w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
TRANSCRIPT
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
k¾;kh
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
7 fYa%Ksh
fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.uY%S ,xldj
www.nie.lk
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
k¾;kh
7 jk fY%aKsh
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
^2016 isg l%shd;aul fõ&
m%:u uqøKh 2016
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ISBN
fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk
úoHq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]
uqøKh ( uqøKd,hcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
i
wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh
wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiskaldf,daÑ; j úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk w;r ta ta úIhhkag wod< jw;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a iïmdokh tys tla m%;sM,hls'
ta wkqj 6 isg 13 fY%aKs úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY mka;s ldurh ;=<id¾:l j ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;aiïmdokh lr we;'
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a uÕsska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< WoaOD; .=re YsIH fomd¾Yajhfj; iemhSfuka wod< úIh Odrdj myiqfjka wOHhkh lsÍug myiqlï ie,fikq we;snj wmf.a úYajdih hs'
fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a mßYS,kh fldg bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shid¾:l lr .kakd f,i .=re Nj;=kaf.ka o" isiq ore ±ßhkaf.ka o b,a,d isáñ'
fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lsÍu i|yd Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh iemiQwdh;ksl ld¾h uKav,h iy ndysr úoaj;=ka fj; udf.a lD;{;dj ysñ fõ'
wdpd¾h chka;s .=KfialrwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
i i
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh
bf.kqu ksr;=re j we.ehSu iu. iïnkaO l< yels h' by< we.ehSï idOkhla
i|yd w;a±lSu mq¿,a úh hq;= h' úyso .sh mq¿,a mrdihla iys; by< we.ehSul ysñlu
ieug u Wmßu i;=gla Wreu lrhs' ta i|yd fiajkhg wod< mqoa.," ia:dk" jia;=" isoaê
nyq, ùu wjYH h'
tfia bf.kqï w;a±lSï mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd;a ilia lsÍug
yelsùu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg i;=gls' ta i|yd lem ù ls%hd l< ieug wmf.a
ia;=;sh msßkefï'
YsIH m%cdj fuu w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd; mßyrKh lrñka tuÕska bÈßm;a lrk
fjk;a ±kqï uQ,hka o ióm lr .;fyd;a by< idOkhla fj; <Õd ùug yels ùu
ksiel h' tneúka YsIH" .=re fo.=re" ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h' fuu w;sf¾l
iïm;a fmd;a ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug Wla; ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq ùu o wm úiska
wfmalaId flf¾' wod< hï lreKla fjf;d;a wm ±kqïj;a lrk f,i b,a,d isák w;r
±fha ¥ orejkaf.a bf.kqï mrdihka mq¿,a fjñka wNsudkj;a ±hla f.dv kefÕa jdz hs
m%d¾:kd lrñ'
wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
i i i
ye¢kaùu
YS% ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< yr fyj;a m%Odk úIhhka f,i ms<s.;a ujqni".Ks;h" úoHdj jeks úIhhka i|yd fndfyda lf,l isg úIh ks¾foaYhg iu.dó j .=reud¾f.damfoaYhg ̂Teacher Guide& wu;r j fm< fmd;a ̂Text books& Ndú;fha mj;S' tawkqj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY .=rejrhdg o" fm< fmd; isiq mßyrKhg o ,nd foñka isiqka;=< keK myka b;d Wiia f,i o,ajkakg iefjdu ls%hd;aul fj;s'
wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s uÕska ;ju;a yr úIhhla f,i fkd ms<s.;a fi!kao¾húIhh iqNdIs; l;= lS f,i zz.=K keK fnf,ka hq;= mq;= u h b;d .reZZ hk fmfoysz.=KZ jvkg fokq ,nkqfha woaú;Sh odhl;ajfhls' keK jefvkqfha úIh noaO ±kquyd yelshd jevqu uq,a fldg h' ñksid .=Kj;a kï udkj hymeje;aug" mßirhg fidndoyug ixfõ§ mqrjeisfhla nj fya p¾hdfjka u m< lrhs' z.=KZ m<uq fldg o" keKBg iß,k muKska o hq;= jQ mqrjeishl= wo fufoig jvd;a wjeis h' ta .re lghq;=mqrjeishd ;ekqug kï fi!kao¾h úIhhka yr úIh l=,lfhys ;nkq jà' ta neõfndfyda lf,l isg y÷kd fuu úIh lafIa;%fha keÕ=u Wfoid fjfyfik wms fuf;lams<s.ekqug ,laj we;s yr úIhhkag fia u óg o isiq le, i|yd fm< fmd;aksmoùfuys w.h fmkajd ÿkafkuq' wms ;j u;a zzyrZZ fkdjk neúka Bg bvlvla fkd,o uq;a .=rejrhdg b.ekaùug Wmldrl w;afmd;la f,i fujka fmd;la moaO;shgms<s.ekaùug kï bv m%ia;dj ,Èuq' ñka bgq jkqfha fm< fmdf;ys ld¾hNdrh u fkdjk uq;a fuh isiq mig o" .=re mig o" buy;a Yla;shla yd cd;sl jYfhka iïu;"iumd; njla we;s lsÍug fkdu| M,odhl iïm;la jkq we;'
mka;sldurhg yrj;a jQ fuu bf.kqï iïm; fyg ojfia moaO;s .; lsÍfukawm imqrd .kakg wfmalaIs; iqúfYaI M, fufia fõ'
1' .=rejrhdg w;HjYH úIh lreKq tl f.dkqjla fldg imhd §fuka .=reld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu'
2' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhys iúia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a fkd flfrk úIh wka;¾.;hfuu fmd; weiqßka ,nd§u'
3' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh m%udKfhka msgq úYd, .Kklg hdu je<elaùu yd Bg w;HjYHu lreKq muKla we;=<;a lsÍu'
4' u;fNaohkag ;=vq fok úIh lreKq fjf;d;a ta ms<sn| cd;sl jYfhka talu;slNdjhla we;s lsÍug wjYH ksYaÑ; lreKq$;¾l iïmdokh lsÍu'
5' úIh lreKqj, iu;=,s; nj yd iSud ks¾Khkays m%ñ;s .; nj we;s lsÍfuka we.ehSïld¾h myiq lrùu'
6' .=rejrhdf.a ±kqu ks¾foaYfhka u|la Tíng m%idrKh lrñka úIhdkqnoaO ±kqums<sn| úYajikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu'
7' .=re isiq fomsßig u bf.kqï$b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh rij;a yd yrj;a w;a±lSula njgm;a lsÍu'
ta id buy;a iïm;la f,i fuu fmd; wm foi ore le,f.a hy .=K keKjvkakg fuka u rij;a bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr .kakg .=re Tng msysg jkqwe;' .=re Tfí ls%hdYS,S nj yd ±kqïj;a nj ñka ;j ;j;a jefâ jd! tfuka u j;aukaore le,g fi!kao¾h úIhh bf.kqu rij;a yd yrj;a Ôú; w;a±lSula fõ jd! hs uum;ñ'
Ydia;%m;s iqo;a iurisxyksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ^je$n&úl,am wOHdmk yd .=re wOHdmk mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
i v
úIhud,d lñgqj
WmfoaYl;ajh yd
wkque;sh ( Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,hcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wëlaIKh ( Ydia;%m;s iqo;a iurisxyksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ^je' n'&úl,am wOHdmk yd .=re wOHdmk mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIh wëlaIKh ( tia' j¾KisxywOHlaI ^je' wd'&fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
jHdmD;s kdhl ( î' uÍkd Ysrdka;s o fidhsidlÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
f,aLl uKav,h
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ndysr ( .=Kfiak rdcmlaI - fcH' lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&isß,a ó.u - fcH' lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&fi!kao¾h wOHdmk .=re úÿy," .srd.uiuka fmf¾rdiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - le,Kshfla iqika; .=Kj¾Okiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - fokqjr wOHdmk l,dmhhQ' Ô' fma%ur;akiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - y,dj; wOHdmk l,dmh
^úY%dñl&oïñ;a m%kdkaÿ - .=re WmfoaYl yd úIh
iïnkaëldrll,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - l¿;rpkaøsld ueKsfla - .=re WmfoaYll,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ñkqjkaf.dv
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
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.=re fiajh - Èlaje,a, u'ú' - Èlaje,a,
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lxpql ks¾udKh ( B't,a'ta'fla' ,shkf.a uy;d
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k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
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msgqj
wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh i
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f,aLl uKav,h i v - v
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)
))
)
)
$
1 2 3 4
h;a - fodï -
f;hs.; f;hs h;a fodï) ) )) )))
)
)) )
)) )
$
1 2 3 4
f;hs - f;hs -
f;hs f;hs ;;a ;l
$
1 2 3 4
;;a - ; l
f;hs; ;l f;hs ;l
$
1 2 3 4
f;hs - ; l
f;hs f;hs ;;a ;l
ú,ïN
uOH
) )
))))
)))
$
1 2 3 4
f;hs - ; l
f;hs ;l f;hs ;l) ) ) )) )) )
) )
) )
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12k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
yh jk uKaä moh - f;hs; f;hd f;hd f;hd
irU wNHdifha § ksjerÈ wx.ydr m%o¾Ykh
f.dv irU$b,x.ï irU$fodôk mo
k¾;k iïm%odhhla bf.k .kakd wdOqkslhl= ;ud bf.k .kakd iïm%odhhg
wod< ksjerÈ wx.ydr y÷kd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' tla tla k¾;k iïm%odhfhys
wkkH;dj r|d mj;skafka Bg wdfõKsl wx.ydr ksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍfuks'
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh bf.k .kakd wdOqkslhka f.dv irU o ^w;a irU&
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhh bf.k .kakd wdOqkslhka b,x.ï irU o" inr.uq k¾;k
iïm%odhh bf.k .kakd wdOqkslhka fodôk mo o wNHdi l< hq;= nj 6 fYa%Ksfha §
Tfí wjOdkhg fhduq lr we;' iïm%odh ;=kg u fmdÿ uQ,sl bßhõj jk uKaäh
ksjerÈ j mj;ajd .ksñka mdo p,kj,g m%uqL;djla ,nd fok md irU wNHdifhka miq
fnr jdokhg wkqj ú,ïn" uOH" ,h m%fNao fol u ̂ iu.=K" fo.=K& kgkq ,nk fuu
irU úfYaIh f.dv irU$b,x.ï irU$fodôk mo hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí' yia; mdo
ksjerÈ j yiqrejñka ksjerÈ wx.ydr m%o¾Ykh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
ls%hdldrlu i|yd Wmfoia (
• fnr moh ú,ïn" uOH ^iu.=K" fo.=K& ,h folg ;d, ;nd lshkak' ^fï i|yd
by; m%ia;drh Wmfhda.S lr.kak'&
• ksjerÈ bßhjq wkqj uKaähg isg fnr jdokhg wkqj irU wNHdifhys fhfokak'
• fnr moh ;d, ;nd lshkak'
• .=rejrhd fnrh jdokh lrk úg fnr mohg wkqj ;d, ;nkak'
• 3" 4 f.dv irU$b,x.ï irU$fodôk mo ;d,hg wkqj wNHdi lrkak'
• oDYHdOdr fyda .=re ls%hdldrlï fyda ksÍlaIKh lrñka ksjerÈ wx.ydr idlÉPd
lrkak'
• fnr jdokhg wkqj ksjerÈ wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka iu.=K fo.=K ,hg wNHdi
lrkak'
• 3"4 irUj,g wod< lia;srï$ brÜá$l,diï ;d, ;nd lshkak'
• wod< lia;srï$ brÜá$wNHdi lrkak'
$
1 2 3
f; hs ;
f;hs ;f; yd
$
1 2 3
f; yd -
f;yd f; yd
$
1 2 3
f; yd -
f;hs ;f; yd
ú,ïN
uOH ))
$
1 2 3
f; yd -
f;yd f; yd) ) ) )
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13k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
Wvrg - f.dv irU
;=ka jk f.dv irUh
irU kduh ( ;=ka wäh
moh ( fodñlsg lsg fodï
lia;sru ( .;a;l= ð;a;ï .ð;l= ð;a;ï ;ßlsg ð;a
;ßlsg fodñlsg ;d
y;r jk f.dv irUh
irU kduh ( isõ wäh
moh ( fodñ lsg lsg fodï
lia;sru ( .;a;l= ð;a;ï .ð;l= ð;a;ï .ðx ðx; l=o
.ð;l= ð;a;ï ;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg ;d
$
1 2 3 4
.;a - ; l=
. ðx - ðx
;ß lsg ð;a -
$
1 2 3 4
ð;a - ;ï -
- ; l= o
;ß lsg fodñ lsg
$
1 2 3 4
. ð ; l=
. ð ; l=
;d -
lia;sru
)
$
1 2 3 4
ð;a - ;ï -
ð;a - ;ï -
))
) )
) ) )) )
))
)
)
))
)
$
1 2 3 4
fod ñ ls g
fodñ lsg lsg fodñ
.;a - ; l=
;ß lsg ð;a -
$
1 2 3 4
ls g fodï -
fodï lsg lsg fodñ
ð;a - ;ï -
;ß lsg fodñ lsg
$
1 2 3 4
fod ñ ls g
fodñ lsg lsg fodñ
. ð ; l=
;d - - -
iu.=K
fo.=K
lia;sru
))))))
$
1 2 3 4
ls g fodñ -
fodñ lsg lsg fodñ
ð;a - ;ï -
) ) )) ))
)
)
)
) ) )
)) ) )
)))
)
) )
)
)
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14k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
$
1 2 3 4
f; hs f; hs
f;hs f;hs f;hs ;
$
1 2 3 4
f; hd f; hd
f;hs f;hs f;hs ;
iu.=K
fo.=K ))
$
1 2 3 4
f; hs ; -
f;hd f;hd f;hs ; ) ) )) ) ) )) ))
$
1 2 3 4
; l== fodï -
fr.= oÕ ;l= fodï
fr . ; l=
$
1 2 3 4
; l== fodï -
fr.= |. ;l= fodï
È ; . ;
$
1 2 3 4
fr .= | .
fr.= |. ;l= fodï
.= ¢ ; l
iu.=K
fo.=K
brÜáh
)))))) ) ))
)
)) )
)
) ))
)
)
$
1 2 3 4
; l= fodï -
fr.= |. ;l= fodï
fr . ; l=
$
1 2 3 4
f; hs ; -
f;hd f;hd f;hs ;
$
1 2 3 4
fr .= | .
fr.= |. ;l= fodï
fr .= | .
fodï
$
1 2 3 4
.=ï - o .=
.=ï o.= oï .;a
fodx ;l ;x fodx
;d
$
1 2 3 4
oï - .;a -
Èï .;a ±ysï È..;
Èx .; .;a ;;a
$
1 2 3 4
Èï - .;a -
.=ï o.= ox .;a
.;a È; .; .;a
iu.=K
fo.=K
brÜáh
)))))
)
$
1 2 3 4
±ysï - È;. .;
Èï .;a ±ysï È;.;
Èï .; .=x o;a
) ) ))
)
)
))
)
) ))
))
)
) )
) )))) ) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) )
)
my;rg - b,x.ï irU
;=ka jk irUh ( .=xo .=ox .;a Èx .;a ±ysï ^È..;&
brÜáh ( fodx; .;x .=ï Èx.; .;a;;a
.oaÈ; .;.;a Èï.; .=xo;a ;d
y;rjk irUh ( fr.=| .;l= fodï
brÜáh ( fr.=| .È; .; .=¢;l fr.;l= fodï
inr.uq - fodôk mo
;=ka jk moh ( f;hs f;hs f;hs; f;hd f;hd f;hs;
![Page 23: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
15k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
$
1 2 3
; l= |
; l= |
; l= |
; l= |
f;hs ; lg
f;hs .; l=|
iu.=K
fo.=K )) )
))
)
) ))
) ))
)
))
)) ))
))
y;r jk moh ( f;hs .;l=| f;hs ;lg$$
f;hs .; l=| $$ f;hs ;lg
idïm%odhsl k¾;k weiqßka w,xldr ud;%d ks¾udKh
ud;%d 2 + 3 ^iq¿ ueÿï& fo;s;g w,xldr mo ^ud;%d& ks¾udKh lsÍu'
6 fYa%Ksfha § W.;a w,xldr mo k¾;kh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka iq¿
ueÿï ^2 + 3& fo;;sg wh;a k¾;k wx.hla krUd tys olakg ,efnk p,k" wx.ydr"
;d, ms<sn| j iduQysl j idlÉPd lsÍu fuys § jeo.;a fõ' .=rejrhd jdokh lrk fnr
mohg wkqj ;d, ;eîfuka tys ßoauh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .; yels h'
óg by; wNHdi lrk ,o irU weiqre lr.ksñka w,xldr mo ks¾udKh lr
.ekSug W;aidy lrkak' fuys § Wv mekSu" lerlSu" me;a;g .uka lsÍu jeks ls%hdldrlï
Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h'
jkakï .hñka keàu
Wvrg - ykqud jkaku
6 fYa%Ksfha § bf.k .kakd ,o ykqud jkaku .dhkh lrñka fnr jdokhg
wkqj k¾;kh lrkak'
w,xldr mo keàfuka miqj lia;sru k¾;kh lrkak'
lia;sru - rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a
;d.a. ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a
rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d
$
1 2 3 4
f; hs .
f; hs .
f; hs .
f; hs .
f;hs .; l=|
f;hs .; l=|
$
1 2 3
f; hs -
f; hs -
f; hs .
f; hs -
f;hs .; l|
f;hs .; l=|
$
1 2 3
; l g
; l g
; l= o
; l g
f;hs ; lg
f;hs ; lg
![Page 24: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
16k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
by; mßÈ lia;sru k¾;kh l< yels w;r tu lia;sru my; i|yka wdldrhg
§¾> f,i o k¾;kh lsÍug yelshdj we;' fuys § wjYH kï .=rejrhdf.ka Wmfoia
,nd .kak'
lia;sru - rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a$$$
;d.a. ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a$$
rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d
iSreudrej - ;l= ;l ðð l=| .ð; .ð; l=o
.ð .; l=| l=| ;d l=ð;a; .;
fodñ lsg ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d
wvõj - ;;a f;d`. ;l f;dÕ
;lalv ;ßlsg ;lf;d`.
;lg ðlg f;dÕ ðlalv ;ßlsg ;l f;d`.
;dl= ð;a; .; fodñlsg ;ßlsg l=kao;a ;d
fuu wvõjg wu;r j ud;%d 2 + 2 ;ks ;s;g wod< fjk;a wvõjla jqj o fhdod
.; yels h'
iSreudrej iy wvõj ;d, ;nñka lSfuka miq j fldgia jYfhka ms<sfj<ska
k¾;kh lrkak'
my;rg - ykquka;d ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku
6 fYa%Ksfha § bf.k .kakd ,o iskaÿ jkaku .dhkh lrñka kej; jkakfï
ish¨ u fldgia wNHdi lrkak' tys § wx.ydr yd uKaäh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu
jeo.;a h'
brÜáh ( .;slsg .; fodx .=.=| ;ß
;;a È;a f;dx kx
.=ys;s.Èßlsg .;a;;a fodï;l Èl=ox
.;a; È;a; .; .ys;s.;x
;l= È.= fodï
inr.uq - wks,d jkaku
6 fYa%Ksfha § bf.k .kakd ,o wks,d jkaku ud;%d 2 + 2 ;d,hg .dhkh
lrñka k¾;kh lrkak' miq j l,diu k¾;kh o tf,i l< yels h'
l,diu - ðñlsg lsá;l ;ßlsg lsá;l$$$
.;s; l=È;a;;a
![Page 25: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
17k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
wvõj - .;a; l=|;a ;d fodx.v ;rslsg cs;a ;d
.; l=| cs; l=| ;;alv cs;alv fodxf.dv ;rslsg
fcx; fcx; .; .;s .; osrslsg ;rslsg ;d
ðñ;a ;;a .;s .; y¾ð;a .; l=| ;d
wvõj ;d, ;nd lSfuka miq j .=re Wmfoiaj,g wkqj fldgia jYfhka f.k
k¾;kh lrkak'
Wvrg - ;=rÕd jkaku
;s; ( ud;%d 2$3 fo;s; ^iq¿ ueÿï&
^ /
;d, rEmh ( 1 2 1 2 3
fnr moh ( fodx ðx; .; fodx;
;dku ( ;;a ;;a ;k;a ;fkk ;;a ;;a ;k;a ;fkk
;;a ;;a ;k;a ;ïo kd kd
;k ;fkk ;k ;fkk ;;k kï ok ;fkk
;dk;a ;k;a ;ï o kd kd
lúh (
i;a fj;a uy;a wor ,;a hq;a iso;a l=ure
.;a is;a f;di;a meúÈ wx.d
wK lrk Pkakfhk lka:lh wiq f.fkk
f.k fhÿK wiqf. msg kex.d
.;a .;a mh;a wiqf. Yío;a ji;a iqß÷
hkafkka f;diska ;sfok iuÕ
hk hfkk l, ;sfok t;ek ;ek miqj ±k
.xf;rg m;a WKsh tuÕd
,;a ,;a is;;a ;sfok fj;a fj;a tlla miqj
uq;a lka:l;a fõ h ;=rÕd
isÿy;=k f.k jyk Pkak j,s.h w;sk
mekafkka tf;r wfkdu .x.d
f.d;a is;a uy;a reisre ,;a hq;a iso;a l=ure
f.ka fi;a /.;a fk¾; wx.d
;sfok mek .sh .Õsk tf;o wK f.k ne;sk
fhÿj keK j¾Kfhk ;=rÕd
![Page 26: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
18k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
lia;sru ( l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| ;d$$
^ol=K iy ju&
l=| .ð; l=| ;d$$
l=| ;d$$
l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| .ð; l=| ;d
my;rg - NjdÈ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku
ud;%d 2 + 3 fyj;a iq¿ ueÿï fo;s;g fnr moh ;d, ;nñka lshkak' miq j
jkakfï ;dku" lúh o .dhkh l< yels w;r fnr jdokh o fhdod .; yels h'
iskaÿ jkakï k¾;kfha § ;dkug;a lúhg;a hk fldgia folg u w,xldr
ud;%d k¾;kh lsÍu úfYaIhls' tys § my;rg ir, w,xldr mo fhdod .; yels w;r
isiq YlH;d wkqj mo k¾;kh úúO úh yels h' kshñ; wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka
jkakfï mo fldgia k¾;k lsÍu jeo.;a jk w;r" wjidkfha brÜáh keàu isÿ
flf¾'
my;rg NdjdÈ ;d,h isxÿ jkaku
;s; ( ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s; ^iq¿ ueÿï fo;s;&
;d, rEmh ( ^ /
1 2 $ 1 2 3
fnr moh ( Èx .È.;x fodx;
;dku ( f;ï f;k f;kï f;fkk
f;ï f;k f;kï f;fkk
f;ï f;k f;kï f;fkk
f;fkkd
lúh ( ieug u nhkaldr fjñ ks÷ tjka uqyq,
n,fhka hqog msúi tÈ fka
kul, úl=ka kEr m< l< frdiska fkal
l=,jr ijka iyi kÈ fka
ÿgq ÿgq ìÕ=ka fiau ì| yer Tjqka iEu
fialr lrka iqß÷ ir fka
fmulr is;ska fndau ku lr lshka f,dal
i; /l fojka biqre ks;s fka
![Page 27: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
19k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
brÜáh (
Èx .;s. ;ï fodx; - .; .ys;s .;ï ;;a ;;a
.=| .;s .;ï fodï; - .; .ys;s .;ï fodï fodï
kshñ; ;s;g brÜáh ;d, ;nñka lshkak' miq j fldgia jYfhka f.k
k¾;kh l< yels h'
inr.uq - l=Èrdä jkaku
1' ðx ðñ; ;;a ;lg hk ojq,a moh ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s;g ;d, ;nñka lshkak'
2' ojq,a jdokhg wkqj ;dku" lúh lSmjrla .dhkh lrkak'
;dkug iy lú moj,g yia; mdo p,kh lrñka w,xldr mo keàu inr.uq
jkakïj, ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIKhls' ta i|yd ud;%d mfya w,xldr mo yd msg ud;%d
mo wdÈh fhdod .; yels h tys § wmg wjYH wdldrhg w,xldr mo ie,iqï lr .;
yels h' jkakfï mo fldgia kgd wjidkfha l,diu yd wvõj k¾;kh lrkq ,efí'
inr.uq - l=Èrdä jkaku
;s; ( ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s; ^iq¿ ueÿï fo;s;&
;d, rEmh ( ^ /
1 2 $ 1 2 3
ojq,a moh ( ðx ðñ; ;;a ;lg
;dku ( ;;a ;;a; k;a ;fkk - ;;a ;;a ; k;a ;fkk
;;a ;;a; k;a ;ïo - kd kd
;k ;fkk ;k ;fkk ;k ;fkk ;k ;ïo
;;a ;;a; k;a ;ïo kd kd
lúh ( i;af;ka rcqka fmdrK .;af;ka /Õ=ï lrk
we;af;ka lssúka msßj rd
b| fomi je| tl, wjirh f.k ti|
lsh;a lú ±k t;k jd ã
frd;af;ka uy;a fikÕ is;a fu;a ne¨ï lrk
we;af;ka lúka msßj rd
ti| i; isßjhk f,ig hi lSu fkl
mejiQ fid| f,iska ne¨Kd ã
.;af;ka rnka velals lú ;d, ñysÕ= fnr
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20k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
^
1 2
fodx -
.=x -
ðx -
Wvrg
my;rg
inr.uq
) )
))
$
1 2 3
fodx - ;
; .=x -
; l g
^
1 2
. ;
.;a -
;;a -
)
)) )
^^^
tla;eka fjñka mEo rd
/f.k uÕ hk wiqka ú,i ±k lSu lú
t;k isg mej;s rÕ kd ã
we;af;ka lshka fulú i;af;ka wika fu;k
ke;akï thska fjhs mrd
foj .ug ÿj hkak lshñ fï jkakfï
ku wiõ fuf,i l=Èrd ã
l,diu ( ðx .;;a .;a;d $$$
ðx .;;a .;a ;lg ðx .;;a .;a;d
kshñ; ;s;g l,diu ;d, ;nñka lshkak' miqj fldgia jYfhka k¾;kh lr
fnr jdokh iuÕ l,diu kej; k¾;kh lrkak'
m%ia;dr lsÍu
fo;sf;a m%fNao y÷kd .ekSu'
ud;%d 2" ud;%d 3" ud;%d 4" ^iq¿" ueÿï" uy& hk uQ,sl ;s;a rEm ;=k wdY%fhka
fo;sf;a ;s;a rEm fn§ hk wdldrh my; olajd we;'
fo;sf;a m%fNao
iq¿ ueÿï fo;s; iq¿ uy fo;s; ueÿï uy fo;s;
ud;%d 2 + 3 ud;%d 2 + 4 ud;%d 3 + 4
fo;sf;a m%fNao m%ia;dr lsÍfï § ;ks;sf;a m%ia;drlrKfha § Ndú; lrk ,o
f;hs hk ;d, ix{djg ;s;a hk ;d, ix{dj uq,g tl;= lr ;s;a f;hs hkqfjka fhdod
.kq ,nhs' my; ±lafjkafka tu ix{d i,l=Kq fhdok wdldrh hs'
Wod ( ^ / ^ /
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3
fnrmo m%ia;dr lsÍu
2 2 2 2 2 + 3 fo;sf;a ;d, rEmh
$
1 2 3
ðx - ;
fo . ;
ð ñ ;
![Page 29: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
21k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
) )
)
)
$
1 2 3 4
fodx - ; l
fodx - ; l
.= ¢ Õ= |
ðx - ; l
))
)
)
^
1 2 3
; l g
; l g
.;a - ;
; l g)
))
) )
Wvrg
my;rg
inr.uq
^
1 2 3
fodax - -
; l=x -
.=x - o
ð ñ;a -
^
1 2
fodx -
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2 + 4 ;d, rEmh
3 + 4 ;d, rEmh
lú m%ia;dr lsÍu
;d,ï lú
$
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w f.a -
y r U
j f.a -
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22k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
l=¿ lú
u,a hyka lú
$
1 2 3
mq gq j
l rka -
mq gq fj
mq oka -
le gq j
n ,ka -
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j äka -
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ms g -
l r g
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23k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
jkakï m%ia;dr lsÍu
Wvrg - ;=rÕd jkaku
;d, rEmh ( ud;%d 2 + 3 iq¿ ueÿï fo;s;
//
fnr
moh
;dku
lúh
lia;sru
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1 2 3
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fodx - ;
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; fk k
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w o r
l= u re
me ú È
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k fh k
f. fk k
f. ms g
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//
![Page 32: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
24k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
NdjdÈ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku
ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;s; ^iq¿ ueÿï fo;s;&
fnr
moh
;dku
lúh
brÜáh
^
1 2
Èx -
f;ï -
f;ï -
f;ï -
f; fk
ie u
fj ñ
n ,
t È
k u
m ,
l= ,
k È
od u
´ |
fia -
i r
fm u
k u
i ;
ks i
Èx -
. ;
.= |
Õ ;
/
1 2 3
. ;s .
f; k f;
f; k f;
f; k f;
kd - -
g u n
ks ÷ t
fhka - hq
fka - -
l , ú
j r i
fka - -
ÿ gq ì
ye r U
l r k
fka - -
l r hs
l r ls
/ l fo
fka - -
. ;s .
.y;s. ;ï -
. ;s .
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1 2
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kï -
kï -
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fodx - ;
f; fk k
f; fk k
f; fk k
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uq yq ,
ms ú i
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kE - r
fka - l
i y i
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iq ß ÷
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f,da - l
b iq re
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25k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
l=Èrä jkaku ̂ inr.uq&
ojq, moh
;dku
lúh
l,diu
^
1 2
ðx -
;;a -;;a -;;a -kd -; k; k;;a -kd -
i;a -.;a -we;a -rd -b |w jls h;ajd -frd;a -is;a -we;a -rd -t if, ime jKd -.;al út tlard -/ f.ú ,t ;kd -we;a -i;a -ke;a -rd -
ðx -ðx -ðx -ðx -
/
1 2 3
ð ñ ;
;;a - ;;;a - ;;;a - ;kd - -; fk k; fk k;;a - ;kd - -
f;ka - rf;ka - /f;ka - ls- - -fo m ii r h- l úã - -f;ka - ufuka - nef;ka - l- - -o i ;g h iiq fid |ã - -f;ka - r;d - ,;eka - fj- - -k u .i ± kk is gã - -f;ka - lsf;ka - w; ñ t
. ;;a -
. ;;a -
. ;;a -
. ;;a -
^
1 2
;;a -
k;a -k;a -k;a -- -; k; kk;a -- -
cqka -`.=ï -úka -- -je |f. k± k- -y;a -¨ka -úka -- -is ßls -f, iska- -nka -ñ ysñka -- -h ylS -me j- -h kika -bka -
.;a -
.;a -
.;a -
.;a -
/
1 2 3
; l g
; fk k; fk k; ï o- - -; fk k;ï - o; ï o- - -
fmd r Kl r kms ß j- - -t l ,t i |t ;e k- - -fi k Õl r kms ß j- - -j h ku fk l- ne ¨- - -vela - ls`.= fn rmE - o- - -w iqka -u l ú;s r Õ- - -fu l úfu ; kfj hs m
;d - -;d - -; l g;d
)
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![Page 34: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
26k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
3'0 idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK
idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav
ojq, jdoH NdKavh
idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav f,i y÷kajkq ,nk .eg fnrh" fofjd,a fnrh" ojq,"
;ïueÜgu" Wvelalsh" rndk iy ;d,ïmg Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk iïm%odhkag
wdfõKsl jQ NdKav h' by; i|yka l< NdKav w;ßka inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfha
m%Odk jdoH NdKavh jk ojq," jdoH NdKav w;r §¾> b;sydihla we;'
mqrdKfha isg wd.ñl wjia:dj, f;ajd fyaúis jdok" fmryer i|yd fuka u
ikaksfõok ld¾hhg o ojq, Ndú; lr we;' WodyrK f,i ( fyaúis" wK fnr" u<
fnr" rK fnr oelaúh yels h' fï ieu wjia:djl u ojq,a jdokh m%Odk jk w;r
iuyr wjia:dj, ;ïueÜgu yd fydrKEj iydh jdoH NdKav f,i fhdodf.k we;'
oUfoKs wiafkys zzf,day ojq,a" ðk ojq,a" uy ojq,a '''''''' jYfhka ojq,a j¾.
lSmhla kï lr we;' ,xldfõ bmerKs ck fldgila jk jeÈ ckhd w;r mj;skafka
o ojq,g iudk jQ is,sKavrdldr fnrhls'
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh i|yd fhdod .kakd ojq,g iudk fnr j¾. wdishdfõ
fjk;a rgj, o fnfyúka ±lsh yels fõ' flfia fj;;a ojq, wmg wdfõKsl ixialD;shg
wkqj ilia lrf.k idod we;' ojq, iE§ug uQ,sl j .i lemSu o Y=N uqyQ¾;fhka lrk
wdldrh my; i|yka lúfhka úia;r fõ'
3 mßÉfþoh
![Page 35: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
27k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
wei<h mif<diajl od
ñ,a,h fma lrmq t od
kshñka iqn fudfyd; t od
ojq,g l| lemqj t od
fï wdldrhg iqn fudfyd;ska weye<" fldfydU" fldia" ñ,a, ls;=,a wdÈ .il" jg
m%udKh wÕ,a 45 lajk l|la" È.ska wÕ,a 15l m%udKhg f.k ilia lr .efka' ta
ms<sn| ojq,a Wmf;a i|yka jkafka my; wdldrhg h'
l| È. mif<dia wÕ= f,a
jg y;<sia mia wÕ= f,a
ta ±l reis kshu l f<a
fï f,i kshuhs ojq f,a
fï whqßka ilia lr .kakd ojq,a l|g fhdok wei ilia lr .kafka yrla yï
fyda t¿ yï fyda Ndú; lrñks' t¿ yu fyda yrla yu meh 2" 3l ld,hla c,fhys
fmdÕjhs' tu iu uDÿ ;;a;ajhg m;a lr f.k" fyd¢ka weo fnr lf|ys we;s l=yrh
jefik fia ;nd m%ñ;shg wkqj wjYH wdldrhg ne| ojq, ilia lr .kS'
fufia ilia lr .kakd ojq, wka jdoH NdKavj,g jvd úfYaI;ajhla olajk
;j;a fya;=jls" tla me;a;la w;ska iy wksla me;a; WmlrKhla Ndú; lrñka jdokh
lsÍu' wfkla ish¨ u NdKav jdokhg Ys,amSkA fhdod .kafka ;u oE;a muKs' ke;fyd;a
WmlrK muKs' ojq, jdokhg fhdod .kakd WmlrKh y÷kajkafka lämamqj kñks'
tneúka mxp ;+¾h j¾.SlrKfha zzú;;d;;ZZ j¾.hg ojq, wh;a fõ' lämamqj iE§u
i|yd zweÜfÜßhdZ jeks .iaj, fldagq Wmfhda.S lr .efka' lämamqfõ rEm igykla
my; ±lafõ'
by; wdldrhg iod .kakd lämamqj w,a,k fldgi i|yd frÈ má T;kafka
jdokh lsÍfï § ,siaiSu j<lajd .ekSug h'
![Page 36: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
28k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
ls%hdldrlu
1' mqrdKfha ojq, Ndú; lr we;s jdok wjia:d y;rla kï lrkak'
2' ojq,a wei iE§ug .kakd iï j¾. fol kï lrkak'
3' ojq, jdokh i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKfha ku l=ula o@
4' ojqf,a È. m%udKh iy ojq,a lf|ys jg m%udKh ,shkak'
úl,am jdoH WmlrK
úl,am jdoH WmlrK f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka bj; ,k øjH Wmfhda.S lr f.k
iq<x uÕska" oE;a yd WmlrK wdÈ foa fhdod f.k ;Ügq lsÍfuka fyda f;rmSfuka fyda
y~ Wmojd .ekSug yels wdldrhg ksmojd .;a NdKav hs'
yh fY%aKsfha § áka fnr" tlaiaf¾ fnr" .ia,nq ng k<d wdÈh ilia l< nj
u;l we;s'
ta wdldrhg iE¥ áka fnr ;=kla f.k tl áka fnrhlg j;=r 3$4 muK msrúh
yels h' wfklg j;=r 1$4 muK msrúh yels h' wfklg l=vd .,a leg 2$4 la muK
msrúh yels h'
jdokh i|yd fldagq lE,s folla Ndú;hg .; yels h'
tfia u f.dhï kegqfï § Ndú; lrk nqïueähg iudk WmlrKhla idod .;
yels h' ueá$ms;a;, l<hla iy tlaiaf¾ fld<hla f.k l<fha lg jefik fia
tlaiaf¾ fld<h ;nd lg .eg .ikak' thg ;Ügq lsÍfuka o y~ Wmojd .; yels h'
;j o lg fkdjik ,o ùÿre fnda;, lSmhla iy remshf,a$Y; mkfya fyda ldis
folla f.k tu fnda;,hg ldisj,ska ;Ügq lsÍfuka y~ Wmojd .; yels h'
óg wu;r j idudkH m%udKfha fmd,a lgq folla f.k t ;=<g ,S len,s folla
iú lr tu ,S lene,af,ka w,a,d fmd,a lgq fol tlg .eiSfuka o y~ Wmojd .;
yels h'
![Page 37: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
29k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
)
)
ls%hdldrlu
1' fi,ùfuka" ;Ügq lsÍfuka yd msöfuka jdokh l< yels úl,am jdoH WmlrK
fol ne.ska kï lrkak'
2' kï lrk ,o tla NdKavhla ilia lr jdokh lrkak'
idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK
iuQy jdokhla lrñka jdok l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd idïm%odhsl jdoH
NdKav fuka u úl,am jdoH WmlrK o Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' fï i|yd idïm%odhsl
NdKav jk .eg fnrh" fofjd,a fnrh" ojq," ;ïueÜgu" Wvelalsh" rndk wdÈ jdoH
NdKav iQodkï lr .; yels h' fïjd tla j¾.hlska tla NdKavhla j;a ;sìh hq;= h'
tfia u 6 fY%aKsfha § fuka u 7 fYa%Ksfha § ksmojd .;a úl,am jdoH WmlrK tla
j¾.hlska fol ne.ska fyda fhdod .; hq;= h'
Wod ( idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKavhla jk .egfnrhla yd thg úl,am WmlrKhla
f,i ilia lrk ,o áka fnr folla .ekSu iqÿiq h'
fufia ilia lr .;a NdKavj,g iy idïm%odhsl NdKavj,g ;Ügq lsÍfï §
fkdfhla wdldrfha Yío ksmofjhs' ;d,hlg wkqj fnr mohla jdokh lruq'
/ / / /
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
l= | . ; . ; fodï -
/ / / /
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
l= | g . ; g l= | g . ðx -
fuu fnr moj,g wod< Yío èjks jdok NdKavj,ska jdokh l< yels h'
Bg wu;r j úúO NdKavj,g moh fldgia lr §fuka úúO;ajhla we;s lr.;
yels h' WodyrK f,i my; j.=j n,kak'
![Page 38: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
30k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
.egfnrh úl,am jdoH WmlrK ojq, .egfnrh" úl,am
;ïueÜgu jdµ WmlrK
iy ojq,
l=|g .;g l=|g .ðx
fï wdldrhg fnr mo fjkqjg úl,am fnr mo fhdod .ekSu o l< yels h'
;j o - l=|g .;g l=|g .ðx ^by; j.=j wdldrhg&
p,a p,a p,a .ðx .ðx ^.egfnrh" ojq, iy úl,am jdoH WmlrKh
;ïueÜgu&
je,s mqrjk ,o ma,diaála
fnda;,h fi,ùu
by; wdldrhg o jdokh bÈßm;a l< yels h'
óg wu;r j ish¨ NdKav Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg jdokh
lsÍu l< yels h' by; i|yka lrk ,oafoa ;ks ;s; i|yd fnr mohls' óg wu;r j
fo;s;g wh;a ;d, rEmj,g o jdokh l< yels h'
Wod ( fodx ðx; .; fodx;
fujeks lú mo ks¾udKh lr jdokh lsÍu o l< yels h'
u< ysre;a nei hkj
iqÿ kx.s f.g tkak
nqÿ idÿ n,ka we;s
u,a myka o,a juq o
f;audjlg wkqj jdok
óg fmr W.;a mo weiqfrka fkdfhla wdldrhg mo jdokh isÿ l< yels w;r
f;audjla wkqj jdokh lsÍu o l< yels h'
jákd ixialD;sl wx.hla oDYHudk jk zfmryerZ f;audj f,i .ksuq' fmryerla
u;lhg .kak' tys kdoh ms<sn| y~ wjOdkhg fhduq lrkak' wE;ska tk fmryefrys
y~g lka ÿka whqre fufkys lrkak' Tng weiqKq uq,a u y~ isg wjika jk f;la
weiqKq y~ kej; wdj¾ckh lrkak'
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31k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
fmryr ms<sn| lreKq idlÉPd lrkak' li y~ weiqfrka kï tu y~ Wmojk
wdldrhg úl,am jdoH WmlrKhla ks¾udKh lr ̂ f.dma fld< lSmhla È.g brd ̂ fjka
fkdlr& .; yels h'
bka miq j .fï fmryefrys kï m~qre fmÜáhla fid,jñka tk y~ wefihs' ta
fjkqjg fgdksla mshkaj,ska ie¥ j<,af,ka m%fhdack .; yels h'
bka miq fyaúis y~ fjkqjg áka fnr" whsialS%ï fldamamj,ska iE¥ ;ïueÜgï"
.ia,nq ngfhka ieÿï,;a k<dj wdÈh .ekSug mq¿jk'
tfia u .eñ kegqïj, § ,S tlg .eiSfuka ,S fl<s ;d, y~g o" fmd,algq tlg
.eiSfuka m;=re kegqfï y~g iudk y~la Wmojd .; yels h'
fï wdldrhg úl,am jdoH NdKav yiqrejd fmryerla i|yd iuQy jdokhla
bÈßm;a l< yels h'
![Page 40: w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020707/61fe9243eab4a0501e271ff2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
32k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
4'0 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine|s .dhkdj, miqìu yd .dhkh
jkakñj, iudc ixialD;sl miqìu
Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk k¾;k iïm%odh ;s%;ajhg u fmdÿ jQ jkakï" uq,a
hq.fha rpkd jS we;af;a .dhkh i|yd h' Wvrg jkakï yd inr.uq jkakï úfkdaodiajdoh
wruqKq fldg f.k rpkd ù we;s w;r" my;rg iskaÿ jkakï foúkqjr Wmq,ajka ̂ úIaKq&
foúhka flfrys Nla;sh fmr±ß fldg f.k Ydka;shla wfmalaIdfjka rpkd ù we;s nj
fmfka' .dhk lsÍu i|yd u rpkd ù we;s fuu jkakïj,g miq ld,fha k¾;kh
fhdod f.k we;' m%ia;=;fhka lshfjk woyi m%ldY ùula idïm%odhsl jkakï
k¾;kfha § bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu fmdÿ ,laIKhls' .dhkhg wkqj ;d,dkql+, p,khkays
fh§u jkakï k¾;kfha wdfõKsl iajNdjh hs'
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha jkakï oy wgla o my;rg iskaÿ jkakï ;sia folla
o Ndú;fha we;s w;r inr.uq iïm%odhfha jkakï ^21& úis tlla f,i ms<sf.k we;s
kuqÿ ±kg jkakï oy wgla Ndú;fha mj;S' kdñl jYfhka Wvrg yd inr.uq iuyr
jkakïj, iudk;ajhla olakg we;s w;r my;rg iskaÿ jkakï ;d, Í;Skag wkql+, j
,shù we;s nj fmfka'
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh - ;=rÕd jkaku
;=rÕd hkq wYajhdg iudkd¾: mohls' ;=rÕd jkakfï m%ia;=;fhka j¾Kkd
jkafka isÿy;a l=ure .sysf.h w;yer lka;l kï jQ wiq msg keÕS wfkdaud .x f;ßka
tf;r ù meúÈ nj ,nd .ekSug msg;a jQ wdldrh hs'
fuu jkaku ud;%d 2 + 3 fo;sf;a ;d, rEmh wkqj .dhkh flf¾' tu ;d,
rEmhg wkql+, j .dhkfha kdoud,dj ieliS we;'
4 mßÉfþoh
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33k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odh - NdjdÈ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku
fmdÿfõ iskaÿ jkakïj, ±lsh yels fi;a Ydka;sh ms<sn| j wfmalaIdj NdjdÈ
;d,h iskaÿ jkakfuka ms<sìUq fõ' ud;%d 2 + 3 ;d, rEmh wkqj .dhkh flfrk fuu
iskaÿ jkaku rpkd ú we;af;a o úIaKq foúhkaf.a .=K ms<sn| j¾Kkd lsÍu i|yd h'
úIaKq foúhkaf.a ùr úl%udkaú; Ndjh úia;r lr f,dal i;a;ajhd wdrlaId lr fok
f,i kuialdr mQ¾jl j b,a,d isàu fuu lúfhka woyia fõ'
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh - l=Èrä jkaku
ud;%d 2 + 3 ;d, rEm wkqj l=Èrdä jkaku .dhkd flf¾'
^* jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'jkakï .dhkh i|yd msgq wxl 16 isg we;s jkakï Ndú;hg .kak'&
l=̈ kegqfuS .dhkdj, iudÔSh yd ixialD;sl miqìu
lDIsld¾ñl iudcfha w;HjYH WmlrKhla f,i Ndú; jQ l=,a, mokï lr
f.k ks¾udKh ù we;s lú" l=¨ kegqfó lú jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'
l=,a, ilia lr we;s wdldrh ta i|yd fhdod .;a wuqøjH yd l=¨ /f.k
ls%hdldrlïj, fhfok ldka;djka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuka u l=,a, Wmfhda.S lr f.k
isÿ flfrk úúO ld¾hhka .ek o l=¨ lúj,ska lshfõ' ir, NdId ffY,shla fhdod
.ksñka l=,af,ka isÿ flfrk fuu ld¾hhka w;sYfhdala;shlska f;dr j .eñ lúhd
bÈßm;a lr we;s wdldrh tu lú ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuid ne,Sfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' fuys
kdo ud,dfõ iqúfYaI;ajh jkafka l=,af,ka lrkq ,nk ls%hdldrlï ksrEmKh lsÍug
WÑ; whqßka ks¾udKh ù ;sîuhs'
Wod ( rkaf;,Uqfõ yd r;akj,a,sfha tk lú o l=¨ kegqu i|yd Ndú;hg
.efka'
;d,ï kegqfuS lúj, iudc ixialD;sl miqìu
YS% ,xldfõ m%p,s; .eñ .dhkd w;r ;d,ï lú ;j;a iqúfYaI fldgila f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h' k¾;k" .dhk" jdok hk ;s%;aaj ls%hdj,sfha § ;d, ;eîu fyj;a
;d,h u;= fldg ±laùu ;d,ïmáka isÿ fõ' my;rg" inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh folg
u jvd ;d,h biau;= fldg ±laùu i|yd ;d,ïmg Ndú; flfrkafka Wvrg k¾;k
iïm%odhfha § h' ta wkqj ;d,ïfmdáka isÿ flfrk fuu ls%hdj,sh ;j ÿrg;a u;=
fldg ±laùu i|yd ;d,ïfmdg iïnkaO fldg f.k úúO woyia ±lafjk lú ks¾udKh
ù we;s whqre úuid n,uq' ±kg rpkd ù we;s we;eï ;d,ï lú úuid ne,Sfï § ;ukaf.a
m%;sjd§kag wNsfhda. lrk wdldrh" tys we;s iqúfYaI;ajh nj;a ir, NdId ffY,shla
fhdod .ksñka ks¾udKh lr we;s nj;a fmfka' fï wkqj Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha §
Ndú; l< ;d,ïmg weiqre lr .ksñka ;d,ï lú kñka lú .dhkh ks¾udKh ù we;s
neõ lsj yels h'
Wod ( wf.a jvk uf.a ;d,ï '''''''''''''''''''' ^36 msgqj n,kak&
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34k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
u,ahyka lúj, iudchSh yd ixialD;sl miqìu
´kE u iudchl iqn lghq;a;la wdrïNfha foú foaj;djqkaf.ka wdYS¾jdoh ,nd
.ekSu isß;ls' tksid u lrorhla" wm, Wmøjhla" wiajekafka wvq jeä ùula isÿ jqj
o foúhkaf.a msysg ,nd.ekSfï wruqKska fndfyda Ydka;sl¾u isÿ lrk ,o w;r tys
uQ,sl wruqK jkafka foú - foaj;djkag mqofi;a ,nd § msysg ,nd .ekSu hs' fï ksid
Ydka;s l¾u wdrïNfha § Ydka;sl¾u rx. N+ñh bÈßmiska u,a hykla b¢fldg tu
hykg foúhkag jäk f,i wdrdOkd iajrEmfhka .dhkd lrkq ,nk ldjH úfYaIh
u,a hyka lú hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' fïjd Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk ;s%úO iïm%odhhkays
fhdod .efka' m%dfoaYSh úúO;ajh wkqj mqo ,nk foúhka uq,a fldg fïjd bÈßm;a lrhs'
iïm%odhhka wkqj fuu .dhkdj, kdoud,djkaf.a fjkila ±lsh yels h'
Wod ( ñyska;,h wgiegf,k '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
mqgqj iri,hs''''''''''''''''''''''''''
;,u, lú .dhkdj, iudÔh yd ixialD;sl miqìu
.%dóh mßirfha iajNdj fi!kao¾hh úoydmdk ;, .i §¾> ld,hlg miq tu
.fia wdhqld,h wjika jk fudfyd;l ;,u, msfmk nj .eñ ck iudch ;=< mj;sk
úYajdih hs'
tjka mßirhl iqkaor;ajh úoydmdk ;,uf,ys iajNdjh" j¾Kh" m%udKh
jeks iqúfYaI ,laIK .eñ ck;dj wjÈ lrùug fya;= fõ' tfia jqj o ;,u, msì§u
.ug wiqN ixfla;hla nj .eñ ck iudcfha úYajdih hs'
tfia fyhska tod .eñhd ;,u, lmd .fuka bj;g f.khdu i|yd thg f.!rj
olajñka ysi u; ;nd f.k fyda we;= msg ;ndf.k fyda /f.k .sh nj lú .dhkdj,ska
u;=lr oelafjhs'
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35k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
;,u, jreK lú .dhkh
fodx ðx ðx ;lg fodx;l ^3 + 4&
1' f,< foñfka u, Wvq .=jfka
uq;= l=v f,isfka iq<Õg jekqfKa
fid| f,isfka ñKs nrK f,fia
wE;g fmkqfKa rka fld; f,isfka
wm f.disfka u, ±l fk;sfka
is; msßh jqfKa ksu ke;s f,isfka
fuu f,isfka ;, u, msmqfKa
ils msh ilsfka fid| ., uqÿfka
2' hkag fid|hs YS% uy fnda wkqr mqf¾
f.dka ne¢ ßhlska hd yel wkqr mqf¾
fyd|g fyd|hs ;,u, we;s nrg nf¾
we;=msg jvjuq ;,u, ùÈ lf¾
l=̈ lú .dhkd
1' <ud ,sfhda .jid u,a jr, msg
oud lrg uq;= fmdg w; j<¨ jg
fmud jvk f,i irid Tiß mg
mud fkdj rÕ;s l=¨ f.k ifí msg
2' rka .sß uqÿfka ysre nn<kafka
j,a,s <÷ka yKs yKslg tkafka
wõj o jeiai o lshd n,kafka
l=,a, wrka wms kegqug tkafka
3' fudk ,S m;=frka l=,a, úhkafka
ng,S m;=frka l=,a, úhkafka
fudk ,S m;=frka l=,a, n¢kafka
ng,S m;=frka l=,a, n¢kafka
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36k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
;d,ï lú .dhkh
1' wf.a jvk uf. ;d,ï irU n,kafka
jf.a fkd ±k wehs kqU,d lSug tkafka
lf.a .s,a, f,i neß fjhs kqUg fnd,kafka
uf.a oE; ;d,ïmg yrU n,kafka
2' i|jg ;reje,a weúÈka l, t<s ioafoa
uo fldg mjiñ weúÈka merÿK ioafoa
hqohg jij;= weúÈka merÿKq hqoafoa
n|jg lefrflk uf. ;d,ïmg ioafoa
3' wyfia ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï
i| jg lerlS hhs ;d,ï
fmdf<dfõ ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï
je,shg lerlS hhs ;d,ï
uqyqfoa ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï
/,s msg ieÕù hhs ;d,ï
wmf.a ;d,ï ;dx.= ;d,ï
n|jg lerlS hhs ;d,ï
u,a hyka lú .dhkh
1' ñyska;,h wg ieg f,k fia, ffp;H fjfyrg
wU;,dj ñßi jeáh Nhd .sßh kï fjfyrg
ch .%S uy rejkaje,sh :Qmdrduh fjfyrg
wguia:dkfha isáh;a jäkak foú u,a hykg
2' mqgqj iri,hs uu ie, lrkafka
mqgqfõ ;sfhk o¿ nq,;=hs mqokafkA
legqj isõjrx iu.ska n,kafka
Y%shd foaú u,a wiafkg jäkafka
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37k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
5'0 YS% ,dxflah k¾;k iïm%odhhka yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd ixialD;sl
miqìu
k¾;k iïm%odhhka yd ine¢ idrO¾u
w;S;fha § k¾;k wOHdmkfha ;lai,dj .=ref.or jQ w;r tys § Ys,am Ydia;%h
yodrk YsIHhd ̂ wdOqkslhd& .=rejrhdf.a wkq±kqu we;s j ckaum;%h n,d iqÿiq fydardjlg
wkqj foudmsh wjirfhka l,t<s neiSug iqÿiqlï ,nhs' Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk
iïm%odh ;=k ;=< tk pdß;% iq¿ jYfhka fjkialï mj;sk w;r l,t<s wjia:d fufia
kdñl j y÷kajd fokq ,efí'
• Wvrg iïm%odhh - ysi fjia ne£fï ux.,Hh
^YS¾IdNrK me,|ùfï ux.,Hh&
• my;rg iïm%odhh - uvq neiSfï ux.,Hh
• inr.uq iïm%odhh - .=re jrï §fï ux.,Hh jYfhks'
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha ysi fjia me,|ùfï ux.,Hh
.=ref.or wOHdmkh ksu lrk wdOqkslhd ;u ckau m;%hg wkqj kshu lr.;a
Èkg f;uila l,ska ls,sj,ska wdrlaId ù Wfoa iji iakdkh lr msßisÿ ù wd.ñl
j;dj;aj, fh§u isß;ls' tu jljkqj ;=< .=rejrhd wdOqkslhd fj; Ys,amh ,nd§u
isÿ flf¾' kele;a Èkg wdikak Èk 7la wdOqkslhd úydria:dkfha wd.ñl j;dj;aj,
fh§ iji wod< foú foaj;djkag myka me,la ilid myka o,ajd wdYS¾jdo ,nd .kS'
kele;a Èkg m%:u Èk rd;S% yÕ< we;=¿ rx. jia;%dNrK fma lr" fndaê mQcdjg iyNd.s
fõ' kele;a Èk WoEik .=rejrhd w;ska meka fodjd .;a wdOqkslhd úydr f.g f.dia
ysi fjia me,|ùu fi;a msß;a .dhkh ueo isÿ flf¾' bka miq iqÿ frÈlfvka wdjrKh
lr úydrf.ka msg;g meñK wod< pdß;% isÿ lr fnda rel fyda u,a nq,;a;gqj fyda foi
n,d jyka;rdj újD; lr m,;=re mQcdjla ms<s.kajd .=re md keueo ux.,ï k¾;kfhka
rx.kh wdrïN lr" Ys,amSh l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lrhs' tys§ YsIHhdg ;E.sfnda. msßkeóu
pdß;%hls'
5 mßÉfþoh
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38k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
uvq neiSu fyj;a l,t<s neiSfï ux.,Hh
my;rg k¾;k Ys,amh m%.=K l< wdOqkslhl= ish yelshdjka wka wh bÈßfha
m%o¾Ykh lrk iqúfYaI wjia:dj uvq neiSu fyj;a l,t<s neiSu kñka ye¢kafõ' uvq
neiSfï pdß;%h i|yd uvq hd.hla fhdod .kakd w;r l,t<s neiSu i|yd hla f;dú,hla
fhdod.ekSu mj;akd isß;ls'
uvq neiSfï§ fohdldrh; pdß;% úê olakg ,efí' wdOqkslhd lmq m;a;sks
flfkla kï uvq neiSfï§ y,x jevujd m;a;sks keàu l< hq;= w;r wjfYaI wdOqksl
Ys,amsfhla kï jdy, keàu l< hq;= h' fuu uQ,sl pdß;% úê ksu lsÍfuka miq uvq
hd.fha wfkl=;a k¾;k wjia:d i|yd wdOqkslhkag iyNd.s úh yels h' tfuka u
ud,lalï" nUr j<,a, jeks iqúfYaI olaI;d oelaùu o fuys§ isÿ flf¾'
l,t<s neiSfï § fndfydaúg hla f;dú,hla fhdod.kakd neúka ikakshl=u
we;=¿ wfkl=;a hla f;dú,aj,g wh;a k¾;k wjia:d wdOqkslhd úiska m%.=K l< hq;=
h' ish¨ u k¾;k Ys,amSka iyNd.s jk yekaoE iuhu keue;s k¾;k wjia:dfõ §
wdOqkslhdg ish olaI;d oelaùug wjia:dj ,efí' ta wkqj yekaoE iuhug wh;a
k¾;kj,g wu;r j ud,lalï" nUr j<,a, jeks iqúfYaI olaI;d o fuys § bÈßm;a
lrhs'
Wvrg yd inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhkays fuka iqúfYaI pdß;% úê my;rg
k¾;k iïm%odhfha § olakg ke;' tfy;a wdOqkslhd k¾;khg msúfik wjia:dfõ §
muKla ;u .=rejrhdg .=re m`vqre yd ;E.s fnda. m%odkh lsÍu isß;la j mj;sk nj lsj
hq;= h'
inr.uq .=re jrï §fï ux.,Hh
.=re f.or wOHdmkh ksud lrk wdOqkslhd Ys,amSh m%ùk;djhg m;a jQ úg Tyq
.=re jrï §u iqÿiq hehs .=rejrhd ;SrKh lrhs' Ys,am {dKh ,enQ mrïmrdjg wdfõKslj
mj;ajk Ydka;s l¾uhl § .=re jrï ,nd§u iQodkï lsÍu isß;ls' tkï uvq Ydka;s l¾u
.=re mrïmrdjlg wh;a kï myka uvqfõ o" hla f;dú,a isÿ lrk mrïmrdjla kï hla
f;dú,hl § o" n,s Ydka;s l¾u isÿ lrk mrïmrdjla kï n,s Ydka;sl¾uhl § o wdÈ
jYfhks'
fuys § .=rejrhd wdOqksl Ys,amshdf.a foudmshka ±kqj;a lrhs' wk;=rej Ydka;s
l¾uh mj;ajk ujla ta i|yd iQodkï ùug uÕfmkajhs' fuys § uvqj mj;ajkq
,nkafka wdOqkslhdf.a Ys,amSh m%d.=KH m%o¾Ykh l< yels whqßks'
uvqj mj;ajk Èk iji iqN kel;g wkqj yÕ, yd fk;a;sud,h ̂ ysia m<|kdj&
m<|jkq ,efí' wk;=re j mqjlau,a lsks;a;la w;g § .=rejrhd wdOqkslhddf.a ysiu;
w; ;nd .=re jrï § wdYS¾jdo lsÍu iïm%odhsl isß;hs'
wdOqkslhd jrï ,nk Ydka;s l¾ufha uQ,sl pdß;% isÿ lrkq ,nkafka wdOqkslhdf.a
uQ,sl;ajfhks' fuys § lú .dhkh" k¾;kh" ixjdo iy hla lú fuys ,d wka;¾.;
fõ' Ydka;s l¾uh wjidkfha .=rejrhd úiska wdOqkslhdg fi;a lrhs' wdOqkslhdf.a
foudmshka kE ys;=j;=ka Thqg wdYS¾jdo lrñka i;=g m%ldY lsÍug ;E.s fnda. o msßkeóu
isÿ lrhs'
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39k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
Ydka;sl¾u
Ydka;sl¾u hkq lsishï mqoa.,hl=f.a udkisl fyda ldhsl fyda iqN isoaêh
wruqKq fldg foúhka" hlaIhka ke;fyd;a fjk;a n,fõ. ÿre lr Ydka;shla Wfoid
mj;ajk lsishï ld¾h ixisoaêhls'
foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odh ;=kg wh;a Ydka;sl¾u
iïm%odh Ydka;sl¾uh
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh fldfydUd lxldßh
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhh fofjd,a uvq Ydka;sl¾uh
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh myka uvqj Ydka;sl¾uh
Ydka;sl¾u meje;aùug fya;= jQ lreKq
w;S;fha meje;aùug fya;=j
• m~qjia foõ rcqg jeÿKq Èúfodia
ksid yg.;a frda. iqjm;a lsÍu
Wvrg fldfydUd lxldßh Ydka;sl¾uh
j¾;udkfha meje;aùug fya;=j
• Ok" OdkH" .j" uysIdÈ Nj fNda.
iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu
• mqo a.,hkag n,mE hï
frda.dndOhka iqj lr .ekSu
• .ulg" m%foaYhlg" uq¿ rgg u
meñK we;s jHikhlska ñ§ fi;a
Ydka;shla ,nd .ekSu
• wdOHdmksl wjYH;d ^wOHhk yd
m¾fhaIK i|yd&
> >
>
>
w;S;fha meje;aùug fya;=j
• fiarudk rcqg we;s jQ ysiroh iqj
lsÍu
my;rg fofjd,a uvq Ydka;sl¾uh
j¾;udkfha meje;aùug fya;=j
• .ug rgg fi;a Ydka;shla me;Su
• ëjrhkag jdrlka ld,fha §
/ljrKh yd Ydka;sh me;Su
• iYS%l;ajh Wfoid
• frda. ksjdrK fi;a Ydka;shla f,i
• wOHdmksl wjYH;d ^wOHhkh
yd m¾fhaIK i|yd&
> >
>
> >
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40k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
iïm%odh
Wvrg
my;rg
inr.uq
m%Odk Ydka;sl¾uh
fldfydUdlxldßh
fofjd,a uvqj
myka uvqj
w;S;fha meje;aùug fya;=j
• fiarudk rcqg we;s jQ ysiroh iqj
lsÍu
inr.uqj myka uvqj Ydka;sl¾uh
j¾;udkfha meje;aùug fya;=j
• wïudjrekaf.a f,v f,i .eñhka
y÷kajk frda.j,ska w;añ§u i|yd
wkjYH wdydrj,ska ñ§ m;a;sks
foaj;dúh fjkqfjka fmaù fi;a
Ydka;s lsÍu
• wdOHdmksl wjYH;d ^wOHhkh
yd m¾fhaIK i|yd&
> >
>
> >
mqo ,nk foújre
fldfydUd foúfhda
w¨;a fldfydUd"
uy fldfydUd"
mrK fldfydUd hk
fldfydUd foú ;=ka
lÜgqj
m;a;sks foaj;dúh
fofjd,a foúfhda
±äuqKav foúfhda
fod<y foúfhda
m;a;sks foaj;dúh
úIaKq foúfhda
iuka foúfhda
l;r.u foúfhda
úNSIK foúfhda
kd: foúfhda
fofjd,a foúfhda
Ydka;sl¾uj, mqo ,nk foújre
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41k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
fldfydUd lxldßfha mqrdjD;a;h
úch rcq l=fõKsh irK mdjd f.k jdih lsÍfï § Tyqg Ôjy;a; iy Èid,d
kï ore fofokd WmÈ;s' blaì;s Tyq l=fõKsh m,jd yer uÿrdmqrfhka f.kajd .;a iu
l=, l=udßhl irK mdjd .kS' úch rcq flfrys fldamhg m;a l=fõKsh Tyqg Ydm l<d
h' úchf.a wejEfuka rc meñKs m~qjia foõ rcqg" l=fõKsh úiska úch rcqg lrk ,o
Ydmh jeÈKs'
isysfkka Èú fjila ±l ìhm;a jQ m~qjia foõ rcq n,j;a fia frda.d;=r úh'
fldfydUd lxldßfha Èú fodaIh kñka ye¢kafjkafka fuh hs' fuu Èú fodaIh ÿre
lsÍu i|yd fkdfhl=;a fi;a Ydka;s lrjk ,o kuq;a iqjhla fkd ,eìKs' wk;=re j
Yl% foafõkaøhdg fuh ie, lr isáfha h' Èúhl= isysfkka ±l ìh ùfuka yg.;a
frda.hla fyhska ujq l=fika Wmka flfkl=g ÿre l< fkdyels ksid uf,ka Wmka
flfkl= fidhd hd.h lrk f,i Wmfoia fok ,È'
fuu ld¾hh rdyq wiqf¾kaøhdg Ndr lrk ,§' rdyq wiqf¾kaøhd úIaKq foúhkaf.a
oi wj;drj,ska tlla jk Èfhka" .skafkka" wdhqOj,ska fyda yShlska fyda fkd kiakd
n, we;s W!re wj;drh ,nd fokafka kï ld¾hh Ndr .kakd nj lshd isáfha h'
wjirh ,enqKq rdyq wiqf¾kaøhd i;a uqyqfoka tf;r ù" u,h rgg f.dia rcqf.a kkaok
Whk úkdY lrkakg mgka .;s' Whk wdrlaId lrk Whka m,a,d isÿ j we;s úm; u,h
rcqg ±kaù h' rcq W!rd we,a,Su i|yd kqjr wKfnr ,jd jeÈ fiakdj /ia lr Whk jg
lf<a h' W!rd u,h rcqf.a kqjrg jeo ud<s.d ì| ÿjk úg u,h rcq" ls;aisre" i|,s÷
hk ;=kafok w;ska ÿkq yS f.k W!rd ¨yqne| ,laÈj meñKsfha h' i;a uqyqo mSkd .sh
W!rd ,laÈjg meñK yka;dk lkao wi, § .,la njg m;a úh' u,h rcq lvqfjka
fldgd úiauhg m;a jQ wjia:dfõ t;ekg meñKs ilafoõ rcq u,h rcq we;=¿ msßi fuys
f.kaùu msKsi fujeks udhdjla l< njla úia;r lf<a h' u,h rcq we;=¿ msßi m~qjia
foõ rcqf.a Èú fodia iqjm;a lsÍu msKsi wkqrdOmqrfha uyfujqkd Whfka kshñ; È.
m<, iys; uKavmhla lrjd Ydka;s l¾uh lsÍfuka wk;=re j Èú fodaIh iqjm;a úh'
fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a;h
fiaruka rcqf.a Whk md¿lrñka isá f.dakl= urd ouk f,i rcq úiska wK
lrk ,Èka fyajdhska f.dakd miqmi mkakd hk wjia:dfõ f.dakdf.a mh meg,S wi,
;snqK rcqf.a fmdl=K ;=<g jeà urKhg m;a úh' ;udg úm;a lf<a rcq nj ±k.;a
f.dakd Tyq flfrys fldamfhka urKhg m;a ù fmdl=fKys u l=vd ueçhl= ù Wm§'
Èkla rcq fmdl=Kg hoa§ ,iaiK u,la ±l th lvd iqj| wd>%Kh l< iefKlska tys isá
l=vd ueçhd rcqf.a kdihg .sfha h' bka yg.;a ysirohla iqj lsÍug fkdyels j isáh
§ Èkla rcqg isysfkka rEu;a ldka;djla fmkqKd h h' ta nj mqfrdays;hkag ±kaù h'
Tjqka mejiqfõ isyskfhka fmkS we;af;a m;a;sks foaúh nj;a fn!oaOd.u ia:dms; rglg
f.dia mska meñKúh hq;= nj;a h' tys § ,xldj f;dard f.k le,Kshg f.dia nqÿka je|
foúhkag mska § rejkaje,af,a § fofjd,a uvqj wdrïN l W nj lshefõ'
* inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; inr.uq myka uvqfõ mqrdjD;a; l;dj my;rg fofjd,a uvqfõ mqrdjD;a;
l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a' l;dj yd nef|a'
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42k
¾;k
h 7 f
Ya%K
sh - w
;sf¾l
lshùï f
md;
Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ k¾;kh" .dhkh" jdokh" pdß;% úê iy ieris,s ^Wvrg&
Ydka;sl¾u
• fldfydUdlxldßh
pdß;% úê
• lma isgqùu• uvqj iE§u• uvq fma lsÍu• f;dg fma lsÍu• u, fma lsÍu• wdNrK jevuùu• u,ahyka lú yd
foúhka fma lsÍu
k¾;k wx.
• hla wekakqu• wiafka• wdjekaÿu• y;amo
• ÿkqud,mamqj • fldfydUd yE,a,
• hla;=ka moh • y;a moh • odk my • uvqmqrh
.dhkh
• kuialdr• wIagl• Yaf,dal• ikak• ieye,s• hdÈks• isrimdo• lv;=rd• flda,auqr• Wm;a lú
jdokh
• k¾;kh i|ydflfrk jdokh
• .dhkh i|ydmuKla fhfokjdokh
• u`.=,a fnr jdok• msx fnr• je÷ï w;a• ±l=ï w;a jdokh
ieris,s
• uvqj jgd f.dmafld<ieris,sj,ska w,xldrlrkq ,efí' uvqieriSu" whs, u,ahyka"msfoaks ;gq ieliSu i|ydo ieris,s fhdod .kq,efí' fmdÿfõ .;a l,flfi,a m;=ref.dmafld< wuqøjH f,ifhdod .kshs' ,S fldagq"mÜgd" flfi,a fld<"ynr, fld< o Ndú;lrhs' rx. NdKavks¾udKh o ieris,sj,gwh;a fõ' fmdÿfõ .;al, mßirfhka ,nd.kakd ,o iajdNdúlwuqøjH ieris,s i|ydfhdod .kq ,efí'
kdgHuhwjia:d
• hlalï• .=ref.a ud,dj• .nvd - fld,a,h
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43k
¾;k
h 7 f
Ya%K
sh - w
;sf¾l
lshùï f
md;
Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ k¾;kh" .dhkh" jdokh" pdß;% úê iy ieris,s ^my;rg&
Ydka;sl¾u
• fofjd,a uvqj
k¾;k wx.
• f;drK hd.h• f;,afu• fofjd,a"• jdy," m;a;sks• wU úouk
.dhkh
• kuialdr• wIagl• Yaf,dal• ikak• ieye,s• hdÈks• isrimdo• lv;=rd• flda,auqr• Wm;a lú
jdokh
• k¾;k i|ydflfrk jdok
• .dhkh i|ydmuKla fhfokjdok
• uÕ=,a fnr jdok• msx fnr• je÷ï w;a• ±l=ï w;a
pdß;% úê
• f;dgfug hdu• ñ,a, lemSu• ìfida lma
isgqùu• mQkdj fma lsÍu• myka m;a;=
lsÍu• ld, mkaou• f;drka hd.h• u,ahyka mQcdj• foajdNrK
mQcdj• foajdNrK jevuùu
ieris,s
• ùÈ yd f;drKwdosfhka rx. N+ñhw,xldr lrkq ,efí'uvq ieriSu" whs,u,ahyka" msfoaks ;gqieliSu i|yd oieris,s fhdod .kq,efí' fmdÿfõ .;al, flfi,a m;=ref.dmafld< wuqøjHf,i fhdod .efka',S fldagq" mÜgd"flfi,a fld<"ynr, fld< o Ndú;flfrhs' rx. NdKavks¾udKh oieris,sj,g wh;afõ' fmdÿfõ .;al, mßirfhka ,nd.kakd ,o iajdNdúlwuqøjH ieris,s i|ydfhdod .kq ,efí'
kdgHuh wjia:d
• wU úouk• fofjd,a f.dv
neiSu• we;a nkaOkh• ó nkaOkh
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44k
¾;k
h 7 f
Ya%K
sh - w
;sf¾l
lshùï f
md;
Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ k¾;k" .dhk" jdok" pdß;% úê" ieris,s ^inr.uq&
Ydka;sl¾u
• myka uvqj
k¾;k wx.
• foaj flda,amdvqj• uqÿka ;d,h• hyka ±lau• y;a mo fm<md,sh• u,a mo• mkaoï mo
.dhk
• kuialdr• wIagl• Yaf,dal• ikak• ieye,s• hdÈks• isrimdo• lv;=rd• flda,auqr• Wm;a lú• u,a hyka lú
jdok
• k¾;k i|ydflfrk jdok
• .dhkh i|ydmuKla fhfokjdok
• uÕ=,a fnr jdok• msx fnr• je÷ï w;a• ±l=ï w;a
pdß;% úê
• uvq fma lsÍu• ñ,a, lemSu• f;g fma lsÍu• wdNrK jevu
ùu• myka ±,aùu• mkais,a .ekSu• ìfida lma• isgqùu• ld, mkaoï
isgqùu• y,x mdjd §u• fi;a lsÍu
ieris,s
• ùÈ yd f;drKwdÈfhka rx. N+ñhw,xldr lrkq ,efí'uvq ieriSu" whs,u,ahyka" msfoaks ;gqieliSu i|yd oieris,s fhdod .kq,efí' fmdÿfõ .;al, flfi,a m;=ref.dmafld< wuqøjHf,i fhdod .efka' ,Sfldagq" mÜgd" flfi,afld<" ynr, fld< oNdú; flfrhs' rx.NdKav ks¾udKh oieris,sj,g wh;a fõ'fmdÿfõ .;a l,mßirfhka ,nd.kakd ,o iajdNdúlwuqøjH ieris,s i|ydfhdod .kq ,efí'
kdgHuh wjia:d• wU úouk• fofjd,af.dv
neiSu• rdud hlalu ^urd bmeoa§u&• wiqr hlalu• fmd;a lrhs
hlalu
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45k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
k¾;k iïm%odh m%j¾Okhg odhl jQfjda
roa±,af,a fmdä uy;auhd uy;d
• inr.uq k¾;k Ys,amshl= f,i lghq;= l< roa±,af,a fmdä uy;a;hd Ys,amSh
{dkh ,enqfõ mshdf.ks' uq,a hq.fha fuu inr.uq k¾;kh iSud ù ;snqfKa
Ydka;sl¾uj, rÕ±laùug;a" úydria:dk wdYs%; j meje;s mskalï wdÈhg;a
muKs'
• 1947 j¾Ifha § inr.uq k¾;kh b.ekaùug inr.uq l,dh;khla wdrïN
l< fu;=udg 1959 j¾Ifha § Èlaje,a, uyd úoHd,hfha k¾;k .=rejrhl=
f,i m;aùula ,eìKs'
• 1964 § .srd.u .=re úoHd,hfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajhg ne÷Kq
fu;=ud b.ekaùu i|yd kshñ; ld,hg iSud fkdù wu;r ld,h o fhdod
.ksñka inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh b.ekaùu i|yd .=re úoHd,hSh
lÓldpd¾hjrhl= jYfhka uy;a lemùulska lghq;= lf<a h'
• bka miq j 1977 - 1990 olajd fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl=
f,i lghq;= l< t;=ud isiqka tl;= lr .ksñka m%dix.sl j b.ekaùï
lghq;=j, ksr; úh' fï ksid jeä isiqka msßila k¾;k wOHdmkhg
m%úIag lrùug yels úh' inr.uq k¾;k úIhud,d ilia lsÍug uQ,sl;ajhla
,nd ÿka fu;=ud ta ms<sn| jdo újdo mjd isÿ lf<a h'
• roa±,af,a fmdä uy;a;hd lÓldpd¾h ;=ud inr.uq k¾;khg;a" .dhkhg;a"
ojq,a jdokhg;a tl yd iudk olaI;djla ±lajQ l,d Ys,amsfhls' fu;=ud
k¾;k ks¾udKhg iqúfYaI olaI;djla ±laù h'
• mdi,g" .=re úoHd,hhg" úYajúoHd,hhg muKla t;=ud fiajh iSud lf<a
ke;' ,efnk ieu wjia:djl u myka uvq" .ïuvq Ydka;sl¾uj,;a
k¾;kfhka fhÈKs'
• roa±,af,a fmdä uy;a;hd kñka fuka u mrx.shd j;af;a fmdäuy;a;hd hk
kñka o fu;=ud ye¢kafjhs'
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46k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
fÊ'B' fiaoruka uy;d
1908'09'23 Èk Wm; ,nd we;s fudyq m%ùK Wvrg k¾;k Ys,amsfhls' uykqjr
mQcdmsáh uy úoHd,hfhka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd we;'
bf.k .kakd ,o Ys,am Ydia;%
mshd jQ udok isßfiak .=re;=udf.ka Wvrg k¾;kh" fnr jdokh" Ñ;% Ys,amh"
uQ¾;s Ys,amh" klaI;%h wdÈh;a mkai, wdY%hfhka isxy," md,s yd ixialD; NdIdj iy
ldjHlrKh;a W.;a fu;=ud olaI l,dlrefjls'
úfoaY ixpdr iy bÈßm;a lrk ,o k¾;k
- 1930 j¾Ifha § m%xYh n,d msg;a j .sh Tyq tys § i¾lia lKavdhulg ne£
k¾;khla bÈßm;a lr we;' c¾uksh" fn,aðhu" iaúÜi¾,ka;h" yxf.aßhdj"
b;d,sh iy tx.,ka;h jeks rgj, o ixpdrfha fhfoñka k¾;k bÈßm;a
lr we;'
- tx.,ka; ixpdrfha § rd.sks foaúh iuÕ rdOd ls%IaK k¾;kh iy kd.
k¾;kh bÈßm;a lsÍug fuka u wehf.a k¾;k jev igykaj, k¾;k
wx. yhla bÈßm;a lsÍug o wjia:dj ,eî we;' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o zziqkaor
hqfrdamhZZ kï lD;sfha rdjK kD;Hhla o bÈßm;a lr we;s nj i|yka
fjhs' ixpdrl kegqï lKavdhula ilia lr fma%laIlhka bÈßfha /Õ=ï
±laùu" i¾liaj, iy m%o¾Ykj, rx.khka bÈßm;a lsÍï wdÈ lghq;= o lr
we;'
wOHdmk lafIa;%h Wfoid bgq lr we;s fiajh
- 1941 cqks 01 Èk .=rejrhl= f,i uq,a u m;aùu ,nd .ksñka udj;.u uyd
úoHd,hfha Wvrg k¾;kh úIhhla f,i b.ekaùu'
- .srd.u" fmardfoKsh" fmd,af.d,a," óß.u" ksÜgUqj hk .=re wNHdi
úoHd,hj, kegqï iy ix.S; mÍlaIljrhl= f,i fiajh lsÍu'
- .srd.u .=re wNHdi úoHd,hfha kegqï yd ix.S; lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i
fiajh lsÍu'
rÑ; .%ka:
* isxy, kdgH l,dj - 1944
* kD;H Ñka;duKs - 1949
* Wvrg kegqï l,dj - 1962
* kD;H r;akdlrh - 1959
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47k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
* ,xldfõ hlaI hq.h fyj;a fldfydUd lxldß Wm; - 1955
* Y=N Ydka;s úê fkdfyd;a ,xldfõ n,s Wm; - 1964
* n,shd. úpdrh fkdfyd;a ,xldfõ n,s Wm; - 1967
- ks¾udKh lrk ,o uqød kdgH lD;s
* mKavqldNh
* f;a,m;a;
* úch l=fõKs
- l,d;aul lghq;= i|yd msysgqjk ,o ixúOdk
* ,xld uyck l,d uKav,h
* rdjK l,d ix.uh
tï'tÉ' f.dañia uy;d
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhfha ud;r ffY,sfha k¾;k Ys,amshl= f,i f.dañia
uy;d ye¢kaúh yels h' rghl=u fyj;a ßoaÈ hd.h" iQkshï lems,a," uyfidfydka iuhx
jeks Ydka;sl¾u ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqula t;=ud i;= j mej;s w;r" m%ùK Ydka;sl¾u weÿrl=
f,i m%isoaêhg m;a j we;'
k¾;k Ys,amshl= f,i f.dañia uy;d m%isoaêhg m;a jQfha my;rg iqúfYaI
k¾;k wx. lsysmhla ksid h' kd.lkHd" .sks isis," mkaoï md,sh jeks k¾;k wx. bka
lSmhls' flda,ï kdglfha tk kd. lkHd kegqu b;d u is;a .kakdiq¨ wdldrhg
ks¾udKh lrñka fõÈldjg WÑ; f,i rx. úkHdih lf<a f.dañia uy;d h' tfia u
.skss isis, kue;s k¾;k wx.h o fõÈldjg WÑ; f,i ilia fldg bÈßm;a lsÍfï
f.!rjh o f.dañia uy;dg ysñ úh hq;= h'
my;rg k¾;kh fõÈldjg WÑ; f,i ilia ù fkd;snqKq wjêhl tajd
l%uj;a j bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fu;=ud ord we;s W;aidyh w.h l< hq;= h'
f,dalfha rgj,a .Kkdjl u ;ukaf.a k¾;k yelshdjka m%o¾Ykh l< fu;=ud
wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka iïudkhg md;% jQfjls' fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kfha ndysr
lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i jir .Kkdjla fiajh l< f.dañia uy;df.ka my;rg k¾;k
l,djg isÿ jQ fiajh fndfyda fokd w.h lr;s'
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48k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
ld¾h m;s%ldj
j.=j weiqre lr .ksñka ysia;eka mqrjkak'
Ys,amSkaf.a kï
fÊ'B' fiaoruka
wh;a iïm%odhh
my;rg k¾;k
iïm%odhh
Ys,amSh olaI;d
ojq,a jdokh
k¾;k l,djg
isÿ jQ fiajdj
k¾;k
lÓldpd¾hjrhl=
yd m%Odk
mÍlaIljrhl=
f,i fiajh
lsÍu
ks¾udKh lrk
,o l,d lD;s
Wvrg ;d,
Ydia;%h
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49k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
6'0 úúO l,dx.j, fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï
l;r.u foajd, fmryer
l;r.u foajd, fmryer isxy," yskaÿ" uqia,sï" wdÈjdiSka wdÈ ish¨ ckhdf.a
wd.ñl fmryerla f,i ye¢kafõ'
wruqKq
- ne;su;=kaf.a wm, Wmøj ÿre lsÍu
- foajdYS¾jdoh ,eîu yd rgg fi;ame;Su
- j¾Idj yd iYS%l;ajh ,nd .ekSug
- iajdNdúl úm;aj,ska rg fírd .ekSu
fmryer meje;afjk ld,h
lma isgqùfuka osk 44la f.jqKq ;ek § t<fUk wudjl f.ù" mqr mE<úh Èkfha
mqi kel;ska l;r.u foajd,hfha fmryer wdrïN fõ' wei< udifha ux.,Hh
meje;afjk uq¿ ld,h ;=< u l;r.u foúhka ñksia f,djg meñK isgqjk ,o lfmys
jdih lrk njg úYajdihla mj;S' t ksid isgjk ,o lma mQcd jia;=jla f,i i,lkq
,efí'
l;r.u fmryer yd ne¢ pdß;%
l;r.u foajd,hfha idïm%odhsl jYfhka jd¾Isl j meje;afjk m%Odk ux.,H
W;aij ;=kls' wjqreÿ ux.,Hh" wei< W;aijh" b,a uy ux.,Hh jYfhks'
.sks mE.Su" ìu fmr<Su" lgq .eiSu wdÈ ÿIalr ld¾hhkays kshef<kafka foúhka
fjkqfjka ±ä Nla;sh m%ldY lsÍu i|yd h'
uÕ=,a fmryer meje;afjk Èkfhys § úfYaI lejqï" lsßn;a ilia lsÍu pdß;%hla
jYfhka isÿjkakls' fuu leú,s ilia lrkqfha foajd,hfha f;ajdlrejl= jk .ïmy
úodfka h' fmryer mgka .ekSfï § zzj; ne£uZZ kï pdß;%hla fõ' j; ne£u hkq
foajdNrK f.k hk we;= msg jia;% we;sÍu h'
6 mßÉfþoh
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50k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
.dhk yd jdok wjia:d
wei< mqrmif<diajl f.ù wjmE<úh ,nk Èkfha § zzfõ.j;a fmryerZZ kñka
ye¢kafjk úfYaI fmryerla meje;afõ' ÿjk fmryer hkq fuhg ;j;a kuls' fuu
fmryer uyd foajd,hfhka kslau j,a,s wïud foajd,hh fj; hhs' fuys § úfYaI
fyaúis jdokhla ±lsh yels j' ks,OdÍka bÈßfha meje;afjk fyaúis jdokfha § jdokh
lrkq ,nkafka tu wjia:djg muKla ieliqKq fnr mohls' fuu fnr moh kï lr
we;af;a zzùrmohZZ kñks'
fyaúis jdokh fuka u" oñ< fnrh kd.iajrï wdÈ NdKav jdokh lsÍu fuu
fmryef¾ ±lsh yels h' Bg wu;r j foaYSh jdoH NdKav o Ndú; flf¾'
foúhka jevu lsÍu isÿ lrkafka uyd foajd,hfhka ,nd.;a msß;a meka foajd,hh
mqrd biSfuka yd foajd,hh ;=< ;ekam;a lsÍfuka wk;=re j h' tys § zzyfrda yrdZZ
kdofhkq;a ;+¾h jdok" >Kagd yd iSkq kdofhkq;a wjg mßirh .s.=ï fohs'
fmryer t<sh lrk mkaoïlrejka o" iqj| Èh iy u,a biskakka o" ud¾.h mú;%
lsÍu msKsi ly Èhr biskakka o" iaf;da;% iy øúv .S;sld .dhkh lrkakka o" fmryer
fomiska .uka lrkq ±lsh yels h' fuys § isxy, yd øúv ck;djf.a tluq;=lu o
fmfka' fuys Èia jkafka rc fmryerl iajrEmhls' Bg fya;=j rc fmryerl we;=<;a
jQ ieu wxYhla u fuu foajd, fmryefrys wka;¾.; j ;sîu h'
k¾;k rx. jia;% yd ieris,s
fmryefrys jevulrjkq ,nk Y=oaO jia;=" hka;% yd foajrEm" jdikdfïÈh fj;
f.k hkqfha lmqrd, h' foajd,fha isg fïÈh f;la jQ ud¾.h r;= m,ila jeks
mdjdvhlska iy iqÿ úhklska ieriSu;a" Y=oaO jia;+ka f.k hk lmqrd, uqLjdvulska yd
;,mamdjlska ieriSu;a fï wjia:dfõ § ±l.; yels h' w,s we;=ka f.ka fuka u úÿ,s
nqnq¿j,ska yd ùÈ ieris,sj,ska fmryer w,xldr fjhs'
fmryef¾ bÈßfhka u isákafkda br y| ksrEmKh flfrk isxy, P;%" fiai;a
orkakka" yd Èid fldä orkafkda h' fm!rdKsl kshuhka wkqj ;u ;ukag kshñ;
fldä Tijd .; hq;af;a kskao.ï ,oaojqka úisks' B<Õg ks,fï we÷fuka ieriqKq
niakdhl ks,fï iy foajd,hfha f,alïjrhd ±lsh yels h' Tjqka fofokd fomi
lmqre iy myka w;e;s fyajd lrefjda fofofkla isá;s' foúhka jevu jk we;=msg
uqLjdvñka ieriqKq lmqrd, h' foúhkaf.a wdrlaIdjg fuka tfia .uka lrkqfha uy
foajd,hfhys fiajdj lrk m%Odk lmqrd, hs' we;= msgqmiska w;aje,a ne|.;a zzwd,;a;s
wïu,dZZ .uka lr;s'
Wvrg" my;rg yd inr.uq wdÈ idïm%odhsl k¾;k wx. fuka u l=¨" f.dhï"
rnka" ijrka" pdur" fõje,a" ;d,ï" ,S" lvq wdÈ úúO .eñ kegqï j,ska o isxy kegqu"
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51k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
ykquka;d kegqu" fudkr kegqu wdÈ ks¾udK kegqïj,ska fuu fmryer w,xldrj;a
fõ' øúv ixialD;sh yd ne¢ ldjä kegqu" flfydU l<h wdÈ kegqï fuu fmryefrys
iqúfYaI fõ'
idïm%odhsl fnr jdok we÷ï lÜg,h yd idïm%odhsl k¾;k we÷ï lÜg, o
Ndú; lrk w;r úúO wdldrhg ks¾udKh lrk ,o rx. jia;%dNrK o kegqï i|yd
Ndú; lrkq olakg ,efí'
.dhkh" jdokh yd k¾;kh i|yd ia;S%" mqreI fomsßi u iyNd.s fj;s'
l;r.u foajd, fmryer ̂ ld¾h m;s%ldj&
meje;aùug fya;=
1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fmryefrys olakg ,efnk k¾;k wx.
1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fmryer yd iïnkaO iqúfYaI mqoa.,kdu1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fmryefrys olakg ,efnk ieris,s wx.1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
øúv ixialD;sh yd ne¢ k¾;k wx.1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
meje;afjk ld, iSudj
1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fmryefrys olakg ,efnk jdok NdKav
1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fmryer yd iïnkaO iqúfYaI pdß;% úê
1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Nla;sh oekùu i|yd lrk ld¾h1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
øúv ixialD;sh yd ne¢ jdoH NdKav1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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52k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
fjk;a ixialD;sj,g wh;a k¾;k
lr.ï kegqu
bkaÈhdfõ .eñ kegqï w;ßka iqúfYaI jQ .eñ kegquls' ;ñ,akdvq m%dka;h uQ,sl
lr f.k fuys wdrïNh isÿ jQ w;r ;dkacdjQ¾ m%foaYfha wd.ñl mqo mQcd wjia:djkays
§ olakg ,efí'
mqo ,nk foújre
udß wïudka yd .x.d wïudka foújre
W;aij mj;ajk ld, iSudj
wf.daia;= udih ;=< bkaÈhdfõ yd ,xldfõ meje;afjk W;aijhls'
lr.ï kegqu yd ne¢ iqúfYaI ,laIK
iunr;dj ;nd .ksñka k¾;kh lsÍu fuys úfYaI;ajhls' ta i|yd l<hla ysi
u; ;nd f.k ir, p,k Ndú;hg .kshs' .eyekq msßñ fomlaIh u fï i|yd iyNd.s
ùu isÿ fõ' ;ks ;ks j yd hq., jYfhka k¾;kfha fhfo;s' f,dayj,ska fyda
ueáj,ska fyda ilia lrk ,o l<h úúO j¾Kfhka hq;a u,a j¾.j,ska irikq ,efí'
Wod ( r;=" iqÿ" ly u,a jeä jYfhka w,xldrh i|yd fhdod .efka'
l<h uqÿfka lvodisj,ska ilia lrk ,o .srjl= f.a wdlD;shla ±lsh yels h'
tu .srjd lerflk wdldrhg l<h ysi uqÿfka ;nd .efka'
iunr;dj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd l<h we;=<g iy,a oukq ,efí' u,aj,ska
irik ,o l<fha ljdldr nj biau;= lsÍug nïnq ,Shla l<h ;=<g isria w;g oud th
jgd u,a je,aj,ska w,xldr lr k¾;kfha pu;aldr nj jeä lr .efka'
ix.S;h yd jdoH NdKav
fnr j¾. yd k<d j¾. ix.S;h i|yd fhdod .kakd w;r ffkhä fï,ï
ix.S;h fuys § iqúfYaI fõ' we;eï úg .dhkh i|yd .S; o fhdod .efka'
rx. jia;%dNrK
oñ< ,laIK fmkakqï lrk idßh fkdfyd;a È. idh" yeÜgh yd wdNrK
ldka;djka Ndú; lrk w;r msßñ foda;sh yd mQk kQ, Ndú; lsÍu olakg ,efí' r;="
ly" fld< j¾K jeä jYfhka fhdod .kq ,efí'
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53k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
fjk;a ixialD;s yd ne¢ k¾;k wx.
ldjä$lr.ï rx. WmlrKhla ilia lr .ekSug Wmfoia
- k¾;kdx.hla ms<sn| j rx. WmlrKhla (CD ;eáhla fyda mska;+rhla
fyda keröfï § my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
jeo.;a h'&
- yev;,h
- rx. WmlrKh ilia lr we;s wuqøjH
- w,xldr lr .ekSug Ndú; lr we;s j¾K yd øjH ms<sn| j fyd¢ka
ksÍlaIKh lsÍu'
- ta wkqj rx. NdKavhla ks¾udKh lsÍu'
my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a fjñka k¾;k wx.hla ks¾udKh lr
.ksuq'
- imhd .;a .dhkh yd jdoH LKav Y%jKh lr tys ;d,h ms<sn| is;kak'
- fuu k¾;kh i|yd fhdod .kakd p,k øúv wdNdihla f.k we;s nj
is;g .kak'
- rx. NdKavhla iunr lr .ksñka k¾;kh l< yels ir, p,k ks¾udKh
lr .kak'
- wjYH wjia:dj, § .=re Wmfoia ,nd .; yels h'
- ir, rgdj,g wkqj ksudjla we;s k¾;k wx.hla ks¾udKh lr .kak'
- ;ks ;ks j fyda lKavdhï jYfhka fyda k¾;k wx.h mka;s ldurh ;=<
m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
- fuu k¾;k wx.h mqyqKqùfuka Tnf.a isref¾ iunr;dj" bjiSfï
.=Kh" ord .ekSfï yelshdj hkd § .=Kdx. j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels h'
rduidka W;aijh
rduidka W;aijh wrdìh" uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj" bkaÈhdj" YS% ,xldj wdÈ
rgj, fjfik bia,dï ne;su;=kaf.a W;aijhls' uqia,sï wd.ñl kS;sh wkqj iEu
bia,dï Nla;slhl= úiska u wksjd¾hfhka u /lsh hq;= fkdaïì we,a,Su fyj;a Wmjdi
YS,h udihla mqrd wdrlaId lr wjika lrk Èkh rduidka W;aij Èkh hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ' fuu Wmjdi YS,h wdrïN ùug fya;= ù we;af;a bia,dï wd.ñlhkaf.a Y=oaO
jQ .%ka:h jk zw,a l+¾ wdkhZZ f,dj my, jQ ld,h isysm;a lsÍfï wNsm%dhh hs' ia;S%
mqreI fNaohlska f;dr j ieu bia,dï Nla;slhl= úiska u wksjd¾hfha u l< hq;= fulS
Wmjdih i|yd wjq' 07g wvq jhiaj, orejkag" YÍr Yla;sfhka ÿ¾j, frda.Skag yd
jhia.; jQjkag wjir fkd,efí'
WoEik ysre Wodj;a iuÕ m%:u hd{dfjka wdrïN lrk Wmjdih ysre nei .sh
miq ksud fldg wdydr ms<sfh< lrf.k ojfia tl u wdydr fõ, wkqNj lsÍu
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54k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
fudjqkaf.a isß;ls' Wmjdi ld,h wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd fjka jQ ld,hla neúka fï
udifha § b;d u Nla;sfhka yd lemùfuka wd.ñl lghq;= i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
lsÍug bia,dï Nla;slfhda fhduq fj;s'
w,a,dya foúhkaf.a wdYS¾jdoh u; fï ld,fha ÿmam;a fmdfydi;a fNaohlska
f;dr j ;uka ms<sfh< lr .kakd wdydr" Ok OdkH jia;= we֕ me<֕" fnod yod
.ekSfuka fndre lSu" u;ameka mdkh lsÍu jeks ÿYapß;j,ska ñ§fuka Wmjdi YS,h /
lSu fuys iqúfYaI ,laIKhls' tfuka u udkisl ixjr nj" ldhsl ixjr nj o we;s
fldg f.k hym;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd jirlg jrla fhduq jk fï Wmjdi ld,h
^fkdaïì we,a,Su& cqks udifha fmda Èk i| ne,Sfuka miq j h<s cQ,s udifha fmda Èk i|
ne,Sfuka wjika fõ'
fkdaïì wjika jQ miq isxy, w¨;a wjqreÿ pdß;% fuka keoE ys;j;=kaf.a ksfjiaj,g
hdu o isÿ lrkq ,efí' fï wkqj bia,dï ne;su;=kaf.a iuÕsh j¾Okh ùu;a" wd.ñl
jYfhka" cd;sl jYfhka tla ù ÈhqKqj i|yd;a zzrduidka W;aijhZZ foúhka jykafiaf.ka
Tjqkg ,enqK ienE wdo¾Yhla f,i i,l;s'
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55k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
7'0 w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka m%dix.sl l,dx. ks¾udKh
.S;hl iqúfYaI;d
wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d '''''''''''''''''''''''''' .S;h
fjila lel=¿ w;= w. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .S;h
wvx.= CD mghla$.=rejrhd úiska fyda isiqjl= úiska fyda lrk ,o .dhkhg
ijka §u'
wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d .S;h
mo rpkh ( kS;s{ fcdaka o is,ajd iQÍyq
.S; .dhkh ( fcdaka o is,ajd kdgH lKavdhu
fuh kQ¾;s .S;hls' fjiaika;r yd ukaøS foaúhf.a újdyh f;aud lr.;a .S;hls'
fuu .S;h we;=<;a ù we;af;a fjiaika;r cd;l l:dj weiqfrka kS;s{ fcdaka
o is,ajd iQÍka úiska rpkd lrk ,o fjiaika;r kQ¾;s kdgHfha h'
fjila lel=¿ .S;h
mo rpkh ( u¾i,Ska chfldä msh;=ud
ix.S; ks¾udKh ( ;kq ks¾udKh - iqks,a idka; uy;d
ix.S; ks¾udKh - î'weia' fmf¾rd uy;d
.S; .dhkh ( bkaødKs úfÊnKavdr uy;añh
ir, mo rpkfhka fuka u .S ;kq ir, núka o hq;a fï .S;h we;=<;a jkafka
Ñ;%mg ix.S;fha ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,flk 1956 ksIamdokh jQ zf¾LdjZ kï
Ñ;%máfha h'
7 mßÉfþoh
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56k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
.S;hg wkqj k¾;k ks¾udK i|yd Wmfoia
• ±ka Tn leue;s mßÈ fï .S; foflka tlla f;dard .kak'
• lKavdhïj,g fn§ fyda ;ks ;ks j u fyda f;dard .;a .S;hg p,k
ks¾udKh lrkak'
tys § my; i|yka Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka k¾;kh ks¾udKh lr.kak'
• .S;fha woyig wkqj fyda Tn leu;s wdldrhg fyda p,k ks¾udKh
lr.kak'
• ix.S; LKav i|yd o iqÿiq p,k fhdod .ksñka k¾;kh w,xldr lr.kak'
• .S;fha woyig wkqj p,k fhdod .ekSfï § uqyqfKa bßhjq flfrys o
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
• p,k ks¾udKh lsÍfï § mdi,g .e<fmk wdldrhg p,k ilia lr
.ekSug ie,ls,su;a jkak'
• wjldY Ndú;fha § Èid" ;," rgd ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
• wjYH wjia:dj, § .=rejrhdf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSug yels h'
• lKavdhïj, § wka whf.a woyiaj,g o .re lrñka iduQysl j k¾;kfha
fhfokak'
• lKavdhï wkqj fyda ;ks ;ks j Tnf.a ks¾udK bÈßm;a lrkak'
ld¾h m;s%ld
1' fuu .S; Y%jKh lsÍfï § Tn is;g ±kqKq woyia folla ,shkak'1'2'
2' ojg .yuqÿfka isg y~k mlaIshd kï lr mlaIshl=f.a p,khka bÈßm;a lrkak'
3' tu mlaIshdf.a kdoh wemg wefikafka '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ld,fha § h'
4' .S;hg wkqj zzf,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafkaZZ l=uk fya;= ksid o@
1'2'3'
5' fjiaika;r kQ¾;s kdgHh rpkd lrk ,oafoa l=uk cd;sl l:dj weiqre lr.ksñka o@
6' hd lrkak'1' fjila lel=¿ .S; .dhkh u¾i,Ska chfldä msh;=ud2' fjiaika;r kdgH bkaødKs úfÊnKavdr uy;añh3' .S; rplfhls fjiaika;r l=ure ukaøs l=uß4' pß; folls kS;s{ fcdaka o is,ajd uy;d
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57k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
.S;h - fjila lel=¿
fjila lel=¿ w;= w. b| kgk ú,dfia
bfrka yf|ka isß ú| ú| rÕk ú,dfia $$
msh,s i,d,d f¾Kq i,d,d iqj| Wrd isis,a iq<x yukafka
f,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafka $$
ojg .fya .y uqÿfka fldyd w~kafka
lEr,d o kdo foñka .yg fldgkafka $$
áx áx ioafoa ta ueo we;af;a
.u jg lr l=re¨ .S; wefikafka
f,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafka$$
lod j<¨ oE; Èf.a álsß ,shkafka
álsß álsß j<¨ y~ hs <má <÷kaf.a$$
.S; .hkafka .hd kgkafka
fld¨ fl,s fmdÈ .S .hñka kgkafka
f,dj u wjÈ fjñka wuq;= mKla ,nkafka $$
.S;h - wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d
wo fjiaika;r rdc mq;d
ukaøS l=udß n£
foafjdamldf¾ fõjd iE§ fi;a
rgjeiaikaf.a ldf, fyd|d
ÿ¾NslaI hdh is£
ux.,af,a idrfjjd iE§fi;a
fndau mS%;s f>daId wefikakd fï isõ Èid
fi; w;am;a fõjd ukaøs l=ußyg ±ka
rdc iïm;a fkdñka foah rdcd W;=ï
l=urdf.a mskla uhs
jdikd fnda''''''''''' jdikd fnda
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58k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
ieris,s wx.hka ks¾udKh
• y;a wäfha Ndú; jk mshqï
• f.dma fld< fk¿ï u,
• f.dma fld< l=re,a,d
fïjd b;d myiqfjka ir, j ks¾udKh l< yels ks¾udK neúka my; i|yka
rEm igyka wdOdrlhla f,i Ndú; fldg ks¾udKh lrkak'
^1& ^2& ^3&
wjYH øjH (
f.dma fld<
fïrE úh<s fld< ^fmd,a fld<&
flfi,a fldg lene,a,la
brgq
msyshla
• 1 rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg f.dma fld< iy fmd,a fld< lmkak'
• lmd.;a f.dma fld< iy fmd,a fld< wxl ^2& rEmfha oelafjk mrsos os.
yer .kak'
• ta wkqj f.dma fld< iy fmd,a fld< wjYH m%udKhg lmd È. yßkak'
• f.dma fld<j,ska iy fmd,a fld<j,ska wjYH m%udKhg fld<
lmd .kak'
• flfi,a fldg lene,a,la ^w`.,a 5la Wig ilia lr .kak'&
• lmd .kakd ,o fld< wxl 3 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ flfi,a fldg
lene,af,a Wv uqyqKf;ys brgq ;=fvka r|jkak'
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59k¾;kh 7 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh
Wvrg kegqï l,dj - fiaoruka" fÊ'B'
weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u
fld<U 1979
k¾;khg w;aje,la - cd'w'wd'
YS% ,xld cd;sl mqia;ld,h 2000
k¾;kh 10 fYa%Ksh - u,a,jwdrÉÑ" iageka,s f.a%Ika
u,amsh<s 2000
my;rg kegqï - iõßia is,ajd" tia'tÉ'
tï'ã' .=Kfiak 1965
inr.uq kegqï l,dj - fla'B' iqis,r;ak
fikr;a m%ldYk 2006
isxy, k¾;k l,dj - Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia
weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda
1998