VI SINH VT TRONG QU TRNH X L CHT THI

VI SINH VTTRONG QU TRNH X L CHT THIGVHD:TS. Lm Vn GiangNHM:Nguyn Hu nh41200138Lm Thnh tV1200700Phm Thnh Nhn41202542V Vn Tn Nht 41202576Trng Thnh Tm41203276Nguyn Dng Thi21203369Nguyn Ngc Khnh

I. Nc thi v vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi

1. Nc thi:Theo Tiu chun Vit Nam 5980-1995 v ISO 6107/1-1980: Nc thi l nc c thi ra sau khi s dng hoc c to ra trong mt qu trnh cng ngh v khng cn gi tr trc tip i vi qu trnh . 1. Nc thi:Thng thng nc thi c phn loi theo ngun gc pht sinh ra chng. cng l c s trong vic la chn cc bin php gii quyt hoc cng ngh x l. 1. Nc thi:Phn loi nc thi:Nc thi sinh hot: l nc thi t cc khu dn c, khu vc hot ng thng mi, khu vc cng s, trng hc v cc c s tng t khcNc thi cng nghip (hay cn gi l nc thi sn xut): l nc thi t cc nh my ang hot ng hoc trong nc thi cng nghip l ch yu.

1. Nc thi:Phn loi nc thi:Nc thm qua: l lng nc thm vo h thng ng bng nhiu cch khc nhau, qua cc khp ni, cc ng c khuyt tt hoc thnh h ga hay h x.Nc thi t nhin: nc ma c xem nh nc thi t nhin nhng thnh ph hin i, chng c thu gom theo h thng ring.1. Nc thi:Phn loi nc thi:Nc thi th: nc thi th l mt thut ng chung ch cht lng trong h thng cng thot ca mt thnh ph, th x; l hn hp ca cc loi nc thi trn.Mt s hnh nh v nc thi

Mt s hnh nh v nc thi

Mt s hnh nh v nc thiNc thi cng nghip m

Mt s hnh nh v nc thiNc thi t cc xng khai thc

1. Nc thi:Thnh phn cc cht trong nc thi: Ty vo ngun gc m nc thi c th cha cc thnh phn sau:Du m v cht rn l lng: Ct, cc oxit, m cao suCc cht hu c ha tan hay dng nh: thuc nhum, phenol v dn xut, cc hp cht khc nhau c cha nhm chc dng nitrat, nitrit v clorua.Cc ion kim loiH2S, NH3, SO2, VOC1. Nc thi:Thnh phn cc cht trong nc thi: Ty vo ngun gc m nc thi c th cha cc thnh phn sau:CN, Cr, S2Mui axit v baz mnh cht hu c ion ha (trao i ion) v khng ion ha (thm thu ngc)Cc ion kim loing, protein v mt s cht hu c d phn hy khc

2. Vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi

Vi sinh vtl nhngsinh vtn bo c kch thc nh, khng quan st c bngmtthng m phi s dngknh hin vi.Hp thu nhiu, chuyn ha nhanh. Vi khun lactic (Lactobacillus) trong 1 gi c th phn gii mt lngng lactoznng hn 1000-10000 ln khi lng ca chng.Sinh trng nhanh, pht trin mnh. So vi cc sinh vt khc th vi sinh vt c tc sinh trng cc k ln.Nng lc thch ng mnh v d pht sinh bin d.

VI SINH VT L GPhn b rng, chng loi nhiu. Vi sinh vt c khp mi ni trn tri t, ngay iu kin khc nghit nht nh nhit cao trong mingni la, nhit thp Nam Cc, v p sut ln di y i dng vn thy s c mt ca vi sinh vt. Vi sinh vt c khong trn 100 nghn loi bao gm 30 nghn loing vt nguyn sinh, 69 nghn loinm, 1,2 nghn loivi to, 2,5 nghn loivi khun lam, 1,5 nghn loivi khun, 1,2 nghn loivirutvricketxi...

CC CHNG LOI VI SINH VT

NG VT NGUYN SINH

VI KHUN LAM

VI TOVI KHUNCC CH PHM SINH HC

BN HOT TNHB bn hot tnh hiu kh Aerotank

Phng php hiu kh s dng nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh, hot ng trong iu kin cung cp oxy lin tc.Qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c nh vi sinh vt gi l qu trnh oxy ho sinh ho.

BN HOT TNHQu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nc thi gm ba giai on sau:

- Oxy ho cc cht hu c: CxHyOz+ O2=> CO2+ H2O + DH

- Tng hp t bo mi: CxHyOz+ NH3+ O2=> CO2+ H2O + DH

- Phn hu ni bo: C5H7NO2+ 5O2=> 5CO2+ 5 H2O + NH3 DH

MNG SINH HCTrong t nhin, t khi sinh vt sng thnh khun lc thun khit ring r (trong ch gm cc t bo ca mt loi) nh chng ta nhn thy trn a thch ca phng th nghim. Tri li, chng thng sng thnh nhng tp on nhy, c gi l mng sinh hc ti chng chia s cht dinh dng

Mng sinh hc ca vi khun Staphylococcus aureus.VI SINH VT THAM GIA X L NC THINhng vi sinh vt chuyn ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi bng cch tng hp thnh t bo (nguyn sinh cht) mi. Chng hp th mt lng ln cc cht hu c qua b mt t bo. Mt lng nht nh cc cht hu c hp th c dnh cho vic kin to t bo. Mt lng khc cc cht hu c li c oxy ha sinh nng lng cnthit cho vic tng hp.

STTVi khunChc nng1PseudomonasPhn hy hiratcacbon, protein, cc cht hu cv kh nitrt.2ArthrobacterPhn hy hiratcacbon.3BacillusPhn hy hiratcacbon, protein.VI SINH VT THAM GIA X L NC THI4CytophagaPhn hy cc polime.5ZoogleaTo thnh cht nhy (polisaccarit), cht keo t.6AcinetobacterTch ly poliphosphas, kh nitrt.7NitrosomonasNitrit ho.8NitrobacterNitrt ha.9SphaerotilusSinh nhiu tim mao, phn hu cc cht hu c.10AlkaligenesPhn hy protein, kh nitrt.II. Phng php x l sinh hc nc thi

Phng php x l nc thi bng cng ngh sinh hc c ng dng x l cc cht hu c ho tan c trong nc thi cng nh mt s cht nhim v c khc nh H2S, sunfit, ammonia, nit da trn c s hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hu cht hu c gy nhimTu theo trng thi tn ti ca vi sinh vt, qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to c th chia thnh:

X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng ch yu c s dng kh cht hu c cha carbon nh qu trnh bn hot tnh, h lm thong

X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm nh qu trnh bn hot tnh dnh bm, b lc nh git, b lc cao ti, a sinh hc, b phn ng nitrate ho vi mng c nh.1 Phng php x l sinh hc hiu kh1.1 Cng ngh x l nc thi bn hot tnh hiu kh (Aerotank)Trong b bn hot tnh hiu kh vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng, qu trnh phn hu xy ra khi nc thi tip xc vi bn trong iu kin sc kh lin tc nhm m bo cc yu cu cung cp lng oxy mt cch lin tc v duy tr bn hot tnh trng thi l lng.

Tuy nhin h thng c nhc im l cn nhiu thit b v tiu hao nhiu nng lng.

1.1 Cng ngh x l nc thi bn hot tnh hiu kh (Aerotank)B hot ng gin on l h thng x l nc thi vi bn hot tnh theo kiu lm y v x cn.

Qu trnh xy ra trong b SBR tng t nh trong b bn hot tnh hot ng lin tc ch c iu tt c xy ra trong cng mt b v c thc hin ln lt theo cc bc:

(1) Lm y; (2) Phn ng; (3) Lng; (4) X cn; (5) Ngng.

1.2 Cng ngh x l sinh hc dng m (SBR)1.3 Cng ngh sinh hc tng trng dnh bm B bn hot tnh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm: Nguyn l hot ng ca b ny tng t nh trng hp vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng ch khc l vi sinh vt pht trin dnh bm trn vt liu tip xc t trong b.

Do c nhiu u im vt tri v hiu qu x l cng nh gim chi ph u t & vn hnh nn hin nay, vic p dng cng ngh sinh hc tng trng dnh bm ang c ng dng kh rng ri. 1.4 Cng ngh mng lc sinh hc (MBR)Cng ngh mng lc sinh hc MBR l cng ngh ng dng cho c nc cp v x l nc thi. S kt hp gia mng lc sinh hc MBR vi qu trnh bn hot tnh c nh gi trn cc cng trnh x l nc thi, ti u qu trnh x l vi sinh v nc sau x l c th dng ti s dng.

Ba u im quan trng ca cng ngh MBR trong x l nc thi:

- Nc sau x l bng mng lc sinh hc MBR cht lng v c dit khun v c hiu qu cao trong vic loi b cc cht hu c v v c. - Kch thc mt bng c gim thiu ti a so vi cng ngh truyn thng. - Qu trnh x l vi sinh hiu qu v n nh lun c duy tr.

1.4 Cng ngh mng lc sinh hc (MBR)2 Phng php x l sinh hc k khQu trnh phn hu k kh cc cht hu c l qu trnh sinh ho phc tp to ra hng trm sn phm trung gian v phn ng trung gian. Tuy nhin, phng trnh phn ng sinh ho trong iu kin k kh c th biu din n gin nh sau:

Cht hu c=====>CH4 + CO2 + H2 + NH3 + H2S + t bo mi2 Phng php x l sinh hc k khQu trnh phn hu k kh xy ra theo 4 giai on:

- Giai on 1: Thu phn, ct mch cc hp cht cao phn t;- Giai on 2: Acid ho;- Giai on 3: Acetate ho;- Giai on 4: Methane ho.2 Phng php x l sinh hc k kh

2.1 Cng ngh b x l k khTrong qu trnh x l nc thi bng cng ngh k kh, cc cht hu c trong nc thi c chuyn ho thnh mtan v kh cacbonic, qu trnh c thc hin khng c mt ca oxy. H thng x l k kh c th l cc ao k kh hoc cc dng khc nhau ca bnh phn ng ti trng cao.

Hiu sut chuyn ho c th t n 70 80 %.

2.2 Cng ngh sinh hc k kh UASBy l mt trong nhng qu trnh k kh c ng dng rng ri nht trn th gii do 2 c im chnh sau:

C 3 qu trnh, phn hu lng bn tch kh, c lp t trong cng mt cng trnh.

To thnh cc loi bn ht c mt vi sinh vt rt cao v tc lng vt xa so vi bn hot tnh hiu kh dng l lng.

2.2 Cng ngh sinh hc k kh UASBQu trnh x l sinh hc k kh s dng UASB cn c nhng u im so vi qu trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh nh: t tiu tn nng lng vn hnh; t bn d, nn gim chi ph x l bn; Bn sinh ra d tch nc; Nhu cu dinh dng thp nn gim c chi ph b sung dinh dng; C kh nng thu hi nng lng t kh methane; C kh nng hot ng theo ma v k kh c th phc hi v hot ng c sau mt thi gian ngng khng np liu.

III. Nc thi cng nghip

1. nh ngha:L nc thi c sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip t cc cng on sn xut v cc hot ng phc v cho sn xut nh nc thi khi tin hnh v sinh cng nghip hay hot ng sinh hot ca cng nhn vin.C s nhn bit v phn loi nh sau: - Nc thi c sn sinh t nc khng c dng trc tip trong cc cng on sn xut, nhng tham gia cc qu trnh tip xc vi cc kh, cht lng hoc cht rn trong qu trnh sn xut. - Nc thi c sn sinh ngay trong bn thn qu trnh sn xut.V d: nc thi t qu trnh m in, nc thi t vic ty ra hay sinh cc thit b phn ng, nc cha ammoniac hay phenol t qu trnh dp la ca cng nghip than cc, t qu trnh sn xut giy.

2. nh hng i vi ngun ncGy nhim mi trng nc, ngun nc b nhim bn, gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip, nui cLm tng lng kim loi nng trong nc, gy c cho con ngi, gy ra nhiu bnh him ngho nh ung th, t bin.

3. Cc phng php x l:Phng php x l c hc: dng loi cc tp cht khng tan( cn gi l tp cht c hc) trong nc. Cc phng php c hc thng dng l: lc qua li, lng, xyclon thu lc, lc qua lp vt liu ct v li tm.Phng php ho hc v l hc: dng thu hi cc cht kh, kh cc cht c hoc cc cht c nh hng xu i vi giai on lm sch sinh ho sau ny. Cc phng php l hc v ho hc thng dung: oxy ho, trung ho, keo t(ng t), tuyn ni,Phng php sinh ho: dng loi b cc cht phn tn nh, keo v ho tan hu c(i khi c v c) khi nc thi. Phng php ny da vo kh nng sng ca vi sinh vt.

i vi ngun nguyn liu l polyester v hn hp cotton/polyester

Cng ngh x l cht thi ngnh dt mayi vi ngun nguyn liu l polyester v hn hp cotton/polyesterCng ngh x l cht thi ngnh dt may

i vi ngun nguyn liu l cottonCng ngh x l cht thi ngnh dt may

i vi ngun nguyn liu l cottonCng ngh x l cht thi ngnh dt may

Cng ngh x l cht thi ngnh sn xut giy

I/ Quy trnh cng ngh h thng x l nc thi ch bin thc phm:

Song chn rc:thng lm bng kim loi, t ca vo ca knh dn s gi li cc tp cht vt c kch thc ln nh gi, bao nilon trnh tc v bo v cc thit b.

B gom:l ni tip nhn ngun nc thi trc khi i vo x l. B gom thng c lm bng b tng, xy bng gch, c tc dng iu ha lu lng nc thi.

B iu ha: iu ha s bin thin lu lng cht thi theo tng gi trong ngy.Trnh s bin ng hm lng cht hu c lm nh hng n hot ng ca vi khun trong b x l sinh hc.Kim sot pH ca nc thi to iu kin ti u cho cc qu trnh sinh ha.

B lng: Gi li cc cht khng tan hu c, trng thi chm - ni trn mt nc bng phng php lng,trong 80 % dng v c, 20 % dng hu c

Cht hu c + Vi sinh k kh CH4+ H2S + Sinh khi mi +

B UASB

Nc thi c a trc tip vo pha di y b v c phn phi ng u , sau chy ngc ln xuyn qua lp bn sinh hc dng ht nh v cc cht hu c, v c c tiu th y.

Ti y, mt phn cc cht thi hu c c phn hy bi cc vi khun ym kh thnh cc cht v c, sinh khi (bn) v biogas. Biogas s c thu gom v t b. H thng t kh biogas s c trang b cc thit b nh la t ng. Hiu sut kh cc hp cht hu c ca b UASB l 85%.

B UASB c tc dng:- X l nhanh ngun nc nhim- Phn gii nhanh cht thi hu c- X l lm sch h thng x l nc thi- Kh mi hi cht thi hu c- Phn hy cc thnh phn kh tiu nh: Protein, Tinh Bt, Xenlluloza, Kitin, Pectin, lipit,- Chuyn ha thnh phn kh tiu thnh d tiu trong nc thi- Gim ch s COD, BOD, TSS khi s dng ch phm- Khi phc li h vi sinh trong h thng x l v mi trng- Dit mm bnh v cc vi khun gy mi hi thi

Cht hu c + Vi sinh vt hiu kh H2O+CO2 + Sinh khi mi +

B arotank

T y nc thi s c phn hy tip trong b phn hy hiu kh bn hot tnh (aerotank). Ti b aerotank, khng kh s c cung cp lin tc bi my thi kh. Hiu sut ca b aerotank l >90%.Ti b Aeroten din ra qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh. Cc vi sinh vt dng hiu kh(bn hot tnh) s phn hu cc cht hu c cn li trong nc thi thnh cc cht v c n gin nh: CO2, H2O theo phn ng sau:

Nc thi sau qu trnh x l hiu kh c chuyn qua b lng 2 tch bn, mt phn bn c hi lu tr li b Aerotank. Sau nc thi c bm qua ngn kh trng s dng chlorine kh trng trc khi thi ra ngoi.Bn d t b UASB v cc b lng s c thu gom vo b cha bn v nn trc khi em i x l cng vi rc thi sinh hot. Polyme c s dng lm xc tc cho qu trnh tr lng v tch nc

B lc p lc: B lc p lc s dng trong cng ngh ny l b lc p lc a lp vt liu: si , ct thch anh v than hot tnh loi b cc cht l lng,cc cht rn khng ha tan, cc nguyn t dng vt, halogen hu c nhm m bo trong canc. Nc sau khi qua cm lc p lc t tiu chun x thi ra mi trng theo QCVN 24:2009 ct B.