xhmeia g-gymnasioy taexeiola gr

8/12/2019 Xhmeia G-gymnasioy Taexeiola Gr

1/50

'

:NIKO

..


2/50

2001 -

2


3/50

2001 -

3

E

CO O N P S Si F CI I

, AI Fe Cu Zn K Na Mg Ca Hg Pb

Pt Au Ag Ar

MO

CI2

O3 N2 O2 P4

He


4/50

2001 -

4

-

1. ;

.

.

. .

( )

( NaHCO3-, CaCO3-,) ( CO2).

H .

,- (HCI) (CaCO3)

,- CO2, {CaCI2, H2O)

2HCI + CaCO3 CaCI2 + H2O +CO2


5/50

2001 -

5

(. Zn, Cu, Fe)

( 2).

.

- (Zn) (HCI).

- 2 (ZnCI2)

Zn (s)+ 2HCI(aq) ZnCI2 (aq) + 2 (g)

.

.

2. ;

.

o (

+).

3. Arrhenius;

Arrhenius, (

+).

4. ;

.

, ,

.

.

. ( )

.

. .


6/50

2001 -

6

5.

.

.

.

( ) + ( )

..+ ( ) CO2

CO2

6.

( ) . ;

(Fe)

{ (AI) }

+ ..+ 2 (g)

.

7.

.

(HCI) ( Fe)

+ ..+ 2 (g)

2 (g)

( CO3)

(H2SO4) CO2

(H2SO4) + ( )..+ CO2


7/50

2001 -

7

CO2

{Ca(OH)2 } CaCO3( ).

{ .Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 (s) +H2O }

8. . ,

, .

.

HCI (aq) H2SO4(q)

HNO3(aq) CH3COOH(aq)

HCI (aq) +(aq) + CI

-(aq)

H2SO4(q) 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3

-(aq)

CH3COOH(aq) H+

(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)


8/50

2001 -

8

E

;

HCI

. .

,

HCI (aq)

+

;

.

CH3COOH ( ) .

C2H5OH ( ) +O2 ( ) CH3COOH ( ) + H2O( )

;

.

.

1. .

:

.

.


9/50

2001 -

9

2. 2

coca-cola

3.N 2 .

HNO3

HCI

H2SO4 CH3COOH

H3PO4

4. 2

5.

;

1. . .

( )

()

(

)


10/50

2001 -

10

2. ( ).

3.

Arrhenius ( OH ).

4. ( 25C) pH > 7. 7

14.

pH =11 pH .

5. pH 7 0 pH < 7. ( ) pH 7. pH > 7 pH 7 14.

6. pH 7 . pH 7 pH 7 . pH 13 12 pH 13.


11/50

2001 -

11

(): + ( )

.

(3) .

3 + 2 4++

4+ ( ) 4

-pH-

1)

pH

H+.

2) To pH 25C 7.(pH=7)

3) pH 7 0. (pH=0-6).

4)

pH

. pH .

( Universal ),

pH .

pH , .

5) . Arrhenius

, ,

(H+). , : pH


12/50

2001 -

12

pH , .

pH

, .6)

pH

.

pH=7

pH 7.

: .

.

.

.

.


13/50

2001 -

13

:

(HCI) (NaOH), H

+

- .

1 29

.

+( aq) + OH

-(aq) H2O(l)

2 29

)

.

3 29

) ()3 g(OH)2

.

4 29

pH

1.5

CI pH= 2 . ( 3) pH> 2.

1,5 pH

HCI

.


14/50

2001 -

14

(NaOH) (HCI)

, (H 2O).

:

,

. To

CI X .

.

+ + ( 2)

.

.

.

.

.

H+ -.

CI ( aq) H+ (aq)+ + CI-(aq)

NOH ( aq) Na+(aq)+ OH-( aq)

H+ OH-.

H+

(aq)

+ OH-

( aq)

2

( l)


15/50

2001 -

15

H+ - ( ).

A H +

- .

+ CI- .

+(aq) + CI-(aq) NCI (s)

H

.

() () .

H+(aq)+ CI-(aq) + Na+(aq)+ OH- (aq) H2O(l)+ CI (aq)+ Na+(aq)

+ CI-

- -

( SO4)

To () (2SO4) Ba(OH)2 .


16/50

2001 -

16

(SO4) .

.

:

+ + .

Ba(OH)2 Ba +2 - 2SO4 + SO4-2.

.

+( aq) + OH

-(aq) H2O(l)

Ba+2

(aq)+ SO4-2

(aq) BaSO4(s)

-

1 34

.

2 34

() NaCI (

). HCI ()

( )

(NaCI).

HCI + NaOH NaCI + 2

+ +

3 34

+ CI KCI + H2O


17/50

2001 -

17

2HCI + Ba(OH)2 BaCI2 + 2H2O

H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4+ 2 H2O

4 34

.

H2SO4+ 2 2SO4+ 2H2O

2SO4 ( ), CaSO4( ), CuSO4

( ) , 2SO4 ( )

(SO4-2)

( , , )

(H2SO4)+ +

KCI ( ), BaCI2( ), AgCI

( )

( )

( , , ).

( CI ) + +

NaNO3 ( ), Ca(NO3)2 ( ),NO3( )


18/50

2001 -

18

(NO3-)

( , , )

( HNO3) + +

.

,

. , (NaCl)

, 100g 250C 36g .

, . ,

(CaSO4) , 100g 250C

0,21g .

pH ;

. . pH .

OH-

+

+ . .

. . pH


19/50

2001 -

19

( ) .

pH . 7 .

, pH pH

.

.

H+ OH -

.

H+ OH- .

H+ OH - .

.

pH .

pH < pH < pH

1. ;


20/50

2001 -

20

2. Arrhenius Arrhenius;

3. : , ,, , , , , , .

4.

.

5. pH =2 pH=3 ;

6. pH =10 pH=11 ;

7. .8. HCI, NOH, , 3, 3, Ba(OH)2,

( ) ( 2 ).9.

pH ,

.10.T ;11.

pH

;

.A pH=3 pH

:

2

8 10 6

. :

. :


21/50

2001 -

21

1. , ,

.

2. ;

3.

;4. ;

5. Arrhenius ;

6. , ,

.

7. pH

8. ( );

9. pH , ;

10. ;

11.

.

12.

;

13.N

HCI NaOH.14.

T ;

15.N (

SO4)

16. ;

17.

CI2

BaSO4

KNO3

Ca(NO3)2

Na2SO4

18.X ;

19.

;

20. pH ;

;

21.

;

22.

;


22/50

2001 -

22

23.

;

24. , , ;

A

1. ;

Bohr Rutherford. Bohr . . .

() ( ). K, L, M,N, ......Q.

. K


23/50

2001 -

23

n. n=1, Ln=2, Mn=3, Nn=4 ..

2. ( ); e- :1.

(K, L, M, N,) 2n2( n= ).2.

8 (

8 e)

.3. e-

18 e 8e.

.

18 8.

,

L, ..

n(

)

( 2n2)

1 2 12 = 22 L 2 22 = 83 M 2 32 = 184 N 2 42 = 32


24/50

2001 -

24

TOY bohr

7

,L,M,N,O,P,Q . . E2 1

.

1) N

19K =2e , L=8e ,M=8e, N= 1e35Br K=2e, L=8e, M=18e, N=7e54Xe K=2e, L=8e, M=18e, N=18e, O= 8e50Sn K=2e, L=8e, M=18e, N=18e, O=4e86Rn =2e, L=8e, =18e, =32e, =18e, P= 8e

2) .

. () .

. .

. 7-3 3 . 7+3 = 10e . 19+ 1e 19-1=18e.

M .16S-2 16+2=18e K=2e, L=8e, M=8e11Na+ 11-1=10e K=2e, L=8e

53I-

53+1=54e K=2e, L=8e, M=18e, N=18e, O=8e20Ca +2 20-2=18e K=2e, L=8e, M=8e


25/50

2001 -

25

12Mg+2 12-2=10e K=2e, L=8e

3) 40 4

;

p n=p+4 =+ =p+n 40=p+n 40=p+p+4 40=2p+4 2p=36 p=18 18 . .=2 ,L=8, M=8

4) +2 K=2, L=8, M=8 . p= n .

2e+8e+8e=18e . +2 2

18+2=20 . Z=20 . , = 20 . A=Z+N=20+20=40

5) 23 ;

p n=p+1A=Z+N =p+n . =23 23=p+n 23=p+p+1 2p= 22 p=11 11 11e =2, =8, =1


26/50

2001 -

26

6) 40. - n / p=1,1. ;n/p=1,1 n=1,1 p

p n=1,1pA=Z+N = p+n . 40. 40= p+n 40= p+1,1p 40=2,1p p=19 19 . .K=2, L=8, M=8, N=1

. (

). 7

.


27/50

2001 -

27

;

H 1 2 3 . 4 5 18 ,

6 32 14 . 7

.

;

T .

;

O .

1, 2, 17 18;

1

2

17 18 .

;

. -

.


28/50

2001 -

28

;

O . ( )

.

M

.

,

,

.


29/50

2001 -

29

CI H + CI-

CI (g) H+(aq) + CI-(aq)

.

, , H+ .

.

.

H+ g+2, AI+3, Fe+2. 2 .

Mg(s)+ 2H+(aq) Mg+2(aq) + H2 (g)2AI(s)+ 6 H+(aq) 2AI+3(aq) + 3H2 (g)

Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) Fe+2(aq) + H2 (g)

:

Mg + 2HCIMgCI2+H2

2AI + 6HCI 2AICI3+3 H2Fe+ 2HCI FeCI2+H2


30/50

2001 -

30

.

: + +

+ +

, .

:

Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, g, Pd,Pt, Au. ( )

2Na + CuSO4Na2SO4+ Cu

Cr + MgSO4

Mg Cr

.

()

(1)+ (1) (2)+(2)

:Fe + CuSO4Cu + FeSO4

Zn + 2AgNO3Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag

()

+ +


31/50

2001 -

31

Li, K,Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb

.

:

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4+ H2

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2+ H2

K

.

;

.

() .

. , , ..

14

;


32/50

2001 -

32

O . (, ). .

CaCO3, K2CO3 CO,CO2

, , , , DNA,RNA, ,

.

, , ,

, , , ,

CO32-, CaCO3 a 2CO3 CaO Ca(OH)2

K 2CO3


33/50

2001 -

33

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

N

. ( CO2)

Ca(OH)2+ CO2CaCO3+ H2O

T ;

( , ).

, .

;

H o (CO,CO2) (

. CaCO 3, K2CO3)

;


34/50

2001 -

34

. 7 .. CH3-CH3, CH4, CH2=CH2

;

.

) A C : C ( ) CH 3-CH3 C ( 2 ) (3 )

.. CH 2=CH-CH3, HCCH

) . . () .

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH2=CH-CH3 CH3-O-CH3


36/50

2001 -

36

H H| |

=2 CvH2v+2 C2H6 CH3CH3 CCH| |

H H()

2. CvH2v v2

| |

=2 CvH2v C2H4 CH2=CH2 C = C ()| |

3. CvH2v-2 v2

=2 CvH2v-2 C2H2 HCCH H CCH ()

4. K

CvH2v+1OH v1 CvH2v+2O ROH R = (CvH2v+1 )

=1 CH3-OH =1 CH3-CH2-OH


37/50

2001 -

37

( I.U.P.A.C) ( )

( ).

.

.

.

() . .

. C .

C

1 2 3 4 5 6

- - - - - -


38/50

2001 -

38

. ( ).

--

1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 2 --

. .

- . -

1. CH3-CH2-CH3 --( 3 C -)

2. CH2=CH-CH3 --(3 C - -)

3. CHCH --(2 C - - )4. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 --

( 4 C- -)5. CH3-CH2-OH -

( 2 C- - )6. CH3-OH --

( 1 C- - )

.

.


39/50

2001 -

39

CO 2 .

. CH4 + 2O2 CO2+ 2H2 +

.

CO C .

. 2CH4+ 3 O22CO +4H2O +

CH4 + O2C + 2H2O + .

C

CO2 .

C4H8+ O2 4CO2+ H2O

2 .

C4H8+ O24CO2+ 4H2

2 .

C4H8+ 6O24CO2+4H2O

.

2.

. K

CvH2v+2 + (3v+1) O2 VCO2 + ( v+ 1) H2O2

B. K

CvH2v+ 3v O2v CO2+ v H2O2


40/50

2001 -

40

() .

5-12 .

;

H . .

.

.

;

CH4. , .

A

. ,

, .

.


41/50

2001 -

41

T ;

VCH2=CH2(-CH2-CH2-)V

VCH2=CH-CI (-CH2-CH-)V|CI

;

.

-

.

.

;

.


42/50

2001 -

42

. .

.

pH, .

CH3-CH2-OH .

C 2H5OH C2H6O

TE

C2H5OH + 32 2C2+ 32 +

.

C6H12O6 2CO2 + 2 CH3CH2OH

A

(% v/v vol )

% % v/v mL

100 mL . .

. 8% v/v 100 mL 8 mL .

20 % v/v : 20 cm 3 100 cm3

20 mL 100 mL .


43/50

2001 -

43

% v/v % vol .

() , mL ( ,C2H5OH) 100 mL () .

. 11% v/v 11% vol, 11 , 100mL ( ) 11 mL

()

.

300mL 12 1L

5

;

12 : 100 mL 12 mL

300mL

= 36mL .

5 : 100 mL

5 mL

1L=1000mL

=50mL .

5 .

1. . ;

2. : .

. . . ;


44/50

2001 -

44

3. .

4. ; ;

;

5. , ;

6. ; .

7.

; .

8. 12-14-17. ;

9. ();

;

10. ;

11. .

12. ; .

13. ; .

14. :. ;. ;

15.

;


45/50

2001 -

45

16.

17. ;

18. .

19. .

20.

KCI + AgNO3NaBr + AgNO3Na + HCI Ca(OH)2+ CO2CaCO3Mg + CuSO4 C4H8

21. N .

, , , , .22. , .

1. 30 mL (C 2H5OH). N %v/v

.

2. 18 %vol.. .

0,8 g/mL.

3. ;

4.

. ;


46/50

2001 -

46

. =98 .=94 .=905.

:. . .

6. .CH4 CO CO2 CaCO3

K2CO3 C2H2 C2H4

7. , ;CO, CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-OH, CO2, Na2CO3, CH2=CH2, CH3-COOH,CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CO-CH3, CH2=CH-CH=CH2, CH3-NH2

8. ;

9.

. ..v

10.

5%vol. .

500mL

;

1. ,

;

CH4, CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2, CH3CN , CH3OH, CH3-O-CH3, MgCO3,

Ag2CO3, CO2


47/50

2001 -

47

2. ,

,

.

C=C , C-C-C-C-C , C=C-C , C-C , CC

3.N

C6H12O2, C3H6O , C8H18, C10H20

4.

.

5. . , .

6. .

N2O3, N2O5, SO2, CO, SO3, CO2, P2O5, NO, NO2

7. ;

8. ;

.

9.

;

10.

;

11. . CH4+ 2O2CO2+ 2H2 + 64g 300g . .

176g

144 g . g .

12. 20 L

;(

20% O2v/v 80% 2 v/v)

13. 5 , 5 .

14. .


48/50

2001 -

48

CH3-O-CH3, HCOOH, CH3-(CH2)2-CH3

15. .

16.

;

17. 600 ml 0,018 L. ;

18. 15%v/v.

;


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xhmeia g-gymnasioy taexeiola gr

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