[ximeia alyk]biblio ekpaideutikou
TRANSCRIPT
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. . minimum , .
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. 84 87 90 : 93 6:
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111 114 7:
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5: 6:
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19
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1. Bransford J.D, Brown A.L. and.Cocking R.R editors HowPeople Learn. Brain, Mind, Experience andSchool,Nation-al Academy press, Washington D.C., 1999.
2. Teacher' s guide I and II. Nuffield Advanced Science. The
Nuffield Foundation, Penguin Books, 1971.3. Brown D., Using examples to remediate misconception in
Physics,Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992)17-34.
4. Leonard G, Dufresne R.J and Mestre J.P., Using qualitativeproblem-solving strategies to highlight the role of concep-tual knowledge in solving problems,American Journal of
Physics, 64Q (1996) 1495-1503.
5. Sokolof D.R. and Thornton R.K., Using interactive lecturedemonstrations to create an active learning environment,The Physics Teacher35 (1997) 340-347.
6. Lagowski,J.J.J. Chem. Educ. 1 (1990),67.7. Schauble, L.R., Glaser R., Duschl, R., Schulze, S. and John J., ..
Students understanding of the objectives and procedures ofexperimentation in the science classroom,The journal of the
Learning Science, 4 (1995) 131- 166.
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1.
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29
-
: 1
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(- 1.1, 1.2, 1.4). --, .
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30
2 -. -. - .
3 (,, .). -- ( , -.).
4
. . -, , . - .1.1.1 . , - ., . , ..( 1.1.2). .
5
, -
SI.
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31
-
1. , -
, 1998.
2. ., ., ., , ., -
., , . ,
, . 16-23 . 31.
3. ., ., ., , ., -
., , . ,
. 42-58 ..
4. Mager R.F. , . -
, 1985.
5. . ..
, ,
1999.
6. -
, 1998.
:.: .. -, . .
: . , .
: 23, 26, 29, 32.
: 22, 27, 28, 31,
33,36.
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32
2
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.1.1.1:
- .
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- :
0,1 g, -
.. 100
mL .
1.
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33
-
: 2
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1 (- 1.7). , -.
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34
1. , -, 1998.
2. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,. 42-50.3. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,.. 70-76.4. G. Hill, Chemistry Counts , Hodder and Stoughton, London1986. . 52-55.
3 (, ,), , , . , . , -, ( 1.2.4).
4 . - , -.
: 38, 43, 47, 48, 50.
: 37, 41, 46, 47, 52, 54.
-: , . --: , .
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35
5. ., ., , . , , 2000, .130-134.
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36
-
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1 ( - 1.1 1.3). -.
-
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37
-
1. , -
, 1998.2. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,, . 17-18 . 25-28.3. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,, . 42-43 . 51-52.4. . G. Hill, Chemistry Counts , Hodder and Stoughton, London 1986,. 50-51.
4: . . -.
3: . -
, .
::. .. .. Pb(NO3)2PbI2.:-.
: 56, 60, 64, 67: 59, 61, 65, 66, 68.
, . -, , . , ( 1.3.1).
-
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5. ., ., , . , , 2000, .120-126.
2
, -
.
3
-
4-.
1. 2. -
Pb(NO3)2
- :
2 ,
, , -
Pb(NO3)2 .
..1.3.1: -.
1.
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39
-
: 4
:
1.5 - -
: (-, - , -) -. , . . (-, -, -). -..
2 - ( 1.4.1). --
, , , , . - . () (). ., - ( 1.4.2).
1 (- 1.10, 1.11 1.12). -.
-
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40
-
1. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,, . 61-77.2. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,, . 95-127.
4, - .
: ( , , ).
: 69, 70, 75, 79, 82, 84.
: 71, 73, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86.
3 -. :1.- 2.- 3.- .--. -:
1.
(% w/w)2. (% w/v)3. (% v/v)-: ppm ppb. , .
:.. .. -. -, . - -
.
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41
2
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() .
2. - -().
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..1.4.1: ...1.4.2: -.
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42
-
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2.
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44
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45
-
: 5
:
2.1 -
-
: , . Bohr -. , ., - , -.
1 . , . , , - ., -.
2 . (5
.. )
. - Dalton ( 19
)
. (2000 ) -
-
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46
3. 20 . ( 1-20). , . (- 2.1.2) -.
: 14, 15.
: 16, 17, 18.
Dalton. - Rutherford, . Bohr, , (), , . -
- Bohr ( 2.1.1). , 1998, . -.
-
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47
1. . ,
, 2, , 1991, . 261-266
2. R. P. Feynman, , . , 1998,
. 38-46.
1
.
2
.
3
-
.
.2.1.2: -
.
.2.1.1: -
ohr
-
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48
-
: 6
:
2.2 (). -
:
. , . -, . . .
2 . -
. - Newlands, 1864 -. Meyer, 1864, -. Mendeleev - (
1 (- 2.1). .. ; ;,.
-
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49
3 (..2.2.1) -. -. - , , , , , -. - (, , ) . - , .-
(..2.2.2), .
: 20, 22, 23, 27, 31, 34,
:21, 24, 25, 30, 32 35, 36, 37.
4--. -, -, . , --.
, .
) () 1869. 63 .-, Moseley, 1913 -.
-
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50
1. P.W. Atkins, , . , 1995.2. .. , , ,. , 1996,
.215-239.3. . .. , ,
, .55-58.
2
-
..
3-. - .
4
-
.
.2.2.1:
.
.2.2.2:
.
1
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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51
-
: 7
:2.3 -
. (-
- ).
:. : (). . .. -, .
--.
1 : . --
. ---. - , -, (- ). , .
-
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52
2 - (..2.3.1) . o, , -, .
.
- - () (..2.3.2). - , . , (.., ,-
3 -
2 (..2.3.3). , , -. - . , , , . 3 (..2.3.4)., (.. , .. .. ).
: 38, 39, 41, 43, 47, 48.
:40, 42, 44, 46, 49 50, 51, 52.
-
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53
1. . , , 2
, , 1991, . 269-283.
2. uffield Advanced Science, , ,. , 1998, .226-253.G. W. Daub, W. S. Seese, Basic Chemistry , Prentice Hall, Inc., 7
th
Edition, 1996, pag.118-164.
1
-
.
2 ()- .
3
- -
.
.2.3.1: - NaCl .2.3.2: .
.2.3.3: -2..2.3.4:3.
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54
-
: 8
:2.4 . . -.
-
:
-
.
.
2 (..) .. -, , . .
1 ( - 1.7 .46-48). , , ., -. .
-
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55
4- , . .. +, -, , x. : , . (, ) . , IUPAC, -, . , -
. - - ,. .CO CO2 ,FeS () Fe23 ().
: 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62.
:56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64.
3,- . .
-
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1. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,, .46-48.2. ., ., ., , ., -
., , . ,
, ..
3. ., , . ,
1997, .181-184.
2
.
3
4
.
.2.4.1: -
.
1
.
.
-
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-
: 9
:. .
:-.
1 : (,, ), (, , ), -, , , , -, , -.
225 ().
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: 20.
1 3
2 4
3 4
4 3
5 6
1. 450 g 5 g . - 450 mL. % w/w % w/v.
2. - 3
-
;
3. , 4, 8 17, . -. -;
4. -:) S Na2SO4 ) C CO3
2-
) N KNO3 ) I IO3-
5. :1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. -, 7. , 8. -, 9. , 10. , 11., 12. ().
-
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3.
-
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-
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-
:-..
2- , . , , - Lavoisier.:1. 2. , -
-.
: 10
:3.1 - -
.
1
(- 1.13). (.. - ; ; ;; -;), -.
-
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3
, ( .3.4.2). -( - - , , -, ). -, - -. , - (). --, , (). -
- (, , -, ).
A:2, 4, 5, 22, 25, 31, 32 ( 49, 51, 52, 69, 72, 78, 79).
A:9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 23,
24, 29, 33, 35 (56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71,76 80 82
4 : - (.. , , -) - (.. -). .
- . -. (.3.4.1)
-
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1. ., ., ., , ., - ., , . ,, . 76-85.2. ., ., ., , ., -
., , . ,, 128-141.3. ., , . , 1997, -, . 103-106.4. ., , 2
. , 1991, , .304-308
324-329.5. ., ., , . , , 2000, .112-142.
2--.
3-, .
.3.4.2: -.
1.
4-.
.3.4.1: -.
-
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64
-
: 11
:. .
:
-
3.
1
: -
.
2
.
-
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65
: 3.
1.; -.
-
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4.
-
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-
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-
: 12
:4.1 :
, , mol, Avogadro,
.
-: ( ) (). mol ,vogadro. ( STP ), mol -.
1
(amu), 1/12 -12 (
12C). -
1,66 10-24
g. ( 1/12 -12) - ( 1/12 -12).
-
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2
mol (S.I.) mol-, 12 g 12
C.- mol
(, , ), () . , (12) vogadro (6,0210
23). 1 mol
r g 1 mol - r g. (.4.1.1) 1 mol : (NaCl), (C12H22O11), (C), (Cu).
3
(Vm)
1 mol , - .,
() Avogadro. () -
, STP (..), , -
0 C ( 273 ) 1 atm (760mmHg) -
22,4 L. -
(.4.1.2) -
STP (22,4 L)
.
: mol, ,
, .
: 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 21, 23, 33.
:10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27,28 34 35 37.
-
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1. ., , 2
. , 1991, , .267-269.
2. ., ., - , 16
., , 1991, . 22-44.
1. -.
2
mol.
3
Avogadro. -
. -
.
.4.1.1: 1 mol
(NaCl),
(C12H22O11), (C),- Cu .
.4.1.2: -
(Vm) STP
22,4 L.
-
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-
: 13
:4.2
-
:.
P, V, T, n
, .
,
.
1 : Boyle (V) - (), , mol (n) () . ,PV= , n, . - (.4.2.1). Charles (V) - (), mol (n) () .-, VT, n,P. . - (.4.2.2). Gay-Lussac (P) - (), mol (n) (V) . ,PTn, V. . (.4.2.3).
-
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2 :1. Boyle V1/P2. Charles VT3. Avogadro Vn: P V =nRT-
, , . , , . (). - ,, . :P V = nR T, n mol -., , , .
: 39, 45, 51.
:40, 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53.
3-: mol, , , , .
-
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1.Coulson E.H. et al , Nuffield Advanced Science, , , 1-12 , ... , , 1998.45-69.2. Daub G.W., Seese W.S. Basic Chemistry 7
thed., PrenticeHall,
1996, pag.276-310.3. . ., , 2., ,
1997, . 305-326.
4. ., ., -
, 16., , 1991, . 72-112.
1 Boyle. Charles. Gay-Lussac.
2 . .
3
.
.4.2.1: Boyle..4.2.2: Charles..4.2.3: Gay-Lussac.
-
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-
: 14
:4.3 - ,
-
: , .- ( ).
2' Molarity, mol -
1 L . , : c = n / V,c = n = o mol V= L. mol L
-1 .
1 B ( - 1.11) ( 1 .20-22). (.. , -; ; - ;), .
-
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3 ( ) --, ( ). -, (-) . - () : c1V1 = c2V2. , ( 4.3.2). -. , m = m1 + m2 + m3 +
, : V = V1 + V2 + V3 + , . :
m = m1 + m2 + m3 + :c1 .V1 + c2 .V2 = cV
4 , -, .
: 54, 55, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66.
:57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 67, 68.
, ( 4.3.1).
-
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1. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,, . 66-70.2. ., ., ., , ., -
., , . ,, . 104-113.3. Daub G.W., Seese W.S. Basic Chemistry 7
thed., PrenticeHall,
1996, pag.362-386.4. . ., , 2
., ,
1997, . 361-373.5. ., ., -
, 16., , 1991, . 160-206.
1 B.
2 ' Molarity.
3
,
.
.4.3.1: -.
.4.3.2: -.
4
.
-
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-
: 15
:4.4
-
:-
, Dalton.
,
(-
).
2 (-).
, , , -, . , , , - . , - 2 + 32 23 :
1 3.4 . - (.. . -. ), - .
-
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78
3 ( ), . - mol. - mol (- .4.4.1). , :1.-
.2. , . - ().3. . -...
: 69, 71, 73, 77.
:70, 72, 74, 75, 78.
1. (N2, H2) (NH3).2. -. , 1 2 3 2 2 3. 1 mol 2 3 mol 2 2 mol 3. 1 N2 H2
NH3 PT.
4
-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
76/147
79
1. .., , - - ,
, , 1996, .10-12.2. ., , 2
. , 1991, , .406-420.
3. ., ., -
, 16., , 1991, . 229-240.
4. Daub G.W., Seese W.S. Basic Chemistry 7th
ed., PrenticeHall,
1996, pag.248-275.
1
3.4 -.
2
.
3
-
-
.
.4.4.1: -.
4
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
77/147
80
-
.
: 16
:
-
:1. 2. -
3. 4. 5. pH 6. (-
)7. -
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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81
.
: 17
:
-
:8. 9. -
10.11.12. pH 13. (-
)
14. - .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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82
2.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
80/147
83
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
81/147
84
-
: 18
:
5.1 .
.
.
:--,-.. (C), (f), (), () (sol).
, .
1
(
3.4). (.. - ; . ;),.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
82/147
85
-
2
.. ( ). .2.1.1, -.
4
, . (), (, ...).
: 11, 12, 13.
:14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.
3
-,., , - . (0), -
.2.1.2.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
83/147
86
1. uffield Advanced Science, , ,. , 1998, .140-145.
2. Brown T.L., LeMay H.E., Bursten B.E., Chemistry the centralscience , Prentice Hall, 7
thEdition, 1997, pag.164-168.
3. Gillespie R.J, Humphreys D. A., Baird N. C., Robinson E. A.,Chemistry , 2nd Edition, Allyn and Bacon, 1989, pag.286-305.4. Hill J. W., Petrucci R. H., General Chemistry , Prentice Hall,1996, pag.177-185.5. Atkins P., Jones L., Chemistry -Molecules, Matter and Change ,3
rdEdition, Freeman, 1997, pag.188-205.
2
.
3
--.
1
.
.2.1.1:-
.
.2.1.2:--.
4-, , ,, .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
84/147
87
-
: 19
:
5.2.
: . .
2
,
-- . .2.2.1.
1
(
2.1: . - - . -
. ). (.. -
; -
, , , , ;)
.
, -
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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88
3
-, , (). -
.
4
- .. 2.3.
- :
2.3, 23, 24.
- : 25, 26, 27, 28.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
86/147
89
1. uffield Advanced Science, , ,. , 1998, .145-146.
2. Brown T.L., LeMay H.E., Bursten B.E., Chemistry the centralscience , Prentice Hall, 7
thEdition, 1997, pag.156-162.
3. Gillespie R.J, Humphreys D. A., Baird N. C., Robinson E. A.,Chemistry , 2nd Edition, Allyn and Bacon, 1989, pag.287-290.4. Hill J. W., Petrucci R. H., General Chemistry , Prentice Hall,1996, pag.167-175.
5. Atkins P., Jones L., Chemistry -Molecules, Matter and Change ,
3rd
Edition, Freeman, 1997, pag.185-188.
2
. -
.
3
.
1
-
.
.2.2.1:-
.
4-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
87/147
90
-
: 20
:5.2
:
( Lavoisier Laplace Hess). , .
1
Lavoisier-Laplace,
-. .
2
C(s) + O2(g)CO2(g) , Hess. Hess, (.. ). Hess , . -.2.2.2 .2.2.3.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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91
-
- :
2.4, 29, 30, 31, 32.
: 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38.
3
- Lavoisier-Laplace Hess. , 2.4
.
4
: , , , , , , , , Lavoisier-Laplace, Hess.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
89/147
92
1. uffield Advanced Science, , ,. , 1998, .148-155.
2. Brown T.L., LeMay H.E., Bursten B.E., Chemistry the centralscience , Prentice Hall, 7
thEdition, 1997, pag.162-168.
3. Gillespie R.J, Humphreys D. A., Baird N. C., Robinson E. A.,Chemistry , 2nd Edition, Allyn and Bacon, 1989, pag.291-293.4. Hill J. W., Petrucci R. H., General Chemistry , Prentice Hall,1996, pag.175-177.
5. Atkins P., Jones L., Chemistry -Molecules, Matter and Change ,
3rd Edition, Freeman, 1997, pag.198-200.
2
Hess
3---.
1
Lavoisier -Laplace
.2.2.2: - Hess..2.2.3:- Hess.
4-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
90/147
93
-.
: 21
: :
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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94
6.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
92/147
95
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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96
-
1
: . , C . Whler. -
.
2
,
, , , . -
.1.1.1.
: 22
:
6.1.
: . -
. -
-.
-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
94/147
97
3
-. -, , .
4 , , . , . , - . .1.1.2 -. - .
1. , -, 1998.
2. Coulson E.H. et al , Nuffield Advanced Science, ,
, 1-12 , .... , , 1998.254-255.
3. ., ., , - , , , 1998, .9-12.
4. . , , (2) , , , 1998, .18-19.
: 1, 2, 3.
10.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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98
2
-
.
3
.
4-.
.1.1.2:
.
.1.1.1: -.
1
-
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
96/147
99
-
1
: -
. -
-
: -.
. -
-
. : .
( ), . (-
) -
: 23
:
6.2. -
: :) ,) ,) . -. -.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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100
, .
.1.2.1.
2
-
-
, -
. , -
, , .
3
-
(
) -
.
4
- , ,
1.
.
.1.2.2. -
-
.
.. .
: 12.
: 11, 13, 14, 15.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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101
1. ., ., , - , , , 1998, .12-15.
2. . , ,
(2) , , , 1998, .27-34.
3. , , , 16
,1986, .1-11 23-46.
2---..
3
-
- .
4: --.
.1.2.2: -
-
.
.1.2.1: - .
1-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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102
-
1
, - 1.4. -.1.3.1.-- ( IUPAC ).
2
: . . -- , -,. -, ,
: 24
:
6.3
: IUPAC - (), (- - - - ), , , ,, , .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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103
. -.
3 .
.. CH3-, CH3CH2- . , . - , -. , . -.
4
, , -
IUPAC -
.
: 16, -
1.3.
: 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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104
1. IUPAC, Nomenclature of organic chemistry, 1979.
2. . , ,
(2) , , , 1998, .34-41.3. , , , 16
, 1986, 47-61.
2.
3
.
4.
.1.3.1: - IUPAC.
1 IUPAC.
-
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105
-
1
, -
, .
-
.
4 75 10
-
20 . 350.000 (366.319).
2
, , -. .1.4.1,
: 25
:
6.4 ( - -
)
: , . - ,. -.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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106
(-) ().
3
4, 5 6 , -
. - . - .1.4.2, - C5H12. - 4, 5 6 -, - (, ). -, -. , . - IUPAC -.- 4, 5 6 .
4
- 4, 5 6 , - , .
: 24, 33, 34.
: 19, 20, 23, 27, 35.
-
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107
1. . , ,
(2) , , , 1998, .42-47.
2. , , , 16
, 1986, 62-65.
3. ., . ,
, 2000, .20-26.
2I, -.
3
-
-.
4
-
.
.1.4.1: -.
1I, -.
.1.4.2:
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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108
-
1. - . , -.
2
-.. C4H9Cl. - ( ..
Cl ) . ,
IUPAC. -.- .. C4H9OH. , IUPAC -, .
: 26
:
6.4 (
)
: - , , , , .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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109
3
() , . - CH2O.-, (C=O) (C=O) -
CH=O 1 - , C=O 1. , , - . ,, . .. C3H7COOH. - -COOH 1 , , IUPAC -
, .
:
C4H9Cl, C4H9OH C3H7COOH.
:
C5H11Cl, C5H10O C4H9COOH,
28, 29, 30 32.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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110
1. . , ,
(2) , , , 1998, .42-47.
2. , , , 16
, 1986, 62-65.
3.., . ,
, 2000, .21-26.
2-.
3
-
.
1.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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111
-
1
-
. ' -
C ,
-
, .. , S.
2
-
.
().
.1.5.1.
: 27
:
6.5.
:
-.
.
(Mr) .
- -
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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112
3
: . -- . . -
, .
4
(- ) : . (r), STP --.
5
, ( 3) ( 4). - , . , .
: 45.
: 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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113
1. , , , 16
, 1986, 12-22.
2.., . ,
, 2000, .27-38.
2 -.
3
-
.
.1.5.1: - C .
1-.
4
-
.
5
-
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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114
: 28
:
: -
- - - -
.
: 45 min
: 20.
1 3
1 2
1 2
2 3
2 2
2 2
3 43 2
1
. :
1. COOH -:
. . . . .
2. -:
. C3H4 . C4H6 .C3H6 . C3H8.
3. 2,2 --3-:. C8H18 . C8H16 .C8H14 . C7H14O2.
. :
. CH3CH2CCH . CH3CH=CHCH2CH2OH
. CH3CH(Cl)-CH(Cl)-CH3 .CH3CH2COOH.
-
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115
. -
.
1 2
1. . C4H6
2. . C4H10O
3. . C4H84. . CH4O
2
.
.
. -
C3H6O.
.:
C5H12.
3.
:
) C, H Br.
) 9,4 g 4,4 g CO2.
) 18,8 g 16 g .
) (Mr) 188.
:
) .
) .
(Ar) :C: 12, H: 1, Br: 80 : 16.
-
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116
7.
-
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117
-
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118
-
1
--. () , , . , .
2, -. -, -.
: 29: .7.1 .
-
: .-.
, .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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119
3
- CH=O. - . (.. Fehling Tollens) -.
: 58, 60, 61.
:55, 57, 62.
() (- ). - .. , . . .5.1.1.
4
.-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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120
1.Eisner W., et al Elemente Chemie I, Ernst Klett Verlang, pag.
276-279.2.Brown T. L., LeMay H. E., Bursten B. E., Chemistry the CentralScience, Prentice- Hall, 7
thEdition, 1997, pag. 962-966.
3. Hill J.W., Kolb D. K. Chemistry for Changing Times Prentice-Hall, 8
thEdition, 1998, pag. 425-427.
4. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,. 107-115.
5. ., ., ., , ., -
., , . ,
.. 190-201.
2
-
.
3 -.
.5.1.1: - -.
1. .
4-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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121
-
: 30
:.
7.2 , .
-
:.
-.
.
-.
1
- . , - (1,2,3-) ( ). - .5.2.1., . , .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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122
2
-, .-, .
, -, (.. -). .5.2.2., .
: 65, 66, 67.
:69, 72.
3
. - , --: .. Ca
2+, Mg
2+, Fe
2+
Fe3+
. -: Ca, Mg Fe . , .
-
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123
1.Eisner W., et al Elemente Chemie I, Ernst Klett Verlang, pag.
294-305.2.Brown T. L., LeMay H. E., Bursten B. E., Chemistry the CentralScience, Prentice- Hall, 7
thEdition, 1997, pag. 953-955.
3. Hill J.W., Kolb D. K. Chemistry for Changing Times Prentice-Hall, 8
thEdition, 1998, pag. 482-491.
4. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,. 125-131.
5. ., ., ., , ., -., , . ,
.. 214-224.
2
-
.
3.
.5.2.2: - ..
1.
.5.2.1: - .
-
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124
-
: 31
:.
7.3 -
-
:.. 20-22 .-.
- -.
1
: , -
. .
-. .
-
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125
2---. , .
- 22 . .5.3.1, , . --. 2 (Van Slyke ). .
: 48, 49, 52.
:50, 53, 54.
3
. -. . - , , . -, -. -, -.
-
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126
1.Eisner W., et al Elemente Chemie I, Ernst Klett Verlang, pag.
286-289.2.Brown T. L., LeMay H. E., Bursten B. E., Chemistry the CentralScience, Prentice- Hall, 7
th Edition, 1997, pag. 956-961.3. Hill J.W., Kolb D. K. Chemistry for Changing Times Prentice-Hall, 8
thEdition, 1998, pag. 432-434.
4. B., , . , 1992, .153-155.
2
-
.
3-
.
.5.3.1: -
1
-
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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127
-
: 32
:.7.4 ( )
-
:- .. ..- , . --.
1
-.
.. .
- ( , ), ()
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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128
2
-. - , , -. , - -
. -.
: 35, 37, 38.
:40, 41, 44, 47.
3
Nylon ( '). .. , .. .
.5.4.1.
4
: (, , , - ), ( ,) - (, , ...). --- .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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129
1.Daub G. W., Seese W.S., Basic Chemistry , Prentice- Hall, 7th
Edition, 1996, pag. 525-527.2.Brown T. L., LeMay H. E., Bursten B. E., Chemistry the Central
Science, Prentice- Hall, 7th
Edition, 1997, pag. 428-437.3. Hill J.W., Kolb D. K. Chemistry for Changing Times Prentice-Hall, 8
thEdition, 1998, pag. 251-275.
4. B., , . , 1992, .
223-232.
5. ., ., ., , ., -
., , . ,
. 94-97.
2
.
3.
.5.4.1: .
1
. .
4.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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-
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1
' --. , -.. -, -. ( -). - , 60
C, -
.
-
1
:-
: .. NaCl(aq) NaCl(l). -.
..
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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2 --
.
- -
. 60
oC.
12 cm - . .. 20 mL .. 100 g, -.
-. .. -. , -.
- . .. . , - .. -
. - (.. -).
40 min .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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3
. - . ,
. ( ). -. . - (.); .
-. 1 g 2,5 g 0
oC
4,5 g 100o
C ( 3 g 60
C). - 50
C 72,25 % w/w 76,22% w/w 70C.
-. .
w/w/
C 10 20 30 50 70 100
/ 64,18 65,58 67,09 72,25 76,22 82,97. (). -, .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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1
Bohr , , -, . Plank. Bohtr--
- -, .-- 700
oC Bunsen
(camping gas).
-
2
:
: .
.
.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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2 --
.
- - -. - - .. ( 520 -620 nm). .. a.
. .
-
-
.
10-9
g.
,
.
()
,
.
.. a (K=2, L=8, M=1)
(K=2, L=8, M=8, N=1). -
.
30 min .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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3
-
;. ,
(), (-
), . -
-
.
;
(),
;. -
,
, , ,
. -
, ,
,
. .
. - - -.
- -
. . -, -, .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
134/147
1
. - NaCl AgNO3. . .-. - , , . , -. -, -., 3, .
-
3
:
: .
-.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
135/147
2 --
. , -.
-
0,1 NaCl,AlCl3, Na2SO4, FeCl3 AlCl3, -- . Fe Al HCl, -. (0,01 ) 3- 1 .
. .
- 100 mL, (.. , ). - - -, . -, ,
. , -. Cl
-
..NaCl AlCl3 HCl
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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, -.- Ba
2+, -
.
Al(OH)3 NaOH - -.
30 min.
3
. - AlCl3
Na2SO4 Al2(SO4)3. Al(OH)3 . Fe(OH)3 , , - - .
- , (,.. )
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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Cl
--
Ag+. -
(, , 60- 100 mgL
-1 ppm).
Cl-
;
() () ,. - , -
+
-.
, (-) -.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
138/147
1
. -. mol - -. .. CuSO4 0,1 - 0,1 mol CuSO4 ( 0,16,0210
23).
,Ar, ,Mr, - g 1 mol. nmol m = nMr.
( g mol ) -, () . - mol .
-
4
:-
: mol . , -. -.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
139/147
-.. w/w , , -, . , - , mol . M1V1 =M2V2
, . -.. --.
2 --
;
. - , ,
,
.
- -. ---.
.
- mol , . .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
140/147
,
,
(),
. -
.
30 min.
3
CuSO
45H
2O
.. K2Cr2O7 .. 250 100 mL . % w/w ( d) -. . .
0,1 0,001
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
141/147
-
.. 100 ppm
Cu2+
.
.
-.
1 1
Mr 10 % w/V.
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
142/147
1
-. , , . -, Tollens Fehling. - , -, -
, Fehling, - - -.- 3 ().
-
5
:
: , -, , -. . .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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2 --
- Supermarket.
Fehling (CuSO4 5H2O), 35 g 500 mL (). Fehling , 1,5- 2 min. 0,1-0,3 g 100 mL , - 5+5 mL .
. .
-
Fehling, - . . ' . 0,5 g 25 mL (12,5 + 12,5) 50 mL
30 min .
-
7/15/2019 [Ximeia ALyk]Biblio Ekpaideutikou
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3
(), 10 mL 20 (10 +10) mL Fehling. 50 mL .
-. -;-, , -, .
, . - .
Fehling (). - (- Cu
2+..)
-. 3 g - 5 mL 5 mL HCl. 3 min . 12 ( 6+6) mL Fehling. H
().
-
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1
, . NaOH -. () NaOH.. 10 % w/V . - . NaCl
. 15 % w/V NaCl, .
-
6
:
:
.
().
-
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2 --
;.
- 50 mL. - 10 w/V NaOH 15 % w/V NaCl.A.
-. .
- -. ,
. , , . . 10 min . , r, NaO
NaCl.-, m1 = V1. -, m2. % : (m2 /m1) 100
30 min
-
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3
a . CCl4. .
. ; Ca
2+ Mg2+ . . ; - K2CO3
.
.
pH . -. 8,5 RCOO
-
, RCOOH, . , .. , , .