wubalem tadesse
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Natural gums and resins: Potential dryland non timberNatural gums and resins: Potential dryland non timberforest products of Ethiopiaforest products of Ethiopia
NaturallyAfrican: in support of African natural products develop NaturallyAfrican: in support of African natural products development and marketing Subment and marketing Sub--
Regional Consultative Workshop for Eastern AfricaRegional Consultative Workshop for Eastern Africa
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) -- Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya
1818--20 May 200920 May 2009
Wubalem Tadesse
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
EIAR
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üü Introduction about EthiopiaIntroduction about Ethiopia
üü Natural Gum and resin resouces Natural Gum and resin resouces
üü SocioSocio--Economic roles of gums and gum resinsEconomic roles of gums and gum resins
resources in Ethiopiaresources in Ethiopia
üü Major application of gum resin productsMajor application of gum resin products
üü Constraints in production and commercialization ofConstraints in production and commercialization of
natural gums in Ethiopianatural gums in Ethiopia
ü Conclusions and recommendations
ontents of the presentation
ontents of the presentation
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Size
Ethiopia has a total area of 1,104,3001,104,300 km2. The size ofFrance, Spain and Portugal is the approximate size of
Ethiopia.
§ The 4th4thlargest inAfrica
§ 21st21stlargest ofthe world,
by area.
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Population
The population of Ethiopia has reached 74 million74 million. After Egyptand Nigeria, the 33rdrd most populous in Africa.
Orthodox (Christian) 43.5 %
Muslim/Islam 33.9 %
Protestant 18.6 %
Traditional 2.6 %
Religion
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GeographyGeography
The great Rift Valley
dissected in two
completely different
zones
Altitude vary, from 120120
mbslmbsl (the Denakile
Depression) to 4,6204,620
maslmasl (Mant Rash
Dashen-4th highest in
Africa)
Large part of the
country's land mass is
b/n 1,800 to 3,000
masl
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Denakil DepressionThe hottest place inthe world
-- 120 mbsl120 mbsl
Semen mountainSemen mountain
4,620 masl4,620 masl
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— Flora
—
Fauna:
BiodiversityBiodiversity
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Economy
— One of the poorest country in the world.— The Ethiopian economy is dominated by peasant
agriculture.
— The agricultural sector contributes about 50 % to the total
GDP, accounting for 85 % of export and total
employment.
Before xx centuryBefore xx century Today
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The forest over vast areas have slowly degenerated under the joint impact of
agricultural expansion,
over grazing,
over utilization for fuel and construction wood,
urbanization,forest fire, etc
Forest resourcesForest resources
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Natural forest = 2.3 million has Woodland/Bush land)=25 million ha
Plantation forest = 0.5 million has
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Ethiopia is home to a wide range of NTFPs available inEthiopia is home to a wide range of NTFPs available in
the vast arid and semiarid lowlands and highlands of thethe vast arid and semiarid lowlands and highlands of the
country, known to yield economically valuable products.country, known to yield economically valuable products.
The most important NTFPs in the country include:The most important NTFPs in the country include:
•• natural gums (gum arabic, frankincense, myrrh, etc.),natural gums (gum arabic, frankincense, myrrh, etc.),
•• wild coffee,wild coffee,
•• spices and condiments,spices and condiments,
•• wild honey and bees wax,wild honey and bees wax,
•• bamboo, bamboo,
•• essential oils from aromatic plants etc.essential oils from aromatic plants etc.
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Natural Gum andNatural Gum and
resin resoucesresin resouces
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Ethiopia is well recognized with respect to the production and
supply of natural gum from biblical time.
The country is well endowed with over 60 gum and resin
bearing species from Acacia, Boswellia and Commiphora
species
Available estimates prompt that the total area of oleo-gum resin bearing woodlands cover about 2.9 million ha2.9 million ha of land in the
country, with over 300,000 metric tons300,000 metric tons of natural gum
production potential (Girmay, 2000).
Frankincense/olibanum constitutes 80 % of total output ofresins of this type, gum Arabic 14 % and myrrh 6 % (Getachew
and Wubalem 2004).
Natural GumsNatural Gums
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List of the major gumList of the major gum--resin bearing species of Ethiopiaresin bearing species of Ethiopia
by genusby genus
NoNo GenusGenus Boswellia Boswellia NoNo GenusGenus CommiphoraCommiphora
1 Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst 1 Commiphora myrrha ( Nees) Engl. Syn. C. molmol
2 Boswellia microphylla Chiov 2 Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl.
3 Boswellia neglecta S. Moore 3 Commiphora habessinica (Berg) Engl.
4 Boswellia ogadensis Vollesen 4 Commiphora truncata Engl.
5 Boswellia pirrotae Chiov. 5 Commiphora boranensis Vollesen
6 Boswellia rivae Engl. 6 Commiphora guidottii Chiov.
GenusGenus Acacia Acacia 7 Commiphora schimperi (Berg) Engl.
1 Acacia senegal (L.) willd var.Senegal; &
var. kerensis8 Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb) Engl.
2 Acacia seyal Del var . seyal & var. fistula 9 Commiphora corrugata Gillett & Vollesen
3 Acacia polyacantha Willd . Var .
Camplacantha 10 Commiphora cyclophylla Chiov.
4 Acacia sieberiana DC sieberiana
11Commiphora hildebrandtii Engl.(Engl.)
5 Acacia drepanolobium 12 Commiphora odia Sprague
13 Commiphora kua (R. Br. Ex. Royle) Vollesen
14 Commiphora serrulata
15 Commiphora monoica Vollesen
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RegionRegion GenusGenus Esti. areaEsti. area(ha)(ha)
65,000
TOTAL 2,855,000
Macro Distribution of the resourceMacro Distribution of the resource……....
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Production and export of natural gums in
Ethiopia
Year
Total
Quantity
(tones)
Value
(USD)
2003 3465 3.916.700
2004 4205 4.316.900
2005 4381 5.024.000
2006 4323 4.812.200
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Genus Boswellia (Frankincense/gum olibanum)
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Boswellia is composed of about 20 species in the dry regions of
tropical Africa.
B. papyrifera B. papyrifera is an indigenous and chief gum resin producing
tree species in Ethiopia.
In Ethiopia it is found in dry Acacia-Commiphora woodland
and wooded grasslands with 950-1800 masl. altitudinal range
and temperature of 20-25ºC, and rainfall less than 900 mm per
year (Vollensen, 1989, Azene et al., 1993).
The Tigray type olibanum is the most widely traded
frankincense in Ethiopia compared to the other two categories,and is the gum-resin obtained from B. papyrifera B. papyrifera (Girmay,
2000).
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Boswellia papyriferaBoswellia papyrifera (Del.)(Del.) Hochst.Hochst.
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ComparativeComparative study of tradit ional and newstudy of tradit ional and newtapping methods on frankincense yield oftapping methods on frankincense yield of
Boswellia papyiriferaBoswellia papyirifera
Teshome Eshete
Wubalem Tadesse (Ph.D)
Sisay Feleke (Ph.D)
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New tapping method...New tapping method...In term of tapping time
—
The new tapping method was effective in regard to tappingtime for individual trees.
— Consequently, the introduction of the new tapping method in
our Boswellia forests will improve frankincense production by
speeding up the tapping time per day.
Ethiopian traditional tapping method New tapping method adapted fromIndian
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The Ogaden and Borena types are gum-resins produced in theeast and south-eastern parts of the country.
B. rivae, B. ogadensis, B. neglecta and B. microphylla are source
of frankincense in these areas (Girmay, 2000; Mulugeta et al.,
2003).Other species that yield resinous products designated as
frankincense may also exist in these parts of Ethiopia, and may
even include those species known from Somalia, for instance , B.
sacra (Vollesen, 1989).
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Boswellia neglectaBoswellia neglecta
Boswellia neglectaBoswellia neglecta forest andforest andBorena type incense oozedBorena type incense oozednaturally.naturally.
Naturally oozed gumNaturally oozed gum
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GenusGenus CommiphoraCommiphora
((MyrrhMyrrh))
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Fifty-two species of Commiphora are known to exist in Ethiopia,
and 14 (25%) of the species are endemic (Vollesen, 1989).
Commiphora myrrha ( Nees) Engl is an indigenous tree or shrub to4 m. The resin of this species is the raw material of the renowned
myrrh.
Myrrh is also collected from other species of Commmiphora such
as C. africana, C. erythraea, C. gileadensis, etc. but the best
quality is from C. myrrha (Azene et al., 1993).
Gum production is carried out by collecting exudates from trees in
natural stands by random picking from naturally and/or
accidentally exuding trees by peasants and pastoralists.
Gum collection is considered secondary as it is carried out whileexecuting other activities perceived to be more important namely
firewood collection and livestock (Wubalem et al., 2007).
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A. senegal A. senegal A. seyal A. seyal
GenusGenus Acacia Acacia
((Gum arabicGum arabic))
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Gum arabic is the oldest and best known of all natural gums.A total of 17 Acacia species were identified as producing
gum in Africa (Chikamai, 1996).
Gum arabic of commerce is produced from A. senegal, A.
seyal and A. polyacantha (Chikamai, 1996).
A. senegal comprises about 70 % and A. seyal about 15–25
%. The remaining 5 % is contributed mainly by A.
Polyacantha and A. drepanolobium.
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Gum arabic samples collected from Ethiopia (Metema),
showed a nearly identical chemical properties with a gum
sample of the same species obtained from Sudan (Ermias,
2003).
Due to the increased demand of Gum arabic in internationalmarket and the socioeconomic importance of A. senegal in the
country reforestation of the species is being carried out since
the last few years in different regions.
Nevertheless, the existing gum production in the country is
carried out in natural forests (Wubalem et al., 2007).
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Gum Sterculia (karaya gum)Gum Sterculia (karaya gum)
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The genus Sterculia comprises about 300 species of
which approximately 25 species are said to occur in
South Africa’s tropical forests (Vollsen, 1995; USAID,
2005).
Gum karaya sometimes known as gum Sterculia is the
trade name for all the gum produced from Sterculia
species (Coppen, 1995).
India is traditionally the biggest producer and exporter of
gum Karaya from S. urens, but increasing amounts ofgum enter international trade from Africa.
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• Senegal produces gum from S. setigera and exporting
around 1000 MT per year.
• Ethiopia has potential for commercializing the gum karaya
product that attracts local and foreign investors, and hence
contributing to the national economy.
• Therefore, gum karaya production should be started in the
country’s Sterculia forests by introducing appropriate
regeneration and tapping techniques.
• EIAR-FRC is conducting research on tapping and
population status of S. setigera.
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SocioSocio--Economic roles of gums and gumEconomic roles of gums and gum
resins resources in Ethiopiaresins resources in Ethiopia
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Trade volume and the value generated from export were
steadily increasing from time to time, implying the
improvement of Ethiopia’s share in the world markets
(Mulugeta and Demel, 2004).
For instance, it is increased in value by 14% and 24% for
the periods 2001-2003 and 2004-2005 respectively.
Such increment was probably due to the dramatic
increase of the involvement of the private sector and
the existing fair market for the products.
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Further, the recurrent drought and its consequent impact has
steadily shifted the livelihood the pastoral communities fromlivestock to other means such as gum-resin in an effort to
diversify their income.
Nonetheless, at world scale Ethiopia’s gum/incense export
share is still negligible (1%) and 28% of the total Africa’s
export (Mulugeta, 2008).
For instance, the proportion between the resource base
and what we are sharing from global market is not parallel
and need serious attention and work out.
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Major application of gumMajor application of gum
resin productsresin products
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Major application of gum resin products
Frankincense and myrrh
—— Food and beveragesFood and beverages
—— Pharmacological uses:Pharmacological uses:—
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Major application of gum resin products
— Gum Arabic
——
Food and beveragesFood and beverages
—— Pharmacological uses:Pharmacological uses:
—— Other applicationsOther applications
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Major application of gum resin products
Gum karaya—— In food industry:In food industry:
—— Pharmaceutical industry:Pharmaceutical industry:
—— Traditional medicine:Traditional medicine:
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Constraints in production and commercializationConstraints in production and commercialization
of natural gums in Ethiopiaof natural gums in Ethiopia
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Despite the great actual and potential socio-economic and
ecological benefits that could be derived from dryland forest
resources in Ethiopia, they had been under tremendous pressure from unsustainable utilization, which has resulted in
their rapid dwindling or complete disappearance in some
areas.
Their development, conservation and sustainable utilizationhave been constrained by quite a number of complex factors.
Hence numerous research results revealed that several gum
resin bearing species are endangeredendangered (Kindeya, 2003; Abeje
etal., 2005; Vivero et al., 2005; Adefires, 2006; Dagnew,2006).
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One of the major problems associated with B. papyrifera
is hampered natural regeneration (Oqbazghi, 2001,
Abeje, 2002), which could be attributed to several
factors.
At present frankincense production, and even the
existence of the species in the country is seriouslythreatened by accelerated deforestation rate mainly
through land clearing for more agricultural land, frequent
wildfires and overgrazing.
Lack of natural regenerationLack of natural regeneration
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Factors affecting the resource baseFactors affecting the resource base::
Improper tappingImproper tapping.
• Gum and resin products in Ethiopia are collected from
natural ooze except the case of frankincense from B.
papyrifera.
• Even tapping of frankincense is not properly developed and
still creating damage to the trees.
• The methods of post harvest handling/cleaning and storageare also not well developed.
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Factors affecting the resource baseFactors affecting the resource base……..
Deforestation and agricultural expansion,Deforestation and agricultural expansion,resettlement and other land use changeresettlement and other land use change
impacts;impacts;
over grazing,over grazing,
HumanHuman--induced fire;induced fire;
absence of strategies and continuous action
plans for the development, sustainable
utilization and conservation of the respective
resource bases.
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Inadequate information on theInadequate information on theresource base and market access:resource base and market access:
Factors affecting the commercialization ofFactors affecting the commercialization of
the resources:the resources:
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Absence of policy guidelines favorable tothe gum and resin sector:
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— Inaccessibility/location of the resource in
remote areas:
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—Lack of quality control and illegal boardertrades:
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IUCN Red list gum resin bearing species in Ethiopia
B. ogadensis and B. pirrotae are listed in the IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species in Ethiopia (Vivero et al., 2005).
B. ogadensis is located only from one river location, while
B. pirrotae is only from three river locations, implying how
sensitive these species if care not taken.
Commiphora monoica Vollesen, is a tree known only from
five collections around the Sof Omar caves. It grows in dense
Commiphora bushland on rocky limestone slopes at altitudes
of 1250-1400 m. It is also listed in IUCN threatened specieslist (Vivero et al., 2005).
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ResearchResearch status on gum resinstatus on gum resin
bearing species and their productsbearing species and their products
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Summary of past and present research endeavors on different issuSummary of past and present research endeavors on different issues of gumes of gum
and resin sector in Ethiopia (Adefirsand resin sector in Ethiopia (Adefirs et al et al .,., in pressin press))
Main issuesaddressed
Author Study species
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FRAME is a joint research project between different parties from
Ethiopian side and the Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
The following are list of the research titles of the project:
• PhD project 1, Ecophysiology: Criteria for sustainable harvesting of
gum/resin resources using the frankincense tree B.papyrifera as a model
• PhD project 2, Ecology: Population dynamics of resin trees in dry
woodlands in Ethiopia: the impact of environmental versus human
induced factors• PhD project 3, Socioeconomics: Local perspectives on use and
management of gum and resin producing trees in Ethiopia
• PhD project 4, GeographyPhD project 4, Geography--GIS:GIS: Environmental profile and
sustainability of gum and resin producing trees in Ethiopia
•• PostPost--doctoral research 1:doctoral research 1: Resource use scenario analysis (project
management), Scenarios for sustainable resin production andconservation of dry woodlands in Ethiopia.
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Conclusions & recommendations
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Given the significant socio-economic, cultural andecological importance of natural gum bearing species
in Ethiopia, viable strategies and realistic action plans
for research, development, sustainable utilization and
conservation of the species and their habitats have to be
developed and implemented in the country before it is
too late.
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Therefore, research & development efforts and
international collaborations could have strong potentials to
the conservation, production and commercialization of thesevast and untapped renewable natural resources for the benefits
of the local, national as well as the international communities.
The country is collecting and exporting only the crude gum
resin resources and again imports with foreign currenciestheir various final products from developed countries.
Therefore, devising mechanisms to promote the countries'
potential for value addition and industrialization of gum
resin products should be one of the priority collaboration linein the near future.
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