 2:

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3: Thermal efficiency of the Gasifier and Hot air Boiler

Figure 3: Electrical efficiency and Specific biomass consumption per MWel of the EFGT and BGGT cycles.

Table 4: Load profile for IFGT and BGGT

Figure 4: Yearly internal return rate for different electricity prices without (left) and without (right) considering income tax.

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° °

Figure 1: Schematic of solarised GT (P. Schwazbözl, 2006).

°

° °

Figure 2: Basic Philosophy of TERA

Figure 3: Temperature-Entropy diagram of a solarised gas turbine system.

solar share solar fraction.

Figure 4: Schematic of the M50 solarised representative engine.

°

Table 1: Input Parameters

Table 2: Input Component Efficiencies

Table 3: Performance results of M50 solar-hybrid vs fossil-only unit.

Figure 5: Results summary from sensitivity analysis

Figure 6: Solar-hybrid and Fossil-only configuration emission results

Figure 7: COE results-Solar-hybrid unit vs fossil-only unit

i

i

Figure 8: Input Data for the 2k factorial design sensitivity analysis of the COE

Figure 9: 2k factorial design scenario analysis

Table 4 : TRL Levels of solarised GT components

Figure 1: Minimum autoignition temperature vs carbon chain length (A. Hellberg, 2009).

Figure 2. The 2nd generation DLE burner used in SGT-600.

Figure 3. The 3rd generation DLE burner for SGT-700 and SGT-800.

Figure 4. SGT-600 non-DLE (Conventional Combustion system).

Figure 5.SGT-600 bypass system used to increase the flame temperature between 0 and 90 % load.

Figure 6 and 7: SGT-600 at full load and 21% PFR. NOx ( ) and CO (�) vs pentane content in fuel (M. Andersson, 2011).

Figure 8 and 9: SGT Normalized emissions of NOx and CO from the experimental burner as a function of pentane content in the fuel [6] and Normalized emissions for different burner configuration (A. Bonaldo, 2014).

Figure 10. Normalized NOx at 100% load on Ethane .

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Figure 1: Sewage Treatment Plant Projects: (A) PTAR “La Enlozada”, (B) PTAR “Escalerilla”

Hn

Qaverage

Hn

Qaverage

totalnaverage nHQP

Table 1: Estimated Power and Yearly Energy Production from Sewage Water

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Figure 1. Two Stage (dry-wet) Anaerobic Digestion System for OFMSW

*STR: Solid Retention Time, HTR: Hydraulic Retention Time. OLR: Organic Load Rate. SB: Sludge Blanket. AF: Anaerobic Filter. OM: Organic Matter, COD: Chemical Oxigen Demand

Table 1: Performance of Pilot plant

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aqua-regia

Table 1: Representative gold contents for scraps and waste

inquartion and parting Aqua Regia

inquarting)

parting)

(s) (aq) (aq) (g) (g) (l)

(s) (aq) (g) (l)

(aq) (aq) (g) (l)

Figure 1. Outline of the inquarting and parting process.

Aqua Regia

inquartation

inquartation process

(s) (aq) (aq) (aq) (g) (l)

(aq) (aq) (aq)

(s) (aq) (aq) (aq) (g) (l)

Figure 2. Outline of the aqua regia process.

inquarting and parting aqua regia

(g) (g) (g)

(g) (aq)

(aq) (aq) (aq)

Table 2: Potentials of hydrometallurgical redox potential (Anderson, 2004)

inquarting and parting

Acqua Regia

aqua regia

Figure 3. Outline of the inquartation and parting process.

Figure 4. Outline of the Aqua Regia process.

Inquarting and parting

Aqua Regia

Table 3: The operating conditions used both in the conventional (old) and modified (new) leaching processes and the compared results.

aqua regia

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Scope

Figure 1. Generic flowchart of coffee production in Peru

Purpose:

Figure 2. Unused coffee pulp

Figure 3. CAD Modell of the pyrolysis prototype including FLOX burner, reactor and cyclone separator

Figure 4. Connection of the pyrolysis plant to the existing burning unit (wood, fossil fuel or coffee husks) as well to the existing pre-drying and drying process.

Figure 5 Simple Biochar production with a double cylinder oven

Figure 1. Cluster scheme of processes that can be coupled to enhance microbial diversity.

Figure 2. Description of the basic reactor operational processes for adapting microbial consortia.

Keywords:

Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Bradyrhizobium, Enterobacter, Mezorhizobium

Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Azotobacter

Azotobacter Azospirillum

Bacillus Azospirillum

Pseudomonas

Planococcus rifietoensis

Rhizobium meliloti

Rhizobium leguminosarum

Trifolium alexandrinum

Rhizobium leguminosarum ciceri

Mezorhizobium ciceri

Rhizobium phaseoli

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the

Figure 1: The Sustainability Transition Scheme. Alchemy, knighthood, church ... are examples without raising a claim of completeness. Further explanations see text.

god in the beginning created the heavens and the earth

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status

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Table 1: Comparison of production indicators Baseline – today (Source: Peru Waste Innovation S.A.C., 2014.)

Figure 1: Lactic Fermentation Process for foliar bio fertilizer production

Fermentation process (30

Homogenizing

Straining

Measurement of pH and temperature

Table 2: Economic indicators

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Figure 1: Map of the study area: Japan(upper right side), Aichi Prefecture and Toyota city (Upper left side) and Inabu and Asahi towns in Toyota City(lower left side). Satellite image: ©JAXA

Table 1: Main contents of each survey

Figure 2: Cluster analysis for forest sites by CES in Inabu (Source: Hayashi et al (in press))

Figure 3: The importance of each CES subjective value by experience level visiting a site. The vertical scale shows the average score of the importance by respondents. The score 10 is the highest value.

Figure 4: Spatial distribution of the subjective value of water supply service provided from Inabu and Asahi towns(tentative results). The range of the subjective value is 0 to 10 point. The 10 is the highest importance.

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Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia,

Ambiente, Hábitat y Sostenibilidad

SEEM

Figure 1: a) Percentage of the emissions according to type of vehicle in the University. b) Geographical coverage of the study (Academic population converging from 28 different geographical zones).

Table 1: Percentage of emission reductions compared with the base line results.

Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia

33%

7%1%

52%

2%

29%

90% 94%

27%

89%

38%

3% 5%

21%

9%

CO Emission MP Emission SO2 Emission VOC Emission NOx Emission

Motorcycle Public Transportation Private Vehicles

Figure 2: left) Photovoltaic panel installed in the University Campus. right) External ultra-efficient LED illumination point, powered by photovoltaic panel.

Figure 3: a to d) Risk identification in Campus. e) Schematic of the new risk map at the Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia

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Figure 1: Resource definition

Figure 2: Proceeding of the Project

Table 1 Planned focusgroups in the different fields of education

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Table 1: Summary of study routes

Figure 1: Per cent change in carbon emissions from moving from air to HSR for study routes

Figure 2: Parity values for carbon emissions between HSR and air travel carbon emissions at different future annual aircraft efficiency improvement

Table 2: Travel times on study routes

how businesses do business

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Figure 1: Categorisation of sustainable business model archetypes after Bocken et al., (2014). Examples included indicate those identified to be most applicable to creating and attaining value from circular flows for metals.

Creating wealth from waste archetype

Deliver functionality rather than ownership archetype Adopt a stewardship role archetype

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Table 1: Targets of the Transformation of the German Energy System (BMWi 2013, p.3)

Table 2: Targets Ranges of energy savings of recycling for various ferrous and non-ferrous metals (adapted from Norgate 2004 by UNEP 2013).

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Figure 1: The complex interconnected human – biophysical world systems through a support system. (Developed based on Bossel, 1999; BMU, 2012)

Casual loop diagramming

Figure 2: Causal Loop Diagram showing the main driving forces to environmental degradation and resource scarcity, and the alternative potential solutions to tackle with these issues. A detailed explanation of the figure is given in the next section.

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COM (2001) 264. 15.5.2001

Table 1: Summary table of steel DMFA studies review

Figure 1: Generic system definition

Figure 2: Parameters for data collection

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Journal of Industrial Ecology

Vision 2040: Innovation in Mining and Minerals .

Figure 1: Intersection of fields of activity

Figure 2: Destination of metal-bearing waste streams in Australia (source: Corder et al. 2014)

the actors and organizations that accumulate these materials and their current practices around disposal. Information is needed about existing collection systems, their logistical elements, how economic value is currently captured in collection of used goods and materials, and the formal and informal institutional frameworks that influence current arrangements. Also required is a better understanding of the informal frameworks of social values, norms and knowledge that influence current disposal practices

“To extract small quantities of PMs from e-waste, thermodynamic knowledge of more than one BMs including copper, lead, nickel and zinc is required. Australia is a world leader in the mineral and mining industry and possesses the capability of copper, lead, zinc and PM processing. There is an opportunity to optimize the existing non-ferrous extraction processes to recycle e-waste and recover PMs.

Product Stewardship Act 2011

Product Stewardship (Televisions and Computers) Regulations 2011

that the prevailing political agenda favouring deregulation and reduced taxation may be a major barrier to development of new styles of regulation and more effective use of taxation powers that is needed to support a more circular economy in metals

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Figure 1: Selected metals for assessment in ReStra

Figure 2: Analytical frame for analysis in ReStra

Table 1: Analyzed product groups and metals

Figure 3: Flows of selected strategic metals in 2020

Pt Pd Rh Au In Ga Ge YPotential flow in 2020 [kg] 7,052 14,118 3,253 573 128 36 2.3 7,252World mine production 2011 [t] 492,000 2,600,000 641 216 120Ratio 0.005% 0.00002% 0.020% 0.017% 0.002%

La Ce Nd Gd Tb Dy Er RE,unspec.

Potential flow in 2020 [kg] 373,216 419,443 13,277 931 491 4,206 1.3 52,400World mine production 2011REO [t] 125,384

Ratio 0.869%

Table 2: Preliminary results for potential flows of strategic metals in EOL-products in 2020 and ratios between secondary potential in Germany and global production (data on world mine production from British Geological Survey 2013)

Re-pro

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Figure 1

Figure 1. Grain size distribution of copper (left) and zinc in MSWI bottom ash. The mass fractions of the grain size distribution are displayed on the left side (second y-axis).

Figure 1

Figure 2. Mass and exergy flows for the production of Al and Cu from natural resources (Ayres et al., 2006).

Figure 1: Research approach

Table 1: Measures to narrow down data uncertainties in material flow analyses

The research leading to these results has received funding from the EC funding scheme 7th Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013, WatERP project grant agreement n° 318603. This paper reflects only the authors„ research and the Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

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Figure 1: Water Savings Potential

Figure 2: WatERP Impacts Potential

et al.

Gulf News

The National

Analysing REDD +; Challenges and Choices

Applied Geochemistry

Sustainable Metals Management: Securing Our Future - Steps Towards a Closed Loop Economy (Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science)

Historic Scotland Technical Paper 10.

Gulf News

Waste Management

Resources 3

Design and construction : building in value,

Food Beverage Manager

Low Carbon Construction IGT Report.

Journal of Cleaner Production 65

Using the Buffet Monitoring Tool to Reduce Waste and Food Run-Out

Building Research & Information,

Environmental Science & Technology

Closing the gap About CarbonBuzz

Municipal solid waste incineration residues: An international perspective on characterisation and management of residues from municipal solid waste Incineration

Environmental science & technology

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4

Building Research & Information,

Environmental Science & Policy 14

The Composition of Waste Disposed of by the UK Hospitality Industry

Energy – its impact on the environment and society.

Galega officinalis RhizobiumPseudomonas

Bradyrhizobium japonicum Stenotrophomonas rhizophila

Cicer arietinum

Towards the circular economy: Accelerating the scale-up across global supply chains

COM(2011) 112 final.

Energy and Buildings,

Building Research & Information,

Sustainable Energy Systems Engineering: The Complete Green Building Design Resource

Building Research & Information,

Resources

Journal of Cleaner Production

Platinum Metals Review 56

PLoS ONE 4

International Forestry Review 11

Trichoderma hamatum

Gulf News

In: L1A.

Chemosphere

Quantifying Principal Agent Problems in Energy Efficiency.

Energy Policy

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Waste Management

The National

Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

Environmental Science & Policy 14

Bradyrhizobium japonicum Glycine max

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy34

Harvard University Press

Building Research &Information,

Paper for Presentation at the 4th International Conference on Sustainability Transitions, June 18-21, ETH Zurich

Society & Natural Resources 23

NAH_Gast

Sinorhizobium meliloti Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Hydrometallurgy 2008: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium

In press

accepted

The Forests Dialogue

The National

Carbon Bites

Applied Energy,

Conservation Biology

Azospirillum Bacillus

Second international Future Mining Conference, Sydney 22-23 November

Ore Geology Reviews

Resources Policy

Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

The Science of the total environment

Enerwaste

Energy and Buildings,

Planococcus rifietoensis Triticum aestivum

Environmental Science & Technology

1

Journal of Environmental Management 90

Metal recycling: opportunities, limits, infrastruture

Oxford Review of Economic Policy

Cicer arietinum

submitted

accepted/in press, doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.08.002

Resources 3

Traditional construction for a sustainable future,

Case studies from the Accra Caucus

Energy and Buildings,

13

International Journal of Mineral Processing

Construction Management and Economics,

Construction Management and Economics,

Aschen, Schlacken, Stäube aus Abfallverbrennung und Metallurgie – Berliner Schlackenkonferenz –

International Journal of Exergy

accepted/in press/available on-line, doi 10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.009

accepted / available on-line, doi: 10.1002/ep.11792

Too Good to Waste: Restaurant Food Waste Survey Report

Lycopersicum esculentum

Smart and Sustainable Built Environment,

The National

Cicer arietinum

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4

Building Research & Information,

Aluminium Lexikon

Journal of Harzadous Materials

Nature

Science

Rhizobium leguminosarum trifolii

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Aztobacter Azospirillium

buildgreen

Rhizobium phaseoli

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Aabiotic stress, 195agricultural insurance, 76agricultural solid waste, 214air pollution, 230air rail partnerships, 244Amazon region, 69anaerobic digestion, 172animal husbandry, 100

Bbio fertilizers, 214biochar, 186, 195biodiversity, 219biofertilizers, 195biogas, 100, 172biomass, 137Bioprospecting, 191broad beans, 76business models, 253

Ccapability approach, 208carbon emissions, 244cascading, 37CCS/CCUS, 125central receiver, 147choice awareness, 208circular economy, 253clean energy, 230cleaner production, 186, 230climate change, 76, 93, 100CO2 long term storage, 125CO2 storage and utilization, 130coffee, 186Colombia, 172competencies, 237compost, 100concentrating solar power, 147construction, 55cork products and materials, 43corn, 76corporate social responsibility (CSR), 224

critical raw materials, 19crop, 195cultural ecosystem service, 219

Ddeveloping countries, 208distributed power generation, 166domestic air travel, 244drought, 195dynamic model, 271

Eeco accounting, 24ecological costs, 24ecosystem service, 219education, 237efficiency, 60, 214energy, 260energy efficiency, 55energy systems, 208enhance resources planning, 300enhancement of waste, 191environmental indicators, 116environmental noise, 230environmental sound technologies, 30environmental technology, 289experiencing, 201experiential domains, 201

Ffamily corporation, 224food, 106, 116food waste, 111footprint, 116forest, 93, 219

Ggas turbines, 137, 160Germany, 49GIS, 60global warming, 88green economy, 30green industry, 30

greenhouse gas, 100greenhouse gases, 60

Hhealth indicators, 116heat, 82heavy hydrocarbon, 160heliostats, 147high speed rail, 244hog breeding, 214horizontal drilling, 88hospitality industry, 111hydrometallurgy, 178

Iimpact assessment, 19indirect fire cycle, 137Indonesia, 100Indrokilo, 100industrial ecology, 277innovation, 186intercity travel, 244IWRM, 300

Kknowledge sharing, 69

Lleaching, 178levelised cost of electricity, 147life cycle assessment, 19, 24, 37livelihood, 93livestock, 100local community, 93longitudinal study, 43low heating value, 137

Mmanure management, 100material flow analyses, 294material flow analysis, 271material footprint, 24, 106materials flow analysis, 111matter, 201

meals, 106metabolism, 201metals, 253microbial diversity, 191mind, 201mineralisation, 125modelling, 82, 294municipal solid waste, 111, 172

Nnatural resources, 19, 260

Ooff grid solutions, 69optoelectronic products, 294oxi nitrogen species, 178

Pparticipation, 93performance gap, 55policy instruments, 137potatoes, 76power production, 137precious metals, 178precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), 130pricing system, 88product life span, 43production, 76pyrolysis, 186

Rraw material, 260RECP (Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production), 30recyclable material, 289recycling, 277recycling potential, 283recycling technology, 289REDD+, 93remote areas, 69renewable energy, 60renewable solid fuels, 172renewables, 82resource depletion, 19resource efficiency, 24, 106, 237, 260, 266, 300resource preservation, 237

resource saving potentials, 106resource scarcity, 266resource use, 266rhizobia, 195risk reduction, 230roadmap resources education, 237

Ssalinity, 195scale up, 125scarce metals, 283secondary resources, 283serpentinite, 125sewage water, 166shale gas, 88small hydropower, 166SMEs, 30social innovation, 224socio technical, 82solar energy, 147solar tower, 147solarised gas turbine, 147spatial modelling, 60speculative bubble, 88steel, 271steelmaking slag, 130strategic metals, 283sustainability, 224, 266sustainable development, 111, 208sustainable nutrition, 116system expansion, 37

systems analysis, 266systems thinking, 266

Ttechno economic, 82transformation, 260triple bottom line, 224

Uuniversal electricity access, 69urban mining, 277urban planning, 60users, 43

Vvalorisation, 130, 191vernacular, 55village, 100

Wwaste management, 289waste mobile phones, 49waste wood, 37water cooperation, 300water governance, 300WEEE, 49

Christian Ludwig received his master’s degree (1990) and PhD (1993) from the Chemistry Department at the University of Berne, Switzerland. Post Doctoral years were spent at the Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources (LAWR), UC Davis, CA (1994-1995) and at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology EAWAG (1995-1997). 1997 he joined Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Today, he is head of a research group at PSI and adjunct professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne (EPFL) in the field of Solid Waste Treatment.

Cecilia Matasci has studied Biology at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland and Natural Sciences of the Environment at the University of Geneva (Switzerland). After various job experiences in Switzerland and abroad, she wrote her PhD thesis at the Economics and Environmental Management Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne (EPFL) from 2008 to 2012. Cecilia is currently working for the World Resources Forum, focusing on resource efficiency indicators, circular economy and government outreach.

Xaver Edelmann studied Physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) of Zurich, Switzerland (1968-1973) and received his PhD in Technical Sciences in 1985. He held different leading positions as a research and development scientist at Sulzer Brothers Limited Winterthur, Switzerland (1974-1991). From 1991 to 2013 he has been a member of the Executive Board of Directors at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Empa. He was President of the Swiss Association for Standardization, SNV (1996-2005). Since 2003 he is President of the Swiss Association for Quality and Management Systems, SQS. He is also the founder and current President of the World Resources Forum, WRF.

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Christian Ludwig | Cecilia Matasci | Xaver Edelmann | Editors2015ISBN: 978-3-9521409-6-3