wrist and hand 山东大学医学院 解剖教研室 李振华. surface anatomy of wrist and hand...
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Surface anatomy of wrist and hand
Anatomical “snuff box” 鼻烟壶
Medial: tendon of the extensor pollicis longs
Lateral: tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
Proximal: styloid process of radius
Floor: scaphoid and trapezium bones
Radial a. crosses the floor of the snuff, so may fell the radial pulse in this fossa
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Deep fascia of the wrist
Palmar carpal ligament 腕掌侧韧带 Flexor retinaculum 屈肌支持带
Thickening of deep fascia in the hand Attached laterally to scaphoid and trapezium a
nd medially to pisiform and hamate Ulnar carpal canal 腕尺侧管
Formed by the distal part of palmar carpal ligament and flexor reticulum
Transmit the ulnar a., v. and n. Radial carpal canal 腕桡侧管
The radial end of flexor reticulum is attached to the tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
Transmit tendon of flexor carpi radialis
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★Carpal tunnel
Composition: Formed by flexor retinaculum and carpal groove
Structures passing through the carpal tunnel Median n. The tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis a
nd flexor digitorum profundus enclosed by common flexor synovial sheath
The tendon of flexor pollicis longus enclosed by synovial sheath for flexor pollicis longus
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Carpal tunnel
Common flexor synovial sheath
Synovial sheath for flexor pollicis longus
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Carpal tunnel
Median n.
common flexor synovial sheath Tendon of flexor pollicis longus enclosed by synovial sheath for flexor pollicis longus
Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
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Posterior region of wrist 腕后区
Extensor retinaculum 伸肌支持带 Thickening of deep fascia of forearm a
wrist Attached laterally to radius and mediall
y to styloid process of ulna and triquetral bone
Forms six fibrous compartments for extensor tendons passing from forearm into hand
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Posterior region of wrist 腕后区 ① tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis and their synovial sheaths;
② tendons of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis and their synovial sheaths;
③ tendon of extensor pollicis longus and its synovial sheath; ④ tendons of extensor digitorum, extensor indicis and their synovial sheaths;
⑤ tendon of extensor digiti minimi and its synovial sheaths; ⑥ tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris and its synovial sheaths
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Palm of hand 手掌
Deep fascia of the palm Superficial layer
Thenar fascia 鱼际筋膜 Hypothenar fascia 小鱼际筋膜 Palmar aponeurosis 掌腱膜
thick triangular membrane Deep layer
palmar interosseous fascia 骨间掌侧筋膜
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Osseofascial compartments of palm 手掌骨筋膜鞘
Lateral compartment 外侧鞘 Medial compartment 内侧鞘 Intermediate compartment 中间鞘
Laeral intermuscular septumMedial intermuscular septum
Palmar aponeurosis
Palmar interosseous fascia
Adductor pollicis
Hypothenar fascia
Thenar fascia
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Intermediate compartment 中间鞘 Boundaries
Palmar aponeurosis Laeral and medial intermus
cular septum Palmar interosseous fascia
Contents superficial palmar arch, a.,
v.,n. tendons of flexor digitorum
superficialis and profundus Lumbricales common flexor sheath
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Fascia spaces 筋膜间隙 Thenar space 鱼际间隙 : located between the fascia of the adductor pollicis and flexor te
ndon of the index finger. Proximal: blind Distally: continuous with the back of the index finger by the fist lumbrical canal
Midpalmar space 掌中间隙 : lies posterior to common flexor sheath Proximal: continous with the posterior space of the antebrachial flexor through the carpl canal Distally: continuous with the appropriate lumbrical canals
Midpalmar space
Thenar space
Palmar intermediate septum
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Muscles of hand
Lateral group - thenar (4) Medial group - hypothenar (3) Intermedial group
Lumbricals 蚓状肌 (4) Palmar interossei 骨间掌侧肌 (3) Dorsal interossei 骨间背侧肌 (4)
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Muscles of hand
Lateral group - thenar 鱼际 (4) Abductor pollicis brevis 拇短展肌 Flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌 Opponens pollicis 拇对掌肌 Adductor pollicis 拇收肌
Action: flex, abduct, adduct and oppose thumb
Nerve supply: median n. except adductor pollicis which is supplied by ulnar n.
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Muscles of hand
Medial group - hypothenar 小鱼际 (3) Abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌
Flexor digiti minimi brevis 小指短屈肌
Opponens digiti minimi 小指对掌肌
Action: flex, abduct , and oppose little
finger Nerve supply: ulnar n.
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Muscles of hand
Intermedial group
Lumbricals 蚓状肌 (4) Action: flex fingers at MP joint
s; extend fingers at IP joints Nerve supply: first two lumbric
als supplied by median n., and 3rd and 4th lumbricals supplied by ulnar n.
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Muscles of hand
Intermedial group Palmar interossei (3) 骨间掌侧肌
adduct fingers towards middle finger at MP joints
Dorsal interossei (4) 骨间背侧肌 abduct fingers away from middl
e finger at MP joints Nerve supply: ulnar n.
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Arteries of upper limb
Superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓 Formed by ulnar artery and superficial
palmar branch of radial artery The curve of arch lies across the pal
m, level with the distal border of fully extended thumb
Gives rise to three common palmar digital arteries each then divides into two proper palmar digital arteries
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Arteries of upper limb
Deep palmar arch 掌深弓 Formed by radial artery and deep palm
ar branch of ulnar artery The curve of arch lies across upper part
of palmar at level with proximal border of extended thumb
Gives rise to three palmar metacarpal arteries to joint the distal ends of the corresponding common palmar digital arteries
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Nerves of hand Median n. 正中神经
Muscular branches: supply thenar except adductor pollicis, first two lumbricales
Cutaneus branches: supply skin of thenar, central part of palm, palmar aspect of radial three and one-half fingers, including middle and distal fingers on dorsum
Recurrent branch
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Nerves of hand Ulnar n. 尺神经
Muscular branches supply hypothenar muscles, interossei, 3rd and 4th lumbricales and adductor pollicis
Cutaneus branches supply skin of hypothenar, palmar surface of ulnar one and one-half fingers, ulnar half of dorsum of hand, posterior aspect of ulnar two and one-half fingers
Radial n. 桡神经 Skin of radial side of dorsum of hand Posterior aspect of radial two and on
e-half fingers
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Dorsum of hand 手背Fascia of the dorsal hand The superficial fascia
Dorsal venous rete of hand Superficial lymph vessels Superficial branches of radial n. and do
esal branch of ulnar n. Deep fascia - the dorsal fascia of han
d Superficial layer--dorsal aponeurosis
手背腱膜 Deep layer--dorsal interosseous fascia
骨间背侧筋膜
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Dorsum of hand 手背Two spaces The dorsal subcutaneous space 手背皮下间隙 The dorsal subaponeurotic space 手背腱膜下间隙
Superficial fascia
Dorsal aponeurosisDorsal interosseous fascia
Dorsal subcutaneous space
Dorsal subaponeurotic space
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Fingers 手指
Pulp space of the fingers 指髓间隙 The deep fascia of the pulp of each finger fuses with
the periosteum of the terminal phalanx just distal to the insertion of the long flexor tendons and closes off a facial compartment known as the pulp space.
Each pulp space is subdivided by the presence of numerous septa, which pass from the deep fascia to the periosteum.
Through the pulp space, which is filled with fat, runs the terminal branches of the digital artery that supplies the diaphysis of the terminal phalanx..
The pulp space is limited proximally by the firm adherence of skin and the distal flexion crease to the underlying tissue; this prevents pulp infection from spreading proximally along the finger.