SMS IN

WENYONG WU *, WEI CHEN , HONGLU LIU , SHIYANG YIN AND YONG NIU

both water head loss along the path and local head loss. Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

sortie et la maille du ltre doivent tre choisis pour rduire la fois les pertes en charges linaires et les pertes locales dans la

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

Irrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

Published online 7 May 2014 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/ird.1846tte du ltre. Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

mots cls: efcacit de ltration; conservation de lnergie; lirrigation conome en eau; dveloppement structurel

INTRODUCTIONDrip irrigation technology has the advantages of low energyconsumption and high irrigation uniformity. Filtering equip-ment can effectively prevent dripper clogging. Therefore,

the lter is the key piece of equipment inuencing drip irri-gation system energy consumption and irrigation uniformity(Gilbert et al., 1982; Adin, 1987; Duran-Ros et al., 2010).Filter system head loss usually accounts for more thankey words: ltration efciency; energy conservation; water-saving irrigation; structural development

Received 26 June 2013; Revised 14 December 2013; Accepted 14 December 2013

RSUM

Cette tude est base sur les donnes de lanalyse hydraulique de 15 types dcrans de ltres, intgrant ces paramtres tech-niques pour dvelopper un modle dimensionnel de pertes de charge, comme les diamtres internes dentre et de sortie dela conduite Dp, langle entre le corps de ltre et laxe dentre/sortie a, le diamtre des pores du ltre ds, le numro de tamisM, la vitesse de leau de dentre et desortie vi, et la vitesse moyenne de leau dans le ltre vm. Le coefcient de rgression R2adjest 0.951 et le coefcient de corrlation R entre la valeur mesure et la valeur prdite est de 0.97. Le modle permet dtudierles variations de pertes en charge de la tte de ltre en faisant varier les paramtres de structure que sont vi, vm, Re et Fr. On aconstat que la perte de charge diminue de manire signicative alors que le diamtre dentre/sortie et la taille du tamisdiminuent. Augmenter langle du ltre ou la maille du tamis (tout en gardant constant le diamtre du ltre) na pas eu dimpactsignicatif sur les pertes en charge du ltre. Pour la conception de la structure de lcran de ltre, le diamtre intrieur dentre/1Beijing Hydraulic Research Institute, Beijing, China2Beijing Unconventional Water Resources Development and Utilization and Water-saving Engineering Research Centre, Beijing, China

3Tianjin North China Geological Exploration Bureau, Tianjing, China

ABSTRACT

This study is based on data of the hydraulic analysis of 15 types of screen lters, incorporating such technical parameters as thepipe inlet/outlet inner diameter Dp, angle between lter body and inlet/outlet a, lter pore diameter ds, lter mesh number M,water velocity of inlet/outlet vi, and average water velocity of lter pore vm to develop a dimensional head loss model. Theregression coefcient R2adj is 0.951 and the correlation coefcient R between the measured value and predicted value is 0.97.Using the model to study lter head loss variations as different structure parameters change, and the variation of structureparameters would lead to the changes of vi, vm, Re and Fr, consequently resulting in head loss variation. It was found thatthe head loss decreases signicantly as the inlet/outlet diameter and lter mesh diameter decrease. An increasing angle or ltermesh size (while keeping the lter diameter constant) does not have a signicant impact on the screen lter head loss. For thescreen lter structural design, the proper inner diameter of inlet/outlet and lter mesh diameter should be selected to reduceA NEW MODEL FOR HEAD LOSS ASSESWITH DIMENSIONAL ANALYSI

1,2 3*Correspondence to: Dr Wenyong Wu, Beijing Hydraulic Research Institute, No. 21Beijing 100048, China. Tel.: 0086-10-88416492, Fax: 0086-10-88423808. E-mail: wUn nouveau modle pour valuer les crans de ltres avec lanalyse dimensionn

Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.ENT OF SCREEN FILTERS DEVELOPEDDRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

1,2 1,2 1,2, Chegongzhuang west road, Haidian District, Beijing, China Haidian districtenyongwu@126.comelle des systmes dirrigation au goutte goutte.

The primary objective of this study is to develop adimensional computational model for head loss based ondifferent screen lter structure parameters including ltermesh structure parameters and head loss experimental data,leading to better insight with respect to the key technicalparameters for screen lter structure design and theirfuture improvement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental design

Fifteen types of screen lters were bought from the marketfor the study. The lter structures and sizes are illustratedin Figure 1 and Table I. The screen lters are made of a lterbody and a lter element. Apart from the shape parametersmeasuring the length between the inlet/outlet Ld, inner diam-eter of the inlet/outlet Dp, inner diameter of lter body Db,inner length of lter body Lb, inner diameter of lter screendi, lter screen length Lf and angle between lter body and

524 W. WU ET AL.40% of the overall head loss. High-efciency lteringequipment should result in relatively higher pollutant re-moval efciency and lower head loss. The ultimate goalsfor lter system structure design are to reduce energy con-sumption and improve efciency.There are four common types of drip irrigation lter equip-

ment: sand lters are usually used for removing suspendedorganic particles with removal efciencies of 4785% (Ravinaet al., 1993; Elbana et al., 2012), centrifugal lters are generallyused for removing inorganic particles with amaximum removalefciency of 98% (Keller and Bliesner, 1990; Demir and Uz,1994) and disc lters and screen lters can be used to removeboth inorganic particles and suspended organic particles (Adinand Alon, 1986; Puig-Bargus et al., 2005a; Duran-Ros et al.,2009). In general, different types of lters used in combinationcan achieve the best ltration effect.The main factors impacting on lter head loss include the

structural parameters of the lter body, lter mediumphysical parameters and ltering uid parameters.Centrifugal lter head loss mainly depends on geometricparameters, such as inlet/outlet diameter and cavity size.This loss achieves maximum efciency when its vortexnder length is one tenth of the total length of the centrifugallter (Martinez et al., 2008; Yurdem et al., 2010). The sandlter head loss is closely related to the sand mediumeffective diameter and the suspended solid content ofltered water (Duran-Ros et al. 2010; Elbana et al. 2012).In clean water, disc lter head loss is closely related toinlet/outlet diameter, disc inner/outer diameter and disceffective diameter. Y-shaped disc lters have the leastamount of head loss (Yurdem et al., 2008). Comparingscreen lters with sand and disc lters, screen lters areeasier to operate, more convenient to clean and have higherremoval efciency against inorganic pollutants (Tajrishyet al., 1994; Puig-Bargus et al., 2003). Research on headloss models can improve lter structure design and energyefciency, leading to a more operationally efcient dripirrigation system.Dimensional analysis is an effective tool for developing

new mathematical models (Price, 2003). It is also notnecessary to develop complex physics process modelsand the analysis can be performed using experimentaldata (Sonin, 2001). In general, the dimensional analysismodel is a common method to evaluate the impact ofthe lter physical structure on head loss (Puig-Barguset al., 2005b; Duran-Ros et al., 2010; Yurdem et al.,2010). But previous studies mainly described the lterstructure with some lter body parameters, such as insidediameter of the lter body, inside diameter of the inlet andoutlet pipe, effective length of the lter media, inside andoutside diameter of the lter media, etc. Few studiesintroduced ow path parameters of lter media to establish ahead loss model.Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Figure 1. Screen lter structure diagraminlet/outlet a, this study also used an Leica-DLMB opticalmicroscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) to measure the lterpore diameter dp and lter mesh diameter dm to calculate thenet ltering area S and measured mesh number M.The experimental set-up is illustrated in Figure 2. The

groundwater used for the experiment was stored within atemperature range of 1020 C, and it was recycled in apit-sized tank of 1.5 1.5 3.5m. In addition, a secondaryltration system using a sand lter with effective diameterof 1.4 and a 120-mesh disc lter was used for preprocessingthe experimental water to ensure clean water quality. A pres-sure sensor (precision 0.001MPa)and ow sensor(precisionIrrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

parambodylishm2010mediitingscreeimpodelivTh

modstructure parameters used for this study are the inner diame-

TableI.

Physicalparametersforltersused

intheexperiments

Type

The

length

betweentheinlet/

outletLd(m

m)

Innerdiam

eter

ofinlet/o

utlet

Dp(m

m)

Anglebetween

lterbody

and

inlet/o

utlet,

Innerdiam

eter

oflterbody

Db(m

m)

Innerlength

oflterbody

Lb(m

m)

Innerdiam

eter

oflterscreen

d i(m

m)

Filter

screen

length

Lf(m

m)

Netltering

area

S(m

m2)

Filter

pore

diam

eter

d p(m)

Filter

mesh

diam

eter

d m(m)

Measured

meshM

LY1

188

22.2

4580.2

168.0

48.72

103.0

11520

214.5

124.0

75LY2

185

22.4

4585.5

170.0

50.41

105.8

12372

170.2

72.1

105

JY1

166

17.0

4051.4

176.0

36.39

107.2

9777

127.6

89.8

117

JY3

162

36.1

9083.5

342.0

51.29

222.0

24051

213.9

124.3

75AM2

119

18.1

5447.7

157.0

31.24

110.2

7847

176.8

208.5

66GN2

159

20.9

4560.2

185.0

38.25

135.5

10303

195.6

77.8

93GN3

162

20.7

4060.6

185.0

38.48

135.5

10849

152.3

77.6

110

IR2

126

23.4

5547.4

156.0

30.87

110.7

6647

120.4

64.5

137

IR3

120

18.8

5547.2

156.0

27.59

109.5

6803

130.1

84.2

119

YT1

191

21.9

4572.4

158.0

51.24

110.8

13345

126.4

66.8

131

YT2

191

21.9

4572.4

158.0

51.24

110.8

13345

186.5

67.3

100

LM1

178

22.0

4051.8

175.0

34.18

110.0

8912

169.9

67.6

107

LM2

181

21.8

4052.0

186.0

36.60

110.0

9411

121.3

67.9

134

LM4

174

17.8

4052.0

176.0

36.50

109.9

9419

122.2

65.1

136

AZ

168

18.2

4051.9

178.0

37.29

108.7

9391

139.4

82.3

115

525A NEW MODEL FOR HEAD LOSS ASSESSMENT OF SCREEN FILTERS

Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.ter of inlet/outlet Dp and the angle a. The lter mediumparameters selected are the lter mesh diameter dm andmeasured mesh number M. The lter liquid parametersselected are the water velocity of inlet/outlet vi, average wa-ter velocity of lter pore vm, water density , gravity g, waterviscosity and head loss H.The two-dimensional matrix can be built using the 10

parameters listed above and mass (M), length (L) and time (T),as illustrated in Table IV. Altogether, there are m=10independent variables and the number of basic variables,k, is 3; therefore, there should be 7 derived variables asdimensionless parameters:eters for ltered water and less parameters for lterstructure and lter medium in head loss models estab-ent (Puig-Bargus et al., 2005b; Duran-Ros et al.,). The lack of description of the body structure and lterum parameters has reduced the models versatility, lim-its application. Therefore, detailed description of then lter body structure and lter mesh structure is veryrtant for screen lter hydraulic performance studies forering clean water.e parameters selected for the dimensional analysisel need to be mutually independent. The lter body0.001m3)were installed. A computer and customizedsoftware were used to monitor the pressure and ow changesbefore and after ltering in real time. The computer automat-ically altered the inlet pressure from high to low pressure at astep of 0.005MPa with duration 3min, and stable pressuredifference can be measured within 1min. Each disc typewas tested three times. Table II lists the ranges for ow Q,head loss H, the water velocity of inlet/outlet vi, averagewater velocity of lter pore vm, Reynolds number Re.The average water velocity of lter pore vm, measured

mesh number M and Froude number Fr (Tan, 2005) arecalculated as follows:

vm Q3600 =S

10002 d

2p

dm dp 2

" #(1)

M 25:4= dm dp1000

(2)

Fr v2m

gdm(3)

Dimensional analysis

Screen lter head loss is related to lter body structure pa-rameters, lter medium parameters and lter liquid parame-ters. As listed in Table III, the previous studies used moreIrrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

Table II. Flow characteristic parameter range, mean and standard deviation

Flow Q(m3 h1) Head loss H(kPa)Water velocity of

inlet/outlet vi(m s1)

Average water velocity oflter pore vm(m s

1) Reynolds number Re

LY1 1.80-5.85 4.00-35.00 1.29-4.19 0.11-0.35 28 665.03-93 162.26LY2 2.18-6.55 6.00-42.00 1.54-4.61 0.10-0.30 34 435.82-103 307.65JY1 2.57-5.67 15.20-84.50 3.15-6.95 0.21-0.47 53 556.59-118 091.20JY3 7.50-19.32 6.00-43.60 2.03-5.24 0.22-0.56 73 455.01-189 190.73AM2 1.20-3.60 7.10-56.20 1.30-3.90 0.20-0.61 23 485.13-70 455.39GN2 2.12-6.46 6.00-46.40 1.71-5.23 0.11-0.34 35 836.61-109 347.99GN3 2.40-6.61 8.00-51.00 1.98-5.46 0.14-0.39 41 007.05-112 978.92IR2 1.57-6.55 4.80-61.80 1.01-4.22 0.15-0.65 23 638.47-98 854.16IR3 1.38-5.23 5.50-88.00 1.39-5.25 0.15-0.58 26 116.82-98 570.98YT1 1.69-6.63 4.00-44.00 1.28-5.01 0.08-0.32 27 593.74-108 439.03YT2 2.68-6.71 7.20-41.00 1.90-4.75 0.10-0.26 42 463.76-106 218.59LM1 2.09-6.55 7.00-55.00 1.54-4.80 0.13-0.40 33 726.37-105 471.45LM2 1.77-6.39 5.60-58.00 1.31-4.74 0.13-0.46 28 685.92-103 484.99LM4 2.12-5.50 10.10-78.00 2.37-6.15 0.15-0.38 42 121.62-109 399.92AZ 1.50-7.30 7.70-54.40 1.61-7.82 0.11-0.55 29 211.01-142 113.92

Table III. Main technical parameters for relevant research studies

Reference Filter body parameters Filter medium parameters Filtering liquid parameters

Puig-Bargus et al. (2005b) Total ltrationsurface area A

Water density Water viscosity

The ltration level orlter pore diameter dp

Filter liquid volume VThe concentration of total suspended solids CThe ow rate across the lter QThe mean diameter of efuent particle size distribution Pd

Duran-Ros et al. (2010) Inlet/outlet pipe diameter Dp Water density Water viscosity Water velocity vThe concentration of total suspended solids C

Table IV. The main parameters of the dimensional matrix

H Dp a dm M vi vm g

M 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1L 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 1T 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1

Figure 2. Experimental system structural diagram: (1) water pump; (2) ow sensor; (3) pressure sensor; (4) disk lter for preltering; (5) sand lter forpreltering; (6) backow valve; (7) control valve; (8) data log system and computer; (9) transducer, and (10) tested screen lter

526 W. WU ET AL.

Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Irrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

1 a 2 M 3 viDp 4 v2mgdm

5 Dpdm 6 vmvi

7 Hv2m

(4)

Formula (4) can be used to build a correlation between thedimensionless parameters from 1 to 6 to predict sand lterhead loss:

7 f 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 (5)The SPSS statistics software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois,

USA) was used to perform multi-variable linear regression

Dim

StatisetsTheO

Formula (6) are strongly correlated using a measured value; RL (Figure 5) screen lters compared to the measured values,which indicated that the model made predictions with a degreeof error. The relative error between predicted and measuredhead loss values for the 15 types of screen lters is 8.2 6.2%.

Depe Independentvariable

Non-standardized coefcients

B Standard error

Constant 12.081 0.599ln 1 0.009 0.052ln 2 0.468 0.070ln 3 1.059 0.072ln 4 0.449 0.037ln 5 0.144 0.030ln 6 1.969 0.068

527A NEW MODEL FOR HEAD LOSS ASSESSMENT OF SCREEN FILTERS

Copyvariable level P coefcient R2adj

ln 7 0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.head loss under reclaimed water, and the models proposedby these researchers used suspended solid concentration(C) in reclaimed water as an important parameter and theirmodel correlation coefcients reached 0.979 and 0.984.However,the dimensional analysis model proposed bythose research studies was derived using a measured valueregression analysis based on one type of lter (with inletsize 50.8mm and lter pore diameter 120 m). Therefore,the models application has been notably limited. Ourstudy adopted 15 different types of screen lters,representing multiple scenarios associated with differentinlet/outlet diameter and mesh numbers. Therefore, thederived dimensional analysis model has better applicationscope.As illustrated in Figures 4 (a)(c), for every type of screen

lter the overall correlations are very high; there is goodagreement between the measured and predicted values. Butwhen there is a larger ow, the model had over- orunderprediction of head loss for YT2, GN2 (Figure 4) and

Figure 3. The comparison between predicted and measured head lossesIrrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

528 W. WU ET AL.Thparapredture

Figur

Copye head loss is affected by the disc lter structuremeter and ow rate. The model may give satisfactoryictions within the range of operational and lter struc-parameters, which is valid for the following conditions:

66M137

1:01 vi 7:82 m s1

0:08 vm 0:65 m s1

17:0Dp 36:1 mm

64:5 dm 208:5 m

Heamea

As iundebase

e 4. Comparisons between predicted head losses H and measured head losses forLM2, RL, GN3 and LY1; (c) LY2, JY1

right 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.a120:4dp 214:5 m

0:75Q 19:32 m3 h1

14736:11Re189190:73

d loss prediction under different structuresures

llustrated in Figures 5-8, the lter head loss variationsr different structural parameter conditions were studiedd on the IR2 lter physical structure parameters.

b

c

different screen lters (a) AM2, GN2, YT2, LM4 and AM4; (b) IR3,, YT1, LM1 and JY3

Irrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

There are ve angles of the tested screen lter betweenthe screen lter body and inlet/outlet: 40, 45, 54, 55and 90. Figure 5 shows the simulated head loss variationat the angles of 45, 55, 65and 90 for the IR2 screen l-ter. There is no signicant head loss difference (P< 0.05)

Figure 8 shows the simulation results for IR2 screen lterhead losses under different lter mesh number conditions(with a constant lter mesh diameter of 64.5m): 140,120, 100 and 80mesh. The head loss increases as the meshnumber increases, but it is not signicant (P< 0.05). In

Figure 5. Simulated head loss variation under different lter angles for theIR2 screen lter

529A NEW MODEL FOR HEAD LOSS ASSESSMENT OF SCREEN FILTERSamong the various angles. The increase of angle betweenthe lter body and inlet/outlet could reduce head loss aroundthe corner of lter body and outlet, but it could simulta-neously increase head loss around the corner of the lterbody and inlet. The most important fact is that the anglevariation does not change vm and vi, consequently Reynoldsnumber (Re) and Froude (Fr) number should not change no-tably. Our simulation shows that the angle change would notresult in signicant changes for lter head loss. This result isimportant for lter designers and manufacturers.Figure 6 shows the simulation results for IR2 screen lter

head losses under different inlet/outlet diameter conditions:17, 20, 23, 26 and 29mm. It can be observed that theinlet/outlet diameter variation has a signicant impact on headloss (P< 0.05). The head loss of the inlet/outlet diameter forDp of 20, 23, 26 and 29mm reduced by 35.9, 87.7, 157 and245% respectively compared to Dp of 17mm. The microscopeLEICA-DMLBwas used tomeasure lter pore and lter meshdiameters, and which higher accuracy was achieved.)Figure 6. Simulated head loss variation under different inlet/outlet diameterconditions for the IR2 screen lter

Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The most plausible explanation for these ndings is that in-let/outlet diameter impacts the ow velocity and pattern. Asthe diameterDp increases from 17 to 29mm, ow velocity vi re-duced by 65.6%, and inlet/outlet Reynolds number (Re) wouldreduce by 76.8%, leading to a signicantly decreased head loss.Figure 7 shows the simulation results for IR2 screen lter

head losses under different lter mesh diameters dm of 65,85, 105 and 125m (with a constant lter mesh number of137). A lter mesh diameter of 65m showed the minimumhead loss among all tested screen lters. The head loss fordm of 85, 105 and 125 m increased by 19.9, 60.1 and146% respectively compared to dm of 65m. Under thesame lter mesh number conditions, the lter mesh diameterincreases resulted in lter pore diameter decreases (as inFormula (2)). As dm increases from 65 to 125m, whichinevitably led to vm decreasing by 298%. The dm increaseresulted in increases of the length and width of streams,consequently the Froude number Fr increases by 108%(P< 0.05), and the head loss increases accordingly.

Figure 7. Simulated head loss variation under different lter pore diameterconditions (with a constant lter mesh size of 137) for IR2 screen lterequation (2), the lter pore diameter (dp) decreases as themesh number (M) increase with a xed lter mesh diameter(dm), leading to average ow velocity acceleration for thelter pore, as well as 45.1% increase in the Fr. However,this impact is not very signicant. As shown in Figure 9,the YT1 and YT2 lters have similar physical structureparameters but differ only in mesh number (mesh number131 versus 100). Based on the measured values, even thoughthe lter mesh number for YT1 is 31% more than that ofYT2, the average head losses are 23.5 and 23.5 kPa, respec-tively, showing no signicant difference between YT1 andYT2 (P< 0.05), which veried the result of Figure 8.

Irrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

webeacmeraushasuw

uldreauldh a

sh nshociing

530 W. WU ET AL.Figure 8. Simulated head loss variation under different lter mesh condi-tions (with a constant lter diameter of 64.5 m) for the IR2 screen lterCONCLUSIONS

This study is based on the theorem proposed byBuckingham. We used the test results of 15 different typesof screen lter as basic information and proposed a dimen-sional computation model for screen lter head loss. Themain correlated parameters include the inner diameter ofinlet/outlet Dp, angle between lter body and inlet/outlet a,lter pore diameter dp, measured lter mesh number M,the water velocity of inlet/outlet vi and average water velocityof lter pore vm. The regression coefcient R2adj is 0.951, andthe correlation coefcient between the measured value andpredicted value R is 0.97. This study stimulated head lossunder different parameter change treatments based on thestructure parameters of the IR2 screen lter. We demon-strated that head loss can be signicantly reduced whenthe inlet/outlet diameter and lter mesh diameter decrease.

sedam

0.08 vm>0.65 ms 1, 17.0Dp 36.1 mm, 64.5dm3 1

The study was funded by the National Natural Science Funds

Figure 9. the compare of measured head losses between YT1 (131-mesh)and YT2 (100-mesh) screen lter

Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.51339007 and National Science and Technology projectunder grant numbers 2011BAD25B00 and 2012BAD08B02.

NOMENCLATURE

Ld the length between the inlet/outlet, mmLb inner length of lter body, mmLf lter screen length, mmdp lter pore diameter, mdm lter mesh diameter, mdi inner diameter of lter screen, mmvi the water velocity of inlet/outlet, ms

1

vm average water velocity of lter pore, ms1

water viscosity, Pa sRe Reynolds number, dimensionlessC the concentration of total suspended solids, kgm3

v water velocity, ms1

g acceleration of gravity, ms2

angle between lter body and inlet/outlet, dimensionlessM measured mesh number, dimensionlessDp inner diameter of inlet/outlet, mmDb inner diameter of lter body, mmS net ltering area, mm2

Q ow rate, m3h1 208.5 m, 120.4dp214.5m, 0.75Q 19.32m h ,14736.11Re189190.73.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTShead loss, Hf, for different disc lters valid for the limitsof the variables; 66M137, 1.01 vi7.82 ms 1,stre s. The model established in the study estimates the

cau by pipeline turbulence and local head loss caused by

hav a larger net lter surface to minimize both head loss

vel ty and average lter ow velocity can be reduced by

me diameter should be designed such that the inlet ow

me umber, a larger inlet/outlet diameter and smaller lter

and ow pattern. Given a xed ow range and lter

suc s inlet/outlet ow velocity, lter pore ow velocity

sho mainly consider the critical technical parameters,

inc se accordingly. For screen lter structure design, one

wo be increased signicantly, and head loss would

and idth of the streams, consequently the Froude number

me red ow velocity through the lter pore and the length

me diameter increase can result in increases in both

hyd lic performance. With the same mesh number, lter

dia ter are important parameters for evaluating lter

imp t on head loss. The lter pore diameter and lter mesh

num r (with a constant lter diameter) has no signicant

Ho ver, increasing the angle and screen lter meshIrrig. and Drain. 63: 523531 (2014)

H head loss, kPaA total ltration surface area, m2

V lter liquid volume, m3

water density, kgm3

Pd the mean diameter of efuent particle size distribution, mFr Froude number, dimensionless

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