wylis seqtoris mimoxilva full - greenalt.org · soris did britanetsi dadasturebuli wylismieri...
TRANSCRIPT
s a r C e v i
1. sasmeli wylis xarisxi – msoflios erT-erTi aqtualuri problema ................... ……………………………………………………………………………………………
2
2. wylis marTva saqarTveloSi – sakanonmdeblo baza da saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi ...................................................................................................................................................................
4
3. saqarTvelos wylamomaragebis sistemis mokle aRwera ......................................................
8
4. wylis gamwmendi nagebobebis problemebi .........................................................................................
10
5. wyalmomaragebis sistemebi da wylis xarisxi ...............................................................................
11
6. momxmarebelTa uflebebi da wylis tarifi ....................................................................................
13
7. wylis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis proeqtebis aRwera saqarTveloSi .......
14
7.1 qobuleTis wyalmomaragebis proeqti .........................................................................................................
14
7.2. quTaisis wyalmomaragebis proeqti ..............................................................................................................
15
7.3. foTis wyalmomaragebis proeqti. ...................................................................................................................
15
7.4 Tbilisis wylis miwodebis proeqti .............................................................................................................
15
7.4.1. gamWirvaloba da sazogadoebis moawileoba ....................................................................................
16
7.4.2. gamricxvelianebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi .....................................................................
16
7.4.3. regulirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ...................................................................................
17
7.4.4. samarTlebrivi problemebi ..............................................................................................................................
17
8. rekomendaciebi ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
bibliografia ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
2
1. sasmeli wylis xarisxi – msoflios erT-erTi aqtualuri problema
wyali garemos erT-erT mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens, romelic aucilebelia yvela cocxali organizmis, maT Soris adamianis cxovelmyofelobisaTvis. adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 70%-iT damokidebulia wylis xarisxze. sakvebis gareSe adamians SeuZlia gaZlos erT Tveze met xans maSin, rodesac uwylod – mxolod ramdenime dRe. sufTa wyali warmoadgens kacobriobis ganviTarebis erT-erT mZlavr mamoZravebel Zalas. is afarToebs adamianis SesaZleblobebs, exmareba janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa da keTildReobis gaumjobesebis efeqturi ciklis SeqmnaSi. usafrTxo sasmeli wylisadmi SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba adamianis arsebobis fundamenturi da erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebaa. gaeros ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis komitetis mier deklarirebuli ,,wyalze adamianis ufleba~ mowodebulia TiToeuli adamianis, usafrTxo da xarisxiani, maT Soris, sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelsayofad. elementaruli moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad TiToeuli adamianis dRe-RameSi aranakleb 20 litri sufTa wyliT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens adamianis wyalze uflebis demonstrirebas da mTavrobebis minimalur amocanas. es valdebuleba gamoxatavs universalur Rirebulebasa da mTavrobebis pasuxismgeblobas mosaxleobis winaSe. cnobilia, rom qalaqebsa da sxva msxvil dasaxlebul adgilebSi mosaxleobis didi raodenobiT koncentracia, mrewvelobis, satransporto saSualebebis, sasoflo-sameurneo, energetikuli da sxva anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis gamo, adgili aqvs wylis resursebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sasmel-sameurneo daniSnulebis mqone wyalmomaragebis wyaroebis qimiuri, biologiuri da sxva faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis cvlilebas. evropis mosaxleoba erT dReSi daaxloebiT 400 mln. Wiqa onkanis wyals svams. bavSvi ganviTarebul qveyanaSi 30-50-jer ufro met wyals moixmars, vidre naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. msoflioSi 2,400 mln. adamiani saWiroebs sanitariul normebTan Sesabamisobis wyals, xolo 1,200 mln. adamiani saWiroebs usafrTxo wylis resursebs. sasmelad uvargisi wylis moxmarebis gamo msoflioSi yovelwliurad aRiricxeba 3,4 mln. sikvdilis SemTxveva (umetesad bavSvebSi), xolo aTobiT milioni adamianis mier, moxmarebuli wyali ar Seesabameba janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizaciis rekomendaciebis, saerTaSoriso an/da nacionalur normatiul moTxovnebs. marto evropis regionis 120 mln. macxovrebels ar gaaCnia mudmivad garantirebuli xarisxis sasmeli wyali, ris gamoc 1986-1996 wlebSi evropaSi dafiqsirda wylismieri nawlavuri daavadebis 710 SemTxveva, romlis drosac 150 000 adamiani daavadda, maT Soris did britaneTSi dadasturebuli wylismieri epidemiebis 500 SemTxvevis dros – 5000 adamiani. Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis sakmarisi raodenobis xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofa msoflios mravali qveynis erT-erT aqtualur problemas warmoadgens, xolo sasmeli wylis baqteriologiuri sisufTavisaTvis da wyalTan dakavSirebuli infeqciebis winaaRmdeg brZola ki erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis. wylis usafrTxoebis problemisadmi gulgrili damokidebulebis gamo irRveva socialuri Tanasworobisa da samoqalaqo samarTlianobis iseTi oTxi fundamenturi principi, rogorebicaa:
3
samoqalaqo Tanasworoba – TiToeuli adamiani aRWurvilia Tanaswori samoqalaqo, politikuri da sazogadoebrivi uflebebiT, am uflebebis efeqturi realizaciis saSualebebis CaTvliT. wylis nakleboba ki arRvevs am uflebebs. Tu qali xSirad avaddeba wyliT gamowveuli daavadebebiT, mas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis Zalze mcire SesaZlebloba eZleva; socialuri minimumi - resursebi, maT Soris wylis resursebi yvela moqalaqisaTvis unda iyos sakmarisad xelmisawvdomi Tavisi yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis. sufTa wyali (minimum 20 litri dRe-RameSi) socialuri minimumis nawilia; SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba - socialuri samarTlianobis ZiriTadi faqtoria, romelic irRveva wylis usafrTxoebis ararsebobiT. adamianebi Tvlian, rom ganaTlebis gareSe SeuZlebelia SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba. ase magaliTad: bavSvebi, romlebic sufTa wylis naklebobiT gamowveuli mudmivi avadmyofobis gamo ar dadian skolebSi, ara aqvT saSualeba isargeblon ganaTlebis uflebiT; ganawilebis samarTlianoba – yvela sazogadoeba adgens uTanasworobis dasaSveb sazRvrebs. yofacxovrebaSi sufTa an/da teqnikuri wylisadmi xelmisawvdomobis didi uTanasworoba ar Seesabameba samarTliani ganawilebis kriteriumebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es dakavSirebulia bavSvTa sikvdilianobis maRal donesTan da siRaribesTan. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofa yvela qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi prioritetuli problemaa, romlis gautarebloba globalurad kacobriobis da konkretulad adamianis ganviTarebis mraval uaryofiT Sedegsa da zianSi vlindeba. adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis nusxa moicavs:
msoflioSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis meore mizezad dabinZurebuli wylis aRiareba;
yovelwliurad msoflioSi aRiricxeba diareiT gamowveuli bavSvTa sikvdilianobis 1,8 mln SemTxveva, anu 4900 SemTxveva yoveldRiurad, rac utoldeba niu-iorkisa da londonis 5 wlamde asakis mosaxleobis erTad aRebul raodenobas;
2004 wels diareuli daavadebiT daiRupa eqvsjer meti, vidre gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros iRupeboda yoveldRiurad;
wylismieri daavadebebis gamo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi yovelwliurad ikargeba 443 mln. saswavlo dRe;
ganviTarebadi qveynebis TiTqmis naxevar mosaxleobas awuxebs wylis naklebobiT gamowveuli daavadebebi;
mravali milioni adamianis sasicocxlo ciklis Tanmxlebi wylismieri daavadebebis gamo bavSvobaSi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis dakargvis an/da SezRudvis gamo zrdasrul asakSi adamianebi mihyavs siRaribisaken;
sasmeli wylis xarisxisa da deficitis gamo adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis am nusxas, SesaZlebelia, daematos ekonomikuri danakargebi, romlebic ar eqvemdebareba ganzomilebas, Tumca 2006 wels gaeros mxardaWeriT Catarebuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad fiqsirdeba ekonomikuri danaxarjebiT janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi, Sromis nayofierebis danakargebSi da adamianis SromiTi saqmianobis daqveiTebaSi an/da SeuZleblobaSi.
4
msoflioSi dRiTidRe matulobs sasmeli wylis miwodebis saSualebebi, Tumca gaeros monacemebiT, 2015 wlisaTvis jer kidev ar iqneba gadawyvetili sufTa wylis miwodebis probleba da dabinZurebuli wyaroebis wyals 800 milioni adamiani moixmars. yovelwliurad msoflioSi 2 mln adamiani (maT Soris umravlesoba bavSvebia) iRupeba da kidev milionobiT adamiani avaddeba wylismierad gadacemadi daavadebebiT. swored amitom gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo globaluri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma „saerTaSoriso aTwleuli „wyali sicocxlisaTvis“ 2005-2015“, romlis ZiriTadi mizani sasmeli wylisadmi xelmisawvdomobisa da sanitariis gafarToebis aqtivizaciiT daavadebebTan brZola, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, jansaRi sasicocxlo garemos Seqmna da msoflioSi zogadi keTildReobis amaRleba aris.
2. wylis marTva saqarTveloSi – sakanonmdeblo baza da saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis, maT Soris wylis resursebis marTvis regulirebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saqarTveloSi Seqmnilia Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic Sedgeba kanonebis, kanonqvemdebare aqtebis, debulebebis, brZanebebis da sxva normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebisagan. maTgan wylis resursebis marTvisa da dacvis saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi principebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos kanoni “wylis Sesaxeb” (ZalaSia 1997 wlidan), saqarTvelos kanoni “garemos dacvis Sesaxeb” (ZalaSia 1996 wlidan) da saqarTvelos “kanoni wiaRis Sesaxeb” (ZalaSia 1996 wlidan). “wylis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro aris saqarTvelos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis samTavrobo dawesebuleba, romelic uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo politikis gatarebas garemos (maT Soris wylis resursebis) dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis sferoSi. saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis wylis resursebis marTva xorcieldeba administraciuli principis safuZvelze. wylis marTvis sferoSi TavianTi kompetenciis mixedviT CarTuli sxva saxelmwifo organoebi arian: ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministro, soflis meurneobis saministro, Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, agreTve TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi. 1997 wlis kanoni adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb da axali organuli kanoni adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb wyalmomaragebisa da sanitaruli samsaxuris eqskluziur pasuximgeblobas aniWebs adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs. adgilobriv uflebamosil pirebs miniWebuli aqvT municipalur servisebze tarifis dawesebis mkafio uflebamosileba, wylis da dasufTavebis CaTvliT, aseve uflebamosilni arian daadginon daricxvis, safasuris amoRebis da administrirebis wesebi. Tumca am seqtorSi arsebobs mravali gadasaWreli winaaRmdegobani: a) upirveles yovlisa, naklebad naTelia pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba centraluri samTavrobo uwyebebis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebs, an saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli raionuli mniSvnelobis sawarmoebsa da komunaluri samsaxuris adgilobrivi xelisuflebis uflebamosil pirTa Soris. kerZod, maSin roca raionebSi saoperacio
5
saqmianoba da menejmenti municipaluri samsaxuris departamentebis kontrolis qveSaa, wyalgayvanilobis milebis sistemis yvela saoperacio da saeqspluatacio saqmianoba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobas eqvemdebareba da kontroldeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier. b) meorec, wylis kompaniebis umetesobas, romelTac evalebaT wyalmomarageba da sanitaruli momsaxureoba, ar SeswevT Zala Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli roli da pasuxismgebloba. sxvadasxva kvlevebma aCvena, rom wyalmomaragebisa da sanitaruli momsaxureobis dargSi adgili aqvs arakomerciul midgomas, menejerialuri, saaRricxvo da teqnikuri resursebis da gamocdilebis naklebobas, saoperacio da sistemuri monacemebis simcires, standartebisa da monitoringis SesaZleblobis SezRudulobas. c) mesame, sabWoTa wyobilebis dros soflis mosaxleoba Tavisufali iyo gadasaxadebisagan wyalze da wylis safasuris gadaxdis kulturis nakleboba ganapirobebs Semosavlebis Zalian dabal dones. cota xnis winaT Catarebulma erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom wyalze tarifebis im donemde gazrda, rom dafarul iyos TviTTRirebulebis xarjebi, gamoiwvevs imas, rom mosaxleobis mxolod 15-20% SeZlebs wylis safasuris gadaxdas, da aucilebelia specialuri gamiznuli daxmarebis gaweva, rom ukiduresad gaWirvebulma fenam gaagrZelos ZiriTadi momsaxureobis miReba. dadgenilia, rom evropis qveynebSi sasmeli wylis menejmentisa da sanitariis gaumjobesebis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia diareis SemTxvevebis 26%-iT, sikvdilianobis - 65%-iT Semcireba, xolo yovelwliurad sasmeli wyliT gamowveuli 30 mln.-ze meti daavadebis SemTxvevis Tavidan acileba. ganviTarebadi qveynebis daaxloebiT 1,1 mlrd. adamians ara aqvs wylisadmi adeqvaturi xelmisawvdomoba da sufTa wyliT minimaluri (20 litri dRe-RameSi) uzrunvelyofa, ris gamoc dRe-RameSi moixmaren mxolod 5 litramde wyals, rac saSualod dRiuri normis 1/10-s Seadgens maSin, rodesac evropis qveynebis TiToeuli mosaxle dRe-RameSi saSualod 200, xolo aSS-isa 400 litr wyals moixmars. dabinZurebuli wylis gamoyenebis gamo, yovelwliurad adgili aqvs 1,8 mln bavSvis sikvdils, gamowveuls diareiT, rac gacilebiT aRemateba ZaladobiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis monacemebs. mosaxleobis epidemiurad usafrTxo sasmeli wyliT momaragebis problemis globalurad gadaWris mizniT, janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizaciis ZalisxmeviT araerTi dokumenti iqna miRebuli, maT Soris 1999 wlis londonis mesame evropul konferenciaze garemosa da janmrTelobis dacvis ministrebma miiRes oqmi ,,wyali da janmrTeloba~, romelic warmoadgens erT-erT mZlavr instruments ,,evropis, kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis qveynebis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis da safuZvlia wylis resursebis sferoSi partniorobisa da konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebisa qalaqebis wyalmomaragebisa da sanitariis gaumjobesebisaTvis, wylis resursebis integrirebuli marTvis ganxorcielebisa transsasazRvro, nacionalur da regionul doneebze~. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi gaeros 189 wevrma qveyanam, maT Soris saqarTvelomac, miiRo aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi da daamtkica zusti, droSi SezRuduli amocanebi, romelTa miRweva uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebasa da progress. aTaswleulis ganviTarebis erT-erT mizans warmoadgens garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs Semdegs: 2015 wlisTvis aucilebelia orjer Semcirdes im mosaxleobis ricxvi, romelsac ar aqvs usafrTxo sasmeli wylis miRebis mudmivi saSualeba da ar gaaCnia “sabaziso kanalizacia”. imis miuxedavad, rom
6
aTaswleulis ganviTarebis gegma (maT Soris wyalmomaragebisa da wyalarinebis sistemebis Sesaxeb) Camoyalibda 2000 wels, sabazo wlad ganixileba 1990. saqarTveloSi aTaswleulis programis me-7-e punqtis misaRwevad, aucilebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes: (a) mTliani gansaxilveli periodis ganmavlobaSi sasmeli wylis miwodeba centralizebuli wyalmomaragebis sistemis meSveobiT im momxmareblebisTvis, romlebisTvisac usafrTxo sasmeli wyali xelmisawvdomia; (b) usafrTxo sasmel wyalze xelmisawvdomoba rogorc minimum momxmarebelTa im 50%-isaTvis, romlebisTvis sasmeli wyali xelmiuwvdomelia. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad aucilebelia wyalkanalisa da wyalgayvanilobis qselebis ZiriTadi nagebobebis reabilitacia da rekonstruqcia, raTa moxdes gamtarunarianobis im donemde miyvana, romelic iZleva saSualebas im moculobiT iqnes miwodebuli wyali mosaxleobisTvis, romelic aucilebelia fiziologiuri da higienuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis. saqarTvelom, aRiara ra adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofis prioritetuloba, ukanasknel wlebSi qveynis mosaxleobis xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofis sferoSi araerTi mniSvnelovani dokumenti miiRo, maT Soris:
1998 wlis 23 seqtembris saqarTvelos prezidentis #531 brZanebuleba ,,saqarTvelos sabinao-komunaluri meurneobis reformis, misi koncefciisa da wyalmomarageba-kanalizaciis sistemebis sanitariul-teqnikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~;
,,saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis erovnuli politika~ (2000 w.);
,,saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis ganviTarebis 2000-2009 wlebis strategiuli gegma~ (2000 w.);
1999 wels daniis garemosa da energetikis saministros mxardaWeriT finansuri strategiis SemuSavebisaTvis Catarebuli ,,municipaluri wyalmomaragebisa da kanalizaciis komunaluri sistemebis~ gamokvlevebis safuZvelze TbilisisaTvis SemuSavda ,,wyalmomaragebisa da kanalizaciis sistemebis reabilitaciis scenari~;
SemuSavda da saqarTvelos prezidentis mier 2000 wels (gankarguleba #324) damtkicda ,,saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi moqmedebaTa programa“;
SemuSavda da qveynis masStabiT dainerga sanitariul-higienuri da epidemiologiuri normirebis erTiani saxelmwifo sistema, riTac safuZveli Caeyara sanitariul-higienuri normirebisa da Sesabamisi erovnuli normatiuli dokumentebis (sanitariul-higienuri wesebi da normebi, higienuri normativebi) SemuSavebis erTian wess, damtkicda sanitariul-higienuri normatiuli dokumentebis Sedgenis saxelmZRvanelo (2000 w.), xolo 2001 wlidan daiwyo erovnuli sanitariul-higienuri normatiuli dokumentebis oficialuri gamocema saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi;
2001 wels gamoica saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris #297/n brZaneba, romelic moicavs sasmeli wylis xarisxis maregulirebelhigienur standartebs;
7
2002-2003 wlebSi daniis garemosa da energetikis saministrosTan erTad ,transsasazRvro wyalsadinarebisa da saerTaSoriso tbebis dacvis ,,wyali da janmrTeloba~ oqmis Sesabamisad, SemuSavda ,,sasmeli wylis xarisxisa da momaragebis strategia~;
2002 wlis 9 agvistos saqarTvelos prezidentis mier gamoica #1089 gankarguleba ,,saqarTvelos mosaxleobis xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb~;
1999 wlidan saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebisa da Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministroebi yovelwliurad amzadeben erovnul moxsenebebs ,,saqarTvelos mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~ da ,,garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~, romlebSic farTod aris asaxuli mosaxleobis usafrTxo sasmeli wyalmomaragebis problemebi;
SemuSavda da saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 24 martis #324 gankargulebiT damtkicda ,,saqarTvelos garemos higienis samoqmedo erovnuli gegma ,,garemo da janmrTeloba~ (NEHAP), romelSic ganxilulia garemos da janmrTelobis dacvisa da mosaxleobis xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofis aspeqtebi.
saqarTvelom, rogorc aTaswleulis deklaraciis xelmomwerma mxarem, aiRo valdebuleba aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis asaxvis uzrunvelyofisa erovnuli ganviTarebis strategiebSi. aRniSnulma asaxva hpova 1999 wlis londonis mesame evropuli konferenciis oqmis ,,wyali da janmrTeloba~ saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebis mdgomareobis Seswavlis masalebSi. am dokumentis mixedviT, qveynis mosaxleobis sasmeli wylis xarisxis da momaragebis strategiis mTavar mizans warmoadgens 2035 wlisaTvis yvela ojaxis uzrunvelyofa xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT, xuTi prioritetuli qalaqis (Tbilisi, quTaisi, foTi, baTumi da rusTavi) saTanado xarisxis wyliT momaragebis uzrunvelyofa 2006 wlisTvis, kargi xarisxis wyliT 24 saaTiani momaragebiT - 2015 wlisaTvis, danarCeni qalaqebisa da soflebis centralizebuli wyalmomaragebis sistemebis saTanado xarisxis wyliT momarageba – 2010 wlisaTvis, xolo kargi xarisxis wyliT 24 saaTiani momarageba - 2025 wlisaTvis. aTaswleulis gamowvevis gzaze arsebuli ZiriTadi problemebi dakavSirebulia investirebisaTvis saWiro finansuri resursebis simciresTan da mosaxleobis Raribi fenisaTvis wylis tarifis SesaZlo miuwvdomlobasTan. aRniSnuli problemebis dasaZlevad aucilebelia, rom finansuri resursebi moZiebul iqnes prioritetuli, qmediTi erovnuli programebis saxiT wyalsadenisa da sakanalizacio meurneobisaTvis da amasTan gaTvaliswinebul iqnes wylis tarifis xelmisawvdomoba qveynis mosaxleobis Raribi fenisaTvis. aranakleb mniSvnelovania wyalTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamWvirvalobisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrunvelyofa, rac dRes saqarTveloSi metad problemuria.
8
3. saqarTvelos wylamomaragebis sistemis mokle aRwera
saqarTvelo wylis resursebiT mdidar saxelmwifoTa rigs ganekuTvneba, romlis teritoriis daaxloebiT 11% wyalsatevebs ukavia. qveynis teritoriaze aRricxulia 860 tba da rezervuari (saerTo farTobiT 170 kv.km) da 26,000 mdinare (saerTo sigrZiT 59000 kilometri). Tumca aRsaniSnavia, isic rom wylis resursebi sakmaod araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli qveynis teritoriaze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi wylis resursebis daaxloebiT 78%-ia koncentrirebuli, maSin roca aRmosavleTSi mxolod 22%. saqarTvelos wyliT uzrunvelyofa saSualo maCvenebelzea da usafrTxo wylis momaragebis uzrunvelyofa erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. dResdReisobiT centralizebuli komunaluri wyalsadenebi arsebobs yvela 85 qalaqsa da raionul centrSi 156 saTave nagebobiT. qveynis mosaxleobis sameurneo-sasmel wyalmomaragebis wyaroebad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos wylis maragi 10 mlrd.m3-s Seadgens da ZiriTadad miwisqveSa, maRalmineralizirebuli da mikroelementebis maRali Semcvelobis mqone wylis resursebiT aris warmodgenili. aRniSnuli auaresebs wylis xarisxs da amcirebs misi sasmelad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. dasavleT saqarTvelos wylis maragi 50 mlrd. m3-s Seadgens da wyalmomaragebis wyaroebad ZiriTadad zedapiruli wylebi gamoiyeneba. qveynis mosaxleoba moixmars rogorc dabali (50-100mg/l), optimaluri (300-500mg/l), ise maRali (1000-1500 mg/l-ze meti) mineralizaciis wylebs, xolo mTeli rigi wyalsadenebis wylebSi aRiniSneba halogenCanacvlebuli naxSirwyalbadebis, kerZod, ki, qloroformis maRali Semcveloba, rac xSir SemTxvevebSi, risks uqmnis mosaxleobis janmrTelobas. wyalarinebis sistema funqcionirebs 41 qalaqsa da raionul centrSi, xolo 30 maTganSi aSenebulia sakanalizacio gamwmendi nagebobebi, romelTa mTliani saproeqto simZlavrea 1,6 mln. kuburi metri dRe-RameSi (maT Soris regionaluri gamwmendi nagebobebi gardabnis raionSi, simZlavriT 1,0 mln. kuburi metri dRe-RameSi, romlebic dReisaTvis emsaxurebian qalaqebs: Tbilissa da rusTavs). saqarTvelos wyaldinebis da wyalgamanawilebeli qselebis saerTo sigrZe 9,5 aTas km-s Seadgens, xolo sakanalizacio qselebisa da koleqtorebis _ 4,0 aTas km-s. sanitarul-teqnikuri mdgomareoba bevri wyalsadenis wyalmimRebi nagebobebisa da qselebis aradamakmayofilebelia, rac dasturdeba kidevac wylismieri daavadebebis xSiri gamovlinebebiT. dReisaTvis saTave nagebobebis umetesobaze ar arsebobs an SesakeTebelia sanitaruli daculi zonebis SemoRobva, 60% wyalsadenebis da 50% sakanalizacio qselebis da koleqtorebis umravlesobas gasuli aqvs eqsplotaciis vada. wyalkanalebis umetesobaze, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar Catarebula saremonto-aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi. Sedegad, avariebi wyalmomaragebisa da wyalsarin sistemebSi sakmaod gaxSirda, ramac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia sasmeli wylis danakargebi da wylis dabinZureba. saSualod, qveyanaSi wylis danakargebi aRwevs 30_50% qselSi miwodebuli wylis saerTo moculobidan. saqarTvelos dasaxlebuli punqtebis umravlesoba sasmel wyals araregularulad iRebs; ar arsebobs zusti aRricxva warmoebuli da moxmarebuli wylis odenobisa. mdgomareoba mZimdeba imiT, rom wylis xarisxze laboratoriuli kontroli ar tardeba sruli moculobiT, Sedegad wyali, romelic miewodeba momxmarebels xSirad ar Seesabameba saxelmwifo standartis moTxovnebs.
9
saqarTveloSi wyalmomaragebis Taviseburebaa is, rom miwodebuli wylis didi nawili miwisqveSa wyaroebze modis, risTvisac damaxasiaTebelia wylis stabiluri miwodeba da maRali xarsisxi, romelic wylis aRebis adgilas organoleptikuri, qimiuri, toqsikologiuri da mikrobiologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT ZiriTadad Seesabameba rogorc erovnuli, aseve jandacvis msoflio organizaciis rekomendebul normativebs. sufTa wylis gamoyeneba (mln. m3) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 wylis aReba wylis bunebrivi obieqtebidan 2517 2010 167731) 320591) 256631) 190461) 487861) maT Soris miwisqveSa obieqtebidan 415 400 437 547 1237 520 549 gamoyenebuli wyali – sul 1083 779 155251) 308691) 247051) 187041) 483741) maT Soris saWiroebisaTvis: sayofacxovrebo-sameurneo 359 346 374 379 395 368 358 sawarmoo 185 151 151 253 165 193 208 sarwyavi da sxva sasoflo- sameurneo wyalmomarageba
326 211 284 131 225 178 106
sxva 213 71 147161) 301061) 239201) 179651) 477021) 1)eleqtrosadgurebis mier gamoyenebuli wylis CaTvliT. saqarTvelos miwisqveSa wyaroebidan aRebuli wyali miewodeba qsels gawmendis gareSe, Tumca didi qalaqebis umravlesobaSi gamoiyeneba dezinfeqciac. patara da saSualo dasaxlebul punqtebSi, sxvadasxva mizezebiT, ZiriTadad qloris Sesyidvasa an qloris meurneobis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo miwodebuli wylis dezinfeqcia ar xdeba an xorcieldeba sezonurad. Tumca adgili aqvs wylis aRebas zedapiruli wyaroebidanac (Tbilisi, baTumi, borjomi), sadac wylis xarisxi gacilebiT dabalia, rac moiTxovs wylis gawmendas da dezinfenqciis gamoyenebas. sakmaod xSiri praqtikaa momxmareblebisaTvis wylis miwodeba pirdapir WaburRilebidan (patara dasaxlebul punqtebSi) an uSualod meore rigis satumbi sadgurebis gavlis Semdeg, amis gamo arsebobs aramdgradi da araefeqturi wyalmomarageba, da Tu ar arsebobs qselis zonireba, kontr-rezervuarebi da wyalsaqaCi sadgurebi - es iwvevs momsaxurebis dabal dones. amortizebuli wyalgamanawilebeli qselebis rekonstruqciis an maTi Secvlis samuSaoebis saTanado doneze daufinansebloba iwvevs wylis did danakargs. wylis danakargi da aRuricxavi wylis odenoba uaxlovdeba miwodebuli wylis saerTo moculobis 50-60%-s. es maCvenebeli 4-5-jer aRemateba «normaluri danakargebis» zRvars, romelic damaxasiaTebelia dasavleT evropis swored eqsploatirebul da hidravlikurad gamarTuli qselisaTvis da 1,5-2 jer aRemateba wyalmomaragebis sistemis danakargebs, rac dafiqsirebulia dsT-s bevr qalaqSi. Senobebis Sida qselebis cudi mdgomareoba aseve imsaxurebs saTanado yuradRebas, radgan saxezea sayovelTao wylis gadaxarjvebi, maT Soris Camketi da sanitaruli armaturis naklebi simWidrovis gamo, rac iwvevs sistemaSi wnevis dawevas. wyali, romelic miewodeba momxmareblebs centraluri wyalmomaragebis sistemebidan, xSirad ar Seesabameba mikrobiologiur da sxva standartebs, anu saxezea seriozuli problemebi sasmeli wylis traspotirebisa wylis wyarosgan an wylis momzadebisa sadguridan momxmareblamde. wylis xarisxis TandaTanobiTi gauareseba, mas Semdeg rac izrdeba manZili saTao nagebobidan saboloo momxmareblamde, gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba did qalaqebSi. amis mTavari mizezia wyalgayvanilobis qselis aradamakmayofilebeli mdgomareoba - milebis mniSvnelovani amortizeba.
10
aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom did qalaqebSi wylis mniSvnelovani nawili modis zedapirul wylebze (wyaroebze), romlebic TavisTavad ukve dabinZurebulia, radgan bevr qalaqSi Camdinare wylebis gamwmendi sistemebi ar arsebobs. im SemTxvevaSi, roca araskmarisia mdinareebis da sxva wyaroebis TviTgawmendis saSualebebi – pirvel adgilas dgeba saTave nagebobebze wylis xarisxiani momzadebis sakiTxi, romelsac Tan unda erTvodes dezinfeqcia, raTa moxerxdes wylis sanitariul-epidemologiuri maCveneblebis SenarCuneba saTanado doneze.
Camdinare wylis CaSveba bunebrivi zedapiruli wylis obieqtebSi (mln. m3) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Camdinare wylis CaSveba zedapirulwyalsatevebSi – sul
435 398 147021) 303721) 241741) 178201) 477321)
maT Soris: dabinZurebuli 53 394 389 408 415 360 517 normatiulad sufTa (gawmendis gareSe)
125 2 14307 29963 23754 17453 47206
normatiulad gawmendili 257 2 6 1 6 7 9 1)eleqtrosadgurebis mier gamoyenebuli wylis CaTvliT.
wlidan wlamde SenarCunebuli wyalsadenebis sanitarul-teqnikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis tendenciam negatiuri zegavlena iqonia mosaxleobis janrmTelobaze. sanitaruli statistika mowmobs, rom aucilebelia Sesabamisi zomebis miReba, maT Soris wyalsadenebis reabilitacia da qselSi miwodebuli sasmeli wylis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa.
4. wylis gamwmendi nagebobebis problemebi
wyalsarinebis sistema funqcionirebs saqarTvelos 41 qalaqsa da raionul centrSi, xolo 30 maTganSi aSenebulia kanalizaciis gamwmendi nagebobebi saerTo saproeqto simZlavriT 1,6 mln. kuburi metri dRe-RameSi (maT Soris, gardabnis regionuli gamwmendi nagebobebi, simZlavriT 1,0 mln. kuburi metri/dRe-RameSi, romlebic emsaxurebian q. q. Tbilissa da rusTavs). yvela gamwmendi nageboba daproeqtebuli iyo Camdinare wylebis meqanikuri da biologiuri gawmendisaTvis. sakanalizacio qselebisa da koleqtorebis mTliani sigrZe Seadgens 40 aTas kilometrs. Camdinare wylebi, qalaqebis centraluri wyalsarinebis sistemebis meSveobiT, reliefis Taviseburebebis wyalobiT TviTdinebiT miewodeba gamwmend nagebobebs. arsebuli momentisaTvis arcerT gamwmend nagebobas ar SeuZlia saproeqto xarisxis Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyos Camdinare wylebis gawmenda. wylis biologiuri gawmenda ar funqcionirebs arcerT qalaqSi. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba mxolod meqanikuri gawmenda. amortizebuli da aradamakmayofilebeli sanitariul-teqnikuri mdgomareobis gamo, Camdinare wylebis gamwmendi nagebobebi saWiroeben kapitalur remonts, SekeTebasa da ganaxlebas. qveynis qalaqebsa da raionul centrebSi arsebuli sakanalizacio wylebis gamwmendi nagebobebis xandazmuloba ganisazRvreba 30-40 (da zogierT SemTxvevaSi ufro meti) wliT, xolo zogierTi maTganis mSenebloba jer kidev ar aris damTavrebuli da dakonservebulia. 19 nageboba ganTavsebulia Savi zRvis auzSi, xolo 14 - kaspiis zRvis auzSi, m.S. biologiuri gawmendiT 18 nagebobaa, xolo meqanikuri gawmendiT ki - 15 nageboba.
11
is teqnologia, romlis meSveobiTac yvela sakanalizacio gamwmendi nageboba funqcionirebs ukve moZvelebulia da aRar pasuxobs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, gansakuTrebiT es exeba lamebis damuSavebas. garda amisa, gawmendis arsebuli teqnologia gaTvlili iyo praqtikulad ufaso eleqtroenergiaze da bunebriv gazze. energetikulma krizisma, romelic Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg da eleqtroenergiaze tarifebis mniSvnelovanma zrdam, romelic moyva am process, sakmaod negatiuri gavlena moaxdina sakanalizacio gamwmendi nagebobebis muSaobaze. Sewyda gawmendis teqnologiuri procesebi, daiRupnen is mikroorganizmebi, romlebic gamoiyenebodnen Camdinare wylebis biologiuri gawmendisaTvis, gaibidnen milsadenebi da arxebi. sakmaod aradamakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi imyofeba Jinvali-Tbilisis sakanalizacio koleqtori, romelic Tbilisis wyalmomaragebis aragvis xeobis saTave nagebobaTa sanitariuli dacvis pirvel da meore zonebSi gadis. analogiur mdgomareobaSia qobuleTi-ozurgeTi-urekis sakanalizacio sistemac. zedapiruli wylis obieqtebSi 2004 wels, 2000 welTan SedarebiT, CaSvebuli iyo 44,8-jer meti Camdinare wyali, ramac Seadgina 17820 mln.m3, maT Soris mavne nivTierebebiT dabinZurebuli 360 mln.m3 (2003 wels es monacemi Seadgenda 415 mln.m3), 17453 mln.m3 normatiulad sufTa (gawmendis gareSe) da 7,0 mln.m3 normatiulad gawmendili. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es problema Zalze aqtualuria qveynisaTvis, radgan arsebuli monacemebi da fragmentulad Catarebuli calkeuli gamokvlevebi miuTiTeben qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi arsebuli zedapiruli wylebis qimiur da baqteriul dabinZurebaze, raSic mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis didi mdinareebis Semavsebel mcire mdinareebsac. magaliTad Tbilisis mcire mdinareebs md. mtkvarSi yovelwliurad CaaqvT saSualod 50 tona navTobproduqti, 100 tonamde Sewonili nawilakebi, aTobiT tona liToni: spilenZi, rkina, TuTia, qromi da sxv.
5. wyalmomaragebis sistemebi da wylis xarisxi
saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyalsadenebis sanitariul-teqnikuri mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebelia, maTi 60% amortizebulia. 1987 wlis Semdeg wyalsadenebis qselSi ar Catarebula mniSvnelovani sarekonstruqcio da SesakeTebeli samuSaoebi, ris gamoc wyalsadenebis magistraluri da gamanawilebeli qselebis 9273,9 km-dan 50%-ze meti saWiroebs gamocvlas, kapitalur da/an mimdinare SekeTebas. amas emateba satumbo sadgurebis aRWurvilobisa da danadgarebis mwyobridan gamosvla. arsebuli wyalsadenebis 69%-s ar gaaCnia wylis gasauvnebeli danadgarebi, 28%-s - sanitariuli dacvis zonebi, xolo 23%-s - nedli wylis dasamuSavebeli aucilebeli gamwmendi nagebobebi. saTave nagebobebze arasrulad xorcieldeba wylis momzadebis sqemebi, wyalgamwmendi nagebobebi teqnikurad gaumarTavia, ganicdian safiltracio masalebis, mowyobilobebisa da wylis momzadebisaTvis aucilebeli qimiuri reagentebis deficits. 70%-ze met wyalsadenebze saqloratoroebis ar arsebobis da/an mwyobridan gamosvlis gamo ar xdeboda sasmeli wylis sistematuri daqlorva. Seferxebulia wylis momzadebis axali teqnologiebis danergva da sxva. aRniSnulis gamo, mosaxleobis did nawils sasmeli wyali miewodeboda dauqloravi da dadgenili grafikebis uxeSi darRvevebiT, romelic ar Seesabameboda saxelmwifo
12
standartis moTxovnebs, rac wylismieri infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis mTavari mizezi xdeboda. amas emateboda isic, rom qveynis qalaqebisa da raionebis wyalsadenebis sauwyebo laboratoriebis didi nawili ar aris uzrunvelyofili sasmeli wylis xarisxis kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli mowyobilobebiTa da qimiuri reaqtivebiT. zogierT raionSi ki, sadac funqcionirebs laboratoriebi, eleqtroenergiis deficitis gamo ar tardeba wylis gamokvleva sanitariul-mikrobiologiur maCveneblebze. analogiuri aradamakmayofilebeli sanitariul-teqnikuri mdgomareoba aRiniSneba soflis mcire simZlavris wyalsadenebzec. aRniSnul sistemebze ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar Catarebula saremonto-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi (es samuSaoebi daiwyo zogan 2004 wlidan), ris gamoc am sistemebis udidesi nawili ar funqcionirebda, xolo maTi saTave nagebobebi ar aris saTanadod daculi. soflis wyalmomaragebis sistemebisa da wylis dezinfeqcia, rogorc wesi, ar warmoebs. 2001 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos Sromis janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros mier ganisazRvra saqarTveloSi sasmeli wylis standartebi, romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgens sabWoTa normativebis adaptirebul variants. qveynis mosaxleobisaTvis centralizebuli wyalsadenis sistemebiT miwodebuli sasmeli wylis xarisxze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi miuTiTeben, rom 1997-2004 wlebSi mosaxleobisaTvis miwodebuli sasmeli wylis xarisxi arcTu iSviaT SemTxvevaSi ar akmayofilebda saxelmwifo standartis moTxovnebs. sinjebis daaxloebiT 18% da 24%, romlebic aRebul iqna centraluri wyalmomaragebis sistemebidan Sesabamisad 2000 da 2001 wlebSi (samwuxarod sxva wlebis monacemebi ar arsebobs) ar Seesabameboda dadgenil qimiur da mikrobiologiur normebs. cameti qalaqidan aRebuli sinjebis mixedviT, mikrobiologiuri normebi aRebul sinjebSi dasaSveb normas 50%-iT an metiTac aWarbebda. amgvari sagangaSo viTarebis Sedegi iyo wylismieri infeqciuri daavadebebis SemTxvevaTa ricxvis maCveneblebis zrda. magaliTad, q. rusTavSi 1997-98 wlebSi dafiqsirda wylismieri daavadebis gamovlenis 1902 SemTxveva, 2000 wels ki 450 SemTxveva. wylismieri daavadebebis gamovlena dafiqsirda aseve sxva qalaqebSic, magaliTad, qobuleTSi 1997-98 wlebSi - 3582 SemTxveva, xaSurSi - 244 SemTxveva, borjomSi - 294 SemTxveva, xolo foTSi 2000 wels - 267 SemTxveva. 1997 wlidan moyolebuli 2001 wlis CaTvliT TbilisSic yovelwliurad fiqsirdeboda wylismieri daavadebebis SemTxvevebi (mTlianobaSi 2423 SemTxveva). Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis samnistros warmomadgenelTa azriT, msgavsi daavadebebis SemTxvevaTa ricxvi gacilebiT metia, vidre es oficialuradaa dafiqsirebuli, vinaidan mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili klinikaSi ar dadis da Sesabamisad daavadebis ricxvic aRuricxavi rCeba. am wlebSi adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxoebis maCveneblebze centralizebuli wyalmomaragebis sistemebidan kontrolisaTvis yovelwliurad aRebuli nimuSebis raodenoba meryeobda 38689-dan 51000-mde, maT Soris sanitariul-qimiuri gamokvlevebisaTvis - 20583-dan 29057-mde, sanitariul-baqteriologiuri gamokvlevebisaTvis ki - 18106-dan 23799-mde. analogiuri Sedegebi dafiqsirda sasmelad gamoyenebuli wyaros wylebis gamokvlevis Sedegad. 2000 wels (Semdgomi wlebis monacemebi ar aris) saqarTvelos 30 qalaqsa da
13
raionidan mosaxleobis mier sasmelad gamoyenebuli wyaros wylebis gamokvlevebisaTvis aRebuli 645 nimuSidan da Catarebuli 1181 analizidan, nimuSebis 44,6 % sanitariul-qimiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, xolo 33,8% ki mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT ar Seesabameboda qveyanaSi moqmed higienur normativebs. Catarebuli analizis saerTo Sedegebis mixedviT 35,8% ar akmayofilebda higienur moTxovnebs. qalaqebsa da raionebSi sasmelad gamoyenebuli wyaroebis (romelTa wylebzec Catarda gamokvlevebi) wylebis sanitariul-baqteriologiur maCveneblebze Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT, 63,3% wyaros wylebisa ar pasuxobda higienuri normativebis moTxovnebs. Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo wyaros wylebis dabinZurebis maCveneblebi baRdaTis (24,3%), lanCxuTis (29,0%), walenjixis (37,5%), xaSuris (41,5%), sagarejos (41,7%), quTaisis (33,3%), mcxeTis (60,0%), vanis (62,1%), axalqalaqis (66,7%), saCxeris (66,7%), qarelis (81,8%), zestafonis (86,5%), goris (100,0%), WiaTuris (100,0%), gardabnis (100,0%) raionebSi. mTlianobaSi normatiul moTxovnebTan Seusabamobis maCvenebeli meryeobda am wlebSi saanalizod aRebuli nimuSebis saerTo raodenobis 16,7-dan 20,7%-mde. sanitariul-qimiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, normatiul moTxovnebTan Seusabamobis maCvenebeli meryeobda 17,3-dan 22,8%-mde, xolo sanitariul-baqteriologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, normatiul moTxovnebs ar Seesabameboda saanalizod aRebuli nimuSebis saerTo raodenobis 15,4-dan 21,2%-mde.
6. momxmarebelTa uflebebi da wylis tarifi
saqarTveloSi wylis ZiriTadi momxmareblebs Seadgenen mosaxleoba, sabiujeto organizaciebi, komunaluri dawesebulebebi, sameurneo organizaciebi da kerZo seqtori. saqarTvelos qalaqebisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis sainJinro infrastruqturis obieqtebi da wyalsadenisa da sakanalizacio meurneobis ZiriTadi fondebi, rogorc wesi imyofebian municipalur sakuTrebaSi, xolo funqciebi, valdebulebebi, uflebebi da urTierTobebi wyalmomaragebisa da komunaluri meurneobis sawarmoebsa da abonentebs Soris, romlebic qmnian am urTierTobebis safuZvels, regulirdeba Sesabamisi xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze. dRevandeli monacemebiT wyalmomaragebasa da wyalsarinebis momsaxurebaze tarifebis gaangariSebisa da damtkicebis meTodika ar arsebobs. wyalmoxmarebis aRricxvis mowyobilobebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebels gadasaxadi ericxeba wyalmoxmarebis droebiTi normebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, sayofacxovrebo momxmareblebisaTvis S.p.s. "Tbilisis wyals" moxmarebis normativad dawesebuli aqvs 800 litri/adamiani/dRe-RameSi, xolo sxva qalaqebis sayofacxovrebo momxmareblebisaTvis es normativi meryeobs 60-500 litri/adamiani/dRe-Ramemde. axali tarifis damtkiceba xdeba Semdegnairad: wyalsaden-kanalizaciis sawarmos mohyavs argumentebi tarifis Secvlis sasargeblod, iTvaliswinebs ra bazris koniunqturasa da seqtoris moTxovnilebis cvlilebas da awvdis municipalitetis administracias masalebs, sadac xdeba maTi ganxilva Sesabamisi samsaxurebis mier. tarifSi SeaqvT cvlileba da
14
misi saboloo versia gansaxilvelad gadaecema sakanonmdeblo organos an qalaqis/municipalitets gansaxilvelad da dasamtkiceblad. Tavis mxriv municipalur administraciaSi iqmneba specialuri saeqsperto komisia da maTi daskvnis safuZvelze mtkicdeba axali tarifi; Semdeg xdeba axali tarifis registracia iusticiis saministroSi da informacia amis Sesaxeb qveyndeba oficialur gamocemaSi. Sps “Tbilisis wyalma” 2007 wlis gazafxulidan daiwyo sacxovrebeli korpusebis gamricxvelianeba (saerTo mricxvelebis damontaJeba) da sacxovrebel korpusebSi suladobis mowesrigeba. vaSlijvari warmoadgens Tbilisis erT-erT pirvel ubans, sadac saerTo mricxvelebi srulad damontaJda. Aaseve mowesrigda sacxovrebel korpusebSi macxovrebelTa realuri raodenoba1. dRevandeli monacemebiT, q. TbilisSi fiqsirebuli wylis tarifi mosaxleobisaTvis Seadgens 2,40 lars erT sulze, mas Semdeg rac q. TbilisisaTvis sakrebulos gadawyvetilebiT gaormagda wylis fiqsirebuli tarifi 2007 wlis 1 ianvridan. vaSlijvris dasaxlebaSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom vaSlijvris dasaxlebaSi sacxovrebeli korpusebis mier moxmarebulma wylis odenobam 2007 wlis maisis bolos Seadgina fiqsirebul gadasaxadze sakmaod naklebi. Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, vaSlijvris dasaxlebis 7b korpusis mier 2007 wlis maisis Tvis saerTo mricxvelis mier naCvenebi monacemebis mixedviT, gadasaxadma erT sulze Seadgina 1.99 lari anu fiqsirebul gadasaxadze (2.40 lari) gacilebiT naklebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 2007 wlis ivnisis Tvidan Tanxis daricxva unda momxdariyo ukve sacxovrebel korpusSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis dazustebuli raodenobis Sesabamisad da sacxovrebel korpusebSi damontaJebuli wylis saerTo mricxvelis Cvenebis mixedviT, dRemde vaSlijvris mosaxleoba, maT Soris 7b korpusis macxovreblebi, ixdian kvlavac fiqsirebul 2.40 lars erT sulze da ara mricxvelis mier dawerili Cvenebis mixedviT, rac warmoadgens maTi uflebebis seriozul darRvevas. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi modis ukve mosaxleobis koreqtirebuli siebis Sesabamisad da ara Zveli siebis mixedviT, rac pirdapir miuTiTebs kompaniis mxridan mizanmimarTulad adamianis uflebebis seriozul darRvevaze da iwvevs mosaxleobis samarTlian aRSfoTebas.
7. wylis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis proeqtebis aRwera saqarTveloSi
7.1 qobuleTis wyalmomaragebis proeqti 20.35 milioni evros Rirebulebis qobuleTis wyalmomaragebis proeqti evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankSi Setanil iqna 2007 wlis aprilSi, romlis mizansac qobuleTSi wyalmomaragebis sistemisa da narCeni wylebis gamwmendi samsaxurebis reabilitacia warmoadgenda. sainvesticio programa gulisxmobda wyalmomaragebis qselis reabilitacias da narCeni wylebis gawmendis samsaxurebis gadaiaraRebas. proeqti aseve iTvaliswinebda yvela momxmareblis gamricxvelianebas, kompaniis finansuri saqmianobis gaumjobesebis programas da qalaqis mmarTvelobis mxardaWeras.
1 TviT mosaxleobis mier iqna dadgenili korpusSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis sruli sia da miwodebul iqna kompaniisaTvis;
15
aRniSnuli proeqtis dafinansebisaTvis evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankidan navaraudevi iyo 1,5 milioni evros sesxis gamoyofa qobuleTis wyalmomaragebis kompaniisaTvis saxelmwifo garantiiT. garda aRniSnuli sesxisa igegmeboda proeqtis dafinanseba grantebis saxiT Semdegi wyaroebidan: aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelosTvis (aSS) 5.55 milioni evro, holandiis eqsportis xelSewyobis saagento 5.28 milioni evro, msoflio banki, globaluri garemosdacviTi meqanizmi 3 milioni evro da adgilobrivi monawileoba – 3.62 milioni evro. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis direqtorTa sabWoze aRniSnuli proeqtis damtkiceba unda momxdariyo 2007 wlis 10 ivliss, aRniSnul proeqtis mimdinare statusi kvlavac gaurkveveli rCeba sazogadoebisaTvis. 7.2. quTaisis wyalmomaragebis proeqti2 11 milion evrod Rirebuli proeqti evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier damtkicda da xeli moewera 2006 wlis 11 ivliss. aRniSnuli proeqtis mizans wylis miwodebis sistemebis reabilitacia, mosaxleobis 100%-iani gamricxvelianeba da wylis kompaniis finansuri saqmianobis gaumjobeseba warmoadgenda. proeqtis dafinansebisaTvis evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankidan navaraudevi iyo saxelmwifo garantiiT 3 milion evroze metis gamoyofa quTaisis wylis kompaniisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli proeqti damtkicda da xeli moewera bankis mier dRemde kvlavac gaurkveveli rCeba aRniSnuli proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegebi sazogadoebisaTvis. 7.3. foTis wyalmomaragebis proeqti3 proeqtis Rirebulebaa 8 milioni evro. xelekrulebas evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banksa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris xeli moewera 2006 wlis 11 ivliss. aRniSnuli proeqti iTvaliswinebda wylis kompaniis komercializacias, axal satarifo politikis SemuSavebas, romelic garkveulwilad wylis efeqturad moxmarebis stimuli unda yofiliyo mosaxleobisaTvis. aRniSnuli proeqtis dafinansebisaTvis evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankidan navaraudevia 3,5 milioni evros gamoyofa, qalaqis biujetidan 1 milioni evros gamoyofa da 3,54 milioni evros grantis gamoyofa. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom grantis komponenti saWiroa mosaxleobisaTvis wylis tarifis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad. 7.4 Tbilisis wylis miwodebis proeqti4 2007 wlis aprilSi Sps “Tbilisis wyalma”5, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankSi Seitana 25 milioni evros Rirebulebis proeqti6. aRniSnuli proeqti iTvaliswinebda sacxovrebel korpusebze saerTo mricxvelebis damontaJebasa da wylis seqtoris marTvis mizniT, kompaniisTvis kerZo samarTlis sazogadoebrivi partniorobis ganviTarebas. Mmiuxedavad sazogadoebis mxridan mZlavri winaaRmdegobisa, rac dakavSirebuli iyo gamWirvalobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
2 http://www.ebrd.com/projects/psd/psd2006/36491.htm 3 http://www.ebrd.com/projects/psd/psd2005/35601.htm 4 http://www.ebrd.com/projects/psd/psd2007/37321.htm 5 Sps “Tbilisis wyali” da masTan dakavSirebuli aqtivebi Tbilisis municipalitetis mflobelobaSi Sedis; 6 http://www.ebrd.com/projects/psd/psd2007/37321.htm
16
procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis ugulvebelyofasTan, aRniSnuli proeqti 2007 wlis 10 ivliss evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier mainc damtkicda. wylis seqtorSi mimdinare procesebi kidev ufro bundovani gaxda mas Semdeg, rac amave wlis agvistoSi Tbilisis meriisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros mier Tbilisis wyalmomaragebis sistema moulodnelad Setanili iqna saprivatizacio nusxaSi7. 7.4.1. gamWirvaloba da sazogadoebis moawileoba gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis komitetis mier gakeTebuli me-15 zogadi komentaris 48 muxli8 iTvaliswinebs wylis seqtorSi mimdinare reformebis irgvliv arsebuli informaciis gamWirvalobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobas. miuxedavad asociacia mwvane alternativis mier Sps. “Tbilisis wyali”-dan, Tbilisis municipalitetidan da evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankidan proeqtTan dakavSirebuli dokumentaciis mravaljeradi moTxovnisa, sazogadoebisaTvis mxolod proeqtis winaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri daxasiaTeba gaxda xelmisawvdomi, isic mxolod evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier proeqtis damtkicebis Semdeg. garda amisa, arc proeqtis sazogadoebrivi ganxilva mowyobila, rac aseve warmoadgens gaeros aRniSnuli konvenciis uxeS darRvevas. proeqtis winaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri daxasiaTebis mixedviT, q. Tbilisis sruli sakredito analizi9, romelic unda yofiliyo proeqtis damtkicebis erT-erTi safuZveli, saerTaSoriso sabuRaltro kompanias unda moemzadebina. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebisaTvis dRemde ucnobi rCeba momzadda, Tu ara saerTod aRniSnuli analizi. sazogadoebisaTvis aseve ucnobia, ratom miiRo saxelmwifom momgebiani sawarmos privatizebis gadawyvetileba. im dros roca qveyanaSi ar arsebobs aranairi sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic daaregulirebda wyalTan dakavSirebul iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa wylis tarifis regulireba, da a.S. es SeiZleba aRmoCndes wylis seqtorSi dagegmili reformebis ganxorcielebis warumateblobis mTavari mizezi, rasac uaryofiTi asaxva eqneba Tbilisis mosaxleobaze. evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis proeqtis mokle anotaciaSi aRniSnulia, rom proeqtis damtkicebamde unda momzadebuliyo proeqtis teqnikur-ekonomikuri analizi, sadac aRwerili iqneboda kompaniis saqmianobis sruli finansuri, ekonomikuri, teqnikuri, garemosdacviTi da dagegmili investiciebis mimoxilva da aseve unda momxdariyo kompaniis angariSebis auditi. evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier proeqti ise iqna damtkicebuli, rom arc teqnikur-ekonomikuri analizi da arc kompaniis angariSebis auditi ar Catarebula. erTaderTi dokumenti, romlis mixedviTac bankma proeqtis damtkicebis dros imsjela, winaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri daxasiaTeba iyo10. 7.4.2. gamricxvelianebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankSi Setanili Tbilisis municipaluri wyalmomaragebis proeqtis erT-erT mizans sacxovrebel korpusebSi saerTo mricxvelebis damontaJeba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom saerTo mricxvelis
7 http://www.economy.ge/geo/main.php?news=128 8 http://www.law.wits.ac.za/humanrts/gencomm/escgencom15.htm wyalze ufleba, paragrafi 48; 9 winaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri daxasiaTeba, 12 Tavi, gv. 122; 10pol kovendeni, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis ufrosi bankiri, minicipaluri da garemosdacviTi infrastruqtura;
17
Cvenebis Sesabamisad, sacxovrebeli korpusis macxovreblebma gadasaxadi unda gadaixadon suladobis mixedviT. garda amisa sainteresoa, proeqtSi arsebuli individualur mricxvelebis damontaJebasTan arsebuli midgomac. proeqtis winaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri daxasiaTebis Tanaxmad, individualuri mricxvelebis dayeneba ar Sedis kompaniis valdebulebebSi da saerTo mricxvelebis dayeneba erTaderTi yvelaze optimaluri gamosavalia, vinaidan individualuri gamricxvelianeba sakmaod Zviri daujdeboda mosaxleobas. “kompania unda aTviTcnobierebdes, rom misi pasuxismgebloba sruldeba sxvisi sakuTrebis sazRvarze da Sesabamisad, is ar aris pasuxismgebeli sacxovrebeli korpusSi arsebul wyalsadenebze”11. marTalia, wylis kompania ar aris valdebuli sacxovrebel korpusSi arsebuli wyalsadenebi ufasod SeakeTos, Tumca gaurkvevelia, maSin vis mier unda iqnes SekeTebuli dazianebuli milebi da vin unda aiRos milebis SekeTebis xarisxze pasuxismgebloba. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom wylis maRali danaxarji sacxovrebeli korpusebis Sida qselebisa da sveli wertilebis mouwesrigeblobam ganapiroba, aSkaraa, rom Sida qselebis xarisxiani SekeTeba sakmaod mniSvnelovania dadebiTi garemosdacviTi efeqtis miRwevisaTvis. rac Seexeba mricxvelebs, am SemTxvevaSi, situacia gansxvavebulia. momxmareblidan wylis gadasaxadebis amoReba kompaniis valdebulebas warmoadgens, xolo gadasaxadis odenoba mricxvelis mier dawerili Cvenebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. amdenad, swored wylis kompaniaa valdebuli, rom daamontaJos individualuri mricxvelebi. erT-erTi mTavari problema, romelic saerTo mricxvelebTan aris dakavSirebuli, im momxmareblebis SesaZlo gaTiSva warmoadgens, romlebic keTilsindisierad ixdian gadasaxadebs. es ki gamoiwvevs mezoblebs Soris daZabulobis zrdas. garda amisa, proeqtis winaswar teqnikur-ekonomikur daxasiaTebaSi12 aRniSnulia, rom saSualod TiToeuli binisTvis saWiroa 4 mricxvelis dayeneba, ris gamoc saWiro iqneboda daaxloebiT 1.2 milioni mricxvelis SeZena. Tumca gaugebaria ra saWiroa erT binaSi 4 mricxvelis dayeneba, roca sruliad sakmarisi iqneboda binaSi Semaval wylis centralur milze dayenebuliyo mxolod erTi mricxveli. 7.4.3. regulirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi im garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qveyanaSi ar arsebobs aranairi maregulirebeli organo, romelic iqneboda pasuxismgebeli wylis tarifis regulirebaze. gaurkvevelia, saerTod ra meTodologiT xdeba wylis fasis dadgena, vinaidan sakrebulos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arasdros ar Seicavs mis ekonomikur dasabuTebas. amasTan, gaugebaria, ratom moxda ase naCqarevad aseTi mniSvnelovani obieqtis gasxvisebis gadawyvetileba miRebuli da agreTve is Tu rogor apirebs saxelmwifo privatizirebul obieqtze zedamxedvelobis gawevas. 7.4.4. samarTlebrivi problemebi aRsaniSnavia, is garemoebac, rom evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier Tbilisis municipaluri wyalmomaragebis proeqtis damtkicebis Semdeg, sakrebulos yovelgvari gadawyvetilebis gareSe Tbilisis wyalmomaragebis sistema Tbilisis municipalitetisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros mier Setanil iqna
11 winaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri daxasiaTeba, 9.4.2 Tavis, me-3 paragrafi; 12 dokumentis 9.4.2 Tavis me-4 paragrafSi
18
saprivatizacio nusxaSi. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT darRveul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni “saxelmwifo qonebis da adgilobrivi TviTmarTveli erTeulis qonebis privatizebisa da sargeblobis uflebiT gacemis Sesaxeb”, romlis Tanaxmad, “saxelmwifo qonebis saprivatizebo nusxas amtkicebs saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro, xolo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis qonebis saprivatizebo obieqtebis nusxas – Sesabamisi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenlobiTi organo – sakrebulo”. aRniSnuli garemoebidan gamomdinare Cven vTvliT, rom Tbilisis wylis miwodebis sistemebis gasxvisebis mizniT, Casatarebeli tenderi ukanonoa.
8. rekomendaciebi
seqtorSi arsebuli zemoT aRwerili problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT da wyalmomaragebis sistemebis SesaZlo privatizebis Sedegad gamowveuli uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Tavidan asacileblad, aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba:
wylis dacvisa da gamoyenebis sferoSi erTiani saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba procesSi yvela dainteresebuli mxaris srulfasovani CarTvis uzrunvelyofiT;
wylis marTvis sferoSi CarTul uwyebebs Soris kompetenciaTa swori da mkacri ganawileba;
sazogadoebis srulfasovani informireba da CarTva wylis seqtorSi reformebis
dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas; wyalsarinebisa da wylis miwodebis sistemebis privatizebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miReba unda moxdes sazogadoebis monawilebis uzrunvelyofiT;
dauSvebelia wyalsarinebisa da wylis miwodebis sistemebis saprivatizacio xelSekrulebebis gasaidumloeba.
19
bibliografia
saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, biuleteni #100,
“garemos obieqtebis xarisxobrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da masTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi socialuri problema”, dekemberi, 2006 weli;
Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI): Water Management in the South Caucasus; Analytical Report; February 2002;
saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2006;
OECD EAP Task Force “Financing Strategy for the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Georgia”;
“wylis dabinZurebis aRmofxvris sakiTxebi”, garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi
resursebis saministro, avtori: marina makarova
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros erovnuli moxseneba “saqarTvelos mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb”. 2005 weli, Tbilisi, 2007
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0162yifSiZis q. 5a. me-4 sadarb. me-7 sarT.
tel: (+995 32) 221604; faqsi: (+995 32) 223874el. fosta: [email protected]
veb gverdi: www.greenalt.org
