ygvdo'´g esifh zwfpm tum&eÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*dkpf;€¦ ·...

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf1

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó

ygVdo'´g ESifh zwfpm

tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*dkPf;

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

yxrm yk&daom yk&dom

tmvye abmyk&do yk&dom abmaEÅm yk&dom

'kwd,m yk&doH yk&dao

wwd,m yk&daoe yk&dao[d yk&aobd

pwkw¬D yk&doó yk&domeH

yÍörD yk&doo®m yk&dorSm yk&dom yk&dao[d yk&daobd

q|D yk&doó yk&domeH

owårD yk&doo®ð yk&dorSd yk&dao yk&daook

emrf0dbwfrsm;

od a,m? tH a,m? em [d? o eH? o®m [d? o eH? o®ð ok/

y { od onf um; u udk

A a,m wdkYonf wdkYum;

wdkYu wdkYudk

tm { od tdk

A a,m tdk --- wdkY

'k { tH udk odkY

A a,m wdkYudk wdkYodkY

w { em jzifh onf ESifh aMumifh

A [d wdkYjzifh wdkYonf wdkYESifh

wdkYaMumifh

p { o tm; iSg

A eH wdkYtm; wdkYiSg

r { o®m rS aMumifh atmuf xuf

A [d wdkYrS wdkYaMumifh wdkYatmuf

wdkYxuf

q { o \ wGif onf udk

A eH wdkY\ wdkYwGif wdkYonf

wdkYudk

o { o®ð ü wGif aMumifh

A ok wdkYü wdkYwGif wdkYaMumifh

0dbwf bmomjyefyHk 0dbwf bmomjyefyHk


yk&dom'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk

yk&do + od = yk&daom

a-m

yk&do + a,m = yk&dom

-m

abm yk&do + od = yk&do

of+?> -g> -? acs

abm yk&do + od = yk&dom

of+?> -g acs

abmaEÅm yk&do + a,m = yk&dom

-m

yk&do + tH = yk&doH

yk&do + a,m = yk&dao

a-

yk&do + em = yk&daoe

a-e

yk&do + [d = yk&dao[d

of+?> -a

y&do + [d = yk&dao[d

of+?> -a bd

yk&do + o = yk&doó

ó

yk&do + eH = yk&domeH

of+?> -g

yk&do + o®m = yk&doo®m

yk&do + o®m = yk&dorSm

rSm

yk&do + o®m = yk&dom

-m

(yk&dao[d yk&daobd wwd,mESifwl)

(yk&doó yk&domeH pwkw¬DESifhwl)

yk&do + o®ð = yk&doo®ð

yk&do + o®ð = yk&dorSd

rSd

yk&do + o®ð = yk&dao

a-

yk&do + ok = yk&daook

of+?> -a

y

tm

'k

w

p

rD

q

o

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

48/ o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd0g/ o®m onf rSm? [d onf bd? o®ð onf rSd odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

50/ ok[doGuma&m{/ okç [d 0dbwfaMumifh a½SUu t onf a- odkY ajymif;onf/

61/ om-*arm-ao/ o0dbwfaMumifh ovm/

103/ tawmaee/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu em0dbwfonf a-e odkY ajymif;onf/

104/ aom/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu od0dbwfonf a-m odkY ajymif;onf/

107/ oAÁa,mederm{/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu yxrm a,mESifh a,mrSajymif;vmaom edonf -m odkY

ajymif;onf/ 'kwd,m a,mESifh a,mrSajymif;vmaom edonf a- odkY ajymif;onf/

108/ o®mo®ðeH0g/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu o®monf -mç o®ðonf a-odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

244/ tum&ydwm'sEÅmerm/ tmvkyfodaMumifh tum&EÅyk'f ydwkponfyk'fwdkY\ tqHk;o&onf tm(-g)

odkY ajymif;onf/

246/ tuma&m0g/ tmvkyfodaMumifh -m onf ? odkYajymif;onf/


tpDt&ifxl;

uGap0g?(arm*¾vmef) wdvd*Fawm Xmae oda,mear/ (o'´eDwd) awok0k'¨d (upönf;)

1/ od 0dbwfonf a- odkYajymif;onf/ ew¬d yk&douma&? ew¬d twåuma&?

2/ yxrma,onf a- odkY ajymif;onf/ Amavp? olrdkufwdkYonf4if;? y@dawp-ynm½SdwdkYonf4if;

3/ wcgw&H a,m0dbwfonf yuwdtwdkif; aeonf/ 0ae 0gVrda*gap0 tpä aumu w&päa,m

4/ yxrma,maemif ao tu©&m vm/ a,aupd Ak'¨H o&PH *wmao/ (t|uxmwdkYu aoedygwf

[kqdk)

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

yk&daom a,musfm;

Aka'¨g bk&m;

"ar®m w&m;

oHaCm oHCm

a'a0g ewf

ema*g e*g;

rEkaóm vl

zaPm yg;ysOf;

Asa*¢m usm;

oDa[m jcaoFh

r[ðaom uRJ

yda@m qGrf;

taw¬m teuf? tusKd;

r,la&m Oa'gif;

ok*awm jrwfpGmbk&m;

oka&m ewf

toka&m tok&m

ea&m vl

O&a*g a>r

ydomapm waq

ayawm Nydwåm

rmwa*Fg qif

oawåm? Z*Farm? ygaPm owå0g

wk&a*Fg? taóm jrif;

0&ma[m? olua&m 0uf

tapäm 0H

upäayg vdyf

w&apäm atmif;

aomaPm? okeacg acG;

tmavmaum ta&mifç tvif;

avmaum avmu

edva,m tdrf

tedavm av

pma*g pGefYBuJjcif;

a,ma*g tm;xkwfjcif;

0g,marm vkHYv

*garm ½Gm

ed*arm ed*Hk;

tm*arm tm*kH

umarm tvdk

MoaCm a&t,Of

aCmaom a<u;aMumfoH

y#daCm a'go

tmoa0g toa0gw&m;

auma"m trsuf

avmabm vdkcsifjcif;


om&arÇm csKyfcs,fjcif;

xarÇm wdkif

ra'g rmef&pfjcif;

rmaem armufarmfjcif;

yrma'g arhavsmhjcif;

rau©m aus;Zl;uef;jcif;

ykEéma*g ykef;nufyif

yla*g uGrf;oD;yif

yeaom ydEéJyif

toaem ydawmufyif

prÜaum pum;yif

tarÁm o&ufyif

[dEÅmavm "Ekef;yif

wmavm xef;yif

Aukavm c,m;yif

tZÆKaem axmufMuefYyif

uðokaum aygufyif

rE´ma&m ewfopfyif

ukaE´m oif;acGyif

ykpdraE´m wrmyif

u&aÍÆm oif;0if

½kau©m opfyif

oukaem? tukaem?

t@aZm iSuf

aumaÍÆm BuKd;Mum

yga'g ajc

ra*¾g vrf;

yawåm oydwf

omraPa&m udk&if

oraPm &[ef;

axa&m ax&f? bkef;BuD;

0d[ma&m ausmif;

tmp&da,m q&m

odaóm wynfh

yAÁawm awmif

ppfudkif;yAÁawm ppfudkif;awmif

'g&aum uav;

a,ma"m ppfom;

trapöm trwf

omrdaum t½Sif? ocif

'gaom uRef

tmumaom aumif;uif

abma*g pnf;pdrf? Opöm

rmaom v

"larm rD;cdk;

ya#m t0wfykqdk;

Ca#m tdk;

wdw¬da,m wdw¬d

,marm ,mrf

*aE¦m usrf;pm

omuda,m omud,? omuD0ifrif;

a*gwarm a*gwr

od'¨aw¬m od'¨w¬

ygVdoa'´g ygVdo'´g

pepfopfygVdoa'´g pepfopfygVdo'´g

ykawåm om;

y#daoma"m wm;jrpfjcif;

orka'´g orkj'm

y&du©ma&m y&du©&m

&axm &xm;

t*¾d&axm rD;&xm;

tó&axm jrif;&xm;

£Pomrdaum a<u;½Sif

£Pm,daum a<u;,lol

tm*EÅKaum {nfhonf

ukrma&m owdkYom;? rif;om;

apma&m olcdk;? olykef? "m;jy

tm&marm tm&mrf? NcH? ausmif;wdkuf


r[m*E¨m&marm r[m*E¨m½kHausmif;wdkuf

u#aum vufaumuf

AdVma&m aMumif

rlodaum <uuf

ygavm apmifha½Smufol

taZm qdwf

tZygavm qdwfausmif;om;

a*gygavm EGm;ausmif;om;

uaP²m vnfyif;? vnfacsmif;

Moa|m EIwfcrf;

raZÑm tv,f

ora,m tcg

ykAÁaPSm eHeuf

ykAÁPSora,m eHeuftcg

ed,arm owfrSwfjcif;

0a*¾g 0*f? taygif;? tpk

olayg [if;? yJ[if;? [if;csKd

aAm"doawåm bk&m;avmif;

aoavm ausmufawmif

aumaom waumoç ESpfrdkif

0gawm av

oka0g Muufwla½G;

Ovlaum ZD;uGuf

aoaem pGef


tum&EÅ eyHkvdif pdwåm'd*kdPf;

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

yxrm pdwåH pdwåm pdwåmed

tmvye abm pdwå pdwåm b0EÅmed pdwåm pdwåmed

'kwd,m pdwåH pdawå pdwåmed

wwd,m pdawåe pdawå[d pdawåbd

pwkw¬D pdwåó pdwåmeH

yÍörD pdwåo®m pdwårSm pdwåm pdawå[d pdawåbd

q|D pdwåó pdwåmeH

owårD pdwåo®ð pdwårSd pdawå pdawåok

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

166/ a,meH ed eyHkoau[d/ £ þ O OD Mo um&ef 5 rsKd;aemif a,m0dbwfonf &Hcg ed ajymifonf/

167/ tawmedpöH/ eyHkvdif tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom a,m0dbwfonf ed odkY tNrJ ajymif;onf/

168/ oð/ tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom od0dbwfonf tH ( ?H ) odkY ajymif;onf/

37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if; odkYr[kwf

a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/

y pdwå + od = pdwåH

i pdwå + a,m = pdwåm

-m

pdwå + a,m = pdwåmed

pdwåf+?> -g ed

tm abm pdwå + od = pdwå

wåf+?> -g> -? acs

abm pdwå + od = pdwåm

pdwåf+?> -g acs

b0EÅmed pdwå + a,m = pdwåm

ed> m


pdwåf+?> -g ed

'k pdwå + i = pdwHå

pdwå + a,m = pdawå

ed> a-


pdwåf+?> -g ed

pdwåm'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk


pdwåH pdwf

ukvH trsKd;

bwåH xrif;

'geH 'geç tvª

oDvH oDv

,meH ,mOf

avmpeHçe,eH rsufpd

£eH a<u;

0eH awm

"nH pyg;

e*&H NrKdU

rEÅav;e*&H rEÅav;NrKdU

&efukefe*&H &efukefNrKdU

[dwH pD;yGm;

ur®H uHç trIç tvkyf

aomygeH apmif;wef;ç avSum;

yknH aumif;rI

ygyH raumif;rI

zvH toD;ç tusKd;

½lyHç 0PÖH tqif;

om"eH NyD;apjcif;

aomwH em;

CmeH ESmacgif;

um&PH taMumif;

"eHç oEÅuH Opöm

psmeH psmef

rlvH tjrpf

ulvHç wD&H urf;

ZmvH ydkufuGef

r*FvH r*Fvm

eVdeHçevdeHçy'krH y'kr®mMum

vd*ø toGif

t*ø t*Fg

ZvHçO'uH a&

trÁKZH Mum

ykvdeH oJ

[d&nHçok0PÖH a½T

trwH edAÁmef

okomeH okomef

tm,k"Hçtm0k"H vufeuf

[',H ESvHk;

pD0&H ouFef;

0w¬H t0wf

£`Ed´,H £a~E´

0'eH EIwfcrf;

ygeH tazsmf

b0eHçbk0eH Adrmef

avm[H oHç aMu;

tvmwH rD;p

wk@H EIwfoD;

t@H tk

yDXH xdkifckH

u&PH jyKjcif;ç½GwfqdkaMumif;

r&PH aojcif;

ÓPH ÓPf

tm&rPH tm½kH

t&nH awm

wmPH apmifha½Smufjcif;

p&PH tusifh

qwåH xD;

qd'´H tayguf

0g,k,meH av,mOfysH

armfawmf,meH armfawmfum;

yrmPH twdkif;t½Snf

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;


wd,mrH nOfhokH;,mrf

awrmoH oHk;v

a,mZeH wpf,lZem

*g0kwH wpf*g0kwf

XmeH t&yf

t*¾H tzsm;

Oy*¾H tzsm;\teD;

y,weH tm;xkwfjcif;

t*g&Hç a*[H tdrf

pr®H ta&

a*gwåH trsKd;tEG,f

emrH emrnfçtrnf

0daooeH txl;jyKwwfonf

cD&H EdkY&nf

tEéH tpm

,xmAmvH tMuif tMuif rdkufonfhtavsmuf

opöH rSef\ç rSefaompum;

odyÜH twwf

o,eH tdyf,m

wdPH jruf

0peH pum;

tAÁH o&ufoD;

tpDt&ifxl;

od0dbwfonf a- odkY ajymif;onf/ abm*0wDemr rE´da& e*a& edr®daw uÍöera,/

abm*0wDemr rE´da&-abm*wDtrnf½Sdaom eef;NrKdUawmfonf? uÍöra,-a½TjzifhNyD;aom? e*a&-NrKdUudk?

edr®dwH-zefqif;tyf\/

ur® o'´gü emç oç o®mç 0dbwfwdkYü pdwåxufydkaom ½kyfyHkpH ½Sdonf/

y ur®H ur®m ur®med

tm abm ur® ur®m b0EÅmed ur®m ur®med

'k ur®H uar® ur®med

w uar®eç ur®emç ur®Kem uar®[d uar®bd

p ur®óç ur®Kaem ur®meH

rD ur®o®mçur®rSmçur®mçur®Kem uar®[d uar®bd

q ur®óç ur®Kaem ur®meH

o ur®o®ðçur®rSdçuar®çur®ed uar®ok

rSwfcsuf/ ur® uJhodkY pr®-ta&? to®-ausmufcJ? a0o®-tdrf? Cr®-aEGç aeyl? wdkYüvnf; o®ðonf ed

odkYajymif;onf/ xmrç t'¨ aemufü emç o®mç o ½SdvQif xmrç t'¨ wdkY\ t (?) onf O ( k)

odkYajymif;onf/ xmareç xmrkem? xmro®mç xmrrSmç xmrkem?xmrkaemç xmró ponf jzpf\/


ur®ponftwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;

66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ £ þ O OD rSaemufjzpfaom o onf aemodkUajymif;onf/

108/ OemrSdp/ em aMumifh ykr\ tqHk; tonf tm odkYr[kwf O odkYajymif;onf/ po'´gjzifh

aemufrSm o o®m ½SdvQif ykr ur® xmr t'¨ wdkY\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/

108/ tur®EÅó p/ aemufrSm em½SdvQif ur®\ tonf todkY4if; OodkY4if; ajymif;onf/ tEÅydk

jzifh emaMumifh xmr t'¨ wdkY\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/ po'´gjzifh rC0 ,0wdkY tonf em

ok aMumifh tmajymif;onf/

164/ psvawm p/ pstrnf½Sd £ þ ESifh vtrnf½Sd O OD wdkYaemufu o®m onf em

odkYajymif;onf/

146/ jA[®awm wk o®ð ed/ jA[® aemufu o®ð onf ed odkYajymif;onf/ wkjzifh ur®ç pr®ç rk'¨ç t'¨

ponfaemufu o®ð onf ed odkYajymif;onf/

ur® + em = ur®em ur® + o = ur®Kaem

r®f+?> ? r®f+?> K aem

ur® + em = ur®Kem ur® + o®ð = ur®ed

r®f+?> K ed


tmum&EÅ £w¬dvdif unm'd*kdPf;

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

yxrm unm unm unma,m

tmvye abmwd uan abmwda,m unm unma,m

'kwd,m unH unm unma,m

wwd,m unm, unm[d unmbd

pwkw¬D unm, unmeH

yÍörD unm, unm[d unmbd

q|D unm, unmeH

owårD unm, unm,H unmok

pOfrsOf;rsm;

9/ tmaCm/ £w¬dvdifudk a[maom tmtu©&mudk Ctrnfrnfh/

60/ Cawm em'DeH/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm\ aemufü½Sdaom em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf tm, odkY

ajymif;onf/

63/ Cawp/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm \ aemufü½Sdaom od onf a- odkYajymif;onf/

64/ e tr®m'dawm/ rdcif[k t"dyÜg,f&aom tr®ç tEéç trÁç wmw aemufü½Sdaom od onf a- odkY

rajymif;/ ( tr®ç tr®m? tEéç tEém? trÁç trÁm? wmwç wmwm [kom½kyf ½Sd\/

tar®ç tarÁç taEéç wmaw [k r½SdEdkif)

67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ C y ps v wdkY\ aemufü½Sdaom a,monf wcgw&H aysmufuG,f

oGm;onf/

165/ Cyawm o®ð,H0g/ C y wdkY\ aemuf½Sdaom o®ð onf wcgw&H ,H odkY ajymif;onf/

169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ od onf a-gç -gç ? H odkY rajymif;u aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

185/£w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m/ tum&EÅpum;vHk;rsm;aemufwGif £w¬dvdifyg[k ajymjy&ef -g qufay;

&rnf/


unm'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk

y unm + od =unm p^q unm + o = unm,

acs -g,

unm + a,m = unm unm + eH = unmeH

acs

unm + a,m = unma,m rD unm + o®m = unm,

-g,

tm unm + od = uan unm[dç unmbd (wwd,mESifhwl)

a-

unm unma,m (yxrmESifhwl)

w unm + em = unm, o unm + o®ð = unm,

-g, -g,

unm + [d = unm[d unm + o®ð = unm,H

unm + [d = unmbd ,H

bd unm + ok = unmok

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf ,m odkY ajymif;NyD; a½SUu -g onf ? odkYajymif;onf/

qm,,m-t&dyfü? ou©a&myr,m-oumcJ Oyrmjzifh? Amv'g&uvDV,m-oli,fuav;

\ pHy,fupm;jcif;jzifh/

2/ tum&EÅyk'fudk £w¬dvdif[k ajym&ef -g qufjcif;onf tNrJr[kwf/ wcgw&H -D vnf;

qufonf/ uvsmPm uvsmPD? okE´&m okE´&D? 'Dyem 'DyeD? aombPm aombPD/

3/ Oum&EÅ rmwk "Dwk yk'fwdkYudkvnf; £w¬dvdif[k ajym&ef -g qufwwfonf/

Owå&rmwm? eE´rmwm? a'0"Dwm (-g qufonfhtwGuf unm'D*dkPf;jzpfoGm;onf)

4/ obm y&dom wdkYaemufu o®ð onf wd odkYajyif;onf/ wðobmy&doawm(arm*f)

5/ o®m o®ð ü unrSm unrSd [k ½SdEdkifonf/

obm + o®ð = obwð ^ obwd y&dom + o®ð = y&dowð ^ y&dowd

bf+-g> ? wð ^wd of+-g> ? wð ^w

ã v,fwdy'rmvmusrf;u wd [kqdkonf? wJGzuf ü wð [kqdkonf/ yd#uwfpmtkyfrsm;ü wd udk

awGU&onf[k qdkonf/


unm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

unm owdkYorD;

bdu©m xrif;

0DPm apmif;

*D0g vnfyif;

Zd0Sg vQm

a*g"m zGwf

OKum oef;

a'gvm ykcuf

yyg a&tdk;pif

Zm,m r,m;

omcg opfcuf

tr®mç tEém trd

y&dom y&dowf

obm yGJobif

avcg pmç pmvHk;

o'¨g ,kHMunfjcif;

ar"mçynmç0dZÆm ÓPf

pdEÅm BuHjcif;

rEÅm twdkiftyif

wPSmç{Zmç

wodPSm wufrufjcif;

£päm vdkcsifjcif;

rkpäm awGa0jcif;

rm,m [efaqmifjcif;

arwåm cspfjcif;

rwåm twdkif;t½Snf

odu©m tusifh

ZCFm ajcovHk;

0gpm pum;

qm,m t&dyf

tmom tvdk

**Fg **Fgjrpf

em0g avS

*gxm *gxm

aoem ppfwyf

omvm p&yf

rmvm yef;

a0vm tcsdef

ylZm ylaZmfjcif;

cd¥m jrL;wl;jcif;

ydygom a&iwfjcif;

a0'em cHpm;jcif;

onm rSwfom;jcif;

apwem aphaqmfjcif;

yZm owå0gtaygif;

a'0wm ewf

0¥um iHk;

Avum AsKdif;

aozmvdum qdwfzvl;yif

vuFm vif;,mOfwdkif

ovmum 0g;jcrf;

0gvdum oJ

odcg tarmuf

0domcg 0domcg

0dodcg vrf;

0pm vif;av

0ÍÆßm tNrKH

Z#m qHuspf

C#m taygif;

aZ|m trBuD;

aom@m ESmarmif;

0dw@m qefYusifbuft,l


u½kPm oem;jcif;

0edwm rdef;r

vwm EG,f

uxm pum;

ed'´g tdyfaysmfjcif;

ok"m tuFaw

&m"m &m"eu©wf

0goem txHk

oðoyg ,if;wdkufyif

ybm ta&mif

oDrm tydkif;tjcm;

crm onf;cHjcif;

cwåd,m rif;orD;

ou©&m ausmufp&pf

ok&m ao&nf

wkvm csdefcGif

odvm ausmuf

vDvm wifhw,fjcif;

vmvm wHawG;

{vm oGm;&nf

arcvm cg;ywf

uvm tpdwf

0V0g jrnf;r

tvrÁKom tvrÁKom

rlom rdkufcGuf

rÍÆLom aowåm

Zwkum vif;EdkY

um½kum rdk;oD;

okvom okvom

'dom t&yfrsufESm

emomçemodum ESmacgif;

ZkPSm va&mif

*k[m *l

þ[m tm;xkwfjcif;

vodum tap;

0ok"m ajr

,EÅem0g oabFm

'g&dum uav;r

bm0em bm0em

ykpäm ykpämç tar;

okrem jrwfav;

okrermvm jrwfav;yef;

Am[m vufarmif;

od0g awmacG;

u#Kudum ADvHk;

psv’dumç

psdv’dum y&pf

umVum ½Snfh

vlwm yifhul


'Gdvdif wdvdif pum;vHk;rsm;

oua#m (yk?e) vSnf;

Mo'aem (yk?e) xrif;

aumaom (yk?e) waumoç ESpfrdkif

okacg (wd) csrf;om

'kau©m (wd) qif;&J

ta0a&m (wd) &efr½Sdonf

Amavm (wd) rdkufonfç vlrdkuf

y@dawm (wd) ynm½Sdonfç ynm½Sd

Asawåm (wd) xufjrufonf

y#dAavm (wd) pGrf;Edkifonf

'aVSm (wd) cdkifNrJonf

oDaCm (wd) vsifjrefonf

Owåarm (wd) jrwfonf

'DaCm (wd) ½Snfonf

&aóm (wd) wdkonf

oDawm (wd) at;onf

OaPSm (wd) ylonf

okauúm (wd) jzLonf

uaPSm (wd) rJonf

eDavm (wd) ndKonf

yDawm (wd) 0gonf

ea0g (wd) i,fonfç opfonf

0ka¹m (wd) BuD;onf

yda,m (wd) cspftyfonfç

cspfp&maumif;onf

tEk½layg (wd) avsmfonfç

avsmufywfonf

a,bka,sm (wd) rsm;onf

oarm (wd) nDnGwfonfç nDnmonf

oaum (wd) rdrd

oH0kawmçoH0ka#m (wd) ydwftyfonf

0d0a#m (wd) zGifhtyfonf

zka|m (wd) xdtyfonf

odxdavm (wd) avsmhonf

"edawm (wd) jyif;jyif;½Gwftyfonf

ted,arm (wd) owfrSwfjcif;r½Sdonf

0kawåm (wd) qdktyfNyDç a[mtyfNyD

t0kawåm (wd) rqdktyfç ra[mtyf

tur®aum (wd) uHr½Sdonf

{uur®aum (wd) wckaomuH½Sdonf

'Gdur®aum (wd) ESpfckaomuH½Sdonf

wdur®aum (wd) oHk;ckaom uH½Sdonf

tEÅa&m (wd) tjcm;ç tMum;

*grEÅa&m (wd) tjcm;½Gm

{uóa&m (wd) 1 vHk;aom o&½Sdonf

taeuóa&m (wd) rsma;om o&½Sdonf

tayÜg(wd) tenf;i,f

ouavm(wd) tvHk;pHk

o'daom(wd) wlonf

to'daom(wd) rwlonf

aCmaom(wd) jyif;jyif½Gwftyfaom

toH½Sdonf

taCmaom(wd) jyif;jyif½Gwftyfaom

toHr½Sdonf

0gpaum(wd) a[monf

uðemarm(wd) tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;

armifvSoanm(wd) armifvStrnf½Sdonf

tEk½layg(wd) avsmufywfonf

0aóm(ykçe) rdk;tcgüaejcif;ç rdk;cdkjcif;

{uraEÅm(ykçe) oifhwifhavsmufywfonf

rSwfcsuf/ yk udk yk&dom'dtwdkif;? e udk pdwåm'd

twdkif;? wd udk yk&dom'd pdwåm'd unm'd

twdkif; ½kyfpOfyg/


Bud,mtaMumif;

Bud,mrnfyHk

ouf½SdoufrJhjzpfaom emrfyk'fç emrfpm; yk'fwdkY\ tjyKtrIwdkYudk azmfjyaomyk'fonf Bud,myk'f

rnf\/ Mud,myk'fjzpf&ef "mwfodkY ypönf;0dbwf aygif;pyfay;&onf/

yHkpHum;/ (u) ypwd [laom Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef yp"mwfodkY typönf;ESifh wd0dbwf aygif;pyf ay;

&\/

(c) 'gwaAÁm [laom Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef 'g"mwfodkY wAÁypönf;ESifh od0dbwfaygif;pyf

ay;&\/

Bud,mtrsKd;tpm;

(u) Bud,monf tmcsmwfBud,m udwfBud,m[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif pm;jcif;

aomufjcif; oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrIBud,mudk y"metm;jzifh a[mMum;wwfaom Bud,monf

tmcsmwfBud,mrnf\/ tmcsmwfBud,mjzpfay:&ef "mwfypönf;ESifh tmcsmwf0dbwfaygif;pyf ay;&onf/

yHkpHum;/ ,mp "mwfodkY typönf;ESifh wd0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm;jzifh ,mpwd-awmif;\

[laom tmcmwfBud,mjzpf\/

(c) pm;jcif; aomufjcif; oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrIBud,mudk jyKvkyfwwfaomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;? pmoifom;wdkY\ o'´gteufwdkYü ,HkrSm;oHo,udk y,fazsmufwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;

udwfBud,mrnf\/ udwfBud,m jzpfay:&ef "mwfodkY ypönf;ESifh emrf0dbwfaygif;pyfay;&\/

(udwfypönf; roufbJ "mwfcsnf;xm;vQif ]]þ"mwfonf uwåm;a[mavovm;ç

uHa[mavovm;[k ponfjzifh ,HkrSm;bG,f½Sdonf/ ypönf;ESifhwGJaomtcg ponfod&ojzifh þ P

paom ypönf;onf wdkuf½kdufrkcstm;jzifh udwrnf\/ udwypönf;ESifh wGJbuf&aom "mwfrsm;vnf;

ruif;&mruif;aMumif;tm;jzifh udwtrnf&Muavonf)

yHkpHum;/ Xm"mwfodkY wypönf;ESifh emrfod0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm,;jzifh Xdawm [laom udwf

Bud,m jzpfay:vm\/


tmcsmwfvu©Pm

tmcsmwfBud,monf -

(1) twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef[k umvoHk;yg;½Sd\/

(2) yxryk&dofç rZÑdryk&dofç Owåryk&dof[k yk&dofoHk;yg;½Sd\/

(3) oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom Bud,mudk y"metm;jzifh a[mMum;wwf\/

(4) uwåKum&u ur®um&u bm0um&u [k um&u oHk;yg;½Sd\/

(5) ykv’dif eykv’dif £w¬dvdif[k vdifoHk;yg;r½Sd/

(6) {u0kpf A[k0kpf [k 0kpfESpfyg;½Sd\/

tmcsmwf0dbwfrsm;

tmcsmwf0dbwfonf-

0wårmef0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç

b0dóEÅD0dbwfç umvmwdywåd0dbwf [lí ½SdrsKd;½Sd\/

(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 93-95)

0wårmef0dbwf yk&dof 0kpfcGJyHk

yXryk&dof rZÑdryk&dof Owåryk&dof

{u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf

wd ? EÅd od x rd r

yk&daom yk&dom wGH wkarS t[H t,H

emro'´g (Third Person) wkrSo'´g (Second Person) trSo'´g (First Person) [k

oHk;rsKd;½Sdonf/ wGH(oif) wkarS(oifwdkY) udk wkrSo'´g[k ac:onf/ t[H(ig) r,H(igwdkY)

udk trSo'´g[k ac:onf/ wkrSo'´g trSo'´g rS <uif;aom (yk&daom-a,musfm;? unm-

rdef;uav;? pdwå-pdwf paom) o'´gwdkYudk emro'´g [k ac:onf/


wkrS o'´gonf wGH wkarS [k (2) rsKd;om½Sd\/ trS o'´gonf t[H r,H [k (2) rsKd;om½Sd\/

emro'´gum; yk&daom pdwåH unm ponfjzifh tqHk;r½Sdç ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;\/

*pä-oGm;+ wd-\ = *päwd-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ ? EÅd-ukef\ = *päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/

*pä-oGm;+ od-\ = *päod-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ x-ukef\ = *päx-oGm;ukef\/

*pä-oGm;+ rd-\ = *pämrd-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ r-ukef\ = *pämr-oGm;ukef\/

rSwfcsuf/ aemufrSm rdç r ½SdvQif a½SUu ? onf -g odkYajymif;onf/

*päf + ? + rd = *pämrd *päf + ? + r = *pämr

-g -g

uwåm;ESifh Bud,mwGJyHk

yk&daom *päwd/ a,musfm;onf oGm;\/ yk&dom *päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

uwåm; Bud,m uwåm; Bud,m

wGH *päod/ oifonf oGm;\/ wkarS *päx/ oifwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

t[H *pämrd/ igonf oGm;\/ r,H *pämr/ igwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

0wårmef0dbwf toHk;jyKyHk

1/ avmavmq,f jzpfaeqJudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/

*päwd-oGm;\? oGmaeqJ/ b0wd-jzpf\? jzpfaeqJ

2/ ypöKyÜefteD;jzpfaom twdwf(jzpfNyD;ump)udk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/

&mZ*[awm tm*pämrd/ &mZN*KØ[frS ,ckyif ig vmcJh\/

3/ yka&ç yk&m pum;vHk;rsm; oHk;í tem*wfjzpfrnfh udpöudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/

yka& r&mrdç 'geH a'rd/ ig raorSD tvªudk ay;awmhtHh/

yk&m r&mrdç oDvH orm"d,mrd/ igraorSD oDvudk aqmufwnftHh/

4/ tem*wfwGif {uefjzpfrnfhudpöudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/

"k0H Aka'¨g b0grd/ {uef ig bk&m;jzpfvwHh/

5/ umvoHk;yg;ESifh qufqHaom t&mudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/

AkZÑwDwd Aka'¨g/ AkZÑwd-odNyD; odqJ odvwHåU? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? Aka'¨g-Ak'¨rnf\/


bl0g'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;

*pä oGm;

tm*pä vm

0E´ ½Sdcdk;

b0 jzpf

yp csuf

*arç Cr®

oyÜ oGm;

£pä tvdk½Sd

{o ½SmrSD;

ed,pä

ed,r a½SmifMuOf

onr apmifhpnf;

tpä uyf0ifç ae

Oygo qnf;uyf

vb &

0p ajym

0o ae

a&m'ç ½k' idk

tauúmo qJa&;

Z&ç ZD,s

ZD, tdk

r&ç rD,s

rD, ao

yóç 'u© jrifç Munfhç

awGU

'dó xifç awGUç jriftyf

edoD' xdkif

,Z ylaZmf

0'ç 0a'

0ZÆç 0aZÆ ajymç qdk

ur oGm;

puFr pBuøoGm;

twduúr vGefoGm;ç vGefMuL;

OyouFr oGm;ç csOf;uyf

pvç pÍöv wkefvIyf

''´v awmufy

psm, BuH

wk' xdk;qG

y0do 0if

Ek' y,fEkwf

O'´do ½Gwfjy

vdc a&;

zko xda&muf

a[m jzpf

tEkabm cHpm;

ao

o, tdyf

Xmç wd| &yfç wnf

oP²[ aumif;pGm wnf

t"da| aqmufwnf

yd0ç ydAç

yg aomuf

tw¬d ½Sd\ (to+wd)

ew¬d r½Sd (e+to+wd)

jAL0dç jAL ajym

[eç 0a" owf

Zka,m

ZG[ ylaZmf

Z[m

yZ[ y,fpGefY

'"m aqmif

yd'[ ydwf

eda" jr§Kyf

awZ aoG;

&u© apmifha½Smuf

tZÑm0o ae

Z*Fr oGm;

y#dZ*¾ jyKpkç vkyfauR;

er udkif;nTwfç ½Sdcdk;

yoD' Munfç Munfndk

t0[& cdk;,l

yu©E´ ysHç ajy;0if

&r arGUavsmfç aysmf

yAÁZ ½SifjyKç &[ef;jyK

vdc a&;

t&[ xdkufwef

r[ ylaZmf

p& vSnfhvnfç usifh

Z, atmif

p0 pkaw

o& atmufarhç trSwf&

Zy ½Gwfzwf

0Z oGm;ç uyfa&muf

arm' 0rf;ajrmuf

yarm' vGefpGm 0rf;ajrmuf

"m0 ajy;

y[& ykwfcwfç ½kduf

!Ho udkuf

yX zwf

0gç ,m oGm;


a*gy apmifha½Smuf

tmp& usifh

bP ajym

*g,

Oy*g, oDqdk

rZÆ yGwfwdkuf

OZÑ pGefU

0¹ wdk;yGm;

zv uGJ

'r qHk;r

ou pGrf;Edkif

a&mp awmufy

aomp 0rf;enf;

urÜ wkefvIyf

*l[ vQKdU0Suf

rm EIdif;csifhç jrwfEdk;

rx vHk;axG;

0au© ajymqdk

'au© Munfh

'dpä Munfhç ay;

ã þ"mwfrsm;onf bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm; jzpfonf/ bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm;udk Bud,myk'fjyKvkyf&mwGif

*kdPf;rSwfoauFwtjzpf t (?) qufay;&onf/ odkYaomf tNrJwrf;r[kwf/ [d,swåeDç 0wårmef0dbwfç

owårD0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwf [laom oAÁ"mwf0dbwfESifh wGJ&müom t qufay;&onf/ ya&mu©mç

tZÆwåeDç b0dóEÅDç umvmwdywåd 0dbwf[laom toAÁ"mwf0dbwfquf&mü t rquf&/ Amvm0&wm&

usrf;tqdkt& owårD0dbwfESifwGJ&mwGif 0dbwfü AsOf;wGJpyfp&m o&rsm;yg½SdNyD;jzpfí (t) qufp&m rvdk/

odkYaomf tvw¬ \ ½kyfNyD;yHk0,f tZÆwåeD toAÁ"mwfjzifh wGJaomfvnf; t qufxm;onfudk awGU&onf/

tcsKyftm;jzifh vdktyf&if t qufrnfç rvdktyf&if qufNyD; t udkyif acsysufypfrnf[kom rSwfyg/

ã bl0g'd*kdPf;ü o&0dbwfouf&mü typönf; rouf&/ Esmo/ (y'AsÍÆeed½kwådeDwd y 410)


ypöKyÜef 0gusrsm;

1/ Aka'¨g "r®H bmowd/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[m\/

uwåm; uH Bud,m

2/ yk&daom unH yówd/ a,musfm;onf trsKd;orD;udk jrif\/

3/ rEkóm 0g,k,maee yk*H e*&H *päEÅd/ vlwdkUonf yk*HNrKdUodkY av,Ofjzifh oGm;ukef\/

u&P

4/ oDa[m r[ðoH cg'wd/ jcaoFhonf uRJudk pm;\/

5/ Asa*¢g 0eH y0dowd/ usm;onf awmodkY 0if\/

6/ oukPm tumoH yu©EÉÅd/ iSufwdkYonf aumif;uifodkY ysHwufoGm;Muukef\/

7/ r,la&m ½ku©o®ð tpäwd/ Oa'gif;onf opfyifü ae\/ (tm o + t + wd = tpäwd)

Moumo t pä

8/ yk&daom tr®H erwd/ a,musfm;onf tarudk ½Sdcdk;\/

10/ As *¢g 0eo®m *grH tm*päEÅd/ usm;wdkYonf awmrS ½GmodkY vmukef\/

tyg'ge

11/ yk&daom Ak'¨H 0E´wd/ a,musfm;onf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;\/

12/ yk&dom Ak'¨H 0EÉÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;ukef\/

13/ wGH tr®H 0Eód/ oifonf tarudk ½Sdcdk;\/

14/ wkarS oHCH 0E´x/ oifwdkYonf oHCmudk ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/

15/ t[H rEÅav;e*&H *pämrd/ igonf rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;tHh/

16/ yk&daom bwåH ypwd/ a,musf;onf xrif;udk csuf\/

17/ omraPa&m *gxma,m O'´dowd/ omraPonf *gxmwdkYudk ½Gwfjy\/

18/ a'a0g aZw0e0d[m&H tm*päwd/ ewfonf aZw0efausmif;odkY vm\/

19/ t[H bdu©KH yoD'grd/ igonf &[ef;udk MunfnKd\/

20/ r,H rEÅav;e*a& &rmr/ &efukefe*a& e &rmr/ igwdkYonf rEÅav;NrdKUü aysmfukef\/

&efukefNrKdUü raysmfukef/

(e onf Bud,mudk wm;jzpfaom pum;vHk;jzpfonf/ r-[k qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm- e *päwd - roGm;?

e ypwd - rcsuf? e &rmr - raysmfukef? ponfjzifh odyg)

21/ r,H ywåH vbmr/ igwdkYonf oydwfudk &ukef\/

22/ t[H Asa*¢ yómrd/ taó e yómrd/ igonf usm;wdkYudk jrif\/ jrif;wdkYudk rjrif/

23/ unma,m Ak'¨H ykayæe ,Zwd/ rdef;uav;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk yef;jzifh ylaZmfMuukef\/


24/ omraPa&m bwåH vbwd/ udk&ifonf qGrf;udk &\/

25/ tr®m ykwåH 'rwd/ taronf om;udk qHk;r\/

26/ yk&daom omraP&ó ygeH a'wd/ a,musfm;onf udk&iftm; tazsmf&nfudk ay;vª\/

orÜ'ge

29/ omraP&m 0eH *päEÅd/ udk&ifwdkYonf awmodkY oGmukef\/

30/ unma,m e*&H *päEÅd/ rdef;uav;wdkYonf NrdKUodkY oGm;ukef\/

31/ yk&daom &axe *grH *päwd/ a,musfm;onf &xm;jzifh ½GmodkY oGm;\/

32/ rEkóm oua#e e*&H *päEÅd/ vlwdkYonf vSnf;jzifh NrKdUodk oGm;ukef\/

33/ wGH yga'e rEÅav; e*&H *päod/ oifonf ajcjzifh rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;\/

34/ a,m"m armfawmf,maee 0eH *päEÅd/ ppfom;wdkYonf armfawmf,Ofjzifh NrKdUodkY oGmukef\/

35/ r,H em0g, *grH *pämr/ igwdkYonf avSjzifh ½GmodkY oGm;ukef\/

36/ unma,m ,EÅem0g, rif;uGef; yAÁwH tm*päEÅd/ trsKd;orD;wdkYonf pufavSjzifh rif;uGef;awmifudk

vmukef\/

37/ omraPa&m oraPe o[ e*&H *päwd/ udk&ifonf &[ef;ESifhtwl NrKdUodkY oGm;\/

38/ wkarS omraPa&[d o'¨ð 0d[&x/ oifwdkYonf udk&ifwdkYESifh twl aeMuukef\/

39/ r,H rEkaó[d 0dem t*¾d&axe *grH *päEÅd/ igwdkYonf vlwdkYrygyJ rD;&xm;jzifh

½GmodkY oGm;ukef\/

ã ( o[=twl? o'¨ð=twl? 0dem-cGJíç MuOfíç rygyJ? ) o[ç o'¨ðç 0dem wdkYonf edygwfpum;vHk;rsm;

jzpfMuonf/ 4if;pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh wGJ&aom pumvHk;rsm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;&onf/ Oyrm - oraPe

o[ - &[ef;ESifhtwl? omraPa&[d o'¨ð - udk&if;wdkYESifhtwl? rEkaó[d 0dem-vlwdkY rygyJ)

40/ 'g&aum oraPe 0owd/ uav;onf &[ef;ESifhtwl ae\/

41/ ykawåm tr®m, e*&H *päwd/ om;onf tarESifhtwl NrKdUodkY oGm;\/

ã twlwuG [k t"dyÜg,f&aom o[ o'¨ð rygaomfvnf; wwd,mESifh a&;xm;aom pum;vHk;udk

ESifhtwl [k tydkxnfhí bmomjyefEdkifonf/ xdkpum;vHk;rsKd;udk o[w¬[k ac:Muonf/

(o[w¬-ESifhtwl[k tydkxnfhbmomjyef&aom pum;vHk;) Oyrm-oraPe-&[ef;ESifhtwl?

tr®m,-tarESifhtwl/

42/ omraP&m Aka'¨e o[ *grH y0doEÅd/ udk&ifwdkYonf bk&m;ESifhtwl ½GmodkY 0ifukef\/

43/ wGH oHaCe o[ 0ood/ oifonf oHCmESifhtwl ae\/

44/ t[H oHaCe o'¨ð 0g,k,maee e*&H *pämrd/ igonf oHCmESifhtwl av,Ofjzifh NrKdUodkY oGm;\/

45/ r,H rEkaó[d 0dem t*¾d&axe *grH *pämr/ igwdkYonf vlwdkYrygyJ rD;&xm;jzifh ½GmodkY oGm;\/


46/ t[H em0g, 0d[m&H e *pämrd/ yga'e 0d[m&H *pämrd/ igonf ausmif;odkY avSjzifh roGm;/

ajcjzifh oGm;rnf/

47/ t[H o[ma,e o'¨ð 'Day p&mrd/ igonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh uRef;ay:ü vSnfhvnf\/

48/ Ak'¨ó om0um 0de,H odu©EÅd/ bk&m;\ wynfhwdkYonf 0denf;udk oifukef\? (usifhukef\)

omrd

49/ oHaCm rEkaó,d o'¨ð e 0owd/ oHCmonf vlwdkYESifh twl rae/

50/ yk&do wGH "r®H e &u©od/ tdka,musfm; oifonf w&m;udk arpmifh/

tmvkyf

51/ 0d[ma& oHaCm tw¬d/ ausmif;ü oHCmonf ½Sd\/ (þ0gusü tw¬donf tenf;udef;)

52/ *gar rEkóm tw¬d/ ½Gmü vlwdkYonf ½SdMu\/ (þ0gusü tw¬donf trsm;udef;)

ã tw¬d(½Sd\ç ½Sdukef\) ESifh (ew¬d-r½Sdç r½Sdukef) wdkYudk tenf;udef;Bud,mtaejzifhvnf;aumif;

trsm;udef; Bud,m taejzifhvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/

53/ ½kau© 0gea&m ew¬d/ opfyifü arsmufonf r½Sd/ (þ0gusü ew¬donf tenf;udef;)

54/ 'Day oD[m ew¬d/ uRef;ay:ü jcaoFhwdkY r½Sdukef (þ0gusü ew¬donf trsm;udef;)

55/ Aka'¨g temxyd@duó tm&mar 0d[&wd/ bk&m;onf temxydPfolaX;\ ausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;\/

56/ temxyd@daum orPmeH yd@ygwH a'wd/ temxydPfonf &[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;udk vª\/

57/ taEÅ0godaum tmp&d,H OyouFrwd/ teD;aewynfhonf q&mudk csOf;uyf\/

58/ tumavm 0gawm 0g,wd/ tcgrJhü avonf wdkuf\/

59/ orPm "ar®e rEkaó e,EÅd/ &[ef;wdkYonf w&m;jzifh vlwdkYudk aqmifukef\/

60/ wxm*wm tm*EÅKau[d o'¨ð oar®m'EÅd/ bk&m;wdkYonf tm*EÅK&[ef;wdkYESifhtwl 0rf;ajrmufukef\/

61/ rda*g p 0gea&m p *päEÅd/ orifonf4if; arsmufonf4if; (orifESifharsmufESpfOD;vHk;) oGm;Muonf/

62/ rda*g 0g 0gea&m 0g *päwd/ orifonfjzpfap ajrmufonfjzpfap (wOD;OD;) oGm;\/

ã p ESifh 0g onf orÁE¨edygwfyk'f (pum;qufpum;vHk;) rsm;jzpfMuonf/ p onf ESifhç 4if; [k

t"dyÜg,f&onf/ 0g onf aomf4if;ç jzpfapç odkYr[kwf [k t"dyÜg,f&onf/

64/ t[H Ak'¨H p "r®H p oHCH p 0E´mrd/ igonf bk&m;udk4if; w&m;udk4if; oHCmudk4if; (oHk;yg;vHk;udk)

½Sdcdk;\/

65/ rEkóm oDave "eH vbmr/ vlwdkYonf oDvaMumifh Opömudk &ukef\/

ã wwd,mudk aMumifh [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/

66/ omraPa&m 'gaee ywåH vbwd/ udk&ifonf 'geaMumifh oydwfudk &\/


67/ r,H bm0em, okcH vbmr/ igwdkYonf bm0emaMumifh csrf;omudk &Muukef\/

68/ apma&m omraP&ó pD0&H t0[&wd/ olcdk;onf udk&if\ ouFef;udk cdk;\/

67/ oDa[m olu&ó *D0H qdE´wd/ jcaoFhonf 0uf\ vnfyif;udk jzwf\/

68/ a'a0g Ak'¨o®ð yoD'dwd/ ewfonf bk&m;ü MunfnKd\/

69/ 'g&um o,ae o,EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf tdyf,mü tdyfMuukef\/

70/ wGH "ar® &rod? t[H *gar 0d[&mrd/ oifonf w&m;ü arGUavsmf\/ igonf ½Gmü ae\/

(u) uwåm;ESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ t[H 0E´mrd/ uREkfyfonf ½Sdcdk;yg\/

2/ r,H £pämr/ uREkfyfwdkYonf tvdk½SdMu\/

3/ wGH ykpäod/ oifonf ar;\/

4/ wkarS odu©x/ oifwdkYonf oifMu\/

5/ aom *päwd/ olonf oGm;\/

6/ Aka'¨g bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf a[mawmfrl\/

7/ jA[®Pm £päEÅd/ ykPÖm;wdkYonf tvdk½SdMuukef\/

8/ 'g&aum uDVwd/ uav;onf upm;\/

9/ 'g&um "m0EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf ajy;Mu\/

10/ vka'´g 0"wd/ rkqdk;onf owf\/

(c) uwåm; uHESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ Aka'¨g "r®H bmowd/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[m\/

2/ odóm tmp&d,H ykpäEÅd/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mudk ar;Mu\/

3/ uóum a*gaP £päEÅd/ v,form;wdkYonf EGm;wdkYudk tvdk½SdMukef\/

4/ 0gPdZm rdawå £päEÅd/ ukefonfwdkYonf rdwfaqGwdkYudk tvdk½SdMuukef\/

5/ 'g&aum tm[m&H cg'wd/ uav;onf tpmudk pm;\/

6/ r,H ouúH ,Zmr/ igwdkYonf odMum;udk ylaZmfMu\/

7/ wkarS ok*wH 0E´x/ oifwdkYonf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/

8/ umaum rpäH cg'wd/ usD;onf ig;udk pm;\/

9/ a,ma"m apma& 0"EÅd/ ppfom;wdkYonf olcdk;wdkYudk owfMuukef\/

10/ aAm"doawåm "r®H odu©wd/ bk&m;avmif;onf w&m;udk usifh\/


(*) uwåm;ç uHç u½kdPf;ESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ 0gPdaZm *grH &axe *päwd/ ukefonfonf ½GmodkY &xm;jzifh oGm;\/

2/ ur®um&m ygomaP [aw¬e e,EÅd/ tvkyform;wdkYonf ausmufcJwdkYudk vufjzifh o,faqmifMu\/

3/ uóaum a*gPH auma"e 0"wd/ v,form;onf EGm;udk trsufjzifh owf\/

(C) uwåm;ç uHç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ Aka'¨g "r®H rEkómeH bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;awmfudk vlwdkYtm; a[mawmfrl\/

2/ t[H tm[m&H 'g&uó ''grd/ igonf tpmudk uav;tm; ay;\/

3/ r,H Mo'eH rdwåmeH ,mpmr/ igwdkYonf xrif;udk rdwfaqGwdkYtwGuf awmif;Mu\/

(i) uwåm;ç uHç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ aAm"doawåm yAÁwo®m ork'´H *päwd/ bk&m;avmif;onf awmifrS ork'´&modkY oGm;\/

2/ ur®uma&m yAÁwo®m ygomPH aewd/ tvkyform;onf awmifrS ausmufcJudk o,f\/

3/ 'g&um *gro®m r*¾H "m0EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf ½GmrS vrf;odkY ajy;Mu\/

(p) uwåm;ç uHç omrdç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ t[H Mo'eH tmp&d,ó ykwåó ''grd/ igonf xrif;udk q&m\ om;tm; ay;\/

2/ Aka'¨g "r®H oHCó odómeH bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;awmfudk oHCmawmf\ wnfhwdkYtm;

a[mawmf\/

3/ 0gPdaZm tm[m&H uóua*gPmPH ''gwd/ ukefonfonf tpm;tpmudk v,form;\

EGm;rsm;tm; ay;\/

(q) uwåm;ç MoumoESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ 'g&aum ra*¾ "m0EÅd/ uav;onf vrf;ü ajy;vTm;\/

2/ aAm"doawåm 0ae 0owd/ bk&m;avmif;onf awmü ae\/

3/ r,H yAÁaw uDVmr/ igwdkYonf awmifü upm;Mu\/

(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef;138-142)


ygVdo'´gwGif toHk;jyKaom tac:ta0grsm;udk avhvmjcif;

um&eftaMumif;

wnfaomtcgüjzpfapç NyD;aomtcgüjzpfap t tm £ þ O OD { Mo ESifh ed*¾[dwf(-H)[laom

tu©&mwdkYwGif wvHk;vHk; qHk;vsuf½Sd\/ xdktqHk;tu©&monf um&ef(um&EÅ)rnf\/

um&efonf tum&EÅ tmum&EÅ £um&EÅ þum&EÅ Oum&EÅ ODum&EÅ {um&EÅ Moum&EÅ

ed*¾[DwEÅ[lí udk;yg;½Sd\/ xdkudk;yg;wdkYwGif Ak'¨ç "r® pom emrfonf t tu©&m tqHk;½SdaomaMumifh

tum&EÅrnf\/ unmç rmvm ponfum; tmum&EÅ? t*¾d &wåd ponfum; £um&EÅ? '@D em&D

ponfum; þum&EÅ? bdu©K pu©K ponfum; Oum&EÅ? o,rÇL ZrÁL ponfum; ODum&EÅ? baEÅ b'´aEÅ

ponfum; {um&EÅ? a*g ponfum; Moum&EÅ? uð ponfum; ed*¾[DwEÅ rnfukef\/

0kpfESifhudef;taMumif;

wck ESpfck ponfjzifh ta&twGufudk azmfjyjcif;onf 0kpfrnf\/ wenf; udef;rnf\/ 0kpfonf

{u0kpf A[k0kpf[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wcknf;aom ta&twGufudk azmfjyaom 0kpfonf

{u0kfprnf/ wckxufydkaom ta&twGufudk azmfjyaom0kpfonf A[k0kpfrnf\/ A[k0kpfudk

wdkYç rsm; [k xnfhay;NyD; bmomjyef&onf/ {u0kpfudk bmomjyef&mü wdkYç rsm; [k rxnfh&/

yHkpH - yk&daom-a,musfm;onf ({u0kpf) yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkYonf (A[k0kpf)

pdwåH-pdwfonf ({u0kpf) pdwåmç pdwåmed-pdwfwdkYonf (A[k0kpf)

unm-owdkYorD;onf ({u0kpf) unmç unma,m-owdkYorD;wdkYonf (A[k0kpf)

0dbwftaMumif;

ur®um&u tp½Sdaom tjym;ESifh {u0kpftp½Sdaom tjym;tm;jzifh vdifteufudk a0zefwwfaom

aMumifh 0dbwfrnf\/ 0dbwfonf emrf0dbwf tmcsmwf0dbwf[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkwGif ouf½SdoufrJh

t&m0w¬Kudk rSnfhac:aom trnfemrudk a0zefpdwfjzmwwfaom 0dbwfonf emrf0dbwfrnf\/ a0zefyHk

um; - yk&do[laom emrfyk'fudk yk&daom yk&dom? yk&doH yk&dao ponfjzifh txl;xl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfatmif

a0zefwwf\/ emrf0dbwfonf emrfyk'f\ teufudkvnf; a0zefwwfao;\/ yk&do-a,musfm; [laom

teufudk t&if;xm;í a,musfm;onf a,musfm;wdkYonf a,musfm;udk a,musfm;wdkYudk ponfjzifh a0zef\/


oGm;jcif; vmjcif; pm;jcif; aomufjcif;paom tjyKtrlBud,mudk a0zefpdwfjzmwwfaom 0dbwf

onf tmcswf0dbwfrnf/ a0zefyHkum; - *päwd[laom tmcsmwfyk'fudk *päwd *päEÅd? *päod *päx ponf

jzifh txl;xl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfatmif a0zefwwf\/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf teufudkvnf; a0zefwwf

ao;\/ a0zefyHkum; - *rk-oGm;jcif; [laom teufudk t&if;xm;í ol oGm;onf? olwdkYoGm;Muonf?

oif oGm;onf? oifwdkY oGm;Muonf ponfjzifh a0zef\/

emrf0dbwfonf yxrm0dbwfç 'kwd,m0dbwfç wwd,m0dbwfç pwkw¬D0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç q|D

0dbwfç owårD0dbwf [lí ckESpfrsKd;½Sd/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf 0wårmef0dbwfç yÍö0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç

ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç b0dóEÅD0dbwfç umvmwdywåd0dbwf[lí ½SpfrsKd;½Sd\/

(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 33-36)

umm&u ESifh tum&u

Bud,mudk jyKwwf jzpfapwwfaom owådonf um&urnf\/ ]yk&daom r*¾H *päwd- a,musfm;onf

vrf;odkYoGm;\} [l&mü ajcaxmufudk ajr§mufum csum a½hSodkY wdk;íwdk;í aeaomtrlt&monf

Bud,mrnf\/ xdkMud,mudk a,musfm;urvkyfEdkif? a,musfm;oEÅmefrSm½Sdaom oGm;Edkifaom tpGrf;oowådu

om jyKEdkifonf/ avjzwfaeolonf roGm;Edkif/ Bud,mudk jyKwwfaomowådonfom tppftrSef um&u

rnfoonf/ odkYaomfvnf; oGm;Edkifaom owåd½Sdaom ]yk&daom-a,musfm;} udkvnf; owådudk,fpm;

um&u[k ac:&avonf/

orÁmef tmvkyf tp½Sdaom teufwdkYonf Bud,mESifh rpyfaomaMumifh tum&urnf\/ [dwf

vu©P tp½Sdaom teufwdkYonf Bud,mESifh pyfonfjzpfí Bud,m\ taMumif;jzpfaomfvnf; pifppf

Bud,m[laom tusKd;r½SdaomaMumifh tum&urnf\/ (tajcjyKo'´gum&ued'gef;aumufEIwfcsuf)

um&u 6 rsKd; 1/ onf [k bmomjyefaom uwåKum&u

2/ udk odkY [k bmomjyefaom ur®um&u

3/ ESifh jzifh [k bmomjyefaom u&Pum&u

4/ tm; iSm [k bmomjyefaom orÜ'geum&u

5/ rS atmuf xuf [k bmomjyef&aom tyg'geum&u

6/ ü rSm 0,f [k bmomjyef&aom Moumoum&u

tum&ursm; aMumifh ([dwf) ESifh (o[m'da,m*) orÁmef(\) ed'¨g&P(wGif) tdk(tmvkyf)

ywfvHk;ç wdkifwdkif(tpöEÅoHa,m*) aomfç vaomf(vu©P) pOf(tem'&d,)aomç xaom

(0daooe) pGm(Bud,m0daooe) [k bmomjyef&aom pum;vHk;rsm;onf tum&u

rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh um&u 6-yg;rS vGJ&if tum&u[k rSwfyg/

(pepfopfygVdo'´g-266)


trSm/ zwfpm0gusrsm; zwfNyD;&if um&u tum&u cGJMunfhyg/ Oyrm - yk&daom r*¾H *päwdü

yk&daom um; uwåKum&u? r*¾H um; ur®um&u/ wGH taEée 0ood ü wGHonf uwåK

um&u? taEée um; tum&u [k ponfjzifh cGJjcm;od&ef BuKd;pm;yg/

wkrS o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ wGHç wk0H wkarSç a0g

'k/ wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH wkarSç wkrSmuHç a0g

w/ w,mç wG,mç aw wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g

p/ w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g

rD/ w,mç wG,m wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g

q/ w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g

o/ w,dç wG,d wkarSok

wkrS o'´g ½kyfNyD;yHk

y wkrS + od = wGHç wk0H wkrS + a,m = wkarS wkrS + a,m = a0g

a-

'k wkrS + tH = wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH (wkarSça0g y-a,mESifhwl) wkrS + a,m = wkrSmuH

-guH

w wkrS+em=w,m wkrS+em= w,m wkrS+em=aw

wG

wkrS + [d = wkarS[d ? wkarSbd wkrS+[d= a0g

rSf+?> a bd

p^q wkrS+o = w0ç wk,SHç aw wkrS + o = wkrSH

i wkrS + eH = wkrSmuH wkrS + eH = wkrSH wkrS + eH = a0g

-guH irD wkrS + o®m= w,mç wG,m (wkarS[d wkarSbd a0g wwd,ESifhwl)

em wG

o wkrS + o®ð = w,dç wG,d wkrS + ok = wkarSok

wG rSf+?> a


trS o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ t[H r,Hç tarSç aem

'k/ rHç rrH tarSç trSmuHç aem

w/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem

p/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem

rD/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem

q/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem

o/ r,d tarSokç tao®ok

trS o'´g ½kyfNyD;yHk

y trS+od = t[H trS+a,m = r,H trS + a,m = tarS trS+a,m=aem

a-

'k trS+tH= rHç rrH trS+a,m = tarS trS+a,m=trSmuH trS+a,m=aem

a- -guH

w trS+em=r,m trS+em=ar trS + [d=tarS[d^tarSbd trS+[d=aem

rSf+?> a

p^q trS+o=rrç r,SHç rrHç ar trS+o=trSH trS+ eH = trSmuH

i -guH

trS + eH =to®muH trS+ eH = trSH trS+eH=aem

to® -guH i o trS+o®ð = r,d trS + ok = tarSok trS + ok = tao®ok

rSf+?> a to®

o®f+?> a


pnf;rsOf;rsm;

69/ trSó rrH o0dbwådó ao/ o aMumifh trSonf oESifhtwl rr odkYajymif;onf/

70/ r,H a,mrSd yXar/ yxrm a,m aMumifh trSonf a,mESifhtwl r,H odkYajymif;onf/

88/ wkrSmrSmuH w,dr,d/ o®ð aMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf o®ðESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w,d r,d odkYajymif;onf/

89/ wG.r[H odrSd p/ odaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf odESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wGH t[H odkYajymif;onf/

(wGHt[Hpü pjzifh odESifhtwl wkrSonf wk0H odkYvnf; ajymif;ao;\/ wk0H-oifonf)

90/ w0 rr ao/ oaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf oESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w0 rr odkYajymif;onf/

91/ wk,SH r,SOö/ oaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf oESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wk,SH r,SH odkYajymif;onf/

92/ wHr.rHrSd/ tH aMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wH rH odkYajymif;onf/

93/ w0H rrÍö e0g/ wcgw&H tHaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w0H rrH

odkYajymif;onf/

94/ emrSd w,m r,m/ emaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf emESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w,m r,m odkYajymif;onf/

95/ wkrSó wk0H wGrHrSd/ tHaMumifh wkrS onf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wk0H wGH odkYajymif;onf/

96/ y'awm 'kwd,mpwkw¬Dq|Dok a0gaem/ 'kwd,m pwkw¬D q|D A[k0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf

0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; a0g aem odkYajymif;onf/

97/ awar-u0paeokp/ pwkw¬D q|D {u0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf0dbwfESifh twltpOftwdkif;

aw ar odkYajymif;onf/

98/ e tHrSd/ tHaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; aw ar odkY rajymif;yg/

99/ 0gwwda,p/ wwd,m {u0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; aw

ar odkYajymif;onf/

100/ A[k0paeok a0gaem/ wwd,mESifh yxrmA[k0kpf 0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf 0dbwfESifhtwl

tpOftwdkif; a0g aem odkYajymif;onf/


1/ Aka'¨g tarS 0daewd/ bk&m;onf uREfkyfwdkYudk qHk;r\/

2/ t[H wH ykpämrd/ uREfkyfonf oifhudk ar;\/

3/ wGH r,m o[ e wd|od/ oifonf uREfkyfESifhtwl r&yf/

4/ w0 tmp&da,m w,m o'¨ð bmowd/ oif\ q&monf oifESifhtwl pum;ajym\/

5/ r,H uóuawm 0g 0gPdZawm 0g tm[m&H vbmr/ uREfkyfwdkYonf v,form;xHrSjzpfap

ukefonfxHrSjzpfap tpmt[m&udk &ukef\/

ã awm [laom aemufqufudk tyg'gef0dbwftjzpf toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ yHkpH - um,awm-udk,frS/

u&PESifh tyg'ge udk &Hcg aMumifh [k bmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ yHkpH - tm[ma&e tmAma"m

b0wd/ tpmaMumifh tem jzpfonf/ tm[m&awm r,H ZD0gr/ tpmaMumifh uREkfyfwdkY touf

½SifMu\/

6/ rr tmp&a,m wH p rH p 0daewd/ ig\ q&monf oifhudk4if; uREkfudk4if; qHk;r\/

7/ Ak'¨awm p "r®awm p oHCawm p avmau tavmaum b0wd/ bk&m;aMumifh4if; w&m;aMumifh

4if; oHCmaMumifh4if; avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/

8/ *gar p 0d[ma& p trSmuH o[m,m tw¬d/ ½Gmü4if; ausmif;ü4if; uREfkyfwdkY\ rdwfaqGrsm;

onf ½Sdukef\/

9/ trSmuH uma, [w¬m p yg'g p tw¬d/ igwdkY\ udk,fü vufwdkYonf4if; ajcwdkYonf4if; ½Sdukef\/

10/ trSmuH uma, auom tw¬d/ uREfkyfwdkY\ udk,fü qHyifwdkYonf ½Sdukef\/

11/ aAm"doawåm rH p rr om0au p 0daewd/ bk&m;avmif;onf uREkfyfudk4if; uREkfyf\ wynfhudk4if;

qHk;r\/

12/ w0 om0aum w,m 0dem e 0owd/ oif\ wynfhonf oifESifh uif;í rae/

13/ o[ma,m ar tm*päwd/ ig\ oli,fcsif;onf vm\/

14/ o[ma,m aw e tm*päwd/ oif\ oli,fcsif;onf rvm/

15/ tmp&da,m a0g "r®H a'aowd/ oifwdkY\ q&monf w&m;a[m\/

16/ tmp&da,m aem ur®|meH a'wd/ igwdkY\ q&monf ur®|mef;ay;\/

ã (aw? ar? a0g? aem emrfpm;yk'frsm;udk 0gus\ tpü xm;oHk;avhr½Sd/ wyk'faemufü xm;oHk;

onf/ ar o[ma,mç aw o[ma,mç a0g tmp&da,mç aem tmp&d,m [k roHk;&/ p? 0g?

{0 paom edygwfyk'fwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJívnf; roHk;&)

17/ om&dykawåm trSmuH tmp&da,m a[mwd/ om&dykMwmonf igwdkY\ q&m jzpfonf/

18/ trSmuH a*a[ tóm p a*gPm p oukPm p tw¬d/ igwdkY\tdrfü jrif;wdkYonf4if;

EGm;wdkYonf4if; iSufwdkYonf4if; ½Sdukef\/


twdwfBud,m

a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr þ (-D) OH (-kH)

wkrS Mo (a-g) w¬

trS £H(-ð) rSm

½kyfpOfyHk

a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr tb0D? b0D? tb0d? b0d tb0Hk? b0Hk? tb0ðok? b0ðok? tb0Hok? b0Hok

wkrS tba0g? ba0g? tb0? b0? tb0dw¬? b0dw¬? tb0kw¬? b0kw¬

tb0d? b0d

trS tb0ð? b0ð? tb0drSm? b0drSm? tb0drS? b0drS?

tb0krSm? b0krSm? tb0krS? b0krS

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

86/ u&óumowårZÆwåeDrSd/ u&f onf umof odkYajymif;onf/ u&f rSwg;aom "mwfaemif ovmonf/

99/ oAÁawm OH £Hok/ OH (-Hk) rS £Hok (-ðok) tHok (-Hok) tmoHk (-goHk) odkY ajymif;onf/

111/ £um&m*arm toAÁ"mekurSd/ w¬ç rSm a½SUü wcgw&H £(-d)vmonf/

112/ (u) tm onf w¬ odkYajymif;onf/ w¬ onf x odkYxyfajymifEdkifonf/

(c) w¬ç rSm a½SUü O(-k)vmonf/

(*) Mo (a-g) onf t (?)ç £ (-d) w¬ç aw¬m odkY ajymif;onf/

(C) þ (-D) rS £ (-d) odkY? rSm rS rS odkY ajymif;onf/ (upönf;bm#D-'k? 404-405)

114/ tum&m*arm [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD umvmwdywåDok/ "mwftpü wcgw&H t (?) vmonf/

½kyfNyD;yHk

(t) bl + -D = tb0D þ ( )oauFwudk vmonf[k rSwfyg/

vm bf+L> a-g> ? 0f

ã t rvm&if b0D? -D rS -d odkY ajymif;&if tb0d? b0d? jzpfonf/

tb0f + -kH = tb0Hk tb0f + -kH > -ðok = tb0ðok


tb0f+ -kH > -Hok = tb0Hok

tb0f + a-g = tba0g tb0f + a-g> ? = tb0

tb0f + a-g> -d = tb0d

tb0f + (-d) w¬ = tb0dw¬ tb0f + (-k) w¬ = tb0kw¬

tb0f + -ð = tb0ð tb0f + (-d) rSm = tb0drSm ^tb0drS

rS

tb0f + ( -k ) rSm = tb0krSm ^tb0krS

rS

0pf(ajym) "mwfjzifh ½kyfpOfyHk

(þ) ta0gpD? ta0gpd (OH) ta0gpHk

(Mo) ta0gapm? ta0gp? ta0gpd (w¬) ta0gpdw¬? ta0gpkw¬

(£H) ta0gpð (rSm) ta0gpdrSm? ta0gpdrS? ta0gpkrSm

ta0gpkrS

(t) 0pf + -D =ta0gpD (t) 0pf + -D =t0pD (0-\ t onf MoodkYrajymif;onfhyHk)

0f+?> a-g

(t) *rf(oGm;) + -kH > -goHk = t*rmokH

(t) u&f (jyK) + a-g + -D > -d = tumod ã þ oauFwudk acszsufonf[k rSwfyg/

umo

(t) 'g + (o) -D > -d = t'god (t) [l + (o) -D > -d = ta[mod

[f+L > a-g


twdwf0gusrsm;

1/ Aka'¨g om0umeH "r®H tbmod/(bmof-a[m) bk&m;onf wynfhwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mNyD/

2/ 0gPdZm orPmeH yd@ygwH t'Hok/('g-ay;) ukefonfwdkYonf &[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;udk vªukefNyD/

3/ 0d[ma& orPm 0de,H odu©ðok/ (odu©f-oif,l) ausmif;ü &[ef;wdkYonf 0denf;udk oif,lukef\/

4/ tmp&da,m ar *grH ,mod/ (,m-oGm;) ig\ q&monf ½GmodkY oGm;NyD/

5/ w0 ykawåm ra*¾ uDVd/ (uDVf-upm;) oif\ om;onf vrf;ü upm;NyD/

6/ wGH o[m,umeH *gar e &rd/ (&rf-aysmf) oifonf oli,fcsif;wdkY\ ½Gmü raysmfydkufcJh/

7/ wkarS trSmuH tm[m&H t'godw¬/ ('g-ay;) oifwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; tpmudk ay;ukefNyD/

8/ t[H o[m,au[d o'¨ð 'Day tp&ð/ (p&f-oGm;) uREfkyfonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl uRef;ay:ü

vSnfhvnfcJhNyD/

9/ r,H *grawm yd@ygwH vbdrSm/ (vbf-&) uREfkyfwdkYonf ½GmrS qGrf;udk &cJhukefNyD/

10/ aAm"doawåm rEkaó 0daeod/ (0dae-qHk;r) bk&m;avmif;onf vlwdkYudk qHk;rNyD/

11/ avmau "r®ó tmavmaum tb0d/ (b0f-jzpf)

12/ 0gea&m ½kau© edoD'd/ arsmufonf opfyifay:ü xdkifNyD/ (edoD'-xdkif)

13/ tmp&da,m aw w,m o'¨ð tbmod/ oif\q&monf oifESifhtwl pum;ajymNyD/

14/ orPm *gar yd@ygwH bkÍÆðok/ (bkÍÆ-pm;) &[ef;wdkYonf ½Gmü qGrf;udk pm;ukefNyD/

15/ rEkóm omvm,H bwåH bkÍÆðok/ vlwdkYonf Z&yfü xrif;udk pm;ukef\/

16/ rEkóm wdPmed *grH [&ðok/ ([&f-aqmif) vlwdkYonf jrufwdkYudk ½GmodkY aqmifMuukef\/

17/ r,H "ar®e &rdrSm/ igwdkYonf w&m;jzifh aysmfcJhukefNyD/

18/ wkarS ra*¾ tXmodw¬/ (Xm-wnf) oifwdkYonf vrf;ü &yfwnfcJhMuukefNyD/

19/ tmp&da,m ar "ar®e om0au 0daeod/ uREfkyf\ q&monf w&m;ojzifh wynfhwdkYudk qHk;rNyD/

20/ Ak'¨ó "ar®m oD[V'Day tXmod/ bk&m;\ w&m;onf oD[dkuRef;ü wnfNyD/

21/ ukpädo®ð ar tmAma"m tb0d/ uREkfyf\ 0rf;Adkufü temonf jzpfay:cJhNyD/

22/ a*gwarm emr Aka'¨g avmau ta[mod/([l-jzpf)a*gwrrnfaom bk&m;onf avmuü jzpfay:cJhNyD/

23/ t[H 0d[ma& oraPe o[ t0oð/ igonf &[ef;ESifh twl ausmif;ü aecJhNyD/

24/ r,H w,m o[ em0g, ppfudkif;yAÁwH t*rdrSm/ igwdkYonf oifESifhtwl avSjzifh ppfudkif;awmif

odkY oGm;cJhukefNyD/

25/ wkarS Ak'¨omoae oHCó pD0&H t'w¬/ ('g-ay;) oifwdkYonf bk&m;omoemü oHCmtm;

ouFef;udk vªcJhukefNyD/

26/ r,H &efukefe&awm rEÅav;e*&H t*¾d&axe t*rdrS/ igwdkYonf &efukefNrKdUrS rEÅav;NrKdUodkY

rD&xm;jzifh vmcJhMuukefNyD/


oAÁemrf*dkPf;0if , (tMuif) o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ a,m a,

'k/ ,H a,

w/ a,e a,[d

p/ a,e a,,[d?a,bd

rD/ ,ó a,oH? a,omeH

q/ ,o®m? ,rSm a,[d? a,bd

o/ ,o®ð? ,rSd a,ok

, (tMuif) o'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ ,H ,med

'k/ ,H ,med

(wwd,mrS pí usef;tmvHk; yHkvdefESifhwlonf)

, o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ , + od = a,m , + a,m = a,

a-g a-

'k/ , + i = ,H , + a,m =a,

a-

w/ , + em = a,e , + [d = a,[d ^ a,bd

,f+?> a- bd

p^q/ , + o = ,ó , + eH = a,oH ^ a,omeH

(o) ,f+?> a- oH ^omeH

o/ , + o®ð = ,o®ð^,rSd , + ok = a,ok

rSd ,f+?> a-


, o'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ , + od = ,H , + a,m = ,med

-H ,f+?> -g ed

'k/ , + i = ,H ,med (yxrmESifhwlonf)

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

51/ oAÁemrmeH eHrSdp/ eH aMumifh oAÁemrfwdkY\ t (?) onf a- odkYajymif;onf/

113/ oAÁemr um&aw yXarm/ oAÁemrftum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom yXrma,monf a-odkYajymif;onf/

117/ oAÁawm eH oH omeH/ oA Áemrfyk'frS aemufjzpfaom eH onf oH ^ omeH odkYajymif;onf/


w (xdk) o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ aom ae? aw

'k/ eH? wH ae? aw

w/ aee? awe ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd

p/ eó? tó? wó aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH

rD/ eo®m? to®m? wo®m? erSm? wrSm ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd

q/ eó? tó? wó aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH

o/ eo®ð? to®ð? wo®ð? erSd? wrSd aeok? awok

w o'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ eH? wH emed? wmed

'k/ eH? wH emed? wmed

wo'´g yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

rSwfcsuf/ w onf o odkY4if;ç e odkY4if;ç t odkY4if; ajymifEdkifyHkudk owdjyKyg/

y/ w + od = aom w + a,m = aw w + a,m = ae

o a- e a-

'k/ w + i = eH w + i = wH (ae?aw yxrmESifhwl)

e

w/ w + em = aee w + em = awe w + [d = ae[d? aebd

e a-e a-e ef+?> a- bd

p^q/ w + o = eó w + o = tó w + o = wó

e ó t ó ó

w + eH = aeoHâeomeH w + eH = awoH^ awomeH

e oHômeH wf+?> a- oHôme

ef+?> a-

o/ w + o®ð = eo®ð w + o®ð= to®ð w + o®ð = wo®ð w + o®ð = wrSdêrSd

e t rSd e

o

w t

e


wo'´g eyHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ w + od = eH w + od = wH w + a,m = wmed ^ emed

e i i wf+?> -g ed e

'k/ w + i = eH w + i = wH (emed? wmed yxrmESifhwl)

e

pnf;rsnf;rsm;

123/ {wawoH awm/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom {w \ wESifh w onf o odkYajymif;onf/

124/ wó 0g ew¬H oAÁw¬/ vdeftm;vHk;ü w onf e odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

125/ oo®mo®ð oHomoGwåH/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh w onf

t odkY ajymif;onf/

tpDt&ifxl;

]]wa,m ae0 p oAÁemar[d}} u oAÁemrfaemif tmç {ç tm, oHk;ck r½SdaMumif; qdkaomf

vnf; ygVdawmfü 4if;oHk;ck ½SdaMumif;awGU&onf/ oAÁ + o®m = oAÁm (oAÁm p o0wd? oAÁxm

o0wd/ oAÁmp-tvHk;pHkrSvnf;? o0wd-,dk pD;\/ oAÁxm-cyfodrf;aomtjym;tm;jzifh? o0wd-,dkpD;\)

w + o®ð = aw (wsm[H raEÅ Oyw¬a'¨g? t[H-igonf? awraEÅ-xdkrEÅmefaMumifh? Oyw¬a'¨g-cdkifrm Murf;cuf\)

, + o = ,m, (,m, aem tEkurÜm, tarS yAÁZ,D rked? aem-igwdkYtm;? ,m,tEkurÜm,-

tMuif oem;rItusKd;iSg? rked-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? tarS-uREkfyfwdkYudk? yAÁZ,D-&[ef;jyKNyD/)

eyHkvdefüvnf; oAÁemrfwdkYaemuf a,mwdkYrSajymif;aom yxrma,medonf tmç 'kwd,ma,medonf

{ odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ , + a,m> ed> -g=,m

,m ykaAÁ aAm"dowåmeH? yv’uF0&rmbkaZ

edrdwåmed y'dóEÅd? wmed tZÆ y'dóa&/ (Ak'¨0ifygVd)

ykaAÁ-a½S;ü? aAm"dowåmeH-bk&m;avmif;wdkY\? yv’uF0&rmbkaZ-jrwfaomyv’ifzGJUacGíaeawmfrl&m

ü? ,medrdwåmed-tMuifedrdwfwdkYonf? y'dóEÅd-xifukefNyD? wmededrdwåmed-xdkedrdwfwdkYonf? tZÆ-,aeY?

y'dóa&-xifukef\/

, + a,m> ed> a-=a, (uð rmP0ó "emed a, wH ZdeaEÅm [a& tu©"kawåm) wH-oifvkvif

udk? ZdeaEÅm-Edkifonfjzpfí? a,-,med"emed-tMuifavmif;wrf;OpömwdkYudk? tu©"kawåm-trfMuL;orm;onf?

[a&-aqmif,l&m\/ rmP0ó-oifvkviftm;? wmed"emed-xdkOpömwdkYonf? uð-tb,frSmenf;/


ã w o'´g yHkvdef^eyHkvdef wdkwGif pwkw¬D^q|D A[k0kpfü tmoH^tmomeH [k ½SdEdkifonf/

w + eH = tmoH ^ tmomeH

t> -g oH^om

ae0goH auom 'dóEÅd? [w¬yg'g p Zmvdaem (a0óEÅ&m) tmoH-xdkuPSmZmvDwdkY\?

auom-qHyifwdkYonf? ae0'dóEÅd-rxifukef? Zmvdaem-ZmvD\? [w¬yg'gp-vufajcwdkYonfvnf;?

ae0'dóEÅd-rxifukef/

oAÁemrf[lonf/ teuftm;vHk;ESifh qufqHaom emrfyk'fudk oAÁemrf[kac:onf/ oAÁo'´g ra[mEdkif

teuf[lí r½Sd/ tvHk;pHkaoma,musfm;? tvHk;pHkaom rdef;r? tvHk;pHkaomawm?

tvHk;pHkaomawmif ponfjzifh ½SdorQteufawGudk a[mEdkif\/ , paom yk'frsm;vnf; tMuifa,musfm;?

tMuifa,musfm;? tMuifawmponfjzifh ra[mEdkifaom teufr½Sd/ þodkYvQif teuftm;vHk;ESifh qufqH

aomemrfyk'fudk oAÁemrf[k ac:onf/ oAÁemrf trnf&aom yk'fwdkYonf ]]oAÁ? uw&? uwr? £w&?

tn? tnw&? tnwr? ykAÁ? ty&? 'u©dP? Owå&? t"&? ,? w? {w? £r? trk? uð? {u?

Ob? Ob,? 'Gd? wd? pwk? yÍö? wkrS? trS þ 28-yk'f paomtm;jzifh rsm;pGm½Sdonf/

bmomjyefyHk/ oAÁ-tvHk;pHkonf? uw&ç uwr-tb,fonf? £w&-qdkcJhNyD;rSwrsKd;wjcm;

wGJzufjzpfaom teufrsm;onf? tnH-wGJbuf[kwfonfjzpfapç r[kwfonfjzpfapç

wyg;tjcm;aomteufonf? tnw&ç tnwr-wpHkwa,mufonf? ykAÁ-a½SUXmeç ta½SUt&yf? y&-ae-

mufXmeç taemuft&yf? ty&-wyg;tjcm;aomt&yf? 'u©dP-awmif(vusfm)t&yf? Owå&-ajrmuf (vuf0J)

t&yf? t"&-atmuft&yf?,-tMuif? wç trk-xdk? {wç £r-þ? uð-bmç b,f? {u- eHygwfwpfçtwlç

wcsKdU paomteufrsm;? Obç Ob,-ESpfckç ESpfygpHk? 'Gd-ESpf? wd-oHk;? pwk-av;? yÍö-ig;? wkrS-oif? trS-ig/

oAÁemrf 28-yk'fudk tkyfpkcGJvQif

1/ , w {w £r trk [laom wGJzufo'´gESifhtwl teufa[m ]]ya,m*0EÅ}}oAÁemrf

2/ wkrS trS w [laom wGJzufo'´grygyJ teufaom ]]0pe}} oAÁemrf

3/ uw& uwr uð [laom ar;cGef;teufa[m ]]ykpäm}} oAÁemrf

4/ ykAÁ y& 'u©dP Owå& t"& [laom t&yfrsufESma[m ]]'dom}} oAÁemrf

5/ Ob Ob, 'Gd wd pwk yÍö [laom ta&twGuf ocsFmteufa[m ]]ocsFm}}oAÁemrf

6/ oAÁ £w& tn tnw& tnwr ty& [laom tvHk;pHkteufa[m ]]oAÁ}}oAÁemrfwdkYjzpf\/


oAÁemrfwdkYudkyif emremrfwdkYudk wdkuf½kduf roHk;vdkíjzpfap? arhavsmh&müjzpfap emremrfrsm; tpm;

toHk;jyKaomaMumifh emrfpm;[k ac:onf/

emrfpm;onf 1/ yk*¾vemrfpm; wkr? trS? w

2/ edóeemrfpm; w? {w? £r

3/ ykpämerfpm; uð

4/ tEG,Demrfpm; ,? w [k av;rsKd;½dSonf/

vl? t&m0w¬K [laom emrfrsm;tpm; oHk;pGJonfh wkrS trS w o'´gwdkYudk yk*¾vemrfpm;

[kac:onf/ xdkvl xdkpdwf ponfjzifh rdrdESifhwGJpyfaom emrfyk'fwdkYudk nTefjyaomaMumifh ], w {w £r}

wdkYudk ed'óeemrfpm;[kac:onf/ ,if;wdkYonf rdrdESifh wGJpyfaom yk'fwdkYudk txl;jyKaomaMumifh emr0dao

oevnf; rnfukef\/ xdkk ,? w? {w? £r wdkYudk tjcm;yk'fwdkYESifh rwGJpyfbJoHk;vQif yk*¾vemrfpm;?

tjcm;emrf? emrfpm;rsm;ESifh wGJpyfvQif ed'óeemrfpm;[k rSwf&rnf/ ed'óeemrfpm; (0daooe)onf

wGJpyfonfhyk'f (0daoos) ESifh vdif0kpf0dbwfwl&rnf/

yHkpH/ aom ea&m *grH *päwd/ xdkvlonf ½GmodkY oGm;\/ aom ESifh ea&m onf

0daooe 0daoosjzpfí vdif?0kpf?0dbwf wlaeonf/

om unm *grH e *päwd/ xkdrdef;uav;onf ½GmodkY roGm;/ om ESifh unm onf

vdif0kpf0dbwf wlaeonf/

wH pdwåH - xdkpdwfonf? awoH yk&domeH - xdka,musfm;wdkYtm;?

tar;0gusrsm;ü toHk;jyK&NyD;vQif tb,folonf tb,ft&mponfjzifh yk*¾Kdvf t&m0w¬Kudk

udk,fpm;jyKaomaMumifh vdiftvdkuf aum? um? uð yk'fwdkYonf ykpämemrfpm; rnfukef\/ 4if;udk tjcm;emrf?

emrfpm;rsm;ESifh wGJpyftoHk;jyKaomtcg xdkwGJyk'frsm;ESifh vdef 0kpf (udef;) 0dbwf wl&onf/

yHkpH/ aum yk&daom *päwd/ b,fa,musfm;onf oGm;oenf;/ (aum ESifh yk&daom vdif0kpf0dbwfwl)

aue ,maee tm*päod/ tb,f,Ofjzihfvmoenf;/ (aue ESifh ,maee vdif0kpf0dbwfwl)

ã emrf? emrfpm;wdkYESifh rwGJbJvnf; oHk;Edkifonf/

aum *päwd? b,foloGm;ovJ/ uH yówd? b,foludk jrifovJ- ponf

rdrdESifhwGJpyfrnfh yk'fteufodkY tpOfvdkufaom ,? w wdkYudk tEG,Demrfpm;[k qdkonf/ ed'óe

emrfpm;uJhodkY rdrdESifh,SOfwGJrnfh yk'fwdkY\ vdif udef; (0kpf) 0dbwf twdkif; ,if;udk a&;om;&rnf/ tEG,D

erfpm;ü 0gustpdwftydkifESpfck½SdNyD;vQif yxr0gusrSm ],} udkoHk;í 'kwd,0gusrSm ]w}udk oHk;onf/


, emrfpm; ygaom0gusudk ted,r0gus [kac:í w emrfpm; ygaom0gusudk ed,r0gus [k

ac:onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ted,r0gusudk a½SUrSmNyD; ed,r0gusudk aemufrSmxm;í a&;wwfonf/

bmomjyefonfhtcg ted,r 0gusudk OD;pGmjyefNyD; ed,r0gusudk aemufrSjyefyg/ ed,r0gusudk a½SUu

a&mufaeonfudkvnf; wcgw&H awGUEdkifonf/ odkYaomf bmomjyef&mwGif ted,r0gusuom pjyefyg/

, ^w tpHkygaom 0gusrsm;

1/ a,m "r®H yówd? aom rH yówd/ tMuifolonf w&m;udk jrif\/ xdkolonf ig(bk&m;)udk jrif

\/ a,m-tMuifolonf(rowfrSwf&ao;í ted,r[k ac:onf) "r®H yówd-w&m;udk jrif\?

owfrSwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? aom-xdkw&m;udk jrifolonf(owfrSwfNyD;í ed,r[k ac:onf)

2/ ,o®ð ora, aAm"doawåm Zm,wd? wo®ð ora, a'0g p rEkómp 'dAÁEÅd/ tMuiftcsdefü bk&m;

tavmif;onf zGm;jrif\/ xdktcsdefü ewfwdkYonf4if; vlwdkYonf4if; aysmfjrL;Muukef\/

3/ a, Aka'¨ p "ar® p oHaC p e yoD'EÅd? aw OZÑm,EÅd/ tMuifolwdkYonf bk&m;ü4if; w&m;ü4if;

oHCmü4if; rMunfnKdukef/ xdkolwdkYonf uJh&Jhukef\/

4/ ,o®m wGH ukZÑod? wo®m e bmood/ tMuifaMumifh oifonf pdwfqdk;\/ xdkaMumifh oifonf

pum;rajym/

5/ a, ygyH ua&mEÅd? aw tyg,H *päEÅd/ tMuifolwdkYonf raumif;rIudk jyKukef\/ xdkolwdkYonf i&JodkY

oGm;Muukef\/

6/ tw¬davmau orPjA[®Pm? a, {0H 0'EÅd/ tMuif(&[ef;ykPÖm;)wdkYonf þodkY ajymqdkukef\/ xdk

&[ef;ykPÖm;wdkYonf avmuü ½Sdukef\/

ted,r ed,r oabmESifh oHk;aom edygwfyk'frsm;

,xm - - wxm / tMuifuJhodkY - - xdkuJhodkY

,awm - - wawm / tMuifrS - - xkdrS

,'g - - w'g / tMuiftcg - - xdktcg

,m0 - - wm0 / tMuifrQavmuf - - xdkrQavmuf

,w¬ - - ww¬ / tMuifü - - xdkü

,Mw - - wMw / tMuifü - - xdkü

1/ ,xm wGH rnod? wxm wGH bmowd/ tMuifuJhodkY oifonf xif\? xdkuJhodkY oifonf ajym

\/ (oifonf oifxifovdk ajym\)

2/ ,'g aAm"doawåm Zm,wd? w'g avmau tmavmaum OyÜZÆwd/ tMuiftcg bk&m;avmif;onf

arG;zGm;\/ xdktcg avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/


3/ ,awm pE´drol&da,m avmau OyÜZÆEÅd? wawm y|m, tmavmaum ygwkb0wd/ tMuiftcgü

bk&m;tavmif;onf arG;zGm;\/ xdktcgü avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/

4/ ,Mw ol&da,m 0dp&wd? wMw tmavmaum 0dZÆwd/ tMuift&yfü aeonf vSnfhvnf\? xdkt&yf

ü tvif;a&mifonf ½Sd\/

5/ ,m0 "ar®m avmau wd|wd? wm0 Aka'¨g avmau 0dZÆwd/ tMuiftrQavmuf w&m;onf avmu

ü wnf\/ xdkrQavmuf bk&m;onf avmuü ½Sd\/

6/ ,w¬ Aka'¨g 0dZÆwd? ww¬ "ar®m 'dyÜwd/ tMuift&yfü bk&m;onf ½Sd\? xdkt&yfü w&m;onf

awmufy\/

{w (þ) o'´gyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk

y/ {aom {aw

'k/ {wH {aw

w/ {awe {aw[d? {awbd

p/ {wó {awoH? {awomeH

rD/ {wo®m? {wrSm {aw,d? {awbd

q/ {wó {awoH? {awomeH

o/ {wo®ð? {wrSd {awok

{wo'´gyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk

y/ {wH {wmed

'k/ {wH {wmed

{wo'´g yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ {w + od = {aom {w + a,m = {aw

o a-g a-

'k/ {w + i = {wH {w + a,m = {aw

a-

w/ {w + em = {awe {w + [d = {aw[d ^ {awbd

a-e wf+?> a-

p^q/ {w + o = {wó {w + eH = {awoH ^ {awomeH

ó wf+?> a- oH^ome


rD/ {w + o®m = {wo®m ^ {wrSm ({aw[d^{awb wwd,mESifhwl)

rSm

o/ {w + o®ð = {wo®ð ? {wrSd {w + ok = {awok

rSd wf+?> a-

{wo'´geyHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ {w + od = {wH {w + a,m + {wmed

i wf+?> -g ed

'k/ {w + i = {wH {w + a,m + {wmed

wf+?> -g ed

ã yHk eyHk wGif tH aMumifh {w onf {e odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ ({eH bdu©KH "r®H tZÑmaywd)

£r (þ) o'´g yHkvdef ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ t,H £ar

'k/ £rH £ar

w/ taee? £rdem £ar[d? £arbd? {[d? {bd

p/ £ró? tó £aroH? £aromeH? {oH? {omeH

rD/ £ro®m? £rrSm? to®m £ar[d? £arbd? {[d? {bd

q/ £ró? tó £aroH? £aromeH? {oH? {omeH

o/ £o®ð? £rrSd? to®ð £arok? {ok

{wo'´geyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk

y/ £'H? £rH £rmed

'k/ £'H? £rH £rmed

£ro'´g yHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ £r + od = t,H £r + a,m = £ar

t,H a-


'k/ £r + i = £rH £r + a,m = £ar

w/ £r + em = taee £r + em = £rdem

te a-e £rd

£r + [d = £ar[d^£arbd £r + [d = {[d^{bd

rf+?> a- {

p^q/ £r + o = £ró £r + o = £ró

ó t ó

£r + eH = £aroH ^ £aromeH £r + eH = {oH^{omeH

rf+?> a- oH^omeH { oH^omeH

rD/ £r + o®m = £ro®m £r + o®m = £rrSm £r + o®m = to®m

rSm t

(£ar[d^£arbd ? {[d^{bd wwd,mESifhwl)

o/ £r + o®ð = £ro®ð £r + o®ð = £rrSd £r + o®ð = to®ð

rSd t

£r + ok = £arok £r + ok = {ok

rf+?> a- {

£ro'´g eyHkvdef ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ £r+od = £'H £r + od = £rH £r + a,m = £rmed

£'H i rf+?> -g ed

y/ £r+i = £'H £r + i = £rH £r + a,m = £rmed

£'H rf+?> -g ed

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

78/ £ród'rHodok eyHkoau/ eyHkvdefü tH od 0dbwfaMumifh £r onf 0dbwfESifhtwl £'H odkY ajymif;onf/

119/ oAÁódraó0g/ ok eH [d wdkYaMumifh £r o'´gonf wcgw&H { odkYajymif;onf/

120/ tedrdemrSdp/ em aMumihf £onf te odkY[kwf £rd odkY tNrJ ajymif;onf/

121/ teyHkouóm,HodrSd/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom £r onf t,H odkY ajymif;onf/

126/ £ro'´óp/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrSajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh £r onf t odkY

wcgw&H ajymif;onf/


ã £r onf t,Hç £rdç teç £'Hç t odkY ajymif;Edkifonfudk owdjyKyg/ t,H

£rd

£r te

tpDt&ifxl; £'H

t

ã ykHvdefü o®ð aESmif;&müvnf; £r onf te odkY ajymif;onf/ £r + o®ð = terSd

te rSd

terSd ba'´ okaomaP? uð Ek Z*¢od aombaP (ZmwfygVdawmf) okaomaP-aumif;aom

cg;½Sdaom? aombaP-wifhw,fpGmaom? ba'´-½Sifr? uðEk-tb,fhaMumifh? terSd-þawmt&yfü?

uð Ek -tb,fhaMumifh? Z*¢od-&,f&oenf;/

ã eyHkvdefü yxrm a,mjzifh £rm? 'kwd,ma,mjzifh £ar [k ½SdEdkifonf/

uð (bm?b,f) yHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk

y/ aum aum

'k/ uH au

w/ aue au[d? aubd

p/ uó? udó auoH? auomeH

rD/ uo®m? urSm au[d? aubd

q/ uó? udó auoH? auomeH

o/ uo®ð? udo®ð? urSd? udrSd auok

uð (bm?b,f) eyHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk

y/ uð umed

'k/ uð umed


uð (bm?b,f) yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ uð + od = aum uð + a,m = au

u a-g u a-

'k/ uð + i = uH uð + a,m = au

u u a-

w/ uð + em = aue uð + [d = au[dâubd

u a-e uf+?> a-

p^q/ uð + o = uó uð + o = udó uð + eH = auoH ^ auomeH

u ó ud ó uf+?> a- oHômeH

rD/ uð + o®m = uo®m uð + o®m = urSm

u u rSm

o/ uð + o®ð = uo®ðûrSd uð + o®ð = udo®ðûdrSd uð + ok = auok

u rSd ud rSd uf+?> a-

uð (bm?b,f) yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ uð + od = uð uð + a,m = umed

uf+?> -g ed

'k/ uð + i = uð uð + a,m = umed

uf+?> -g ed

ã uð udk tH 0dbwfESifh AsÍÆaepjzifh uð\ ed*¾[wfacsNyD;? tHarm-jzifh tH udk ed*¾[wfajymif;ívnf; ½kyf

NyD;yHk jyMuonf? awokjzifh tHudk acsjcif;u ydkvG,fonf)

ã ykHvdefêyHvdef o®mü udo®m? udrSm? eykHvdef odü uH? yxrma,mü au? tHü uH? 'kwd,ma,mü au

[kaom ½kyfyHkpHrsm; ½SdEdkifonf/


pnf;rsOf;rsm;

39/ AsÍÆaep/ aemufu AsOf;½SdvQif a½SUued*¾[dwfonf wcgw&H aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

178/ aoaookp/ 0rS<uif;aom ypönf;0dbwfaMumifh uðonf u odkYajymif;onf/

61/ awok0k'¨d/ ½kyfajymif;vJyHk NyD;ajrmufap&ef vdktyfovdk vkyfEdkifonf/

(usefponf;rsOf;rsm; a½SUu oAÁemrf , ESifh wl)

zwfpm0gusrsm;

1/ wó ykawåm okeac[d o'¨ð 0eH *päd/ ol\ om;onf acG;wdkYESifh twl awmodkY oGm;NyD/

2/ ur®um&m awoH ur®H ua&mEÅd/ tvkyformwdkYonf olwdkY\ tvkyfudk jyKvkyfukef\/

3/ Aka'¨g 0d[ma& awoH "r®H uaxod/ bk&m;onf ausmif;ü olwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mNyD/

4/ trSmuH &a| ap&m rEkaó 'kóEÅd/ igwdkY\ wdkif;jynfü olcdk;wdkYonf vlwdkYudk zsufqD;ukef\/

5/ wGH wH ykpäm[d/ oifonf xdkokYudk ar;yg/

6/ trSmuH a*a[ rmvma,m e a[mEÅd/ uRfEkyfwdkY\ tdrfü yef;wdkYonf r½Sdukef/

7/ wó rkac tóled b0EÅd/ xdkol\ rsufESmü rsuf&nfwdkYonf jzpfukef\/

8/ wkarS ygyged rm tu&dw¬/ oifwdkYonf raumif;rIwdkYudk rjyKMuukefvifh/

ã rm onf wm;jrpfjcif; t"dyÜg,f&aom edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ ]r} [k bmomjyefyg/ umvmwdywådcsefí

usef0dbwftm;vHk;ESifh wGJoHk;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD yÍörDwdkYjzifh wGJonfu rsm;onf/

rmedygwfESifh wGJaom [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD wdkYonf twdwfumvudkomru ypöKyÜef tem*wf umvudk

yg azmfjyEdkifavonf/

9/ aom aw[d o'¨ð bdu©Kó 0d[m&H *päd/ xdkolonf xdkolwdkYESifhtwl &[ef;\ ausmif;odkY oGm;NyD/

10/ r,H awoH 0w¬med t'goHk/ igwdkYonf xdkolwdkYtm; t0wfudk av;vªcJhukefNyD/

11/ tmp&da,m trSmuH [dwH ua&mwd/ q&monf igwdkY\ pD;yGm;udk jyK\/

12/ wkrSmuH rdwåm trSmuH a*[H 0oEÅd/ oifwdkY\ rdwfaqGwdkYonf igwdkY\ tdrfü aeukef\/

13/ t,H 'g&aum wkrSmuH ykawåm ta[mod/ þuav;onf oifwdkY\om; jzpfcJhNyD/

14/ £ar odóm tmp&d,ó pD0&med a"m0EÅd/ þwynfhwdkYonf q&m\ ouFef;wdkYudk avQmfzGwfukef\/

15/ wkarS oHCó pD0&med a'x/ oifwdkYonf oHCmtm; ouFef;udk ay;vªMuukef\/

16/ {awoH orPmeH odóm trSmuH rdwåm ta[oHk/ þ&[ef;wdkY\ wynfhwdkYonf igwdkY\

rdwfaqGrsm; jzpfukefNyD/


17/ t,H yk&daom 0gPdaZm b0wd/ þa,musfm;onf ukefonfjzpfonf/

18/ wGH {aw[d a*gaP[d acwåH uood/ oifonf þEGm;wdkYESifh v,fudk xGef\/

19/ {wmed "emed b&d,m, 0w¬L a[mEÅd/ þypönf;OpömwdkYonf r,m;\ OpömwdkYonf jzpfukef\/

20/ oraPm {awe oDave pdwåó okcH tvbd/ &[ef;onf þoDvaMumifh pdwf\ csrf;omjcif;udk &cJhNyD/

21/ wkarS £rdem Amave e 0oEÅd/ oifwdkYonf þvlAdkuf raeMuukef/

22/ r,H {aw[d ykayæ[d apwd,ó ylaZr/ igwdkYonf þyef;wdkYjzifh apwDtm; ylaZmfMukef\/

23/ £arok yAÁawok ½ku©m ½k[EÅd/ þawmifwdkYü opfyifwdkYonf aygufukef\/

tar;0gusrsm;

24/ aum 'g&aum ur®H ua&mwd/ tb,f uav;onf tvkyfudk vkyfoenf;/

25/ uo®ð *gar wGH 0ood/ oifonf tb,f½Gmü aeoenf;/

26/ uo®m *grSm wkarS tm*päx/ tb,f½GmrS oifwdkYonf vmMuoenf;/

27/ umed zvmed 'g&um ,mpEÅd/ tb,f toD;wdkYudk uav;wdkYonf awmif;Muukefoenf;/

28/ aum w0 tmp&da,m a[mwd/ tb,folonf oif\ q&m jzpfoenf;/

29/ auok Xmaeok wkarS 0ox/ tb,ft&yfü oifwdkYonf aeMuukefoenf;/

30/ uó ykawåm O'uH ,mpwd/ tb,fol\ om;onf a&udk awmif;oenf;/

31/ wGH umed zvmed bkÍÆod/ oifonf tb,f toDwdkYudk pm;oenf;/

32/ au trSmuH o,m,H yóEÅd/ tb,folwdkYonf igwdkY\ rdwfaqGudk jrifMuoenf;/

33 / uwarm emr aom ½kau©m/ xdktyifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/

34/ t,H uð emarm/ þudk&ifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/

35/ t,H Ak'¨&u©dawm emr / þudk&ifonf Ak'¨&u©w rnf\/ (tajz0gus)

ã emr onf 1? edygwf emr 2? emrf emr [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ 0dbwfrjrif&aom emr udk edygwfemr [k

rSwfyg/ 0dbwfjrif&aom emarm? emrH udk emrfemr [krSwfyg/ edygwfemrü emr+od=emr [k od udk

acszsufí ½kyfNyD;í emr-rnf\ [kom tenf;udef; jyefyg/ emarmü emr+od=emarm? odonf Mo okdY

ajymif;í emarm NyD;ojzifh uðemarm-tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;[k tenf;udef;jyefyg/ emrmü emr+a,m?

a,monf tmodkYajymif;í emrm[k NyD;ojzifh uðemrm-tb,ftrnf½Sdukefoenf;[k trsm;udef;jyefyg/

uðudk emrESifh q|DA[kAÁDormof wGJpyfvQif uðemarm? aumemarm paom yHkvdef½kyf? uðemrH? uðemrmed

paom eyHkvdef½kyf? uðemrm? umemrm paom £w¬dvdef½kyfrsm; 0dbwftm;vHküyif½Sd[k o'´eDwdqdk\/

odkYaomf uðemarm? aumemarm rSwyg;aom ½kyfyHkpHrsm; yd#uwfawmfü awGU&cJonf/(wGJzuf 115^bm#D'k-60)

36/ £ar uð emrm/ þolwdkYonf tb,f trnf½SdMuoenf;/

37/ £ar omraP&m emr/ þolwdkYonf udk&ifwdkY rnf\/ (tajz0gus)


38/ wGH uð emarm/ oifonf tb,f trnf½Sd oenf;/

39/ t[H armif0 emr/ uREkfyfonf armif0 rnf\/

40/ wkarS uð emrm/ oifwdkYonf tb,f trnf½SdMuoenf;/

41/ r,H orPm emr/ uREkfyfwdkYonf &[ef;wdkY rnf\/

42/ aum Aka'¨g a[mwd/ tb,folonf bk&m;jzpfoenf;/

43/ od'äwåm Aka'¨g a[mwd/ od'¨wåonf bk&m; jzpf\/

44/ aum o,wd/ tb,folonf tdyfoenf;/

45/ 'g&dum ypwd/ uav;ronf csuf\/

46/ au *päEÅd/ tb,folwdkYonf oGm;Muukefoenf;/

47/ yk&dom *päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;Muukef\/

48/ tm0kaom omaP& - t,H 'g&aum uð emarm/ igh½Sif udk&if? þoli,fonf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/

49/ baEÅ Ak'¨&u©dw - t,H 'g&aum armif0 emr/ t½Sifbk&m; Ak'¨&u©dw? þuav;onf armif0 rnf\/

ã tm0kaomç abmç baEÅç abmaEÅmç abmwd wdkYonf ac:aomç jyefíxl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfonf/ i,fol

i,foludk ]tm0koaom} (igh½Sif ̂ igh½SifwdkY) [kvnf;aumif;ç BuD;oludk ]baEÅ} (t½Sifbk&m; ̂ t½Sifbk&m;wdkY)

[kvnf;aumif; oHk;pGJyg/ Ak'ÿ&dedAÁmefrpHrSDu BuD;BuD;i,fi,f tcsifcsif; tm0kaom[k ac:Muonf/

Ak'ÿ&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf BuD;olui,foludk tm0kaom? i,folu BuD;oludk baEÅ [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJ&onf/

tm0kaom ESifh baEÅ tenf;udef; trsm;udef; ESpfrsKd;oHk;Edkifaom edygwfyk'frsm; jzpfMuonf/ abm onf

udkvnf; tenf;udef;trsm;udef; ESpfrsKd;oHk; edygwftjzpf,lEdkifonf/ abmudk emrftjzpf,lrl yHkvdefêyHkvdef

ü ]abm} £w¬dvdefü ]abmwd} jzpfonf/ (abm-tdktcsif;ç tdktcsif;wdkY? tdkt½Sifç tdkt½SifhwdkY) (abmwd-

tdk½Sifr? (b0EÅ >abmw+(e'g'd)-D>-d+(tmvkyf) od ) abmudk emrftjzpf,rl b0EÅ>abm+(tmvkyf) od?

[k NyD;onf/ abm yk&do ü abm um; þ abmwnf;/ baEÅmum; b0EÅ>abmEÅ+a,m>a-g/

(abmaEÅm-t½Sifaumif;wdkY? t½Sifaumif;wdkYonf) (bmom#Dum? wdydjrefrm wdkYrS aumufEkwfcsuf)

50/ abmwd uan - t,H 'g&dum uð emrm/ tdk owdkYorD;-þuav;ronf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/

51/ abm yk&do - t,H 'g&dum rat; emr/ tdk a,musfm; - þuav;ronf rat;trnf½Sd\/

52/ abm 'g&u - wGH uð emarm/ tdk oli,f - oifonf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/

53/ abm orP - t[H armifvS emr/ tdk &[ef; - wynfhawmfonf armifvStrnf½Sdyg\/

54/ abmwd 'g&dau - wGH uð emrm/ tdk uav;r - oifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/

55/ abm yk&do - t[H raxG; emr/ tdk a,musfm; uRefronf raxG;trnf½Sdyg\/

56/ abm omraP& - t,H 0d[m&a&m uð emarm/ tdkudk&if - þausmif;onf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/

57/ abmaEÅm orPm - t,H 0d[ma&m aZw0eH emr/ tdk &[ef;wdkY - þausmif;onf aZw0ef

trnf½Sdyg\/


tem*wfBud,m

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr ówd óEÅd

wkrS óod óx

trS ómrd ómr

(bl-jzpfjcif;) b0dówd b0dóEÅd

b0dóod b0dóx

b0dómrd b0dómr

(*rf-oGm;jcif;) *rdówd *rdóEÅd

*rdóod *rdóx

*rdómrd *rdómr

([l-jzpfjcif;) a[ówd a[óEÅd

a[óod a[óx

a[ómrd a[ómr

ã 1/ 'g? Xm paom tmqHk;aom "mwfudkqufvQif tmudk todkYajymif;NyD; quf&onf

yHkpH - 'g> ' + ówd = 'ówd

2/ { qHk;aom yk'fudk wdkuf½kduf quf&onf/

yHkpH - aZ + ówd = aZówd/

3/ {rSwyg;aom o&rsm;qHk;aom "mwfodkY qufvQif ó a½SUrSm £(-d)cH quf&onf/

yHkpH - *päf+ (-d) + ó = *pädówd/

ã tem*wf umvü jzpfay:rnfh taMumif;t&mudk ajymjyvkd&mü b0dóEÅd udk toHk;jyKyg/

xdkYjyif thHMojcif;ç csD;rGrf;jcif;ç uJh&Jhjcif; t"dyÜg,fudkazmfjyaom emr ESifh wGJoHk&mwGif b0dóEÅdonf

twdwfu tjzpftysufudkvnf; &nfnTef;azmfjyonf/

yHkpH/ (1) tem*aw arawåa,smemr Aka'¨g b0dówd/ aemiftcgü arawå,srnfaombk&m;onf yGifhvdrfhrnf/

(2) tpä&d,H taE¨memr yAÁwrma&m[dówd/ taE¨m-oluPf;onf? ormaem-jzpfygvQuf? yAÁwH-awmif

ay:okdY? tma&m[dówdemr-wufEdkifygay\? tpä&d,H-tHhMozG,faumif;aypG/ (tHhMojcif;)


(3) £ar[demr uvsmP"r®m y#dZmedóEÅd/ £ar([d)-þraumif;aomw&m½SdolwdkYonf? uvsmP"r®m-

aumif;aomw&m;½SdolwdkY[lí? y#dZmedóEÅdemr-0efcHukefbd\/ (uJh&Jhjcif;)

(4) ,Mw[demr wxm*awm twDaw Aka'¨ y&dedAÁKaw qdEéyyaÍö qdEé0#Kar y&d,m'dEé0a¥

oAÁ'ku©0Dwdawå Zmwdawmyd tEkó&dówd/ ('D?2? 7)

wxm*awm-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf?,Mw[d-tMuifhaMumifhomvQif? twDaw-vGefNyD;ukefaom? y&dedAÁKaw-

y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;ukefaom? qdEéyyaÍö-t<uif;rJhjzwftyfNyD;aom yyÍöw&m;½Sdawmfrlukefaom? qdEé0#Kar-

jzwftyfNyD;aom ur®0#f½Sdawmfrlukefaom? oAÁ'ku©0Dwdaw-ukefaptyfNyD;aom0#fqif;&J½Sdawmfrlukefaom?

Aka'¨-bk&m;½SifwdkYudk? Zmwdawmyd-trsKd;tm;jzifhvnf;? tEkówdemr-odawmfrlEdkif\/ (csD;rGrf;jcif;)

]

eESifhEkygaomBud,mrsm;

]e} onf wm;jrpfjcif; t"dyÜg,f&aom edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ ]Ek} onfvnf; ar;cGef;oauFwjy

edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ e udk r [k bmomyg/ Ek udk avm? vm;? vJ [k bmomjyefyg/

1/ tw¬d Ek 'g&aum/ uav;onf ½Sdovm;/ (tar;)

2/ tmr . . tw¬d 'g&aum/ [kwfuJh uav;onf ½Sd\/ (tajz)

3/ *päwd Ek unm/ trsKd;orD; ½Sdovm;/

4/ tmr . . *päwd unm/ [kwfuJh . . trsKd;orD; ½Sdyg\/

5/ o,od Ek wGH/ oifonf tdyfae ovm;/

6/ tmr . . o,mrd t[H/ [kwfuJh . . uREkfyftdyfaeyg\/

7/ ypEÅd Ek 'g&duma,m/ uav;rwdkYonf csufaeMuovm;/

8/ tmr . . ypEÅd 'g&duma,m/ [kwfuJh uav;rwdkYonf csufaeMuukef\/

9/ a'aowd Ek tm0kaom Aka'¨g "r®H/ igh½Sif . . bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[movm;/

10/ tmr . . a'aowd Aka'¨g "r®H/ wifyg . . bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[mygonf/

ã tmr udk rSefyg? wifyg? [kwfuJh? tif; (tdrf;) [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/ tm0kaomç baEÅ paom

tmvkyfwdkYudk rsm;aomtm;jzifh wyk'faemifxm;avh½Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H tpqHk;rSmvnf; xm;avh½Sd

onf/

11/ *päod Ek tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;oavm/

12/ tmr *pämrd t[H *grH/ [kwfuJh uREkfyf ½GmodkYoGm;ygonf/

13/ ypx Ek abmwda,m . . wkarS bwåH/ t½SifrwdkY oifwdkYonf xrif;csufMuovm;/

14/ tmr ypmr r,H bwåH/ [kwfuJh uRefrwdkY xrif;csufMuygonf/


Ekjzifhar;NyD; ejzifhajzaom 0gusrsm;

15/ tw¬d Ek tm0kaom bwåH/ igh½Sif xrif;onf ½Sdovm;/

16/ ew¬d baEÅ bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; xrif; r½Sdawmhyg/

17/ oEÅd Ek tm0kaom rEkóm/ igh½Sif vlwdkYonf ½SdMuovm;/

18/ e oEÅd baEÅ rEkóm/ t½Sifbk&m; vlwdkYonf r½SdMuyg/

19/ tod Ek wGH tm0kaom omraPa&m/ igh½Sif oifonf omraP jzpfovm;/

20/ e trSd baEÅ omraPa&m/ t½Sifbk&m; uREkfyfonf omraP r[kwfyg/

21/ ypwd Ek tm0kaom 'g&dum bwåH/ igh½Sif uav;ronf xrif; csufovm;/

22/ e ypwd baEÅ 'g&dum bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; uav;ronf xrif; rcsuf/

23/ *päwd Ek tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;ovm;/

24/ e *pämrd baEÅ t[H *grH/ t½Sifbk&m; uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/

eEkjzifh ar;aom tar;0gusrsm;

25/ tw¬d eEk tm0kaom Aka'¨g/ t½Sifbk&m; bk&m;onf ½Sdonfr[kwfvm;/

26/ tmr baEÅç Aka'¨g tw¬d/ wifyg . t½Sifbk&m;? bk&m;onf ½Sdyg\/

27/ a'aoEÅd eEk tm0kaom Ak'¨g "r®H/ igh½Sif - bk&m;wdkYonf w&m;udk a[mMuonf r[kwfavm/

28/ tmr baEÅ Ak'¨g "r®H a'aaoEÅd/ [kwfuJh .. t½Sifbk&m;? bk&m;wdkYonf w&m;ukd a[mukef\/

29/ ypwd eEk tm0kaom unm bwåH/ igh½Sif owdkYorD;onf xrif;udk csufonf r[kwfavm/

30/ e ypwd baEÅ unm bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; owdkYorD;onf xrif;udk rcsuf/

31/ *päod eEk tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;onf r[kwfavm/

32/ e *pämrd baEÅ t[H *grH/ t½Sifbk&m; uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/

eESifhEk tMum; Bud,mxm;aom 0gusrsm;

33/ e *päod Ek wGH r*¾H/ oifonf vrf;odkY roGm;bl;vm;/

34/ tmr . . e *pämrd t[H r*¾H/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf vrf;odkY roGm;yg/

35/ e *päod Ek wGH *grH/ oifonf ½GmodkY roGm;bl;vm;/

36/ tmr . .t[H *grH e *pämrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/

37/ e ypod Ek wGH bwåH/ oifonf xrif;udk rcsufblvm;/

38/ tmr t[H bwåH e ypmrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf xrif;udk rcsufyg/


eESifh eEktMum; Bud,mxm;aom 0gusrsm;

34/ e *päw eEk wGH *grH/ oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;onf r[kwfavm/

35/ tmr t[H *grH e*pämrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/

36/ e ypod eEk wGH bwåH/ oifonf xrif;udk csufonf r[kwfavm/

37/ tmr . . t[H bwåH e ypmrd/ [kwfuJh . . uREkfyfonf xrif;udk rcsufyg/

ã e+*päwd+eEk=roGm;onfr[kwfavm? e+tw¬d+eEk=r½Sdonfr[kwfavm? ea[mwdeEk-rjzpfonfr[kwf

avm? þodkY yk'fpOftwdkif; jrefrmjyefyg/

37/ Aka'¨g a[mwd/ bk&m;onf jzpf\/

38/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd/ bk&m;onf rjzpf/

39/ Aka'¨g a[mwd Ek/ bk&m;onf jzpfoavm/

40/ Aka'¨g a[mwd eEk/ bk&m;onf jzpfonf r[kwfavm/

41/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd Ek/ bk&m;onf rjzpfoavm/

42/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd eEk/ bk&m;onf rjzpfonf r[kwfavm/

tem*wf0gusrsm;

43/ 0odóod Ek wGH £ro®ð 0d[ma& £rH awrmoH/ oifonf þausmif;wdkufü þoHk;vywfvHk;

aeygrnfvm;/

44/ em[H 0odómrd £ro®ð 0d[ma& £rH awrmoH/ igonf þausmif;wdkufü þoHk;vywfvHk;

aevdrfhrnfr[kwf/

45/ t[H 'g&aue o'¨ð armawmf,maee rEÅav;e*&H *rdómrd/ igonf uav;ESifhtwl armfawmf

,Ofjzifh rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;tHh/

46/ r,H £ro®ð 0d[ma& oHCó £rmed pD0&med 'ómr/ igwdkYonf þausmif;wdkufü oHCmtm;

þouFef;wdkYudk vªMuvdrfrnf/

47/ wkarS £ro®m 0d[m&m edu©rdóx/ oifwdkYonf þausmif;wdkufrS xGufMuvdrfhrnf/

48/ £'H pD0&H rr oEÅuH a[ówd/ þouFef;onf ig\ Opömonf jzpfvdrfhrnf/

49/ tmp&da,m trSmuH Mo0g'H 'ówd/ q&monf igwdkYtm; tqHk;trudk ay;vdrfhrnf/


50/ rpöK oawå aeówd/ aorif;onf owå0gwdkYudk ac:aqmifvdrfhrnf/

51/ 'g&dum uo®m oHCó tw¬m, bwåH e ypdówd/ uav;ronf tb,fhaMumifh oHCmawmf

wdkY tusKd;iSg qGrf;udk rcsufvdrfhrnfenf;/

ã tum&EÅ pum;vHk;rsm;aemuf½Sd pwkw¬D{u0kpf o onf tm, (-g,) odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ xdkodkY

ajymif;vmaom tm,(-g,) udk iSgç tvdkYiSgç twGufç [k jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ yk&doóç

unm, wdkYvdk tm; [k jrefrmrjyef&/ tw¬+o>g,=tw¬m,/ [dw+ o>-g,=[dwm,/

okc+o>-g,=okcg,/ (tw¬m,-tusKd;iSm? [dwm,-pD;yGg;tvdkYiSm? okcg,-csrf;omtvdkYiSg)

ouúwo'´gwdkYüum; iSg [k jrefrmjyefonfjzpfapç rjyefonfjzpfap o onf tm, odkY tNrJ

ajymif;onf/ xdkYaMumifh tm, udk tm;[k jrefrmjyefEdkifonf/ earm Ak'¨g, od'¨H/ Ak'¨g,-bk½Siftm;?

aerm-½Sdcdk;yg\/ od'¨H-vdk&mqE´ NyD;ajrmufygapownf;/

xdkYjyif pwkw¬D{u0kpf o onf tH(-H) odkYvnf; ajymif;Edkifonf/ 'óe+ o> -H ='óeH

"r®ó0e+ o> -H = "r®ó0eH ('óeH-zl;jrifjcif;iSg? "r®ó0eH-w&m;emjcif;iSm)

(tajcjyK85-86)

52/ Aka'¨g auoH tw¬m, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'önf tb,folwdkY tusKd;iSm jzpfawmf(yGifhawmf)rloenf;/

53/ Aka'¨g owåmeH tw¬m, OyZÆwd/ Ak'önf owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;iSm jzpfawmf(yGifhawmf)rl\/

54/ Aka'¨g auoH [dwm, okcg, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'önf tb,folwdkY pD;yGm;tvdkYiSg csrf;omjcif;iSm jzpfawmfrloenf;/

55/ Aka'¨g a'0rEkómeH [dwm, okcg, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'önf ewfvlwdkY\ pD;yGm;tvdkYiSg csrf;omjcif;iSm

jzpfawmfrloenf;/

56/ wGH udrw¬m, *grH *päwd/ oifonf tb,ftusKd;iSg ½GmodkY oGm;oenf;/

57/ t[H yd@m, *grH *pämrd/ igonf qGrf;tvkdYiSm ½GmodkY oGm;\/

Bud,mrygaom wkvswf vd*Fwf0gus

58/ £'H auoH bwåH/ þ[monf b,folwdkYtwGuf xrif;vJ/ (£r+od=£'H? bwå+od=bwåH)

59/ £'H tm*EÅKumeH bwåH/ þ[monf {nfhonfwdkYtwGuf xrif;yg/

ã yk'fESpfyk'fwdkY\ teuft"dyÜg,ft& ruGJjym;yJ wlrQjcif;onf wkvswfrnf\/ vdif\teufom ½Sdaom

yk'fonf vd*Fwfrnf\/ £'H t&vnf; xrif;? bwåH t&vnf; xrif;yifjzpfí ESpfyk'fvHk; t"dyÜg,f

ruGJjym;í wkvswfrnf\/ ESpfyk'fvHk;wGif yxrm0dbwfqufay;xm;í vd*Fwfvnf; rnf\/ odkYaomf

emrnfuGJatmif a½SYyk'f £'Hudk wkvswfç aemufyk'fbwåHudk vd*Fwf[k ac:onf/


60/ t,H ukovavm emr/ þudk&ifonf ukov rnf\/(emremrf)

61/ ukoavm t,H/ ukovonf þudk&ifyJ/ (oAÁemrf)

62/ t,H &mZykawåm/ þolonf rif;om;ygyJ/ (ormofemrf)

63/ t,H 0gaoa|m/ þolonf 0gao|\ om;yJ/ (w'¨wfemrf)

64/ t,H Oy|maum/ þolonf tvkyftauR;yJ/ (udwfemrf)

65/ t,H aAm"d½kau©m/ þ[monf aAm"dyifyg/

66/ {aom ar ow¬m/ þolonf ig\ q&myg/

67/ aom rr o[ma,m/ olonf uRefawmf\ oli,fcsif;yg/

68/ {aom ar twåm/ þ[monf ig\ twåyg/

69/ earaom twåm/ þ[monf ig\ twår[kwfyg/

70/ a'Gar bdu©a0 ypö,m rdpäm'd|d,m OyÜg'g,/ (tH? 1? 86) tmom'kyÜZ[0*f/ &[ef;wdkY rSm;aomt,ludk jzpfapjcif;iSg taMumif;wdkYonf þESpfyg;wdkYwnf;/

71/ {om bdu©a0 wkvm {wH yrmPH rr om0umeH bdu©LeH ,'d'H om&dykwåarm*¾v’m emwd/ (tH? 1? 87) tm,mpe0*f/ &[ef;wdkY igbk&m;\ wynfhjzpfukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif tMuif om&dykMwmarm*¾vmefwdkYonf ½Sdukef\/ igbk&m;\ wynfhjzpfukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif þom&dykMwmarm*¾vmefwdkYonf csdefcGifyrm EdIif;½Sdefp&mwnf;/ wif;awmifyrm EIdif;,SOfp&mwnf;/

72/ aom {0rm[ ]] {xm,H ra*¾g t,H y#dy'g/ (tH? 1? 169) o*Fg&0okwf/ xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;onf þodkY ajym\/ vmMuukefavm? þonfum; r*fwnf;? þonfum; tusifhwnf;/

73/ £ar "r®m tukovm/ (tH? 1? 190) auorkwådokwf/ þw&m;wdkYonf tukodkvf w&m;wdkYyJ/

74/ £wdaywH twpäH? £wdaywH tblwH/ (tH? 1? 203) tukovrlvokwf/ þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf; þtaMumif;t&monf rrSef/ þtMumif;aMumifhvnf; þtaMumif;t&monf rrSef/


75/ ur®H acwåH? 0dnmPH ADZH? wPSm aoéa[m/ (tH? 1? 224) yXrb0okwf/ uHonf v,f,majrwnf;? (uHESifhwuGjzpfaom) 0dnmPfonf rsKd;aphwnf;/ wPSmonf a&wnf;/

76/ oGm[H jA[®P aZa|m aoa|m avmuó/ (0d? 1? 4) ed'gef;/ jA[®P xdkigonf wavmuvHk;\ tBuD;tuJwnf;/ wavmuvHk;\ tjrwfqHk;wnf;/

77/ aom ]]£'H 'ku©}}EÅd ,xmblwH tAÇnmoð/ (0d? 1? 6) ed'gef;/ xdkigonf þw&m;onf 'ku©wnf;[lí [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odcJhNyD/

78/ £'H aw wmw ok'dEé rmwk rwåduH/ (0d? 1? 19) yxryg&mZdu/ cspfom; ok'dEé? þa½TaiGOpömonf oif\ tar\ trdrS&aomOpömwnf;/

79/ wOö acg t&an ty&d*¾[dwH/ (0d? 1? 54) 'kwd,yg&mZdu/ xkdxif;jrufa&onfvnf; awmü rodrf;ydkuftyfaom xif;jrufa&ygwnf;/

80/ aom ta*¾g r[mapma&m/ a,m toEÅH tblwH Owå&drEkó"r®H Ov’ywd/(0d? 1? 115) tMuif&[ef;onf xif½Smr½Sdaom rjzpfbl;aom psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;udk 0g<um;ajymqdk\/ xdk&[ef;onf tqdk;qHk;aom olcdk;BuD;wnf;/

81/ £'H yrmPH/ 'g twdkif;twmyJ/

82/ {aom acg tm0kaom bdu©LeH a0,sm0pöua&mwd/ &mZodu©myk'fygVd/ 'g,um? þolonf &[ef;wdkY\ a0,sm0pöudk jyKay;olwnf;/

83/ t[H baEÅ t'¨daum/ ("r®y'? 1? 11) pu©Kygvaw¬&0w¬K/ t½Sifbk&m; uREkfyfonf c&D;oGm;yg/

84/ t[H 0Oösm/ ("r®y'? 1? 30) umV,u©deD0w¬K/ igonf tNrKHryJ/

85/ t,H om ,u©deD/ ("r®y'? 1? 32) umV,u©deD0w¬K/ þrdef;ronf xdk(om;ESpfa,mufudkpm;aom)bDvl;ryJ/


89/ Ak'¨Ky|maum {aom/ ("r®y'? 1? 39) aumorÁu0w¬K/ þ(tmeE´m)onf (ig)bk&m;tvkyftauR;wnf;/

90/ t,H awoH bdu©LeH tnwa&m/ ("r®y'? 1? 58) om&dykwåaw¬&0w¬K/ xdk&[ef;wdkYwGif þ&[ef;onf wyg;tygtoifyJ/

92/ aZ|ykawåm ar Aka'¨g? ued|ykawåm yXrt*¾om0aum? yka&m[dwykawåm 'kwd,t*¾om0aum/ ("r®y'? 1? 64) om&dykwåaw¬&0w¬K/ ig\ om;awmfBuD;u bk&m;? nDi,fom;u yxrt*¾om0u? yka&m[dwfykPÖm;om;u 'kwd,t*¾om0u/

93/ t[H wmw ukrma&m/ ("r®y'? 1? 75) eE´aw¬&0w¬K/ zcif? uREkfyfonf &m[kvm rif;om;yg/

ã wmw udk zcifç tbç cspfom;ç tarmifç nDcspfç tcsif; [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/

94/ £'H awoH ok'dEé'geó zvH/ ("r®y'? 1? 365) y@dwomraP&0w¬K/ þonfum; xdk(bk&m;½Sif)wdkY\ aumif;pGmvªtyfaomtvª\ tusKd;wnf;/(edos'k502)

95/ uwar "r®m ukovm/ (tbd? 1? 17) tb,fw&m;wdkYonf ukodkvfwdkYenf;/

96/ {uapö {0rm[Hok ]]½lyg umrmeH t*¾}}EÅd/ (oH? 1? 79) umr*kPfwdkYwGif ½lyg½kHwdkYonf tjrwfqHk;wnf; [k þodkY tcsKdUu ajymMu\/

97/ tyÜrma'g acg r[m&mZ {aum "ar®m/ (oH? 1? 87) rif;BuD; (ypöKyÜefwrvGef ESpfwefaomtusKd;udk ay;Edkifaom) wyg;aomw&m;qdkwm tyÜrm'yJ/

98/ rma&m t,H ygydrm/ (oH? 1? 133) þolum; ,kwfrmaom rm&fewfwnf;/

99/ t,H aw yawåm/ 'g[m oifh&Jh oydwfyJ/

100/ t,H aw Owå&moa*Fg/ 'g[m oifh&Jh {uoDyJ/


001/ ½lyH bdu©a0 tedpöH? a0'em tedpöm? onm tedpöm? ocFg&m tedpöm? 0dnmPH tedpöH/ ½lyH bdu©a0 'ku©H? a0'em 'ku©m? onm 'ku©m? ocFg&m 'ku©m? 0dnmPH 'ku©H/ ½lyH bdu©a0 tewåm? a0'em tewåm? onm tewåm? ocFg&m tewåm? 0dnmPH tewåm/ (oH?2?18-19)

102/


*kP0g'd*kdPf; (ykHvdef)

*kP0g-*kPf½Sdol

y/ *kP0g? *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm

tm/ abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g abmaEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm

'k/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ

w/ *kP0wm? *kP0aEÅe *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd

p/ *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?

rD/ *kP0wm? *kP0EÅo®m? *kP0EÅrSm? *kP0EÅm *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd

q/ *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?

o/ *kP0wd? *kP0EÅo®ð? *kP0EÅrSd? *kP0aEÅ *kP0aEÅok

*kP0g'd*kdPf; (eykHvdef)

y/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅm? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed

tm/ abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g b0EÅmed *kP0EÅm? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed

'k/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed

(wwd,mrS pí yHkvdefESifhwl)

*kP0g'd*kdPf;yHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0g *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0aEÅm

-g EÅf+K> ? a-g

*kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅm *kP0EÅK+ a,m = *kPaEÅm

EÅf+K> ? -g aEÅm

tm/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g (*kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm? yxrma,mESifhwl)

-Hç ?ç -g

'k/ *kP0 EÅK + i =*kP0H *kP0EÅK + i = *kP0EÅH *kP0EÅK+ a,m = *kPaEÅ

0f+ ? ? EÅf+K> ? EÅf+K> ? -g

w/ *kP0EÅK + em = *kP0wm *kP0EÅK + em = *kP0aEÅe *kP0EÅK + [d = *kP0aEÅ[d^bd

wm EÅf+K> ? a-e EÅf+K> ?> a


p^q/ *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0ó *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0awm *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0EÅó

? ó awm EÅó

*kP0EÅK + eH = *kP0EÅmeH *kP0EÅK + eH = *kP0EÅmeH

wH EÅf+K> ?> -g

rD/ *kP0EÅK + o®m = *kP0wm *kP0EÅ+o®m= *kP0EÅo®m^*kP0EÅrSm^*kP0EÅm(*kP0aEÅ[d^bd=wl)

wm em rSm^-g

o/ *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0wd *kP0EÅK + o®ð = *kP0EÅo®ð^*kP0EÅrSd^*kP0aEÅ^

wd

*kP0EÅK + ok = *kP0aEÅok

EÅf+K> ?> a-

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

43/ odrSd0g/ odaMumifh EÅK \ O onf t odkYajymif;onf/

75/ t0PÖmpa*/tmvkyf od aMumifh EÅK onf od ESifhwuG t(?) tm(-g) tH (-H) odkY ajymif;onf/

73/ tm odrSd/ yxrm od aMumifh EÅK onf od ESifhwuG tm(-g) odkY ajymif;onf/

72/ EÅó ao 0g/ od aMumifh EÅK onf o ESifhwuG EÅó odkY ajymif;onf/

71/ EÅKó aEÅm/ yxrm a,m aMumifh EÅK onf a,m ESifhwuG aEÅm odkY ajymif;onf/

42/ oAÁó 0g tH aook/ tHç o aMumifh EÅK onf t (?) odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

45/ awmwdwm oo®ðemok/ oç o®ðç em aMumifh EÅKonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; awmç wdç

wm odkYajymif;onf/

77/ eHrSd wH 0g/ eH aMumifh EÅKonf eH ESifh twl wH odkY ajymif;onf/

41/ EÅKóaEÅma,mokp/ odESifhorS wyg;aom0dbwfaMumihf EÅK \ O onf t odkY ajymif;\/ tEÅjzifh

a,m onf £ (-d) odkY ajymif;onf/

218/ trS wkrS(y)o®mem0/ o®mudk em0dbwf ajymif;vJyHktwkdif; ajymif;Edkifonf/

*kP0g'd*kdPf;eyHkvdef½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0 *kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅd

i EÅf+K> ? ed> -g EÅf+K> ? -d

*kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅmed

EÅf+K> ?> -g ed

tm/ yxrmESifhwl

'k/ yHkvdifESifhwl/ *kPk0EÅK + a,m = *kP0aEÅ (*kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed yxrma,mESifhwl)

EÅf+K> ? ed> a-


pnf;rsOf;rsm;

74/ eyHkvdefwGif odaMumifh odESifhtwl EÅK onf tH(-H) odkY ajymif;onf/

*kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;

*kP0g *kPf½Sdol Av0g tm;½Sdol ,o0g ta>ct&H½Sdol

[dr0g qD;ESif;½Sdonfç[dr0EÅmawmif b*0g bkef;½SdoljrwfpGmbk&m; owdrm owd½Sdol

owdrm owd½Sdol £'¨drm wefcdk;½Sdol AE¨Krm rdwfaqG½Sdol

tm,o®m touf½Sdol? t½Sif "e0g Opöm½Sdol okw0g tMum;tjrif½Sdol

zv0g toD;½Sdol oDv0g oDv½Sdol ynm0g ynm½Sdol

"dwdrm vHkYv½Sdol *wdrmçrkwdrmçrwdrm ynm½Sdol rkwådrm vGwfjcif;½Sdol

Zkwdrm ta&mif½Sdol od&drm toa&½Sdol [d&drm t½Sif½Sdol

xkwdrm csD;rGrf;zG,f½Sdol *P0g *kdPf;½Sdol ukv0g trsKd;½Sdol

&wdrm arGUavsmfjcif;½Sdol ,wdrm tm;xkwfjcif;½Sdol okpdrm pifMu,fjcif;½Sdol

uvdrm qHk;½kH;jcif;½Sdol Avdrm tcGeftwkyf½dSol uodrm v,fxGef;jcif;½Sdol

½kpdrm wifhw,fjcif;½Sdol Ak'¨drm ÓPf½Sdol pu©Krm rsufpd½Sdol

a[wkrm taMumif;½Sdol aowkrm wHwm;½Sdol auwkrm rSefuif;½Sdol

&m[krm &m[k½Sdol bmPkrm ta&mif½Sdonfçae 0dZÆKrm vQyfppf½Sdol

bkwå0g xrif;pm;NyD;ol {wåm0g þrQtwdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf

,m0g tMuifrQavmuf wm0g tMuifrQavmuf

twdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf twdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf

ã *kP0g-*kPf½Sdaoma,musfm;? (ykHvdeftwGuf) *kP0H-*kPf½Sdaom trsKd; (eyHkvdeftwGuf) ponfjzifh

vdiftvdkuf udkufnDatmif jrefrmjyef&rnf/

ã 0EÅK rEÅK w0EÅK wm0EÅK £rEÅK ypönf;tqHk;½Sdaom yk'ftaygif;onf *kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;jzpfonf/

odkYjzpfí þ*kdP;f0ifrsm;onf w'¨dwfemrfç udwfemrfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ([dr0g ü 0EÅK ypönf;?

owdrm ü rEÅK ypönf;? bkwå0g ü w0EÅK ypönf;? {wåm0g ü wm0EÅK ypönf;? pE´drm ü £rEÅK

ypönf; jzpfonf) tcsKyftm;jzifh pum;vHk;wGif tqHk;ü 0gç rm ygNyD; jrefrmjyefü ½Sd ygvQif

*kP0g'd*kdPf0ifrsm;[k rSwfyg/


*päEÅm'd*dkPf;yHkvdif

y *päH? *päaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm

tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm abmaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm

'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ

w *päwm? *päaEÅe *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd

p *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH

rD *päwm? *päEÅo®m? *päEÅrSm? *päaEÅm *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd

q *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH

o *päwd? *päo®ð? *päEÅrSd? *päaEÅ *päaEÅok

*päEÅm'd*dkPf;eyHkvdif

y *päH? *päEÅH *päEÅm? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed

tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm b0EÅmed *päEÅm? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed

'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed

*päEÅm'd*dkPf;yHkvdif½kyfNyD;yHk

y *pä EÅ + od = *pä = *päH *päEÅ+od= *päaEÅm

i a-m

*pä EÅ +a,m= *päaEÅm *päEÅ +a,m= *päEÅm

EÅK aEÅm -g

tm *pä EÅ + od= *päHç *päç *päm (*päaEÅm? *päEÅm yxrma,mESifhwl)

EÅK -Hç ? ç -g

'k *päEÅ + tH = *päEÅH *päEÅ +a,m= *päaEÅ

a-

w *pä EÅ + em = *päwm *päEÅ + em = *päaEÅe

EÅK wm a-e


*pä EÅ + [d = *päaEÅ[d ^ bd

EÅf +? > a-

p^q *päEÅ + o = *päEÅó *pä EÅ + o = *päawm

ó awm

*pä EÅ + eH = *päwH *pä EÅ + eH = *päEÅmeH

EÅK wH EÅf +? > -g

rD *päEÅ + o®m = *päEÅo®m^rSm^*päEÅm *pä EÅ + o®m = *päwm (*päaEÅ[d^bd wl)

EÅK em

o *päEÅ + o®ð = *päEÅo®ð^rSd^*päaEÅ *pä EÅ + o®ð = *päwd

EÅK

*pä EÅ + ok = *päaEÅok

EÅf +? > a-

*päEÅm'd*dkPf;eyHkvdif½kyfNyD;yHk

y *pä EÅ+ od = *päH *päEÅ + od = *päEÅH

i i

*päEÅ + a,m = *päEÅm *pä EÅ + a,m = *päEÅmed

ed> -g EÅf +? > -g ed

tm *päH? *pä? *päm (yHkvdefESifhwl) *päEÅm? *päEÅmed (yxrma,mESifhwl)

'k *päEÅ + tH = *päEÅH *päEÅ +a,m= *päaEÅ *pä EÅ + a,m = *päEÅmed

a- EÅf +? > -g ed

(wwd,mrSpí useftm;vHk; yHkvdefESifhwl)


tpDt&ifxl;

*kP0g'd*dkPf;

1/ yHkvdefü yxrma,mESifhwuG EÅKonf tm (-g) odkY ajymif;onf/

{x wkarS tm0kaom oDv0g a[mx/

pu©Krm tE¨um a[mEÅd/

2/ eyHkvdefü a,m udk £(-d)odkajymifjcif;rSm *kP0EÅd ponfh 0EÅK ypönf;ü tyÜu jzpfonf/ (v,fwD)

*päEÅm'd*kdPf; psOf;rsOf;rsm;

135/ odrSd *päEÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH/ aemufu od ½SdvQif *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fwdkY\ EÅonf tH odkY

ajymif;onf/

136/ aoaook EÅK0/ *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fwdkYaemuf odrSwyg;aom 0dbwf½SdcJhvQif *kP0g'd*dkPf;\

EÅK ajymif;vJyHktwdkif; ajymif;vJrnf/

191/ abm a*wk/ * od aMumifh b0EÅonf abm odkY ajymif;onf/

(*kP0g'd*kdPf; pOf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhvnf; qdkifonf)

*päEÅm'd*kdPf;½kyfxl;rsm;

1/ yHkvdefü tHç o wdkYaMumifh EÅ onf tç o odkY ajymif;onf/ (oajymif;yHkpH yHkpH r&ao;)

,H ,H [d &mZbZwdç oEÅH0g ,'d0g toH/

oDv0EÅH 0doDvH0gç 0oH waó0 *päwd/

udpömEkMuAÁó ua&,s/

2/ yHkvdefü od aESmif;&mwGif EÅ onf tm odkYajymif;onf/ yHkpH-r[m? t&[m

*päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;

yd0aEÅm aomufol ypaEÅm csufol ZmeaEÅm odol

ua&maEÅm jyKol b0aEÅm t½Sif oaEÅm olawmfaumif;

t&[aEÅm &[EÅm r[aEÅm BuD;ol ^ jrwfol


ã o'éDwdü abmua&mEÅ[k ½SdaomaMumifh ua&mEÅ\ tmvkyfodwGif ½kyfpOf&mü abmua&mEÅç ua&mEÅm

[k yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif; ½kyfpOfyg/

yHkvdef ua&mEÅ ½kyfpOfyHk

y u&H ua&maEÅm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅm

tm abmua&mEÅ ua&mEÅm abmaEÅm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅm

'k ua&mEÅH ua&maEÅ

w ua&mwm ua&maEÅe ua&maEÅ[d ua&maEÅbd

p ua&mawm ua&mEÅó ua&mwH ua&mEÅmeH

rD ua&mwm ua&mEÅo®m

ua&mEÅrSm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅ[d ua&maEÅbd

q ua&mawm ua&mEÅó ua&mwH ua&mEÅmeH

o ua&mwd ua&mEÅo®ð

ua&mEÅrSd ua&maEÅ ua&maEÅok

ã b0awm0g abmaEÅm *a,memao/ (arm*¾vme) tmvkyfodESifh a,moHkvHk;ç em o wdkYaMumifh b0EÅ

onf abmEÅ odkYajymif;onf/

abmonf tenf;trsm; ESpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifaom edygwfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ abm-udk tdk[k4if;

t½Sif[k4if; bmomjyefEdkifonf/ baEÅ-vnf; tenf;trsm; ESpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifaom edygwfjzpfonf/ t½Sif[k

bmomjyefEdkifonf/ t½Sif[k bmomjyefEdkifaom b'EÅç b'ÉÅ [k vnf; ½Sdao;\/ xdkyk'frsm;onf

yk&dom'd *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; jzpfonf/ tdkt½Sif[k bmomjyefEdkifaom tmvkyfodjzifh b'aEÅç b'áEÅ wdkYum;

edygwfwnf;/ yxrma,mjzifh b'aEÅ vnf; ½SdEdkifonf/


ã tEÅqHk;aom yk'frsm;onf *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfonf/ tmcsmwf"mwfudk EÅ qufay;vQif *päEÅm'd*kdPf;

jzpfonf/ tmcsmwf"mwfudk rme qufay;vQif yk&dom'dç pdwåm'dç unm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/

zwfpm0gusrsm;

1/ {uH or,H b*0g a'a0ok 0d[&wd wm0wðaook y&dpäwåurlav y@KurÁvodvm,H/ wMw

acg b*0g a'0geH wm0wðomeH tbd"r®uxH uaxod/ (bd?|?1?78)

2/ b*0g yO§H ykpäwd ]] wH uð rnx bdu©a0 ½lyH edpöH 0g tedpöH 0g}}wd/ tedpöH baEÅ/ ,H yemedpöH

'ku©H 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'ku©H baEÅ/ (bd?|?1?98)

3/ [E´ 'ged bdu©a0 tmrEÅ,mrd a0g? 0,"r®m ocFg&m? tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/ ('D?|?1? 16)

4/ {uH or,H b*0g tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém a[mwd r[wm bdu©K

oHaCe o'¨ð yÍörawå[d bdu©Koaw[d? okydÜa,myd y&dAÁmZaum tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p

emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém a[mwd o'¨ð taEÅ0godem jA[®'awåe rmPa0e? wMw ok'H okyÜda,m

y&dAÁmZaum taeuy&d,ma,e Ak'¨ó t0PÖH bmowd? "r®ó t0PÖH bmowd? oHCó

t0PÖH bmowd? okyÜd,ó ye y&dAÁmZuó taEÅ0goD jA[®'awåm rmPa0g taeuy&d,ma,e

Ak'¨ó 0PÖH bmowd? "r®ó 0PÖH bmowd? oHCó 0PÖH bmowd/ 'D? 1? yg? 1

5/ awe acg ye ora,e oÍöa,m emr y&dAÁmZaum &mZ*a[ y#d0owd r[wd,m y&dAÁmZu

y&dom, o'¨ð/ "r®y'? |? 1? 57

6/ bdu©a0 £awm {ue0kwduayÜ 0dyóDemr b*0g avmau O'yg'd/ "r®y'? |? 1? 61


ã Bud,mwckxuf ydkíygaomgusü a½S;OD;pGmjzpfaomBud,mrsm;ukd ykAÁumvBud,m [kac:\/ 4if;

ykAÁumvBud,mü rl&if;pm;vHk;("mwf)udk ]]wGm? wGme? wke? ,? pö}}wdkYudk qufay;&onf/

]]wGm? wGme? wke? ,? pö}}wdkYudk íç NyD;íç NyD;aemuf [k jrefrmjyef&onf/

yHkpHrsm; - aZwd-atmif\/ aZwGm-atmifjrifí? atmifjrifNyD;í? atmifjrifNyD;aemuf

aewd-,laqmif\/ aewGm-,laqmifí

a[mwd-jzpf\/ [kwGm-jzpfí

a'wd-ay;\/ 'wGm-ay;í

Xmwd-&yf\/ XwGm-&yfí

cg'wd-cJpm;\/ cg'dwGm-cJpm;í

rkÍöwd-vTwf\/ rkÍödwGm-vTwfí

tm'gwd-,l\/ tm'g,-,lí

O|mwd-x\/ O|m,-xí

(u) Aka'¨g ra*¾ XwGm *gr0goDeH "r®H tbmod/ bk&m;onf vrf;ü &yfí ½Gmom;wdkYudk w&m;udk a[mNyD/

(c) uóum ygomaP edoD'dwGm tm[m&H bkÍÆðok/ v,form;wdkYonf ausmfzsmay:ü xdkifí tpmudk

pm;ukefNyD/

(*) t[H 0d[m&H *pädwGm Ak'¨ó yd@ygwH t'goð/ uREfkyfonf ausmif;odkY oGm;í bk&m;tm; qGrf;udk vªcJhonf/

(C) uóum wdPH tm'g, 0eawm *grH tm*rHok/ v,form;wdkYonf jrufudk,lí awmrS ½GmodkY

vmMuukefNyD/

(i) oraPm rEkómeH "r®H bmodwGm 0d[m&H t*rmod/ &[ef;onf vlwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mí

ausmif;odkY oGm;NyD/

ã tvdkqE´ &nf½G,fcsufudk azmfjy&ef rl&ifpm;vHk;("mwf)odkY wHk qufay;&onf/ wHk udk iSg? tvdkYiSg? &ef [k

jrefrmjyef&onf/

yHkpHrsm; - ,mwd-oGm;\/ ,mwHk-oGm&ef Xmwd-&yf\/ XmwHk-&yf&ef

a'wd-ay;\/ 'gwHk-ay;&ef 0owd-ae\/ 0odwHk-ae&ef

bkÍÆwd-pm;\/ bkÍÆdwkH-pm;&ef *g,wd-oDqdk\/ *g,dwHk-oDqdk&ef

*rwd-oGm;\/ *rdwHk-oGm;&ef vbwd-&\/ vbdwHk-&&ef


wGm wGme wke wHk ypönf;rsm; qufoG,fyHk

1/ tqHk;onfh "mwfudk wGmqufvQif £(-d) cHí qufyg/ yHkpH cg'dwGm-cJpm;í? ypdwGm-csufí

2/ "mwftm;vHk;aemufu wGm onf , (odkYr[kwf) ,meodkY ajymif;Edkifonf/

ypdwGm=ypd, ypdwGm=ypd,me qdE´dwGm=qdE´d, qdE´dwGm=qdE´d,me

, ,me , ,

ypd,ç ypd,meç csufí/ qdE´d,çqdE´d,me-jzpfí/ AkZÑd,ç AkZÑd,me-odí/ udPd,ç udPd,me-

a&mif;í? u&d,ç u&d,me-jyKí/ apm&d,ç apm&d,me-cdk;í/

3/ tmqHk;onf "mwfaemufu wGm onf ,odkYajymif;NyD; ausaysmufoGm;Edkifonf/

tbdnmç tbdnm,-odí? y#docFgç y#docFg,-qifjcifí? (,çaysmufvQif tbdnmç y#docFg?

,çraysmufvQif tbdnm,ç y#docFg, jzpfonf)

6/ pqHk;"mwfç eqHk;"mwfç u&-"mwfç £-"mwfaemuf wGmqufvQif wcgw&H wGmonf "mwf\

tqHk;Asnf;tu©&mESifhtwl pö odkY ajymif;onf/

pqHk;"mwf yp(usuf) ypö? ypöd,? ypödwGm-&ifhusufí (yp+wGm=ypö)

rkp(vGwf) 0drkpö? 0drkpödwGm-vGwfajrmufí? (rkp+wGm=0drkpö)

eqHk;"mwf tm[pö-xdí (tm+[e+wGm)? Oy[pö-uyfa&mufí (Oy+[e+wGm)?

tm[EÅm-xdkufí(tm+[e+wGm)? Oy[EÅm-uyfa&mufí^n§Of;qJí(Oy+[e+wGm)

u&-"mwfyHkpH ouúpö-t½kdtaojyKí? (oH+u&+wGm? ed*¾[dwfonf uodkYajymif;onf)

t"dudpö-tOD;jyKí^pGJí(t"d+u&+wGm)

£-"mwfyHkpH taypö-zJí(ty+£+wGm)? Oaypö-uyfí?zJí(Oy+£+wGm)


7/ (u) 'g "mwfodkY £(-d)cHí wGm qufvQif 'g-\ tm(-g)onf £,(-d,)odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH Oyg'd,dwGm-pGJvrf;í? orm'd,dwGm-aqmufwnfí

(c) 'g "mwfodkY £(-d) rcHbJ wGm qufvQif wGm onf £,(-d,)odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH Oyg'd,-pGJvrf;í? orm'd,-aqmufwnfí

8/ od-"mwfodkY wGmqufvQif wGmonf , odkYajymif;NyD; od rS £(-d)onf tm(-g)odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH edóm,ç Oyedóm,-trSDjyKí

9/ (u) 'do(jrif)-"mwfodkY wGmç wGme qufvQif wGmç wGmerS wonf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

yHkpH- 'doGmç 'doGme-jrifí ('do+wGm='doGm ? 'do+wGme='doGme)

(c) 'do-"mwfodkY wGm qufvQif 'dorS oESifhwGmonf |mç |KodkYajymif;NyD; 'dorS'donf 'odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH '|mç '|K-jrifí/ 'd o + wGm= '|m ^ '|K

' |m ^ |K

(8) 'do "mwfodkY wHkç wAÁ qufvQif 'dorS oESifh wAÁrS o onf | odkYajymif;oonf/

yHkpH '|KH-jrifjcif;iSg? '|AÁH-jriftyf\/ ('do + wHk = '|KH) ('do + wAÁ + od = '|AHÁ)

' | wf+-Hk ' | i 10/

(u) rqHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif rESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf r® odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

ykHpHrsm; Mouúr®-zJí(Mo+urk+wGm)? tbd&r®-arGUavsmfí (tbd+&rk+wGm)?

tm*r®-vmí^pGJí^taMumifjyKí(tm*rk+wGm)

(c)[qHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif [ESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf ,S odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

yHkpHrsm; tm½k,-wufí^wufpD;í (tm+½k[+wGm)? Mo*,S-oufí(Mo+*[+wGm)

(*) ' qHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif 'ESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf ZÆ odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

yHkpHrsm;? OyorÜZÆ-a&mufí^jynfhpHkaoí (Oy+oH+y'+wGm)? qdZÆ ^qdZÆdwGm-jywfí(qd'+wGm)

(C) bqHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif rESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf AÇ ^'¨g odkY wcgw&H

ajymif;onf/

yHkpHrsm;? tm&bdwGm ^ tm&AÇ ^ tm&'¨g - tm;xkwfí (tm+&b+wGm)

OyvAÇ ^ Oyv'¨g-&í (Oy+vb+wGm)


(i) "qHk;"mwfodkY wGm wGmequfvQif "ESifhwGm^wGmeonf tpOftwdkif; '¨g ̂ '¨ge odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

yHkpHrsm;? 0d'¨g^0d'¨ge-ypfí^xGif;í^azmufí?(0d"+wGm^wGme) Ak'¨g^Ak'¨ge-odí (Ak"+wGm^wGme)

tusOf;csKyfrSwf&ef

r+wGm=r® [+wGm=,S '+wGm=ZÆ

b+wGm=AÇ ^'¨g "+wGm^wGme='¨g^'¨ge

zwfpm0gusrsm;

7/ Ak'¨gp emr "r®H a'aoaEÅm o&PoDvyAÁZÆm'DeH Oyedó,H MoavmauwGm tZÑmo,0aoe "r®H

a'aoEÅd? wo®m wH 'd0oH ow¬m wó Oyedó,H MoavmauwGm "r®H a'aoaEÅm tEkykAÁduxH

uaxod/ ao,sxd'H¿ 'geuxH oDvuxH o*¾uxH umrmeH tm'De0H Moum&H oHudavoH aeu©r®

tmedoHoH yumaowd/ wH okwGm r[mygavm uk#KrÁdaum pdaEÅod ]]y&avmuH *päEÅH ykwå"Dwa&m 0g

bmwa&m 0g abm*g 0g emEk*päEÅd? o&D&rÜd twåem o'¨ð e *päwd? uð ar C&m0gaoe yAÁZdómrD}}wd/

aom a'oem y&da,momae ow¬m&H OyouFrdwGm yAÁZÆH ,mpd/ ("r®?y?|?4? edos?y?14)

ar-ightm;? 0g-ig\? C&m0gaoe-tdrf,maxmifjcif;jzifh? uð-bmtusKd;½SdtHhenf;/

yAÁZdómrd-&[ef;jyKtHh/

ã uð ar C&m0gaoe ü uð onf tusKd;r½Sdjcif;t"dyÜg,f (edyÜa,mZew¬? ed(r)+ya,mZe(tusKd;)+

tw¬(t"dyÜg,f)udk jyonf/ tusKd;r½Sdaomtvkyfudk (C&m0gaoe-[k) wwd,mjzifha&;onf/

8/ tvH 0uúvd? uð aw £rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e? a,m acg 0uúvd "r®H yówd? aom rH

yówd? a,m rH yówd? aom "r®H yówd? "r®H [d 0uúvd yóaEÅm rH yówd? rH yóaEÅm "r®H

yówd/ (oH?2?98)

0uúvd-0uúvd? tvH-roifh? aw-oifhtm;? 'da|e-jriftyfaom? £rdemylwduma,e-þykwfaom

udk,fjzifh? uð-tb,ftusKd;½SdtHhenf;/ tusKd;r½Sdaomtvkyfudk ]]£rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e}}[k wwd,mjzifh

a&;onf/


wGmypö,EÅ (wGmqHk;aom pum;vHk;rsm;) twGuf odrSwfzG,f

½lyod'¨dusrf;u wGmqHk;aom yk'frsm;onf edygwfyk'f[k qdkonf/ ykAÁumvBud,m0daooeç

ty&umvBud,m0daooeç ormeumvBud,m0daooeç vu©Pç [dwf t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef wGmç

wGmeç wke ypönfrsm; qufay;&onf/

aom ur®H umwkeç uwGme 0gç uwGm 0g *päwd/ aom-xdkolonf? ur®H-trIudk? uwke-

NyKNyD;í? 0g-wenf;? uwGme-jyKNyD;í? 0g-wenf;? uwGm-jyKNyD;í? *päwd-oGm;\/

0guswckwGif Bud,m ESpfrsKd;yg½SdNyD; a½SUBud,mu a½S;ujzpfESifhvQif xdkBud,mudk NyD;í[k jref

rm jyef&rnf/ Oyrm-ypdwGm bkÍÆwd (csufNyD;í+pm;\) [l&mü csufjcif;Bud,mu a½S;OD;pGmjzpfESifhí

pm;jcif;Bud,mu aemufrSjzpfaom t&mrsKd;wnf;/ xdkYjyif ypdwGmESifh bkÍÆwdwGif bkÍÆwd um; t"duBud,m

wnf;/ ypdwGmum; ]]csufNyD;rSpm;onf}}[k pm;jcif;Bud,mudk txl;jyK&aom 0daooeBud,mrQom jzpf onf/

xdkYaMumifh ypdwGm[laom Bud,mrsdK;udk ]]ykAÁumvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/ (ykAÁumv-a½S;umvüjzpfí?

+Bud,m0daooe-y"meBud,mudktxl;jyKaomyk'f)

wGmypönf;ygaom Bud,m\teufu aemufrSjzpfvQif ]]ty&umvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/

Oyrm-'Gg&H yd'[dwGm edu©rd? 'Gg&H-wHcg;udk? yd'[dwGm-ydwfawmhrnfjzpfí? edu©rd-xGufNyD/ þü ydwf

jcif; Bud,mu aemufrSjzpf\/ xGufjcif;Bud,mu t&ifjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh yd'[dwGmudk ]]ty&umv

Bud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/

Bud,mESpfckvHk; NydKifwljzpfaomt&mü wGmypö,EÅyk'fudk ]]ormeumvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/

Oyrm-'a@m "uúpö ywwd/ 'a@m-'kwfonf? "uúpö-"uf"ufrnfí? ywwd-us\/ þü "uf"uf

rnfjcif;Bud,m;ESifh usjcif;Bud,monf wNyKdifeufjzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifh "uúpö udk ]]ormeumv

Bud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/

wGm(ypönf;)udk vu©P(rSwfom;aMumif;) t"dyÜg,fESifh jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ jrefrmvdk aomf [k

t"dyÜg,f&\/ Oyrm-okwGm Zmedómr/ okwGm-Mum;&ukefaomf? Zmedómr- od&ukeftHh/ þü ]okwGm}

udk rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfí vu©P[k ac:&avonf/


wGm(ypönf;)udk a[wk(taMumif;) t"dyÜg,fESifh jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ jrefrmvdk aMumifh [k

t"dyÜg,f&\/ Oyrm-CwH yd0dwGm AvH a[mwd/ CwH-axmywfudk? yd0dwGm-aomuf&jcif;aMumifh? AvH-

tm;onf? a[mwd-jzpf\/ þü yd0dwGm udk tm;½Sdjcif;taMumifjzpfí [dwf[k ac:&onf/

(aqmif) ykAÁm.y&? ormeESifh? vu©P? a[wk? ig;cktw¬? ouftyfpG? wkeçwGmeçwGm/

(tajcjyKo'´g? 328-329)

tEÅ? rme ypönf;twGuf odrSwfzG,f

tEÅ? rme wdkYonf yd#uwfygVdusrf;wdkYü toHk;wGifus,faom ypönfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ypöKyÜef

twdwf tem*wf umvokH;yg;vHk;udk nTefjyEdkifonf/ odkYaomf ypöKyÜefudk nTefjyonfh pum;vHk;tjzpf

toHk;jyKonfu rsm;onf/ rme? tEÅ eSpfrsKd;vHk;udk vu©Pteuf(aomf) a[wkteuf(aMumifh)jzifhvnf;

jyefqdkEdkifonf/

ypöKyÜefteufjyefqdkyHk

o&rmaem a&m'wd/ o&rmaem - atmufarhqJaomolonf? a&m'wd-idk\/ þü idkaeonfhtcsdef0,f

uGJaeol (odkYr[kwf) aoqHk;oludk atmufarhjcif;Bud,m rNyD;qHk;ao;bJ ypöKyÜefjzpfaeao;aomaMumifh

]]o&rmaem]}[k ygVdpD&onf/ *päaEÅm *PSmwd/ *päaEÅm-oGm;aeqJolonf? *PSmwd-,l\/ enf;wlyif/

*pärmaemç *päaEÅm *PSmwd/ *pärmaemç *päaEÅm-oGm;pOf? *PSmwd-,l\/ oGm;pOf[k qdkaomf

vnf; (um&uüvmaom) tem'&teufrsKd;r[kwf/ oGm;pOf oGm;cdkuf oGm;wkef; [k ypöKyÜefBud,m xif½Sm;

atmif ay;aom teufwnf;/

vu©PteufjyefqdkyHk

*päaEÅm bm&'GgaZm aom? t'´o tpöKwH £oð/ bm&'GGgaZm-bm&'GgZtEG,fjzpfaom?

aom-xdkZlZumykPÖm;onf? *päaEÅm-qufvufíoGm;vaomf? tpöKwH-tpöKwrnfaom? £oð-&aohudk?

t'´o-awGU&NyD/ *päaEÅmü tEÅonf ypöKyÜefumvESifh ]aomf} [k ay;&aom vu©Pteufudk jyqdk\/

[dwfteufjyefqdkyHk

o&rmaem a&m'wd/ o&rmaem-atmufarhjcif;aMuifh? a&m'wd-idk\/ 'óaEÅm tm[/ 'óaEÅm-

jyvdk onf\tjzpfaMumifh? tm[-qdk\/ þü tEÅrmeonf [dwfteufudk jyqdk\/

tcsKyftm;jzifh tEÅç rme awGUvQif ]]*pärmaemç *päaEÅm-oGm;pOf ̂ oGmjcif;aMumifh ̂ oGm;vaomf^

oGm;qJaom}} [k ponfjzifh jyefqdkEdkifonfudk rSwf;om;&m\/


rmeonf tmcsmwf twåaemyk'fESifh wl\/ tEÅonf y&óyk'fESifhwl\/ tEÅonf y&óyk'f

xHk;pHtwdkif; uwåm;teufü ouf\/ rmeonf twåaemyk'f xHk;pHtwdkif; uwåm;uHabm teufoHk;rsKd;

vHk;ü ouf\/ wdpaom tmcswf0dbwfaESmif;&mü tpaom 0du&Pypönfrsm;vnf;ouf&ouJhodkY

þy&óyk'ftwåaemyk'frnfaom tEÅ rme aESmif;&müvnf; ]t} paom 0du&Pypönf;rsm; ouf&\/

xdkYaMumifh bl0g'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ]t} 0du&P? ½k"m'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ed*¾[DwykAÁ ]t} 0du&P?

'd0g'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ],} 0du&Pypönf; ouf&rnf ponfjzifh odyg/

*pärmaem^*päaEÅm ½kyfNyD;yHk/ *rf + (bl0g'd) ? + rme + od / *rf + (bl0g'd) ? + tEÅ + od

päf a-m päf a-m

xdkYjyif twåaemyk'fudk y&óyk'fjyefouJhodkY twåaemyk'frnfaom rmeudk y&óyk'f tEÅvnf;jyK Edkif

onf/ þum; ½lyod'¨dtvdkwnf;/ ]torEkbmoEÅó-Ówfur®0gpmjzifh rqdkqHk;rtyfaom &[ef;\}[k

oHCab'u odu©myk'fponfü awGU&onf/

rme tEÅ wdkYonf olwdkYudk,fwdkifvu©Pteuf [dwfteufudk a[maomaMumifh 0dbwfa[mbdkY&m

vu©P [dwfteuf r½Sdawmh&um; vd*Fw¬udk xGef;jyaom yxrm0dbwfjzifhvnf; vu©P [dwf teuf

udk ay;Edkifonf/ ]]*päaEÅm t'´o=oGm;vaomf awGU&NyD? 'óaEÅm tm[=jyvdkjcifaMumifh qdkNyD}}ponf

wnf;/

rme tEÅ qHk;aomyk'fwdkYonf 0daoosESifh wGJMu&aom tyÜ"me 0daooeyk'f jzpfMu&um;

0daoosyk'f\ vdif0kpf0dbwftm;avsmfpGmjzpfMu&onf/

(upönf;bm#D'k 487-489)

rmetEÅtoHk;jyKyHk

(1) ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mrsm;udk emr0dooeyk'frsm;uJhodkY toHk;jyKEdkifonf/

(u) t'´om acg b*0g OyuH 'l&&awm tm*päEÅH/ bk&m;onf ta0;rS vmaeaom Oyuudk jrifNyD/

(c) 0d[m&H *päEÅm rEkóm ra*¾ b*0EÅH yóðok/ ausmif;odkY oGm;aom vlwdkYonf vrf;ü bk&m;udk

awGUjrifukefNyD/

(*) 0ae 0oEÅm bdu©L orxH p 0yóeH p bm0EÅd/ awmü aeukefukefaom &[ef;wdkYonf orx

udk4if; 0dóemudk4if; yGm;ukef\/

(C) ra*¾ uDVEÅm 'g&um b*0EÅH e*&H y0doEÅH yóðok/ vrf;ü upm;ukefaom oli,fwdkYonf

NrKdUodkY 0ifvmaom bk&m;udk jrifukefNyD/


(2) ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mudk 0gusü ty"meBud,myk'ftjzpf toHk;jyKaomtcg y"meBud,mESifh uwåm;wlvQif

uwåm;0dbwfjzifhom xm;&onf/ jyKvkyfpOf jyKvkyfaeqJtcg[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/

(u) b*0g om0w¬d,H 0d[&aEÅm £rH ZmwuH uaxod/ bk&m;onf om0w¬dNrKdUü aepOf þZmwfudk

a[mcJh\/

(c) t[H e*&H *päaEÅm tEÅ&mra*¾ {uH ½ku©H t'´oH/ uREkfyfonf NrKdUodkY oGm;pOf vrf;c&D;ü opfyif

wyifudk jrifNyD/

(3) 0gusü ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mESifh y"meBud,mwdkY uwåm;rwlvQif ypöKyÜefBud,mESifh 4if;\ uwåm;yk'fwdkYonf

Moumo0dbwfjzifh taersm;\/ y"meBud,m\ tcsdefumvudk owfrSwfjyaomaMumifh bm0vu©P

[kvnf; ac:\/

(u) jA[®'awå &ZÆH uma&aEÅ aAm"doawåm jA[®Pukav edAÁwåd/ jA[®'wåonf rif;jyKvwfaomf bk&m;

avmif;onf jA[®PrsKd;ü jzpfcJh\/

(c) aAm"doawå Zm,rmae blrd urÜd/ bk&m;avmif; arG;zGm;vwfaomf ajrBuD;onf wkefvIyfcJh\/

ab'pdEÅmvmyHkpHrsm;

(u) wd|aEÅm^wd|rmaem-&yfqJonf? [kwGm-jzpfí? ua&mwd-jyK\/ (0wårmefumv? uwåm;a[myHkpH)

(c) t[H-igonf? 0dbm0,H(0dbm0,aEÅm)xifpGmjyvwHhonf? [kwGm-jzpfí? u&dómrd-jyKaytHh/(tEÅ\

tem*wfumva[myHk? 0dbm0,Hü tEÅrS EÅudk tHjyK)

(*) XD,rmeH-XDvwHhjcif; (tem*wfumvü abmteufyHkpH)

(C) r,m-igonf? bnrmeH-qdktyfvwHhaompum;udk? wkarS-oifwdkYonf? okPdóx-em&ukefvwHh/

(bnrmeHum; okPdóx[laom tem*wfBud,mudkaxmufítem*wfumvü uHa[myHkpH? þodkY

aemufBud,maxmufí twdwftem*wfa[mEdkifyHkudk upöm,eom&ü ]]udwm "mwGw¬orÁaE¨ç a[mEÅd

umvaEÅ&oGyd}}[k qdkonf)

rSwfcsuf/ udwfBud,mESifhtmcswfBud,mwdkYwGif tmcswfBud,monf y"mevdk&ifjzpfonf/ bmaMumifhenf;

udwfBud,monf j'yfudka[mojzifh emrfyk'fwGifyg0if&í tmcswfonfom tqHk;owfBud,meufudk

a[maomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkaMumifh aemuftmcswfBud,mudkvdkufí rmetEÅ ypö,EÅyk'fwdkYu

twdwftem*wfumvudk a[mMu&onf/ (ab'pdEÅmbm#D 349)


'Gd(2) rS pwk(4) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;

Obç 'Gd - ESpfckç ESpfa,muf (vdifoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\/ trsm;udef;om½Sdonf)

y ^ 'k Oabm? Oab

w ^ rD Oabm[dçbd? Oab[dçbd

p ^q ObdEéH

o Oabmok? Oabok

y ^ 'k a'G? 'ka0

w ^ rD 'GD[d? 'GDbd? 'Gd[d?bdç? 'ka0[d^bd

p ^q 'GdEéH? 'k0dEéH

o 'GDok? 'Gdok? 'ka0ok

Ob ½kyfNyD;yHk

y^'k Ob + a,m = Oabm ^ Oab

a-m^a-

w^rD Ob + [d = Oab[d^bd Oab[d = Oabm[d^bd

bf+? > a- bf+a-> a-m

p^q Ob + eH = ObdEéH

-dEéH

o Ob + ok = Oabok Oabok = Oabmok

bf+? > a- bf+a-> a-m

'Gd ½kyfNyD;yHk

y^'k 'Gd + a,m = a'G ? 'ka0

a'Gç 'ka0

w^rD 'Gd + [d = 'GD[d^bd 'Gd + [d = 'ka0[d^bd

'Gf+-d> -D 'ka0

p^q 'Gd + eH = 'GEéH 'Gd + eH = 'k0dEéH

(e)vm 'k0d -dEéH


o 'Gd + ok = 'DGok 'Gd + ok = 'ka0ok

'Gf+-d> -D 'ka0

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ eH aMumifh 'Gd pwk tp t|m&otqHk; yk'fwdkYaemif evm/

35/ Obm'dawmerdEéH/ ObESifh a'GrSajymif;vmaom 'k0d aemuf½Sd eHonf £EéHodkYajymif;onf/

38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d wdkYaMumifh a½SUuo&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/

50/ ok[doGuma&m{/ ok [d ok aMumifh tonf {odkYajymif;onf/

61/ awok0k'¨d jzifh Oab[dü {onf a-modkYajymif;onf/

81/ a,mok 'GdEéH a'Gp/ a,m aMumifh 0dbwfESifhtwl 'Gdonf a'Gç 'ka0 odkYajymif;onf/

eH aMumifh a'Gonf 'k0dodkYajymif;onf/

154/ wawma,mearmwkü wkjzifh a,monf a-m odkYajymif;onf/

Ob,(ESpfck ESpfa,muf) ½kyfpOfyHk

yHkvdef

y^'k Oba,m? Oba,

w^rD Oba,[d^bd

p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH

o Oba,ok

eyHkvdef

y^'k Oba,m? Ob,med

w^rD Oba,[d^bd

p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH

o Oba,ok

£w¬dvdef

y^'k Oba,m? Ob,mçOb,ma,m

w^rD Ob,m[d^bd

p^q Ob,moH?Ob,moH

o Ob,mok

ã yHkvdefü Ob,H (tH0dbwf) Oba,e(em) Ob,ó(o) eyHkvdefü Ob,H(od+tH) £w¬dvdefü

Ob,H(tH) Ob,m,(em?o?o®m?o®ð) [laom {u0kpfudef;vnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ (ed½kwåd'DyedygXf ESm-124)

ã Ob, onf ESpfckwdkY\ taygif;udk azmfjy\/ Ob onf ESpfckwdkY\ tpdwfudk azmfjy\/

(v,fwDy'rmv,usrf; y ESm 276)


wd (oHk;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk

yHkvdef

y^'k wa,m

w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd

p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH

o wDok? wdok

eyHkvdef

y^'k wDPd


p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH

o wDok? wdok

£w¬dvdef

y^'k wdaóm


p^q wdóEéH

o wDok? wdok

pwk (av;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk

yHkvdef

y^'k pwåma&m?pwka&m

w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd

pwkAÇd

p^q pwkEéH

o pwlok? pwkok

eyHkvdef

y^'k pwåm&d


pwkAÇd

p^q pwkEéH

o pwlok? pwkok

£w¬dvdef

y^'k pwaóm


pwkAÇd

p^q pwóEéH

o pwlok? pwkok

½kyfNyD;yHk

ykH w + a,m = wa,m eyHkvdef wd + a,m = wDPd £w¬dvdef wd + a,m= wdaóm

wd+ eH = wdPÖHçwdPÖEéH wd+ eH =wdóEéH

-dPÖHç -dPÖEéH (óH)vmç ó+-H>e

yHk pwk + a,m = pwåma&m eyHkvdef pwk+ a,m=pwåm&d £w¬dvdif pwk+a,m= pwaóm

pwk + a,m = pwka&m

wf+K> K& a-m

pwk + [d = pwkAÇd pwóEéH(wdóEéHESifhwl)

bd(A)vm

pwk+eH = pwkEéH


pnf;rsOf;rsm;

16/ aemp'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ po'´gjzifh wd pwkaemif óH vm/

27/ Mooa&p/ pjzifh a,maMumif O onf O& odkYajymif;onf/

36/ £PÖrdPÖEéH wd[docsFm[d/ wd aemufu eH onf £PÖHç £PÖEéHodkY ajymif;onf/

82/ wd pwkEéH wdaóm pwaóm wa,m pwåma&m wDPd pwåm&d/ yHkvdefü wdESifha,monf wa,mç

pwkESifa,monf pwåm? eyHkvdefü wdESifha,monf wDPdç pwkESifha,monf pwåm&d? £w¬dvdifü

wdESifha,monf wdaómç pwkESifha,monf pwaómodkY ajymif;onf/

zwfpmrsm;

9/ em[H bdu©a0 tnH {u"r®rÜd orEkyómrd? a,e tEkyÜEém 0g ukovm"r®m OyÜZÆEÅd? OyÜEém 0g

tukovm "r®m y&d[m,EÅd? ,x,d'H bdu©a0 tyÜrma'g/ tyÜrwåó bdu©a0 tEkyÜEém ap0 ukovm

"r®m OyÜZÆEÅd? OyÜEém p tukovm"r®m y&d[m,EÅDwd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-10)

10/ {uyk*¾avm bdu©a0 avmau OyÜZÆrmaem OyÜZÆwd A[kZe[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEk urÜm,

tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH/ uwarm {uyk*¾avm¿ wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g?

t,H acg bdu©a0 {uyk*¾avm avmau OyÜZÆrmaem OyÜZÆwd A[kZe[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEk

urÜm, tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-22)

11/ a'Grmed bdu©a0 okcged/ uwrmed a'G¿ *d[dokcÍö yAÁZdwokcÍö/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 a'G okcged/

{w'*¾H bdu©a0 £aroH 'GdEéH okcgeH ,xd'H yAÁZdwokcEÅd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-79)

12/ a'Gar bdu©a0 "r®m/ uwar a'G¿ [d&D p MowyÜÍö/ £ar acg bdu©a0 a'G"r®mwd/

(tH? 1? yg? ESm-83)

13/ a'Grm bdu©a0 tmom 'kyÜZm[m/ uwrm a'G¿ vmbmom p ZD0dwmom p/ £rm acg bdu©a0

a'G tmom 'kyÜZ[mwd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-87)

½Sif;vif;csuf

ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk Munfhyg/ ]a'G}onf vdefoHk;yg;ü yHkpHwljzpfí okcged(eyHkvdef) "r®m (yHkvdef) tmom

(£w¬dvdef) emrf (Noun) wdkY\ 0doaoe(Adjective) jzpfaomfvnf; yHkpHrajymif;yJ wyHk;pHwnf; jzpfaeonf/


uHa[m0gus a&;om;yHk

1/ uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;yg/

2/ uHudk yxrmESifha&;yg/

3/ rl&if;"mwfodkY -D, ^, qufNyD; twåaemyk'f0dbwfjzifh Bud,mudk wnfaqmufyg/

ur®Bud,mwnfaqmufyHk

twåaemyk'f 6-vHk;

(Third Person) aw - taEÅ?

(Second Person) ao - a0S?

(First Person) { - arS/

*päD,aw-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,aEÅ-oGm;tyfukef\/

*päD,ao-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,a0S-oGm;tyfukef\/

*päDa,-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,marS-oGm;tyfukef\/

½Sif;jycsuf/ uwåm;0gus (Active Voice) ü yk&daom r*¾H *päwd [k uwåm;yk'fudk yxrmjzifh uHyk'fudk

'kwd,mjzifh a&;&\/ uHa[m0gus (Passive Voice) ü ]yk&daoe}[k uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh

]ra*¾g} [k uHudk yxrmESifh a&;&onf/ Bud,mü uwåm;a[m0gus wGif *päwd-oGm;\ [k jrefrmjyef

&NyD; uHa[mwGif *päD,aw-oGm;tyf\ [k ]tyf}qdkaom pum;vHk; xnfhí jrefrmjyef&onf/ tyftpm;

xdkufç oifh pum;vHk;rsm;udkvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/

aw-taEÅ paom tmcsmwf0dbwfrsm;udk uwåm;wkef;u uwåm;yk'fESifh csdefn§da&;&onf/ uHa[mü

rl uHyk'fESifh csdefn§da&;&rnf/ uHyk'fu (First Person) jzpfrl aw - taEÅ udk oHk;yg? (Second Person)

ao - a0S udk oHk;yg? (Third Person) jzpfrl { - arS udk toHk;jyKyg/

uHa[m0gusü uHESifh Bud,monf tenf;çtenf;csif;? trsm;çtrsm;jcif; wlnD&rnf/ uwåm;um;

tenf;jzpfjzpf trsm;jzpfjzpf aeEdkifonf/ Bud,mESifh uHudkom (Person) 0dbwf udkufatmif n§dyg/

uwåm;um; (Person) oHk;rsKd; oifhovdk aeEdkifonf/

uHa[m0gusyHkpH

u/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,aw/

c/ yk&daoe r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/

*/ yk&daoe wGH *päD,ao/

C/ yk&daoe wkarS *päD,a0S/

i/ yk&daoe t[H *päDa,/

p/ yk&daoe r,H *päD,marS/


u/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? ra*¾g-vrf;udk? *päD,aw-oGm;tyf\/

c/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? r*¾g-vrf;wdkYudk? *päD,aEÅ-oGm;tyfukef\/

*/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? wGH-oifvrf;udk? *päD,ao-oGm;tyf\/

C/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? wkarS-oif;vrf;wdkYudk? *päD,a0S-oGm;tyfukef\/

i/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? t[H-igvrf;udk? *päDa,-oGm;tyf\/

p/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? r,H-igvrf;wdkYudk? *päD,marS-oGm;tyfukef\/

uwåm; 6rsKd;ç uH 1 rsKd;

u/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,aw/ c/ yk&dao[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/

*/ w,m ra*¾g *päD,aw/ C/ wkarS[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/

i/ r,m ra*¾g *päD,aw/ p/ tarS[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/

------- r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/

------- wGH *päD,ao/

------- wkarS *päD,a0S/

------- t[H *päDa,/

------- r,H *päD,marS/

trSm/ yk&daoe paom uwåm; 6rsKd;udk tvJtvSnfxm;Edkifaomfvnf; uHESifh Bud,mwdkYudkum; ]ra*¾g

*päD,aw} [kom xm;&yHkudk Munfhí - r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/ - wGH *päD,ao/ - wkarS *päD,a0S/

- t[H *päDa,/ - r,H *päD,marS/ wdkYüvnf; yk&daoepaom uwåm 6rsKd;wGif tvdk½Sd&m uwåm;

udk xm;Edkifonf[k rSwfyg/

zwfpmrsm;

u/ unm, bwåH ypöaw/ trsKd;orD;onf xrif;udk csuftyf\/

c/ Aka'¨e "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[mtyf\/

*/ w,m bwåmed ypöaEÅ/ oifonf xrif;wdkYudk csuftyfukef\/

C/ r,m 'gaee abm*g vAÇaEÅ/ igonf 'geaMumifh pnf;pdrfwdkYudk &tyfukef\/

i/ wkarS[d oDave okcged vAÇaEÅ/ oifwdkYonf oDvaMumifh csrf;omwdkYudk &tyfukef\/

p/ oraP[d bm0em, edAÁmeH ygyD,aw/ &[ef;wdkYonf bm0emaMumifh edAÁmefodkY a&muftyfukef\/


q/ y@daw[d 0dem Amav[d 0d[ma&m tm*päD,aw/ ynm½SdwdkYonf vlrdkufwdkYESifh cGJí ausmif;odkY

vmtyf\/

Z/ tarS[d oHCó 'gemed 'D,aEÅ/ igwdkYonf oHCmtm; tvªwdkYukd vªtyfukef\/

ps/ odaó[d tmp&d,ó qwåH "m&D,aw/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mtm; xD;udk aqmiftyf\/

n/ Aka'¨e a'0rEkómeH "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf ewfvlwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mtyf\/

#/ odaó[d tmp&d,awm odyÜH O*¾,Saw/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mhxHrS twwfudk ol,ltyf\/

X/ Aka'¨e owåmeH tw¬m, "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;iSg w&m;udk a[mtyf\/

!/ r,m yd@m, *garm *päD,aw/ igonf qGrf;tvdkYiSg ½GmodkY oGm;tyf\/

¡/ yk&dao[d tm*EÅKumeH bwåH 'D,aw/ a,musfm;wdkYonf {nfhonfwdkYtusKd;iSg qGrf;udk ay;vªtyf\/

(ygVdodu©m 43-46)

ã twåaemyk'f0dbwfwdkYonf y&óyk'f0dbwfodkY wcgw&H ajymif;vJEdkifí 'D,wd-ay;tyf\? ]]a'oD,wd-

a[mtyf\? *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\}} ponfjzifh y&óyk'f0dbwfyHkpHjzifhvnf; awGUedkifonf/

aw *päD,wd taEÅ *päD,EÅd

ao *päD,od a0S *päD,x

{ *päD,mrd arS *päD,mr

ã uHa[m0gudk rl&if;"mwfodkY udwfypönf;ac: wç wAÁç teD,ç aw,sç rsm; qufí uHa[m

Bud,mjyKvkyfEdkifonf/ udwfBud,mwGif emrf0dbwfqufay;&onf/ odkYjzpfí uHa[m udwfBud,monf uH

yk'fESifh vdif0kpf0dbwfwl&onf/

]w} udk tyfNyD[k jrefrmjyef&onf/ ]]wAÁç teD,ç aw,s}} wdkYudk tyfonfç xdkufonfç oifhonf

[k jrefrmjyef&onf/

rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁ qufyHk

(u) AsOf;qHk;aom rl&if;"mwfudk £(-d) cHí qufyg/

yHkpHrsm; cg'wd? cg'dwAÁ? pm;oifh\? pm;xdkuf\? pm;tyf\/

pdaEÅwd? pdaEÅwAÁ? BuHpnftyf\? BuHpnfxdkuf\? BuHpnfoifh\/

ykapäwd? ykapäwAÁ? ar;tyf\? ar;oifh\? ar;xdkuf\/


(c) tmqHk;onf rl&if;"mwfodkY wdkuf½kdufqufyg/

yHkpHrsm; y[m,wd? y[mwAÁ? y,ftyf\/

Xmwd? XmwAÁ? &yftyf\/

ygwd? ygwAÁ? aomuftyf\/

aewd? aewAÁ? aqmiftyf\/

aZwd? aZwAÁ? atmiftyf\/

(*) AsOf;qHk;onfh rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁquf&mwGif &Hcg wAÁrS wESifh "mwf\tqHk;AsOf;onf yHkpHajymif;vJ

oGm;Muonf/

yHkpHrsm; zkowd? azmXAÁ? awGxdtyf\/ (zko+wAÁ)

|

*rwd? *EÅAÁ? oGm;tyf\/ (*r+wAÁ)

E

0pwd? 0wåAÁ? ajymtyf\/ (0p+wAÁ)

w

rl&if;"mwfodkY teD, qufyHk

yHkpHrsm; cg'wd? cg'eD,H-pm;tyf

ylaZwd? ylZeD,H-ylaZmftyf

&rwd? &reD,H-ESpfouftyf

0gusyHkpH u/ w,m tbd"ar®m odu©dwaAÁm/ oifonf tbd"r®mudk oifoifhonf/

c/ tarS[d y@dwm ao0dwAÁm/ uREkfyfwdkYonf ynm½SdwdkYudk rSD0J(aygif;azmf)oifhMuonf/

]tbd"ar®m}[laom uHyk'fonf yk&daomuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm {u0kpf 0dbwfjzpfí ]odu©dwaAÁm}

[laom udwfBud,mvnf; yk&daomuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm {u0kpf 0dbwfjzpf&onf/ ]w,m}um; uHa[m0gusü

ygaom uwåm;jzpfí wwd,mjzpf&onf/

]y@dwm}[laom uHonf yk&domuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm A[k0kpf 0dbwfjzpfí ]ao0dwAÁm}[laom

udwfBud,mvnf; yHkvdef yxrm A[k0kpf 0dbwfjzpf&onf/


ã jyKvkyfol uwåm; r½SdyJESifhvnf; rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁqufí ur®Bud,m wnfaqmufEdkifonf/

4if;Bud,myHkpHonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ]pdwåH}uJhodkY eyHkvdef {u0kpf0dbwfjzifh taersm;onf/

yHkpH/ {0H ZmedwAÁH-þodkY odtyf\/

{0arwH '|AÁH-þt&mudk þodkY rSwftyf\/

ã wAÁ? teD, qufaom yk'frsm;udk emr0daooe tjzpfjzifh toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh teD,

qufaomyk'frsm;udk emr0daooetjzpfjzifhom toHk;rsm;onf/

yHkpH/ 1? y@dawm ao0dwAÁH yk*¾vH ao0wd/ ynm½Sdonf rSD0Jxdkufaomyk*¾Kdvfudk rSD0J\/

2? t[H 'óeD,H tm&r®PH yómrd/ igonf vSyaom tm½kHudk jrif\/

ã wAÁ? teD, qufaom yk'frsm;udk wcgw&H emrfyk'ftjzpfjzifhvnf; toHk;jyKonf/

yHkpH/ *[ywd cg'eD,H abmZeD,H y#d,ma'wd/ ol<u,fonf cJbG,f abmZOfudk pD&if\/

zwfpmrsm;

u/ pwåma&m £ar yk*¾vm e ao0dwAÁm/ av;rsKd;ukefaom þyk*¾KdvfwdkYudk rrSD0Jtyfukef/

c/ wD[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm Amavm a0'dwaAÁm/ &[ef;wdkY oHk;yg;aom w&m;wdkYESifh jynfh

pHkoludk vlrdkuf[k odtyf\/

*/ w,m £ro®ð *gar e 0odwAÁH/ oifonf þ½Gmü raetyf/

C/ tarS[d {0H e pdaEÅwAÁH/ uREkfyfwdkYonf þodkY rBuHpnftyf/

i/ oraP[d £ar pwåma&m "r®m ZmedwAÁm/ &[ef;wdkYonf þav;yg;aomw&m;wdkYudk odtyf

ukef\/

p/ wa,m £ar "r®m y@daw[d y[mwAÁm/ þw&m;oHk;yg;wdkYudk ynm½SdwdkYonf y,ftyfukef\/

(wuúodkvfydkYcscsuf)


q/ r,m yknH uwHç e ygyH/ igonf aumif;rIudk jyKoifh\? raumif;rIudk rjyKoifh/

Z/ yk&daoe 0d[ma&m uawm/ a,musfm;onf ausmif;udk aqmufvkyftyf\/

ps/ yk&daoe omvm uwm/ a,musfm;onf Z&yfudk aqmuftyf\/

n/ yk&daoe a*[H uwH/ a,musfm;onf tdrfudk aqmuftyf\/

#/ yk&dao[d 0d[ma&m uawm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf ausmif;udk aqmuftyf\/

X/ yk&dao[d omvm uwm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf Z&yfudk aqmuftyf\/

!/ yk&dao[d a*[H uwH/ a,musfm;wdkYonf tdrffudk aqmuftyf\/

¡/ yk&daoe 0d[m&m uwm/ a,musfm;onf ausmif;wdkYudk aqmufvkyftyfukef\/

P/ yk&daoe omvma,m uwma,m/ a,musfm;onf Z&yfwkYdudk aqmuftyfukef\/

w/ yk&daoe a*[med uwmed/ a,musfm;onf tdrfwdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/

x/ yk&dao[d 0d[m&m uwm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf ausmif;wdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/

'/ yk&dao[d omvma,m uwma,m/ a,musfm;wkYdonf Z&yfwkYdudk aqmuftyfukef\/

"/ yk&dao[d a*[med uwmed/ a,musfm;wkdYonf tdrfwdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/

(yxrBuD;wef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef;)

14/ wa,mar bdu©a0 r'g/ uwar wa,m¿ a,mAÁera'g tma&m*sra'g ZD0dwra'g/ (tH?1?yg?145)

15/ wdaóm £rm bdu©a0 orÜ'g/ uwrm wdaóm¿ o'©gorÜ'g oDvorÜ'g ynmorÜ'g/ £rm

acg bdu©a0 wdaóm orÜ'gwd/ (tH?1?yg?291)

16/ wDPdrmed bdu©a0 y@dwynwåmed oyÜK&doynwåmed/ uwrmed wDPd¿ 'geH bdu©a0 y@dwynwåH

oyÜK&doynwåH/ yAÁZÆm bdu©a0 y@dwynwåH oyÜK&doynwåH/ rmwmydwleHH bdu©a0 Oy|meH y@dwynwåH

oyÜK&doynwåH/ (tH?1?yg?149)

17/ wD[d bdu©a0 ta*F[d orEém*awm rdawåm ao0dwaAÁm/ uwar[d wD[d¿ 'k'´oH ''gwd? 'kuú&H

ua&mwd? 'ku©rH crwd/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 ta*F[d orEém*awm rdawåm ao0dwaAÁm/

(tH?1?yg?291)

½Sif;vif;csuf

ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk Munfhyg/ ]r'g} yHkvdifemrfjzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk wa,m[k yHkvdefyHkpHjzifh

a&;onf/ ]orÜ'g}onf £w¬dvdifjzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk ]wdaóm}[k £w¬vdefyHkpHjzifh a&;onf/ ]ynwåmed}onf

eyHkvdef jzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk ]wDPd} [k eyHkvdefyHkpHjzifh a&;onf/


18/ wD[d bdu©a0 Xmae[d oa'¨g yoaEém a0'dwaAÁm/ uwar[d wD[d¿ oDv0EÅmeH 'óeumarm

a[mwd? o'¨r®H aomwkumarm a[mwd? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&H tZÑm0owd rkwåpma*g

y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm* &awm/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 wD[d Xmae[d

oa'¨g yoaEém a0'dwaAÁm/ (tH?1?yg?149)

19/ wdaóm £rm bdu©a0 0k¹kda,m/ uwrm wdaóm¿ o'¨g0k¹kd oDv0k¹kd ynm0k¹kd/ £rm acg bdu©a0

0k¹kda,mwd/ (tH?1?yg?291)

20/ *E¨Zmwokwå

txacg tm,o®m tmeaE´m a,e b*0g awEkyouFrd? OyouFrdwGm b*0EÅH tbd0ga'wGm

{urEÅH edoD'd? {urEÅH edodaEém acg tm,o®m tmeaE´m b*0EÅH {w'a0gp ----

wDPdrmed baEÅ *E¨Zmwmed? a,oH tEk0gwHa,0 *aE¨m *päwd aem y#d0gwH/ uwrmed wDPd¿

rlv*aE¨m om&*aE¨m ykyæ*aE¨m? £rmed acg baEÅ wDPd *E¨Zmwmed? a,oH tEk0gwHa,0 *aE¨m *päwd

aem y#d0gwH/ tw¬d Ek acg baEÅ udÍöd *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd?

tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/

tw¬meeE´ udÍöd *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd

*aE¨m *päwDwd/ uwrÍö ye *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd?

tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/

£"meE´ ,o®ð *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H

o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd? ygPmwdygwm y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem

y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm a[mwd? rkom0g'g y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&,

rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd uvsmP"ar®m? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&H

tZÑm0owd? rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm*&awm/

wó 'domok orPjA[®Pm 0PÖH bmoEÅd ]]tokuo®ð emr *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g

yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd?

ygPmwdygwm y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm

a[mwd? rkom0g'g y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd

uvsmP"ar®m? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&HtZÑm0owd? rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm

,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm*&awm}}wd/


a'0wmydó 0PÖH bmoEÅd ]]tokuo®ð emr *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H

o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd? ygPmwdygwm

y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm a[mwd? rkom0g'g

y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd uvsmP"ar®m?

0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&HtZÑm0owd? rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g

'geoH0dbm*&awm}}wd/ £'H acg wH tmeE´ *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m

*päwd? tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/

e ykyæ*aE¨m y#d0gwarwd?

e pE´eH w*&rv’dum 0g/

owÍö *aE¨m y#d0gwarwd?

oAÁm 'dom oyÜK&aom y0g,wDwd/ (tH?1?yg?226)

21/ pwåm&drmed bdu©a0 o*F[ 0w¬Led/ uwrmed pwåm&d¿ 'geH ay,s0ZÆH tw¬p&d,m ormewåwm

£rmed acg bdu©a0 pwåm&d o*F[0w¬LeDwd/ (tH?1?yg?226)

22/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm ,xmbwH edu©dawåm {0H ed&a,/ uwar[d pwl[d¿

ygPmwdygwD a[mwd? t'dEém'g,D a[mwd? umarok rdpämpm&D a[mwd? rkom0g'D a[mwd/ £ar[d

acg bdu©a0 pwl[d "ar®[d orEém*awm ,xmbwH edu©dawåm {0H ed&a,/ (tH?1?yg?382)

23/ pwåma&mar bdu©a0 yk*¾vm oaEÅm oH0dZÆrmem avmuo®ð/ uwar pwåma&m¿ ½lyyÜrmaPm

½lyyÜoaEém? aCmoyÜrmaPm aCmoyÜoaEém? vlcyÜrmaPm vlcyÜoaEém? "r®yÜrmaPm "r®yÜoaEém/

£ar acg bdu©a0 pwåma&m yk*¾vm oaEÅm oH0dZÆrmem avmuo®ðEÅd/ (tH?1?yg?383)

24/ pwaóm £rm bdu©a0 tmbm/ uwrm pwaóm¿ pE´mbm ol&d,mbm t*¾gbm

ynmbm/ £rm acg bdu©a0 pwaóm tmbm/ {w'*¾H bdu©a0 £rmoH pwkEéH tmbmeH

,'d'H ynmbmwd/ (tH?1?yg?456)


yÍö(5) rS t|m&o(18) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;

y^'k yÍö

w^rD yÍö[d

p^q yÍöEéH

o yÍöok

(vdefoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\)

½kyfNyD;yHk

y^'k yÍö + a,m = yÍö w^rD yÍö + [d = yÍö[d

Íöf+ ? ? Íöf+?> ?

p^q yÍö + eH = yÍöEéH o yÍö + ok = yÍöok

Íöf+?> ? (E)vm Íöf+?> ?

q-6? owå-7? t|-8? e0-9? 'o-10? {um'o-11? 'Gg'o-12? aw&o-13? pk'´o-14?

yEé&o-15? aomVo-16? owå&o-17? t|m&o-18? þ ocsFmwdkYonf yÍöESifh ½kyfpOfyHkç ½kyfNyD;yHk

tm;vHk;wlMuonf/

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ eH aMumifh 'Gd pwk tp t|m&otqHk; yk'fwdkYaemif evm/

39/ yÍöm'De rwåH/ ok eH [d wdkYaMumifh yÍö rS t|m&owdkifaom ocsmF*Pef;rsm;\ ]t} onf

a-odkY ajymif;roGm;&ef ]t}odkYajymif;onf/ (aocsmatmifjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf)

83/ yÍöm'De ruma&m/ a,m ESpfvHk;aMumifh yÍö rS t|m&owdkifaom ocsmF8Pef;rsm;\ ]t}onf

a,mESifhtwl ]t}odkYajymif;onf/


zwfpmrsm;

25/ abmZeH bdu©a0 ''rmaem 'g,aum y#d*¾g[umeH yÍö Xmemed a'wd/ uwrmed yÍö¿ tm,Hk

a'wd? 0PÖH a'wd? okcH a'wd? AvH a'wd? y#dbmeH a'wd/ (tH?2?yg?35)

26/ yÍödrmed bdu©a0 umv'gemed/ uwrmed yÍö¿ tm*EÅKuó 'geH a'wd? *rduó 'geH a'wd?

*dvmeó 'geH a'wd? 'kAÇdau© 'geH a'wd? ,med wmed e0oómed e0zvmed? wmed yXrH oDv0aEÅok

ywd|maywd/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 yÍö umv'gemeDwd/ (tH?2?yg?35)

27/ yÍödrm bdu©a0 orÜ'g/ uwrm yÍö¿ o'¨gorÜ'g oDvorÜ'g okworÜ'g pm*orÜ'g ynm

orÜ'g/ £rm acg bdu©a0 yÍö orÜ'gwd/ (tH?2?yg?46)

28/ yÍödar bdu©a0 puFar tmedoHom/ uwar yÍö¿ t'¨geu©arm a[mwd? y"meu©arm a[mwd?

tyÜgAma"m a[mwd? todwH yDwH cg,dwH om,dwH or®m y&drmPH *päwd? puFrm"d*awm orm"d

pd&|dwdaum a[mwd/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 yÍö puFar tmedoHomwd/ (tH?2?yg?24)

29/ yÍödrmed bdu©a0 Xmemed orÜóEÅm rmwmydwa&m ykwåH £päEÅd ukav Zm,rmeH/ uwrmed yÍö¿

bawm 0g aem b&dówd? udpöH 0g aem u&dówd? ukv0Haom pd&H Xówd? 'g,ZÆH y#dyZÆdówd?

tx 0g ye aywmeH umvuFwmeH 'u©dPH tEky'ówDwd/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 yÍö Xmemed

orÜóEÅm rmwmydwa&m ykwåH £päEÅd ukav Zm,rmeEÅd/ (tH?2?yg?37)


&wåm'd*kdPf;

yHkvdef Oum&EÅ

bdu©K (&[ef;) ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ bdu©K bdu©L? bdu©a0g

tm/ abm bdu©K abmaEÅm bdu©L? bdu©a0? bdu©a0g

'k/ bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g

w/ bdu©Kem bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd? bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd

p/ bdu©Kó? bdu©aem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH

rD/ bdu©Ko®m? bdu©Kem bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd? bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd

q/ bdu©Kó? bdu©aem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH

o/ bdu©Ko®ð? bdu©KrSd? bdu©Lok? bdu©Kok

½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ bdu©K + od = bdu©K bdu©K + a,m = bdu©L bdu©K + a,m =bdu©a0g

bdu©f+K> L a0g

tm/ bdu©K? bdu©L? bdu©a0g (yxrm ESifhwl) bdu©K + a,m = bdu©a0

a0

'k/ bdu©K + ? H> -H = bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g (yxrmESifhwl)

w/ bdu©K + em = bdu©Kem bdu©K + [d = bdu©L[d^bd bdu©K + [d = bdu©K[d^bd

bdu©f+K> L

p^q/ bdu©K + o = bdu©Kó bdu©K + o = bdu©Kaem bdu©K + eH = bdu©LeH

ó aem bdu©f+K> L

bdu©K + eH = bdu©KeH

rD/ bdu©K + o®m = bdu©Ko®m bdu©K + o®m = bdu©KrSm bdu©K + o®m = bdu©Kem

rSm em

(bdu©L[d?bd? bdu©K[d?bd wwd,mESifhwl)

o/ bdu©K + o®ð = bdu©Ko®ð bdu©K + o®ð = bdu©KrSd bdu©K + ok = bdu©Lok

bdu©K + ok = bdu©Kok rSd bdu©f+K> L


pnf;rsOf;rsm;

169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ tH Mo tm odkY rajymif;vJaom tmvkyf odç vd*Fw¬ od onf aysmuf

uG,foGm;onf/

67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ Cypsv1wdkYrS pum;vHk;aemufu a,monf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

65/ tuw&óm vawm ,Gmvyeó a0a0g/ yHkvdef Oum&EÅ aemufu a,monf a0ç a0g odkY

ajymif;onf/

68/ vawm a0guma&mp/ yHkvdef O^OD qHk;onf pumvHk;aemufu a,m onf a0g odkYajymif;onf/

46/ a0a0gok avmp/ a0ç a0g aMumifh O onf t odkY ajymif;onf/

31/ tHarmed*¾[DwH psvay[d/ psvy aemuf tHonf ed*¾[dwfodkY ajymif;onf/

38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a½SUu o&onf 'DCodkY ajymif;onf/

rajymif;onfh tcgvnf;½Sdonf/

66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ psv2 wdkY aemufu o onf aem odkYajymif;onf/

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ vaemufu tHonf eHodkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH/ t[H 0aE´ r[m0D&H Ak'¨rm'dpöAE¨KeH/ ('D-2? yg? 229)

t[H-igonf? r[m0D&H-vHk;vBuD;awmfrlaom? tm'dpöAE¨KeH-aerif;\ aqGawmmfjzpfawmfrlaom? Ak'¨H-

bk&m;udk? 0aE´-½Sdcdk;yg\/

2/ a,m udk a0gçaem rjyK&mü a,maMumifh O onf t odkY ajymif;onf/ a[wa,mç ZEÅa,m ponf

jzpf\/ (v,fwDy'rmvmusrf; ywGJ 127)

yHkpH/ taZÆ0 wH uk&a,m ygy,mwk/ (Zm 2? 308) ygü uk½ka,m[k½Sd/ ed½kwåd(108)ü

uk&a,m^uk½ka,m ESpfrsKd; jyonf/ taZÆ0-,aeYüyif? wH-xdk0d"l&trwfudk? uk&a,m-uk½kwdkif;wdkYodkY?

ygy,mwk-a&mufapavm/ (ZmwuygVdr[medygwfedos 'k ESm 65)

1/ £w¬dvif tm qHk;onfh pum;vHk;udk (4if;wdkY\tmudk) ]]C}} [kac:onf/ £w¬dvdif £þ OOD qHk;onhfpum;vHk;

rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\ £þOODudk) ]]y}} [kac:onf/ yHkvdef eyHkvdef £ þ qHk;aompum;vHk;rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\

£þudk) ]]ps}} yHkvdef eyHkvdef O OD qHk;aompum;vHk;rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\ O ODudk) ]]v}} [kac:onf/


Oum&EÅyHkvdif *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

bdu©K &[ef; y#K vdr®mol omEk awmifxdyfjyif

bmPk aerif; &m[k tok&def auwk wHcGef^rSefuif;

y*Fk qGHUtol OpäK BuH odE¨K orkj'm

£"k rD;pm a0VK^a0Pk 0g; ae½k^ar½k jrif;rkd&fawmif

*k½k q&m a[wk taMumif; aowk wHwm;

rpöK aorif; AE¨K rdwfaqG owåK &efol

um½k vuform; ½k½k qwfowå0g u#päK ZGef;

uk½k uk½kwdkif;

ã *k½ko'´g0,f a,m0dbwfudk vawma0guma&m p ü um&o'´gjzifh aemjyKí *k½kaem[k ½kyfrsm;ydk\/

a[wko'´g0,f a,m0dbwfjzifh a[wka,m[k ydk\/ ZEÅKo'´güum; ZEÅKa,mç ZEÅKaem [k ESpf½kyfydk\/

(wGJbuftajcjyKo'´g 88)

zwfpmrsm;

30/ txacg ax&meH bdu©LeH {w'a[mod ]]uw¬ Ek acg r,H "r®Íö 0de,Íö o*Fga,,smrm}}wd

txacg ax&meH bdu©LeH {w'a[mod]]&mZ*[H acg r[ma*gp&H y[lwaoemoeH? ,EéLe r,H

&mZ*a[ 0óH 0oEÅm "r®Íö o*Fga,,smrm? e tan bdu©L &mZ*a[ 0óH Oy*apä,sK}}EÅd/

(oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm-6)

31/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm bdu©K tyPÖuy#dy'H y#dyaEém a[mwd? a,medpó tm&'¨g

a[mwd tmo0geH c,m,/ uwar[d pwl[d¿ £" bdu©a0 bdu©K oDv0g a[mwd? A[kókawm

a[mwd? tm&'¨0D&da,m a[mwd? yn0g a[mwd? £ar[d acg bdu©a0 pwl[d "ar®[d orEém*awm

bdu©K tyPÖuy#dy'H y#dyaEém a[mwd? a,medpó tm&'¨g a[mwd tmo0geH c,m,mwd/

(tH? yg? 1? 388)

32/ {0H ar okwH -- {uH or,H b*0g om0w¬d,H 0d[&wd aZw0ae temxyd@duó tm&mar/

wMw acg b*0g bdu©L tmraEÅod ]]bdu©a0g}}wd/ ]]b'aEÅ}}wd bdu©L b*0awm ypöaómoHk/

(tH? yg? 2? 1)


ow¬m'd*kdPf;

ykHvdef Oum&EÅ

ow¬K (bk&m;) ½kyfpOfyHk

y ow¬m ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)1

tm abmow¬ç ow¬m abmaEÅm ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)

'k ow¬m&Hç (ow¬KH ) ow¬ma&m (ow¬ma&)

w ow¬m&mç ow¬Kem ow¬ma&,dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd

p ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH

rD ow¬Ko®m2çow¬KrSmçow¬m&mçow¬Kem ow¬ma&[dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd

q ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH

o ow¬Ko®ðç ow¬KrSdç ow¬&d ow¬ma&okç ow¬Lok

y ow¬K + od = ow¬m ow¬K + a,m = ow¬ma&m

ow¬f+ K> m ow¬f+ K> m& a-m

ow¬K + a,m = ow¬m

m

tm ow¬K + od =ow¬ ow¬K + od = ow¬m

ow¬f+K> m> ? ow¬f+ K> m

(ow¬ma&m? yxrma,mESifwl)

'k ow¬K + tH = ow¬m&H ow¬K + tH = ow¬KH

-H

(ow¬ma&m? yxrma,mESifwl) ow¬K + a,m = ow¬ma&

ow¬f+ K> m& a

w ow¬K + em = ow¬Kem ow¬K + em = ow¬m&m

ow¬f+ K> m& m

ow¬K + [d = ow¬ma&[d^bd

ow¬f+ K> m &

&f+?> a ow¬K + [d = ow¬L[d ^ bd

ow¬f+> L

1 v,fwDy'rmvmjy^o'´eDwdjy ½kyfydk 2 v,fwDy'rmvmjy ½kyfydk


p^q ow¬K + o = ow¬K ow¬K + o = ow¬Kó

ow¬f+ K> K ó

ow¬K + o = ow¬Kaem ow¬K + eH = ow¬m&meH

aem ow¬f+ K> m &

&f+?> m

ow¬K + eH = ow¬meH ow¬K + eH = ow¬LeH

ow¬f+K > ? > m ow¬f+ K> L

rD ow¬K + o®m = ow¬Ko®m ow¬K + o®m = ow¬KrSm

rSm

ow¬K + o®m = ow¬KeSm ow¬K + o®m = ow¬m&m

em ow¬f+K> m& em > m

(ow¬ma&[d^bd? ow¬L[d^bd wwd,mESifhwl)

o ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬Ko®ð ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬KrSd

rSd

ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬&d

ow¬f+ K> m & -d

?

ow¬K + ok = ow¬ma&ok ow¬K + ok = ow¬Lok

ow¬f+ K> m & ow¬f+ K> L

&f+?> a

ow¬KESifh½kyfpOfyHk^ajymif;vJyHkwlaom pum;vHk;rsm;

ow¬K(omo+&w¬K)bk&m; uwåK(u&+wk)jyKvkyfol bwåK(b&+&dwk)vif(t½Sifocif)

0w¬K(0'^0p+wk)ajymqdkwwfol aewk(eD+wk) ^aewåK-aqmifwwfol

ewåK (ew+&dwk)-ajr; "mwk("m+wk)aqmifwwfol

ã ]]wk}}onf jyKvkyfwwfol[laom(uwåm;) t"dyÜg,fudk jyonf/


tpDt&ifxl;

ã uwåKç cwåK-trwf? trwfa[m uwåKç cwåK wdkY\ tmvkyfodonf {odkYajymif;í uawåç cawå [k

½SdEdkifonf/ *odaMumifh uwåK\ Oonf tm&odkYajymif;í uwåm&[kvnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ aewåKaemufu

o®ðonf {odkYajymif;í aeawå[kvnf;½SdEdkoonf/

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

148/ ow¬Kydwm'DerSm odo®ð odavmaygp/ odaMumifh ow¬Kydwk ponfwdkY\ tqHk; Oonf tmodkYajymif;

NyD; odonf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

149/ tanoGm&wåH/ odrSwyg;aom 0dbwfaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf tm&odkYajymif;onf/

150/ 0g eHrSd/ eHaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/

151/ ow¬KewåÍö/ eHaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf t odkYajymif;onf/

152/ Ooo®ð oavmaygp/ oaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf O odkY xyfajymif;onf/ ovnf;

aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ Oxyfajymif;jcif;jzifh cdkifNrJoGm;í tm&odkY rajymif;awmhay/

154/ wawma,mearmwk/ OrS ajymif;vmaom tm&rSaemuf a,monf MoodkY ajymif;onf/

155/ wawmo®drd/ tm&aemufu o®ð onf £odkYajymif;onf/ (wawmjzifhtm&aemufr[kwfaom o®ðudk

vnf; £odkYajymif;onf? bk0dç 'd0d)

156/ emtm/ tm& aemufu em onf tm odkY ajymif;onf/

157/ tma&m&órDuma&/ o®ð onf £odkYajymif;u tm&\ tmonf t odkYajymif;onf/

107/ oAÁa,mederm{/ tm{ okwfcGJjzifh tm&aemufu yxrma,monf tmç 'kwd,ma,monf

{odkYajymif;oonf/



66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ psv wdkY aemufu o onf aem odkYajymif;onf/

218/ trS wkrS(y)o®mem0/ o®mudk em0dbwf ajymif;vJyHktwkdif; ajymif;Edkifonf/

ã emç eH ESpfvHk;? aygif; 0dbwfoHk;rsKd;aMumifh O onf tm&odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/ oESpfvHk; od

wdkYaMumifh Oonf tm&odkYrajymif;/ usef0dbwf½SpfrsKd;aMumifh Oonf tm&odkY tNrJajymif;onf/

xdkYaMumifh ]] oHk;aMumifh0duyf? oHk;aMumifhvyf? ½Spf&yftm&NrJ }} [k 0dok'¨g½kHq&mawmfqdkonf/


ykHvdef Oum&EÅ

ydwk (tb) ½kyfpOfyHk

y ydwm ydwa&mç (ydwm)

tm abmydwç ydwm abmaEÅm ydwa&m (ydwm)

'k ydw&H (ydwkH) ydwa& (ydwa&)

w ydw&mç ydwkem ydwa&[dç ydwa&bd ydwl[dç ydwlbd

p ydwkç ydwkaemç ydwkó ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwleH

rD ydwko®mçydwkrSmçydw&mçydwkem ydwa&[dç ydwa&bd ydwl[dç ydwlbd

q ydwkç ydwkaemç ydwkó ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwleH

o ydwko®ðç ydwkrSdç ydw&d ydwa&okç ydwlok

ã ½kyfajymif;vJyHkrSm ]]ydwk\ OrSmajymif;vmaom tm&\ tmonf todkY ajymif;½kHom}} xl;\/ usef

tmvHk; ow¬K ESifhwl\/

ydwkESifh½kyfpOfyHk^ajymif;vJyHkwlaompum;vHk;rsm;

ydwk (yg+&dwk) tb bmwk (bZ^bmo+&mwk) tpfudkç nD

Zmrmwk (Ze+&dwkçZerSeonfrodkYajymif;) om;ruf

ydwkponftwGufpOf;rsOf;

158/ ydwm'DerodrSd/ odrSwyg;aom0dbwfaMumifh ydwkponfwdkY\ tm&\ tmonf todkYajymif;onf/

(usefpnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm ow¬Ktwdkif; jzpfonf)

tpDt&ifxl;

ã 1/ awmypönf;aMumifh ydwk\ Oonf £odkYajymif;onf/ ydwdawm

2/ ormofüvnf; ydwk\ ydwk\ Oonf £odkYajymif;onf/ ydwdyau©m

3/ ydwkaemufu em'd{u0kpf ig;vHk;onf ,modkYajymif;onf/ aywsm


£w¬dvdef Oum&EÅ

rmwk (tar) ½kyfpOfyHk

y rmwm rmwa&m

tm abmwd rmwç rmwm abmwda,m rmwa&m

'k rmw&H (rmwHk) rmwa&m (rmwa&)

w rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç rmwlbd

p rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,mç rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleH

rD rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç rmwlbd

q rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,mç rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleH

o rmwko®ðç rmwkrSdç rmw&dç rmwk,mç rmwk,H rmwa&okç rmwlok

(ed½kwåd'DyeDygXf-114)

ã "Dwkç 'k[dwk (orD;) ewåK (ajr;rdef;uav;) ponfwdkYwdkYudk rmwkuJhodkY ½kyfpOfyg/ ajr;rdef;ra[m

ewåKü tm&\ tmudk trajymif;yJ ewåma&mç ewåm&H[k jzpfonf/

tpD&ifxl;

1/ rmwkü emç o(2)ç o®mç o®ð {u0kpf ig;vHk;ü rwsm? o®ðü rwsH [k½SdEdkifonf/

2/ ydwkü emç o(2)ç o®mç o®ð {u0kpf ig;vHk;ü aywsm? o®ðü aywsH [k½SdEdkifonf/

3/ tmvkyfodonf {odkY ajymif;onf/ tpä&d,H eE´rmaw? eE´rmaw-eE´r,fawmf? tpä&d,H-

tHhMozG,f½SdaypG?

½kyfajymif;yHk

rmwk + em = rmwk,m rm wk + em = rwsm

,m r+ m wf+ K ,m

?

yd wk + em = aywsm

y+-d> a w+ K ,m

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

61/ yawm,m/ yaemufu emç oç o®mç o®ð onf ,modkYajymif;onf/

61/ awok0¹d/ rmwkü wk\ Oonf aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; rm\ tonf todkYajymif;onf/

165/ Cyawmo®ð,H0g/ Cyaemufu o®ðonf ,HodkYajymif;onf/


raem*kdPf; tum&EÅ yHkvdef ^ eyHkvdef

od reHç raem remç remed

tm abm reç rem abmaEÅm remç remed

'k reHç raem raeç remed

w raeeç reom rae[dç raebd

p reóç reaom remeH

rD reo®mç rerSmç rem rae[dç raebd

q reóç reaom remeH

o reo®ðç rerSdç reodç rae raeok

ã raem o'´gonf yk&dom'd*kdPf;xuf tHç emç oç o®ð wdkYüom xl;onf/ usef0dbwfrsm;

yk&dom'd*kdPf;ç pdwåm'd*kdPf;wdkYESifh wlonf[k rSwfyg/

½kyfajymif;yHk

re + tH = raem re + em = reom

a-m (o) m

re + o = reaom re + o®ð = reod

(o) a-m (o) -d

pOf;rsOf;rsm;

130/ raem*Pm'dawm o®ðemerdtm/ raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufjzpfukefaom o®ð em wdkYonf

tpOftwdkif; £ tm odkYajymif;onf/

131/ oó.apm/ raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufjzpfukefaom o tH wdkYonf Mo odkYajymif;onf/

133/ ooa&0g.*arm/ aemufo&aMumifh raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufü vdktyfvQif o-vmyg/

132/ {awo.arm avmay/ 0dbwfausNyD;aomf raem*kdPf;o'´gwdkY tqHk;tonf MoodkYajymif;onf/

(132-pOf;rsOf;onf ormofç w'¨dwfyk'frsm; twGufom jzpfonf)


raem*kdPf;vu©Pm

1/ emç oç o®ð ü tpOftwdkif; omç aomç od qHk;aom pum;vHk;(yk'f)½Sdjcif;

2/ Bud,mESifh,SOf&m &Hcg MotqHk;½Sdjcif;(0apm okwGm? raem wGm? reH OwGm)

3/ ormofç w'¨dwfodkY a&mufvQif tv,frSm Moa&muf&jcif; þt*FgoHk;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom *kdPf;onf

raem*kdPf;rnf\/

(ed,H) omç aomç od yg? ud&d,m Mo? tv,f Mo? raem*kdPf;[kod/ (v,fwDy'rmvm? y-76)

raem*kdPf; yHkvdif *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

0apm-pum; 0a,m-t½G,f awaZm-rD;ç wefcdk;

wayg-tusifh apawm-pdwf warm-trdkufarSmif

ta,m-oH(ow¬K) oda&m-OD;acgif; ya,m-a&ç EdkY&nf

oa&m-a&tdkif Oa&m-&ifbwf &a[m-rsufuG,f

ta[m-aeY&uf qaE´m-tvdkç wPSmç qE´apwoduf

,aom-ta>ct&HçtausmftaZm

ã raem*kdPf;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh eyHkvdefjzpfonf/ ykHvdefvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí pdwåm'd*kdPf;

yk&dom'd*kdPf;rsm;uJhodkY ½kyfpOfESifh ½kyfajymif;vJyHkudk em;vnfyg/

ã (OD;awZ uJhodkY emrnfa[m awZç ,oç qE´ wdkYonf ykHvdefyk&dom'd*kdPf; jzpfonf/ ysufjcif;

t"dyÜg,f½Sdaom 0,ç BuD;yGm;jcif;ç ukokdvfaumif;rI t"dyÜg,f½Sdaom t,ç o&½SpfvHk;udk qdkvdkaom

o& wdkYonf ykvdefyk&dom'd*kdPf;jzpfonf/ &a[m onf edygwfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf)

(tajcjyKo'´gwGJbuf-53)

ã em? o®m 0dbwfae&mü ]]aom}}awGUu raem*kdPf;[k rrSwfESifh/

tw¬aom-teuftmjzifh? AsÍÆeaom-o'´gtm;jzifh? okwåaom-okwftm;jzifh? Oyg,aom-

Oyg,fwrsOftm;jzifh? oAÁaom-tvHk;pHktm;jzifh? Xmeaom-wcPjcif;tm;jzifh? 'DCaom-tvsm;(t½Snf)

rS)? Mo&aom-twGif;rS?

pOf;rsOf;rsm;

54/ aom 0g/ tum&EÅyk'f aemufu emonf aom odkYajymif;onf/

55/ 'DaCma&[d/ 'DC Mo& o'´gwdkY aemufu o®monf aomodkY ajymif;onf/


raem*Pm'd*kdPf;

raem*Pm'd*kdPf;onf raem*kdPf;vu©PmoHk;yg;wGif (u) yk&dom'd*kdPf; pdwåm'd*kdPf;xuf eHygwf

wpf ½kyfyHkpHom ydkaom*dkPf; (c) eHygwf ESpf ESifh oHk; ½kyfyHkpHom ydkaom*kdPf;[k eSpfrsKd;½Sd\/

(u) yxr raem*Pm'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOfyHk

y AdvH Advmç Advmed

tm abm Advç Advm b0EÅmed Advmç Advmed

'k AdvH (]]Adavm}}[k r½SdEdkif) Advmç Advmed

w Adaveç Advom Adav[dç Adavbd

p Advóç Advaom AdvmeH

rD Advo®mç AdvrSç Advm Adav[dç Adavbd

q Advóç Advaom AdvmeH

o Advo®ðç AdvrSdç Adavç Advod Adavok

yxr raem*Pm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

AdvH-wGif;? AvH-tm;ç tpGrf;ç ppfonfAdkvfygç tmPm? 'arm-qHk;rjcif;? 0ga[m-qif,mOfpaom

,mOfç twif;½Spfq,fudk ac:aom wpf0g[? xmarmç xmrH-tm;ç tpGrf;? Za&m-tzsm;a&m*g? Z&m-

tdkjcif;? y'H-yk'fç edAÁmefç ajcç ajc&m? rkcH-rsmufESmç cHwGif;

ã þyk'frsm;wGif ed*¾[dwfqHk;aomyk'frsm;udk pdwåm'd*kdPfuJhodkYç MoqHk;aomyk'frsm;udk yk&dom'd*kdPf;uJhodkYç

tmqHk;aom yk'fudk unm'd*kdPf;uJhodkY ½kyfpOfç ½kyfajymif;yHkudk odyg/ emç oç o®ð ü omç aomç od

½kyfydkrsm;xnfhyg/ xdkYjyif xmarm xmrH 0,f em-ü xmraomç xmrkem? o-ü xmrkaem? o®m-ü

xmrkem [k eHygwfwpf raem*kdPf;vu©Pm½kyftjyif xyfí ydkygao;onf/

xmro'´g yHkvdef½kyfpOfyHk

y xmarm xmrm

tm abm xmrç xmrm abmaEÅm xmrm

'k xmrH xmar

w xmareç xmromç xmrkemç xmraom xmar[dç xmarbd


p xmróç xmraomç xmrkaemç xmrmeH

rD xmro®mç xmrrSmç xmrmç xmrkem xmar[dç xmarbd

q xmróç xmraomç xmrkaemç xmrmeH

o xmro®ðç xmrrSdç xmarç xmrod xmarok

(eyHkvdefxmro'´gudk pdwåm'd*kdPf;twdkif;pOfNyD; ½kyfydkrsm;xnfhyg)

xmr + em = xmraom

aom

xmrkaemç xmrkem ponfudk ur®twdkif; odyg/ pmrsufESm 9-udk jyefMunfhyg/

(c) 'kwd, raem*Pm'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOfyHk

y tmayg tmyg

tm abm tmyç tmyg abmaEÅm tmyg

'k tmyHç tmayg tmay

w tmaye (]tmyom}[k r½Sd) tmay[dç tmaybd

p tmyó (]tmyaom}[k r½Sd) tmygeH

rD tmyo®mç tmyrSmç tmyg tmay[dç tmaybd

q tmyó (]tmyaom}[k r½Sd) tmygeH

o tmyo®ðç tmyrSdç tmay (]tmyod}[k r½Sd) tmayok

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

tmayg-a&? o&a'g-o&'Owkç ESpf? 0ga,m-av? &aZmç&ZH-jrLrIef

(&ZH udk eyHkvdef pdwåm'd*kdPf;pOf&NyD; usefyk'frsm;ukd yk&dom'd*kdPftwdkif; pOf&onf)


zwfpm

30/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm t&d,om0aum oAÁ'k*¾wdb,H orwduúaEÅm a[mwd/

uwar[d pwl[d ¿

£" bdu©a0 t&d,om0aum Aka'¨ ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]£wdyd aom

b*0g t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g 0dZÆmp&PorÜaEém ok*awm avmu0d'l tEkwåa&m yk&do'r®om&xd ow¬m

a'0rEkómeH Aka'¨g b*0g}}wd/

"ar® ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]oGu©mawm b*0wm "ar®m oE´d|daum tumvd

aum {[dyódaum Moyae,sdaum ypöwåH a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[D}}wd/

oHaC ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]okyÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç

OZkyÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç Ó,y#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç omrdpdyÜ#dyaEém

b*0awm om0uoHaCmç ,'d'H pwåm&d yk&do ,k*ged t|yk&doyk*¾vm {o b0*0awm om0uoHaCm

tm[kaea,smç yg[kaea,smç 'u¨daPa,smç tÍÆvdu&PDa,smç tEkwå&H yknau©wåH avmuóm}}wd/

t&d,uaEÅ[d oDav[d orEém*awm a[mwd tca@[d tqda'´[d toAav[d tur®mao[d

bkZdaó[d 0dnLyoaw¬[d ty&mra|[d orm"doH0wåedau[d/ £ar[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm

t&d,om0aum oAÁ'k*¾wdb,H orwduúaEÅm a[mwd/ (oH-3? 'k*¾wdb,okwf-317)

t&d,(wd)t&-Ps jrwfaom?olawmfaumif;

om0u(yk) emMum;ol? wynfh

orwduúEÅ(wd) oH+twd+ur+w(wDudwf)

aumif;pGm vGefajrmufonf

ta0pö(Bud0d) odí? ynmjzifhouf0ifí

yom'(yk)y+o'+P? Munfjcif;? MunfnKdjcif;

orEém*w(wd)oH+tEk+tm*w? jynfhpHkonf

t&[(wd) t&[+t? xdkufaom

or®m(ed) aumif;pGm? rSefpGm

orÁK'¨(wd) oH+Ak"+w?(wDudwf)udk,fwdkifodonf

0dZÆm(xD) 0d'+,? todÓPf

p&P(e)p&+,k? tusifh? oGm;jcif;? ajc? ajcz0g;

ok*w(wd)ok+*w? aumif;aomtvm;½Sdonf

avmu(yk)avmu+t? vlYjynf? bHkoHk;yg;

'r®(wd) 'r+,? qHk;r&maom

om&xd(yk) om&+&xd? qifjrif;ponfudk oifjyol

oGmu©mw(wd)ok+tm+cg+w?

aumif;pGma[mMum;tyfaom

oH'd|du(wd) oH+'do+w=oH'd|+Pdu?

udk,fwdkif awGUEdkifaom w&m;

tumvdu(wd) e+umvdu? tcgrvifh

tusKd;ay;wwfaom

{[d(yÍörD) vmavmh? {wd(0wårmef)oGm;\? a&muf\

{[d-yódu(wd)vmMunfhyg[k tpD&if cHxdkufonf

ypöwåH (ed) rdrdudk,fwdkifç rdrdoEÅmefüç toD;toD;

0dnL (yk) ynm½Sd

okyÜ#dyEé (wd) aumif;pGm usifhtyfonf

OZkyÜ#dyEé (wd) ajzmifhaom tusifh½Sdonf

Ó,yÜ#dyEé (wd) edAÁmeftvdkYiSm usifhtyfonf

omrdpdyÜ#dyEé (wd) ½kdaorIESifh avsmfatmifusifhonf

tm[kae,s(wd)tm+[k+teD,=ta0;rSaqmifí

ay;vªjcif;udk cHxdkufonf

yg[kae,s(wd)yg[ke+Ps={nfhonfzdkYtvªudk cHxdkufonf

'u©daP,s(wd)'u©dPm+Ps=jrwfaomtvªudk cHxdkufonf

tÍÆvdu&PD,(wd)tÍÆvd+u&PD,=vuftkyfcsDjcif;iSg

xdkufonf

cufqpfpum;vHk;t"dyÜg,f


omrnumv

yÍörDBud,m

wckckvkyfzdkY apcdkif;vdkonfhtcgç wdkufwGef;onfhtcgç qkawmif;onfhtcgç qkay;onfhtcg

ponfwdkYü þyÍörDBud,mudk toHk;jyKonf/ þyÍörDBud,monf ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wfumvwdkYwGif

umvwckckudkom rnTefjy/ umvomrefudkom nTefjyonf/ odkYjzpfí umvoHk;yg;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf[k

,lq&rnf/

a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr wk tEÅK

wkrS [d x

trS rd r

a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr bkÍÆwk bkÍÆEÅK

wkrS bkÍÆ? bkÍÆm[d bkÍÆx

trS bkÍÆmrd bkÍÆmr

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ taemif [d wcgw&H ausaysmuf? yHkpH-bkÍÆ

2/ [dç rdç r a½SUu t> tm ajymif;? ykpH-bkÍÆm[d? bkÍÆmrd? bkÍÆmr

yHkpHrsm; 1/ ua&mwk ukovH/ ukovH-ukodkvfudk? ua&mwk-jyKygavm/

2/ okcH aw a[mwk/ aw-oifhtm;? okcH1-csrf;omonf? a[mwk-jzpfygapownf;/

3/ t[H okcD b0grd/ t[H-igonf? okcD-csrf;om½Sdonf? a[mrd-jzpf&ygvdk\/

4/ wkarS 'ku©m rkpöx/ wkarS-oifwdkYonf? 'ku©m-qif;&JrS? rkpöx-vGwfajrmufMuygap/

5/ wkarS okcdwm a[mx/ wkarS-oifwdkYonf? okcdwm-csrf;omjcif;½SdMuukefonf?

a[mx-jzpfMuygapukefownf;/

6/ b0gba0 t[H t,H okrermvm0 yd,m a[mrd/

b0gba0-b0wdkif;b0wdkif;ü? t[H-igonf? t,H okrermvm0-þjrav;yef;uJhodkY?

yd,m2-cspfp&maumif;olonf? b0grd-jzpf&ygvdk\/

1 okc^okcdw(wd) csrf;om? okcD(yk) csrf;omol? okcD(wd) csrf;omjcif;½Sdonf 2 yd,(wd)cspftyfaom? yd,(yk) cspftyfaomolç vifç wufrç wuf? yd,(e) cspftyfaomt&m?

yd,m(xD) cspftyfaomr,m;


arwåmydkY

taem"d

(1) oaAÁ owåm ta0&m a[mEÅK? tAsmyZÆm a[mEÅK? teDCm a[mEÅK? okcD twåmeH y&d[&EÅK (arwåm)/

'ku©m rkpöEÅK (u½kPm)/ ,xmv'örÜwådawm rm 0d*päEÅK (rk'dwm) ur®óum (Oayu©m)/

(2) oaAÁ ygPm . . ./

(3) oaAÁ blwm . . ./

(4) oaAÁ yk*¾vm . . ./

(5) oaAÁ twåbm0y&d,myEém . . ./

Mo"d

(6) oAÁm £w¬da,m . . ./

(7) oaAÁ yk&dom . . ./

(8) oaAÁ t&d,m . . ./

(9) oaAÁ te&d,m . . ./

(10) oaAÁ a'0g . . ./

(11) oaAÁ rEkóm . . ./

(12) oaAÁ 0dedygwdum ta0&m a[mEÅK? tAsmyZÆm a[mEÅK? teDCm a[mEÅK? okcD twåmeH

y&d[&EÅK (arwåm)/ 'ku©m rkpöEÅK (u½kPm)/ ,xmv'örÜwådawm rm 0d*päEÅK (rk'dwm)

ur®óum (Oayu©m)/

yk&w¬drm, 'dom, ypädrm, 'dom, Owå&m, 'dom, 'u©dPm, 'dom,ç yk&w¬drm,

tEk'dom, ypädrm, tEk'dom, Owå&m, tEk'dom, 'u©dPm, tEk'dom, oaAÁ owåm (y)

oaAÁ 0dedygwdum (y) ur®óum/

ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef

a[mEÅK-jzpfMuygap

t-a0&(wd) &efr½Sdonf

t-AsmyZÆ(yk?e)pdwfqif;&Jjcif;r½Sdol

teDC(wd) qif;&Jr½Sdol

y&d+[&-aqmif

'ku©(e)qif;&J

rkpö-vGwf

,xmv'örÜwåd(xD)-&NyD;pnf;pdrf

0d*pä-ukefcef;çuif;aysmufçysufpD;

ur®+ou=ur®óu(wd)

uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpöm½Sdol

ygP(yk) xGufouf0ifouf½Sdaom

owå0g

blw(yk?e) cE¨mig;yg;xif½Sm;jzpfol

yk*¾v(y) yk*¾Kdvf? owå0g

twåbm0+y&d,myEé(wd) twåabmü

tusKHk;0ifol

t&d,(wd) t&d,m

te&d,(e+t&d,) (wd) ykxkZOf

a'0(y) ewf

rEkó(y)vl

£w¬d(£) rdef;r

0dedygwdu(wd) tyg,fbHkom;

Mo"d(y) ydkif;½Sm;jcif;

taem"d(e+Mo"d) (wd) tydkif;t½Sm;

r½Sdaom

yk&w¬dr(wd) ta½SUjzpfaom

Owå&(wd) ajrmuft&yfjzpfaom

'u©dP(wd) awmift&yfjzpfaom

ypädr(wd)taemuft&yfjzpfaom

'dom(£)t&yfrsufESm

tEk'dom(£)taxmifht&yf


ig;yg;oDv cH,laqmufwnfyHk

t[H baEÅ wdo&aPe o[ yÍöoDvH "r®H ,mpmrd tEk*¾[H uwGm oDvH a'x ar baEÅ/

('kwd,rÜd - -) (wwd,rÜd - -)

,r[H 0'grd wH 0a'x/ tmr baEÅ/

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd/

"r®H o&PH *pämrd/

oHCH o&PH *pämrd/ 'kwd,rÜd ----? wwd,rÜd/

o&P*reH y&dykPÖH/ tmr baEÅ/

ygPmwdygwm a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

t'dEém'gem a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

umarok rdpämpm&m a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

rkom0g'g a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

ok&mar&,rZÆyrm'|mem a0&rPd odu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

£'H ar yknH tmo0u©,H 0[H a[mwk/ £'H ar oDvH edAÁmeó ypöa,m a[mwk/

wdo&aPe o[ yÍöoDvH "r®H om"kuH uwGm tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/ tmr baEÅ/

ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef

wd(3-vdif)oHk; 'kwd,(wd)ESpfckajrmuf yd(ed)vnf; rdpäm(As)rSm;,if;

o&P(e)udk;uG,f&m wwd,(wd)oHk;ckajrmuf y&dykPÖ(wd)jynfhpHkNyD tmpm&(e)tusifh

o[(As)wuGoDv(e) oDv?tavh?tusifh twdygw(yk) vsifpGm rkom(As)rSmaompum;

yÍö(wdvdif)5 0'(blçpk)ajymqdk usapjcif;?owfjcif; 0g'(yk)ajymjcif;

"r®-usifh0wf?odu©myk'f tmr(As)0efcHjcif;?[kwfuJh t'dEé(wd)ray;tyfaom ok&m(£)csuft&uf

,mp(bl)awmif; baEÅ(ed)t½Sifbk&m; tm'ge(e),ljcif; ar&,(yk)yef;ponfa&mt&uf

tEk*¾[(yk)csD;ajr§mufjcif; earm(As)½Sdcdk;jcif;(onf^udk) umr(yk)vdkcsifp&m rZÆ(e)t&uf

yrm'(yk)arhjcif; Xme(e)taMumif;?wnfjcif; a0&rPD(£)a½SmifMuOfjcif; odu©my'(e)usifh0wf?odu©myk'f

orm'd,-aumif;pGm tmo0(yk)tmoa0w&m; 0[(wd)½Gufaqmif om"kuH(ed)aumif;pGm

aqmufwnf c,(yk)ukefjcif; edAÁme(e)Nidrf;jcif; orÜma'-jynfhpHkap


omrnumv

owårDBud,m

wckckvkyfzdkY olwyg;tm; cGifhjyKonfhtcgç BuHpnfawG;awmrIudk azmfjyonfhtcgç ponfwdkYü

þowårDBud,mudk toHk;jyKonf/ þowårDBud,monfvnf; ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wfumvwdkYwGif

umvwckckudkom rnTefjy/ umvomrefudkom nTefjyonf/ odkYjzpfí umvoHk;yg;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf[k

,lq&rnf/

a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr {,s {,sKH

wkrS {,smod {,smx

trS {,smrd {,smr

a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr *apä,sç *apä *apä,sKHç *päKH

wkrS *apä,smodç *apä *apä,smx

trS *apä,smrdç *apä *apä,smr

tpDt&ifxl;

{,sç {,smodç {,smrd > { ajymif;? ykpH-*apä

{,sKH > OH ajymif;? ykpH-*päKH

owårDtoHk;jyKyHk

cGifhjyKjcif;/ wGH *grH *apä,smod/

wGH-oifonf? *grH-½GmodkY? *apä,smod-oGm;csifoGm;awmh/

BuHqjcif;/ t,H t&[m ba0,s/

t,H-þolonf? t&[m-&[EÅmonf? ba0,s-jzpfavmuf&m\/

qkawmif;jcif;/ t[H Aka'¨g ba0,sH/

t[H-igonf? Aka'¨g-bk&m;onf? ba0,sH-jzpf&ygvdk\/

wdkufwGef;^awmif;yefjcif;/ rmP0H tZÑmay,smod/

(wGH-oifonf) rmP0H-vkvifudk? tZÑmay,smod-o&ZÑm,fapygavm?

(pmcsay;ygavm)


ygVdzwfpm

yxryg&mZdu arxke"r® odu©my'

a,m ye bdu©K bdu©LeH odu©momZD0ormyaEém odu©H typöu©m, 'kAÁvsH tem0duwGm arxkeH

"r®H y#daoa0,s? tEÅraom wd&dpäme*wm,yd? yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/

ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef

odu©m (£) tusifh omZD0(wd)o+tmZD0 touf½Sdonf ormyEé(wd)aumif;pGma&muftyfonf

ypöu©m,(Bud?0d)ywd+tm+cg+wGm 'kAÁvs(e)'kAÁv+, tm;enf;aomtjzpf tm0duwGm(Bud?0d) tm0d+u&+wGm

y,fçpGefYçcs í arxke(e)arxkefrSD0Jjcif; xifpGmjyKí

"r®(yk)tusifh y#d+ao0-rSD0J tEÅraom(As) tEÅ+£r+aom

yg&mZdu (wd) omoemrS toH0go(wd) &[ef;aumif;ESifhaygif; (£onftajymif;) t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh

qHk½IH;aptyfol?yg&mZduusol cGifh r½Sdol

'kwd,yg&mZdu t'dEém'ge odu©my'

a,m ye bdu©K *grm 0g t&nm 0g t'dEéH ax,socFgwH tm'da,s,s? ,xm½lay t'dEém'gae

&mZmaem apm&H *a[wGm [ae,sKH 0g AaE¨,sKH 0g yAÁmaZÆ,sKH 0g ]] apma&mod Amavmod rlaVSmod

axaemoD}} wd wxm½lyH bdu©K t'dEéH tm'd,rmaem t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/

(0denf;i,fav;apmifygXf-ESm 4)

ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef

ax,s (e) cdkjcif; ocFgw (wd) qdktyfonf tm'd, (tm+'g+,) ,l

,xm½ly (wd) tMuifodkYoabm½Sdaom &mZm (yk) rif; apm& (yk) cdk;ol

wxm½ly (wd) tMuifodkYoabm½Sdaom *a[wGm(*[+wGm),lí [e(bl)owfjcif;ç n§if;qJjcif;

AE¨-(bl?pk) wkwfaESmifjcif; Amv(wd) vlrdkuf?i,f½G,fol axe(wd)olcdk;

yAÁmaZ,sKH(y+0Z+aP+{,sKH) tod (to+od) jzpf\ rlVS (wd) awGa0ol? vlrdkuf

xGufoGm;ap y&d+bmo-uJh&Jh?qJa&;?Budrf;armif;

ã ax,socFgwH ü ed*¾[dwf(ao;ao;wif)onf yxrm od0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonf/ odkYaomf jzifh [k

bmomjyef&rnf/


£w¬dvdef oAÁemrf½kyfpOfrsm;

oAÁo'´g½kyfpOfyHk

y oAÁm oAÁmç oAÁma,m

tm abmwd oaAÁ abmwda,m oAÁmç oAÁma,m

'k oAÁH oAÁmç oAÁma,m

w oAÁm, oAÁm[dç oAÁmbd

p oAÁm,ç oAÁóm oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeH

r oAÁm, oAÁm[dç oAÁmbd

q oAÁm,ç oAÁóm oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeH

o oAÁm,Hç oAÁóH oAÁmok

(þ½kyfpOfü trsm;pkrSm unm'd*kdPf;ESifh wl\/ oAÁómç oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeHç oAÁóH om xl;\)

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

128/ Cyawm o®ð omeH oHom/ Cytrnf½Sdaom oAÁemrfwdkY aemufu o®ðç o 0dbwfwdkYonf

tpOftwdkif; wcgw&H oHç o wdkY ajymif;onf/

11/ oHomaoGu 0paeok p/ {u0kpf0dbwf oH om tjyKaMumifh o vm/

15/ aCm&óH/ {u0kpfjzpfukefaom oHç om tjyKwdkYaMumifh Ctrnf½Sdaom tmonf todkYajymif;onf/

½kyfajymif;vJyHk

oAÁ m + o = oAÁóm oAÁm + eH = oAÁmoH

? (o) om oH

oAÁm + eH = oAÁmomeH oAÁ m + o®ð = oAÁóH

omeH ? (o) oH


8 yg;oDv cH,laqmufwnfyHk

t[H baEÅ wdo&aPe o[ t|*ForEém*wH OaygoxoDvH "r®H,mpmrd? tEk*¾[H uwGm

oDvH a'x ar baEÅ/ 'kwd,rÜd . . . . / wwd,rÜd . . . . . /

,r[H 0'grd wH 0a'x/

tmr baEÅ

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd/

"r®H o&PH *pämrd/

oHCH o&PH *pämrd/ ('kwd,rÜd .../ wwd,rÜd.../)

o&P *reH y&dykPÖH/

tmr baEÅ/

1/ ygPmwdygwm a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

2/ t'dEém'gem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

3/ tjA[®p&d,m a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

4/ rkom0g'g a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

5/ ok&mar&,rZÆyrm'|mem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

6/ 0dumvabmZem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

7/ epö *Dw 0g'dw 0dolu 'óe rmvm*E¨ 0davye "m&P

0dbloeXmem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

8/ Opömo,e r[mo,em a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

£'H ar yknH tm0ou©,H 0[H a[mwk/

£'H ar oDvH edAÁmeó ypöa,m a[mwk/

wdo&aPe o[ t|*ForEém*wH OaygoxoDvH "r®H om"kuH uwGm tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/

tmr baEÅ/


ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef

t|*F+orEém*w (wd) Oaygox+oDv(e) OykofoDv tjA[®+p&d,(e) rjrwfaomtusifh

8-yg;aom t*FgESifh jynfhpHkaom 0dumv+abmZe(e) aevGJtcgpm;jcif; epö(e) ujcif;

*Dw(e)aw;?oDcsif;?oDcsif;qdkjcif; 0g'dw(e)BuKd;wyfwl&d,m? wD;rIwfjcif; 0dolu(e) yGJobif

'óe(e) ('óe+o0e) rmvm(xD) yef; *E¨(yk) eHYom

0d½ly{uaoof=Munfh½I 0davye(e) eHomjzifhvdrfjcif;ç "m&P(e?xD)yefqifjcif;?0wfqifjcif;

em;axmifjcif; (om&w¬#D) vdrf;p&meHYom r@e(e)vufaumufponfjzifh

0dbloe(xD?e) wefqmqifjcif;ç 0dbloe+Xme(e)wefqmqifjcif;taMumif; cE¨mudk tvSqifjcif;? rdwfuyfjc,fjcif;

tqifwefqm Opöm+o,e(e) (vuf½Spfopfxuf) r[m+o,e(e)jrwfaomtdyf&mae&m

jrifhaomtdyf&mae&m

£w¬dvdef

oAÁemrf wo'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

y/ om emç ema,mç wmç wma,m

'k/ eHç wH emç ema,mç wmç wma,m

w/ em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd

p/ wdómçwómçeómçtóm

wdóm,çwóm,çeóm,çtóm, emoHç emomeHç wmoHç wmomeH

em,ç wm,

rD/ em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd

q/ wdómçwómçeómçtóm


em,ç wm,

o/ wdóHç wóHç eóHç tóHç em,Hç wm,H emokç wmok


y/ w + m + od = om w + m + a,m = wm w + m + a,m = wma,m

o w + m + a,m = em w + m + a,m = ema,m

e e

'k/ w + m + i = wH w + m + i = eH (trsm;udef; yxrmESifhwl)

e

w/ w + m + em = wm, w + m + em = em,

m, e m,

rD/ w + m + [d = wm[d^bd w + m + [d = em[d^bd

e

p^q/ w + m + o = wdóm w + m + o = wóm^eóm^tóm

-d (o)om e^t ? (o)om

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

11/ oHomaoGu 0paeok p/ {u0kpf0dbwf oH om tjyKaMumifh o vm/

12/ {wdrmord/ {u0kpf0dbwf oHomtjyKaMumifh {wmç £rmwdkY\ tmonf £odkYajymif;onf/

13/ wóm 0g/ {u0kpf0dbwf oHomtjyKaMumifh wm\ tmonf £odkYajymif;onf/

14/ wawm oó óm,/ ]wm {wm £rm}wdkY aemufu o onf óm, wdkY ajymif;onf/

60/ Cawm em'DeH/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm\ aemufü½Sdaom em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf tm, odkY

ajymif;onf/


oGm;onf/




t odkY ajymif;onf/



185/ £w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m/ tum&EÅpum;vHk;rsm;aemufwGif £w¬dvdifyg[k ajymjy&ef -g qufay;

&rnf/


w + m + o = wdóm, w + m + o = wóm,êóm,^tóm,

-d óm, e^t ? óm,

w + m + o = wm,êm, w + m + eH = wmoH^wmomeH

e m, oHômeH

w + m + eH = emoHêmomeH

e oHômeH

o/ w + m + o®ð = wm,H w + m + o®ð = em,H

,H e ,H

w + m + ok = wmok w + m + ok = emok

e

£w¬dvdef

oAÁemrf {wo'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

y/ {om {wmç {wma,m

'k/ {wH {wmç {wma,m

w/ {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd

p/ {wm,ç {wdómç {wdóm, {wmoHç {wmomeH

rD/ {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd

q/ {wm,ç {wdómç {wdóm, {wmoHç {wmomeH

o/ {wm,Hç {wdóH {wmok

(½kyfajymif;yHk w o'´gtwdkif; odyg)


£w¬dvdef

oAÁemrf £r o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

y/ t,H £rmç £rma,m

'k/ £rH £rmç £rma,m

w/ £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd

p/ £rm,ç tómç tóm,

£rdómç £rdóm, £rmoHç £rmomeH

rD/ £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd

q/ £rm,ç tómç tóm,


o/ £rm,Hç tóHç £rdóH £rmok

y/ £rm + od = t,H

t,H

p^q/ £r + m + o = tóm

t ? (o) om

(usef½kyfajymif;yHkrsm;udk £w ¬dvdif w o'´gtwdkif; odyg)


wwd,yg&mZdu rEkó0d*¾[ odu©my'

a,m ye bdu©K oÍödpö rEkó0d*¾[H ZD0dwm a0a&may,s ow¬[m&uH 0gçó y&da,ao,s?

r&P0PÖH 0g oH0aPÖ,s? r&Pm, 0g orm'ay,s ]]tarÇm yk&do uð wk,Sdrdem ygyaue 'kZÆD0dawe?

rwH aw ZD0dwm aoa,sm}}wd/ £wd pdwåraem pdwåouFayÜg taeuy&d,ma,e r&P0PÖH 0g

oH0aPÖ,s? r&Pm, 0g orm'ay,s? t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/

ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef

oÍödpö(Bud?0d)(oH+pdw+wGm)aumif;pGmaphaqmfí rEkó(yk) vl 0d*¾[(yk) cE¨mudk,f

a0ga&may,s(0d+t0+½k[+aP+{,s)cGJtHh ZD0dw(e) touf ow¬(e) vufeuf

[m&u(wd)aqmifwwfaom r&P(e)aojcif; 0PÖ(yk) *kPfaus;Zl;

y&da,ao,s(y&d+£o+{,s)½SmtHh ygyu(wd),kwfrmaom 'kZÆD0dw(e)raumif;aom

oH0aPÖ,s(oH+0PÖ+aP+{,s)csD;rGrf;^xif½Sm;jytHh rw(e)aojcif; touf½Sifjcif;

orm'ay,s(oH+tm+'g+Pmay+{,s) aumif;pGm,laptHh aoa,s(t) jrwf\

pdwåouFyÜ(yk)pdwfüjzpfaom tBuH taeu(wd)rsm;aom

y&d,m,(y) taMumif;? tvSnfh? tBudrf

pwkw¬yg&mZdu Owå&drEkó"r® odu©my'

a,m ye bdu©K tebdZmeH Owå&drEkó"r®H tw¬Kyem,duH tvr&d,ÓP'óeH ork'gpa&,s

]]£wd Zmemrd? £wd yómrD}}wd? wawm tya&e ora,e orEk*¾g[D,rmaem 0g torEk*¾g[D,rmaem

0g tmyaEém 0dok'¨gayau©m {0H 0a',s ]]tZmear0H tm0kaom t0pH Zmemrd tyóH yómrdç wkpäH

rkom 0dvyd}}EÅd? tnMw t"drmem? t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/

ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef

rEkó"r®(yk) ukovur®yx 10-yg; tbdZme(e)odjcif; Owå&d(wd)vGefaom

twåKyrm,du(wd)twå+Oyem,du tvH+t&d,+ÓP'óe(wd) wawm(As)xdkrS?xdkYaMumifh

rdrdü uyfaqmifí pGrf;Edkifaom t&d,mÓPftjrif½Sd ty&(wd)tjcm;? wyg;

ork'gpa&,s(oH+O+tm+p&+{,s) ajymjytHh tmyEé(wd) tm+y'+w?a&mufol tnMw(As)MuOfí

orEk*¾g[D,raem (oH+tEk+*[+aP+,+rme) t"drme(yk)&NyD[kxifjcif; wkpä(wd)qdwfokOf;aom

ppfaq;tyfaomf rkom(As)rkom;

0dok'¨(wd)0d+ok"+w? pifMu,faom 0dvyð(0d+vy+£H)ajymqdkNyD

tayu©(wd)ty+£u©+t? tvdk½Sdaom^ol t0pH(t+0p+tZÆwåeD t rS

tHajymif;) ajymcJhNyD


ykv’dif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g

½kyfpOfyHk

y tokç trk trl

'k trHk trl

w trkem trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd

p trkóç t'kó trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH

rD trko®mç trkrSmç trkem trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd

q trkóç t'kó trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH

o trko®ðç trkrSd trlokç trkok

pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ 37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if;

odkYr[kwf a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/

67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ Cypsv wdkYrS pum;vHk;aemufu a,monf

aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

79/ trkóm'Hk/ eyHkvdifü tHç od wdkYaMumifh trk onf tHç od ESifh twl t'Hk odkY

ajymif;onf/ (o aMumifhvnf; t'kH ajymif;Edkif ao;onf)

122/ trkó armoH/ od aMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom trk \ r onf o odkY

ajymif;onf/

127/ oAÁawm aum/ yk'ftm;vHk;aemufü u tu©&m xyfa&;Edkifonf/

½kyfNyD;yHk

trk + od = tok trk + od = trk trk + a,m = trl

rf> of+K r+K> L

trk + ?H = trHk trk + a,m = trl

H rf+K> L

trk + em = trkem trk + [d = trl[d^bd trk[d? trkbd

rf+K> L

(p^q) trk + o = trkó trk + o = t'kó trk + o = trkaem

ó t'kH(ed*¾[dwfacs) aem


trk + eH = trloH^trlomeH trk + eH = trkoH^trkomeH

rf+K> L oHômeH oHômeH

trk + o®m = trko®mç trkrSmç trkem1 trk + [d = trl[d^bd trk+[d= trk[d^bd

rSmêm rf+K> L

trk + o®ð = trko®ð^trkrSd trk + ok = trlok trk + ok = trkok

rSd rf+K> L

eykv’dif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g

½kyfpOfyHk

y t'kHç trHk trlç trled

'k t'kHç trHk trlç trled

trk + od = t'Hk trk + od = t'Hk trk + a,m = trl trk + a,m =trled

t'kH ? H rf+K> L rf+K> L ed

trk + ? H = t'kH trk + ? H = trHk

t'Hk H

£w¬dvdif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g

½kyfpOfyHk

y tokç trk trlç trka,m

'k trHk trlç trka,m

w trk,m trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd

p trk,mç trkóm trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH

rD trk,m trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd

q trk,mç trkóm trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH

o trk,mçtrkóHçtrk,2H trlokç trkok

1 v,fwDy'rmvmjy 2 v,fwDy'rmvmjy


trk + od = tok trk + od = trk trk + a,m = trl trk + a,m = trka,m

rf>of+K rf+K> L

trk + ? H = trHk (trl? trka,m yxrmESifhwl)

H

trk + em = trk,m trk + [d = trl[d^trlbd

,m rf+K> L

(p^q) trk + o = trk,m trk + o = trkóm trk + eH = trloH^trlomeH

,m (o)om rf+K> L oH^omeH

trk + o®ð = trk,m^trk,H trk + o®ð = trkóH trk + ok = trlok

,m^,H (o)oH rf+K> L

ã tok trk wdkYaemuf u tu©&mqufí tokaumç tokuHç tokum? trkaumç trkuHç trkum

ponfjzifh yk&dom'd*dkPf; pdwåm'd*kdPf; unm'd*kdPf; wdkYtwdkif; ½kyfpOf&rnf/


"m&Py&dwfawmf

Ak'¨geH ZD0dwó e ouúm auepd tEÅ&ma,m umwHk? wxm ar a[mwk/

twDwHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wHH ÓPH? tem*wHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wH

ÓPH? ypöKyÜEéHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wH ÓPH/

£ar[d wD[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm oAÁH um,ur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH?

oAÁH 0pDur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH? oAÁH raemur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH/

£ar[d q[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm ew¬d qE´ó [med? ew¬d "r®a'oem,

[med? ew¬d 0D&d,ó [med? ew¬d 0dyóem, [med? ew¬d orm"dó [med? ew¬d 0drkwåd,m [med/

£ar[d 'Gg'o[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm ew¬d '0g? ew¬d &0g? ew¬d tzk#H?

ew¬d a0*g,dwwåH? ew¬d tAsm0#raem? ew¬d tyÜ#docFgEkayu©m/

£ar[d t|m&o[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm earm owåEéH or®morÁK'¨geH/

ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef

ouúm(As)pGrf;Edkif\(Bud,mtaejzifhoHk;onf) '0g(As) jrL;wl;jcif;

oauúmwd(Bud)ou+Mo+wd? pGrf;Edkif\ &0g(£)vGJvGJacsmfacsmfjyKjcif;

twDw+tHo=twDwHo(yk) vGefNyD;aomtzdkY zk#(wd) z& ^zko+w=ysHUESYHâwGUxd

t+yÜy#d[w^#(wd)rydwfyifrwm;qD;tyfaom tzk#(wd)reSHYrxdrjynfhaom

ykAÁ*Fr(wd)a½SUoGm;jzpfaom a0*g,dw(e)taqmwvsifjyKvkyfjcif;

tEky&d0wå(wd) (tEk+y&d+0wk+w) Asm0#(wd)0d+tm+0#+t^0d+tm+0&+w

tpOfvdkufwwfaom tm;xkwf^vHkYvâMumifhMujyKaomôl

[med(£)[m+ed=,kwfjcif; y#docFge(e)ywd+oH+cg+,k=pl;prf;qifjcifjcif;

a'oem(£)a[mawmfrljcif; tyÜ#docFge(e)rqifjcifjcif;(arm[)

0drkwdå(£) zvormywf?udavomrSvGwfjcif;


&wåm'd*dkPf; (£w¬dvdef)

(u) £um&EÅ

(c) Oum&EÅ

(*) ODum&EÅ

(u) £um&EÅ

y &wåd &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm

tm abmwd &wåd abmwda,m &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm

'k &wåð &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm

w &wåd,mç &wsm &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd

p &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDeHç &wådeH

rD &wåd,mç &wsm &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd

q &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDeHç &wådeH

o &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDokç &wådok

&wåd,Hç &wsHç &awåm

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

41/ AsÍÆaem p 0doanma*g/ ed*¾[dwfaemufu o&ausNyD;aomf AsOf;ESpfvHk;rS wvHk;jzpfonf/ AsOf;oHk;vHk;

½SdvQif AsOf;wlESpfvHk; rS tpvHk; aysmufonf/

8/ aw £w¬dcsm ayg/ £w¬dvdif um&EÅ £ þ O OD wdkYudk y [k emrnfhay;onf/

17/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/ yrnfaom £þ rS aemuf o®ðo®monf tpOftwdkif tH tm odkY ajymif;

onf/ em ESifh o vnf; tm odkY ajymif;onf/

18/ tm'dawm Mo p/ tm'd ESifh &wåd o'´gaemif o®ð onf Mo odkYajymif;onf/

21/ y onó p/ 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonfh Mo tm tH o&aMumifh £ þ onf , odkY ajymif;onf/


33/ taCm &ó aru0pe a,moGydp/ {u0kpf0dbwf a,m0dbwfaMumifh Cr[kwfaom 'DConf

&óodkYajymif;onf/ od0dbwfaMumifhum; &óodkYrajymif;/






oGm;onf/





t odkY ajymif;onf/




193/ psvyg &óH/ *odaMumifh psvy rnfaom þOD wdkYonf &óodkYajymif;onf/

£w¬dvdef £um&EÅ &wåd ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ &wåd + od = &wåd &wåd + a,m = &wåD &wåd + a,m = &wåda,m

wåf+-d> -D

&wåd + a,m = &awsm

wåf+-d> -s a-m

tm/ (yxrmESifhwl)

'k/ &wåd + tH = &wåð &wåD &wåda,m &awsm (yxrmtrsm;udef;ESifhwl)

-H

w^rD/ &wåd + em^o®m = &wåd,m &wåd + em^o®m = &wåd,m

,m wåf+-d> -s m

&wåd + [d = &wåd[d^bd &wåd + [d = &wåd[d^bd

bd wåf+-d> -D

p^q/ &wåd + o = &wåd,m &wåd + o = &wåd,m &wåd+eH=&wådeH &wåd+ eH=&wådeH

,m wåf+-d> -s m wåf+-d> -D

o/ &wåd + o®ð = &wåd,H &wåd + o®ð = &wsH &wåd + o®ð = &wåð

,H wåf+-d> -s ? H ? H> -H

&wåd + o®ð = &awåm &wåd+ok=&wådeH &wåd+ ok= &wådok

a-m wåf+-d> -D


*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

&wåd-nnfh rwd-odjcif; embd-csuft&yf aAm"d-odjcif;

cEÅd-onf;nnf;cHjcif; ,k0wd-tysKd Moo"d-aq; ygVd-ygVdyk'ftpOf

od'¨d-NyD;pD;jcif; £'¨d-wefcdk; udwåd-ausmfaZmjcif; ,kwåd-toifh,kwdå

t*kFvd-vufacsmif; 'kE´Kbd-pnfBuD;

(c) Oum&EÅ

y/ ,m*k ,m*lç ,m*ka,m

tm/ abmwd ,m*k abmwda,m ,m*lç ,m*ka,m

'k/ ,m*kH ,m*lç ,m*ka,m

w/ ,m*k,m ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd

p/ ,m*k,m ,m*leHç ,m*keH

rD/ ,m*k,m ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd

q/ ,m*k,m ,m*leHç ,m*keH

o/ ,m*k,mç ,m*k,H ,m*lokç ,m*kok

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

,m*k-,m*k(,ufref;) "mwk-"mwfoabm a"Ek-EGm;r ''´K-ayG;çn§if;

u@K-,m;em ua&Pk-qifr &ZÆK-BuKd; oók-a,mu©r rdef;r

yd,*kF-ysOf;ryif OVK-Mu,fwm&m


(c) ODum&EÅ

y/ 0"l 0"lç 0"ka,m

tm/ abmwd 0"k abmwda,m 0"lç 0"ka,m

'k/ 0"Hk 0"lç 0"ka,m

w/ 0"k,m 0"l[dç 0"lbd

p/ 0"k,m 0"leH

rD/ 0"k,m 0"l[dç 0"lbd

q/ 0"k,m 0"leH

o/ 0"k,mç 0"k,H 0"lok

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

0"l-acR;r?rdef;r ZrÁL-oajyyif prl-ppfonf

o&bl-wufwl o&Al-rudk#fç o&zl upäL-0Jem

okbl-aumif;aom (vSaom) rsufcHk;

0grl½l-wifhw,faom aygif½Sdaom rdef;r

em*emol½l-qif\ESmarmif;uJhodkY t&if;wkwfí tzsm;ao;vsuf vHk;aom aygif½Sdaom rdef;r

okwEl-wifhw,faom udk,f½Sdaom rdef;r

tm/ 0"l + od = 0"k 0"l + ?H = 0"kH

"f+L>K "f+L>K -H

w/ 0"l + em = 0"k,m

"f+L>K ,m


&wåm'd*dkPf; (ykv’dif)

(u) tmum&EÅ (C) O

(c) £um&EÅ (i) OD

(*) þum&EÅ (p) Mo

(u) tmum&EÅ (om-acG;)

y om omç omaem

tm a[ oç om abmaEÅm omç omaem

'k oHç omeH aoç omae

w omem omae[dç omaebd

p omó omeH

rD omem omae[dç omaebd

q omó omeH

o omae omaeok (tajcjyKo'´gwGJzuf-82)

pnf;rsOf;rsm;



34/ e odo®dr eyHkoumed/ odaMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom £w¬dvdif ykv’dif 'DCo&onf &óodkYrajymif;/

106/ [d0dbwådrSdp/ [d0dbwfaMumifh ykr\ tqHk;tonf tme odkYjymif;onf/ pjzifh 0dbwftm;vHkaMumifh

rC0,k0wdkY\ tqHk;tonf &Hcg tmeodkYajymif;onf/

½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ om + od = om om + a,m = om

of+m>? m

tm/ om + od = oç om om (yxrma,mESifhwl)

of+m>?> m>?

'k/ oH+ ?H = oH om om + ?H = omeH

of+m>?>me

(usef½kyfajymif;yHkudk enf;,lí odyg)


(c) £um&EÅ (t*¾d-rD;)

y t*¾dç t*¾ded t*¾Dç t*¾a,m

tm abm t*¾d abmaEÅm t*¾Dç t*¾a,m

'k t*¾ð t*¾Dç t*¾a,m

w t*¾dem t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd

p t*¾dóç t*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH

rD t*¾do®mç t*¾drSmç t*¾dem t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd

q t*¾dóç t*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH

o t*¾do®ðç t*¾drSd t*¾Dokç t*¾dok

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

44/ t*¾dóded/ odaMumifh t*¾d\ tqHk;£onf £edodkYajymif;onf/

45/ a,moG uw&aóm apsm/ a,mwdkYaMumifh yif&óps £onf todkYajymif;onf/

t*¾d + od = t*¾ded

*¾f+-d>-ded

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

t*¾d-rD; tm'd-tp Asm"d-tem ra[od-bk&m;½Sif

£od-&aoh £od-&aoh&[ef; *P²d-txHk;tzGJUçcufqpf rked-bk&m;½Sif

ukpäd-0rf; tod-oefvsuf ygPd-vuf t[d-a>r

udrd-ydk;avmuf t&d-&efol Ówd-aqGrsKd; Avd-tcGeftwkwf

twdxd-{nfhonf

ã t*¾ded vdk £ed ajymif;onfh½kyfonf t*¾düom ½Sdonf/ tm'dponfü tm'ded[k r½Sd/

ã tm'd ½kyfpOfwGif o®ðü ]]tm'dawm Mop}}okwfjzifh tm'daemuf o®ðudk tH Mo ajymif;í tm'do®ðçrSd

tjyif tm'ð tma'g ESpf½kyfydkonf/

ã £od rked wGif tmvkyfodü Cawpokwf pnf;rsOf;t& odonf {odkYajymif;í £ao rkae [k

½SdEdkifonf/


(*) þum&EÅ ('@D-'kwf½Sdol)

y '@D '@Dç '@daem

tm abm '@d abmaEÅm '@Dç '@daem

'k '@ðç '@deH '@Dç '@daem

w '@dem '@D[dç '@Dbd

p '@dóç '@daem '@DeH

rD '@do®mç '@drSmç '@dem '@D[dç '@Dbd

q '@dóç '@daem '@DeH

o '@do®ðç '@drSdç '@ded '@Dok

pnf;rsOf;

173/ eHpsawm uw&óm/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf tHonf eHodkYajymif;onf/

174/ a,meaem/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf a,mwdkYonf aemodkYajymif;onf/

175/ o®ðed/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf o®ðonf edodkYajymif;onf/

*kdPf0ifyk'frsm;

'@D-'kwf½Sdol *PD-*kdPf;q&m oHCD-oHCOuú| omrD-t½Sifocif

*grD-oGm;avh½Sdol a,m*D-tm;xkwfjcif;½Sdol a&m*D-a&m*g½Sdol okcD-okc½Sdol

'ku©D-'ku©½Sdol pm&D-usifhavh½Sdol pm*D-pGefYusJavh½Sdol

'gXD-tpG,f½Sdaom a>rçjcaoFh? usifpG,f½Sdol

*grPD-½GmolBuD;ç tBuD;tcsKyf

ukovD-ukodkvf½Sdolç usef;rmol


(C) Oum&EÅ (bdu©K-&[ef;) (pmrsufESm 87-rSm Munfhyg)

(i) ODum&EÅ (o,rÇL-q&mr½SdbJtvdktavsmufjzpfEdkifaombk&m;)

y o,rÇL o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g

tm abm o,rÇK abmaEÅm o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g

'k o,rÇKH o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g

w o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dç o,rÇLbd

p o,rÇKóç o,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH

rD o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dç o,rÇLbd

q o,rÇKóç o,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH

o o,rÇKo®ðç o,rÇKrSd o,rÇLok

*kdPf0ifyk'frsm;

0wåbl-0wåtok&mudk vGrf;rdk;Edkifaom jA[®m orÇL-aumif;pGmjzpfol

ybl-tpdk;&ol 0dbl-txl;jzpfonf

y&mbdbl-olwyg;ukd vGrf;rdk;Edkifol oAÁnL-tvHk;pHkudkodol

a0'*l-r*fÓPfjzifh edAÁmefa&mufol 0dnL-ynm½Sd

o[bl-wuGjzpfonf

ã tbdblç 0wåblç orÇLç yblç 0dblç y&mbdbl wdkYudk o,rÇL twdkif; ajymif;yg/ oAÁnL a0'*l

0dnL ponfwdkYü a,mwdkYonf a0godkYrajymif;yJ aemodkYajymif;onf/ o[blü a,mwdkYonf a0gçaem

ESpfrsKd;vHk; ajymif;onf/


(p) Moum&EÅ (a*g-EGm;)

y a*g *ga0gç *a0g

tm a[ a*g abmaEÅm *ga0gç *a0g

'k *0Hç *g0Hç *g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g

w *ga0eç *a0e a*g[dç a*gbd

p *g0óç *0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH

rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç *g0g

*0o®mç *0rSmç *0g a*g[dç a*gbd

q *g0óç *0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH

o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç *ga0

*0o®ðç *0rSdç *a0 *ga0okç *a0okç a*gok

pnf;rsOf;

22/ *g0ao/ oaMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0 odkYajymif;onf/

23/ a,mokp/ a,mç emç o®mç o®ðç ok wdkYaMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0 odkYajymif;onf/

24/ t0HrSdp/ tH aMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0^t0 odkYajymif;onf/ a,mç emç oç o®mç o®ðç ok

wdkYaMumifh a*g\ Moonf t0 odkYajymif;onf/

25/ tm0ók0g/ tHaMumifh tm0\ tonf OodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

26/ wawme-rH ywdrSm-vkawå p ormao/ywdo'´gaMumifh tvkwåormofü a*gaemufu eHonf

tHodkYajymif;onf/ a*g\ Moonf t0odkY ajymif;onf/ ormofr[kwf&mwGifvnf; eHonf tHodkY

ajymif;í a*g\ Movnf; t0odkYajymifEdkifonf/

29/ a*gPeHrSd0g/ eHaMumifh a*gonf a*gPodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/

30/ ok[demokp/ ok [d em 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a*gonf a*gPodkY ajymif;onf/ eHçokç[dçem wdkYtjyif

odponfh 0dbwfwdkYaMumifhvnf; a*gonf a*gPodkYajymif;onf/ (tusOf;tm;jzifh 0dbwftm;vHk;aMumifh

a*gonf a*gPodkY ajymif;Edkifonf[k rSwfyg) eHaMumifh a*gonf *kodkYajymif;onf/

16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ a*g aemufu eH\ a½SU evm/


(c) þum&EÅ (okcum&D-csr;omudkjyKavh½Sdaom'ge)

y okcum&dd okcum&DDç okcum&Ded

tm a[ okcum&dd a[ okcum&DDç okcum&Ded

'k okcum&ð okcum&DDç okcum&Ded

w okcum&dddem okcum&D[ddç okcum&Dbd

p okcum&dddaemç okcum&dddó okcum&DeH

rD okcum&dddo®mç okcum&ddrSmç

okcum&dem okcum&D[ddç okcum&Dbd

q okcum&dddaemç okcum&dddó okcum&DeH

o okcum&ddo®ðç okcum&ddrSd okcum&Dok

pnf;rsOf;rsm;



34/ e odo®dr eyHkoumed/ odaMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom £w¬dvdif ykv’dif 'DCo&onf &óodkYrajymif;/

(odaMumifh eyHkvdif 'DCo&onf &óodkY ajymif;onf[k qdkvdkonf)

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

okcum&D-csrf;omudk jyKavh½Sdaom 'ge

oDC,m,D-vsifjrefpGm oGm;avh½Sdaom pdwf

ã okcum&D-csrf;omudk jyKavh½Sdaom a,musfm;? oDC,m,D-vsifjrefpGm oGm;avh½Sdaoma,musfm;

[k jrefrmjyefvQif yHkvdif '@Dtwdkif;pOf&rnf/


(*) Oum&EÅ (tm,k-touf)

y tm,k tm,lç tm,led

tm abm tm,k b0EÅmed tm,lç tm,led

'k tm,Hk tm,lç tm,led

w tm,kem (tm,kom) tm,l[dç tm,lbd

p tm,kaemç tm,kó tm,leH

rD tm,ko®mç tm,krSmç tm,kem tm,l[dç tm,lbd

q tm,kaemç tm,kó tm,leH

o tm,ko®ðç tm,krSd tm,lok

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

tm,k-touf pu©K-rsufpd 0ok-(a½TçaiG)&wem 'g½k-opfom;

r"k-ysm;&nf trÁK-a& wdyk-ovGJrnf;(cJykyf) [d*kF-½Sdef;cdk

od*Fkç od*¾K-csif; rwåK-&ufwuf 0w¬K-wnfae&m Zwk-csdwf

omvk-MumpG,f tók-rsuf&nf zvk-tqpf AdE´K-taysmuftvHk;

ã em0dbwfü om qHk;aom yHkpHonf tm,ktwGufom jzpfonf/ tjcm;*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;ü r½Sd/ pu©K

ponfü pu©Kem[k w½kyfom ½Sdonf/ pu©Kom[k r½Sd/

ã tm,konf ykvd’ifvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ ykv’difjzpfu bdu©K twdkif; ½kyfpOf&onf/

ã trÁKü o®ðonf ed odkY ajymif;NyD; trÁKedd[k ½SdEdkifonf/ (v,fwDy'rmvm y 155)


(C) ODum&EÅ (a*gMwbl-a*gMwbkpdwf)

y a*gMwbk a*gMwblç a*gMwbled

tm abm a*gMwbk b0EÅmed a*gMwblç a*gMwbled

'k a*gMwbHk a*gMwblç a*gMwbled

w a*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dç a*gMwblbd

p a*gMwbkóç a*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH

rD a*gMwbko®mça*gMwbkrSmça*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dç a*gMwblbd

q a*gMwbkóç a*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH

o a*gMwbko®ðç a*gMwbkrSd a*gMwblok

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

"r®nL-w&m;udkodaom ÓPf

tbdbl-vTrf;rdk;aom(ÓPfçpdwf)

(p) Moum&EÅ (pdwå*k-qef;Mu,faom EGm;aMumif;ç EGmusm;½Sdaom trsKd;)

y pdwå*k pdwå*lç pdwå*led

tm abm pdwå*k b0EÅmed pdwå*lç pdwå*led

'k pdwå*kHk pdwå*lç pdwå*led

w pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd

p pdwå*kóç pdwå*kaem pdwå*leH

rD pdwå*kko®mç pdwå*kkrSmç pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd

q pdwå*kaemç pdwå*kkó pdwå*leH

o pdwå*kko®ðç pdwå*kkrSd pdwå*lok

ã pdwå-qef;Mu,faom+a*g-EGm;=pdwåa*g-qef;Mu,faomEGm;½Sdol/ ]]pdwåa*g}}onf pum;vHk;ESpfck

aygif;pyfxm;aom ormofpum;vHk;jzpfonf/ ygVdo'´gxHk;pHt& ]]pdwåa*g}}onf ]]pdwå*k}}[k MorS OodkY

ajymif&onf/ ]]pdwåa*g}}onf rl&if;jzpfNyD; ]]pdwå*k}}onf ajymif;vJNyD;yHkpH jzpfonf/ rl&if;udk Munfhí

MoqHkonfh pum;vHk;[k ajymEdkifovdk ajymif;vJNyD;yHkpHMunfhí OqHk;onfh pumvHk;[kvnf; ajymEdkifonf/

odkUaomf ½kyfajymif;vJyHk avhvmonftcg rl&if;pum;vHk;tjzpf ]]pdwå*k}} [k OqHk;onfh pum;vHk;tjzpfESifh

avhvm&onf/


ykrm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ

ykr (a,musfm;) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y ykrmç ykarm ykrmaemç ykrm

tm a[ ykrHç ykrç ykrm abmaEÅm ykrmaem ykrm

'k ykrmeHç ykrH ykrmaemç ykar

w ykrkemçykrmemçykare ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdç ykar[dç ykarbd

p ykrkaemç ykró ykrmeH

rD ykrkemç ykro®mç ykrrSmç ykrm ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdç ykar[dç ykarbd

q ykrkaemç ykró ykrmeH

o ykrmaeç ykro®ðç ykrrSdç ykar ykrmaeokç ykarokç ykrmok

ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;onf yk&dom*dkPf;twdkif; jzpfonf/

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

101/ ykrEÅóm odrSd/ odaMumifh ykrç rC0ç ,k0ç t'¨ wdkY\ tonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tmodkY ajymif;onf/

102/ trmvyaeu0pae/ tmvkyf{u0kpf od0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tHodkY

ajymif;onf/

103/ ormao p 0dbmom/ ykrESifh tjcm;pumvHk; ESpfck aygif;pyf&mwGifvnf; tmvkyf{u0kpf od0dbwf

aMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tHodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/ (a[ £w¬dykrH=tHajymif;yHk?

a[ £w¬dykrç £w¬dykrm=trHajymif;onfhyHk)

104/ a,moGm aem/ a,m0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tmeodkY ajymif;onf/

105/ tmae o®ðrSd 0g/ o®ð0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tmaeodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/

106/ [d0dbwådrSdp/ [d0dbwfaMumifh ykrtqHk;tonf tmaeodkYajymif;onf/ 0dbwftm;vHk;aMumifh rC0

,k0ponfwdkY\ tqHk;tonf tmeodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/

107/ oko®d rm0g/ ok0dbwfaMumifh ykrtqHk;tonf &Hcg tmodkY ajymif;onf/

108/ OemrSd p/ emçoço®maMumifh ykrçur®çxmrçt'¨ wdkY\ tonf O (odkYr[kwf) tmodkY ajymif;onf/

½kyfajymif;vJyHk

y/ ykr + od = ykrm ykr + a,m = ykrmaem

rf+? > m tmaem

tm/ ykr + od = ykrH 'k/ ykr + ?H = ykrmeH

rf+? > ?H rf+? > tme


w/ ykr + em = ykrkem ykr + em = ykrmem ykr + [d = ykrmae[d

rf+? > K rf+? > tm rf+?>tmae

p^q/ ykr + o = ykrkaem o/ ykr + o®ð = ykrmae ykr + ok = ykrmaeok

rf+?>K aem rf+? >tmae rf+?>tmae

ã ,k0 \ tonf (u) tmeodkY ajymif;ívnf;aumif; (c) rajymif;bJvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;½SdEdkifonf/

(u) ,k0 (vlysKd) ykv’dif½kyfpOf

y/ ,k0g ,k0gç ,k0gaem

tm/ abm ,k0ç ,k0g abmaEÅm ,k0gç ,k0gaem

'k/ ,k0H ,ka0ç ,k0gaem

w/ ,ka0eç ,k0gem ,ka0[dç ,ka0bd

p/ ,k0ó ,k0geH

rD/ ,k0o®mç ,k0rSmç ,k0g ,ka0[dç ,ka0bd

p/ ,k0ó ,k0geH

o/ ,k0o®ðç ,k0rSdç ,ka0 ,ka0okç ,k0gok

y/ ,k0 + od = ,k0g ,k0 + a,m = ,k0gaem ,k0 + em^ok = ,k0gem^,k0gok

0f+? > m tmaem 0f+?>m

(usef½kyfrsm; yk&dotwdkif; odyg)

(c) ,k0 (vlysKd) ykv’dif½kyfpOf

y/ ,k0gaem ,k0gem

tm/ abm ,k0geç ,k0gem abmaEÅm ,k0gem

'k/ ,k0geH ,k0gae

w/ ,k0gaee ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebd

p/ ,k0geó ,k0gemeH

rD/ ,k0geo®mç,k0gerSmç,k0gem ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebd

q/ ,k0geó ,k0gemeH

o/ ,k0geo®ðç ,k0gerSdç ,k0gae ,k0gaeok

ã odpaom tvHkpHkaom 0dbwfaMumifh ,k0\ tudk tmeajymif;í yk&dotwdkif; ajymif;vJ&onf/

rC0(oMum;)udkvnf; ,k0twdkif; ½kyfpOf ½kyfajymif;onf/


t'¨ (tcsdefumv^c&D;) ykv’dif½kyfpOf

y/ t'¨g t'¨gaem

tm/ abm t'¨ç t'¨g abmaEÅm t'¨gaem

'k/ t'¨geH t'¨gaem

w/ t'¨Kem t'¨gae[dç t'¨gaebd

p/ t'¨Kaem t'¨geH

rD/ t'¨Kem t'¨gae[dç t'¨gaebd

q/ t'¨Kaem t'¨geH

o/ t'¨edç t'¨gae t'¨gaeokç t'¨gok

ã tH0dbwfjzifh t'¨geHç [d0dbwfjzifh t'¨gae[dç o®ð0dbwfjzifh t'¨gae wdkYü t'¨\ tonf tmeodkY

ajymif;onf/ o®ð0dbwfjzifh t'¨edü o®ðonf edodkY ajymif;onf/ usef½kyfrsm;onf ykrtwdkif; jzpfonf/


&mZm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ

&mZ (rif;) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y &mZm &mZmaem

tm abm &mZç &mZm abmaEÅm &mZmaem

'k &mZmeHç &mZH &mZmaem

w &nmç &mZdemç &maZe &mZl[dç &mZlbd? &maZ[dç &maZbd

p &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH

rD &nm &mZl[dç &mZlbd? &maZ[dç &maZbd

q &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH

o &anç &mZded &mZlokç &maZok

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

84/ &mZó &anm &mZdaem ao/ oaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &anm &mZdaemodkY ajymif;onf/

85/ &nH eHrSd 0g/ eHaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &nHodkY ajymif;onf/

86/ emrSd &nm 0g/ emaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &nmodkY ajymif;onf/

87/ o®ðrSd &an &mZded/ o®ðaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &anç &mZdedodkY ajymif;onf/

00/ &mZódemrSd(arm*¾vmefusrf;)emaMumifh &mZ\ tonf £odkYajymif;onf/

118/ &mZó &mZk okeH[dok p/ okçeHç[d wdkYaMumifh &mZonf &mZkodkY wcgw&Hajymif;onf/

137/ jAwåoc&mZm'dawm trmeH/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkYaemufu tHonf tmeHodkY ajymif;onf/

138/ osmp/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkY aemufu odonf tmodkY ajymif;onf/

139/ a,mermaem/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkY aemufu a,mwkdYonf tmaemodkY ajymif;onf/

140/ ocawm pm a,maem/ oc aemufu a,mwkdYonf tma,m (odkYr[kwf) aemodkY ajymif;onf/

141/ o®d ar/ oc aemufu o®ðonf {odkY ajymif;onf/

142/ jA[®awm *ó p/ jA[® aemufu (tmvkyfod) *od onf {odkY ajymif;onf/

143/ ocEÅód aem em eH aook/ (a,mrSajymif;vmonfh) aemç emç eH o 0dbwfwdkYa½SUu oc\

tonf £odkYajymif;onf/

143/ tma&m [drSd 0g/ [daMumifh oc\ tonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/

144/ oke rHok0g/ okç eHç tH 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh oc\ tonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/

145/ jA[®awmwk o®ð ed/ jA[®ç ur®ç pr®ç rk'¨ç t'¨ wdkYaemufu o®ðonf edodkYajymif;onf/

146/ OwåH oemok/ oç emç eH wdkYaMumifh jA[®\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/


160/ twåaEÅm [do®d rewåH/ [dç ok 0dbwfaMumifh twå\ tonf teodkYajymif;onf/

161/ wawm o®ðed/ twåaemufu o®ðonf edokdY ajymif;onf/

162/ oóaem/ twåaemufu oonf aemokdY ajymif;onf/

163/ o®mem/ twåaemufu o®monf emokdY ajymif;onf/

½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ &mZ + od = &mZm &mZ + a,m = &mZmaem 'k/ &mZ + tH = &mZmeH

tm tmaem tmeH

w/ &mZ+em = &nm &mZ + em = &mZdem &mZ + [d =&mZl[d

&nm Zf+?> -d &mZk (Zf+K> L)

p^q/ &mZ+o =&anm^&mZdaem &mZ+eH = &nH &mZ + eH =&mZleH

&anm^&mZdaem &nH &mZk (Zf+K> L)

rD/ &mZ + o®m = &nm &mZ + o®ð = &an^&mZded &mZ + ok =&mZlok

&nm em &an^&mZded &mZk (Zf+K> L)

(usefonfh ½kyfajymif;yHkrsm;onf yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif; jzpfonf)


jA[® (jA[®m) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y jA[®m jA[®maem

tm a[ jAa[® abmaEÅm jA[®maem

'k jA[®meHç jA[®H jA[®maem

w jA[®Kem jAa[®[dç jAa[®bd

p jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH

rD jA[®Kem jAa[®[dç jAa[®bd

q jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH

o jA[®ed jAa[®ok

½kyfNyD;yHk

tm jA[® + od = jAa[® w jA[® + em = jA[®Kem

a- [®f+?> K

o jA[® + o®ð = jA[®ed

ed

twå (twåç rdrdudk,f) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y twåm twåmaem

tm abm twåç twåm abmaEÅm twåmaem

'k twåmeHç twåH twåmaem

w twåemç tawåe twåae[dç twåaebd

p twåaem twåmeH

rD twåem twåae[dç twåaebd

q twåaem twåmeH

o twåed twåaeokç tawåok

½kyfNyD;yHk

w twå + [d = twåae[d

wåf+?> ?e

ef+?> a


ã tmwkr (udk,fç rdrdudk,f) udkvnf; yxrmç tmvkyfç 'kwd,mü twåESifhtwl ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;í

wwd,mrSpí owårDtxd yk&doESifhtwl ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yg/

oc (taqGcifyGef;ç rdwfaqG) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y ocg ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem

tm abm ocç ocgç oac abmaEÅm ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem

'k ocgeHç ocg&Hç ocH ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem

w ocdem ocga&[dç ocga&bdç oac[dç oacbd

p ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHç ocg&meHç ocgeH

rD ocdem ocga&[dç ocga&bdç oac[dç oacbd

q ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHç ocg&meHç ocgeH

o oac ocga&okç oacok

½kyfNyD;yHk

y oc + a,m = ocga,m oc + a,m = ocdaem

-ga,m cf+?> -d aem

'k oc + ?H = ocg&H oc + em = ocdem

cf+?> -g& cf+?> -d

w oc + [d = ocga&[d p^q oc + o = ocdó

cf+?> -g& cf+?> -d ó

&f>?>a

oc + o = ocDeH o oc + o®ð = oac

cf+?> -d> -D eH a


e'g'd*kdPf;

£w¬dvdif þum&EÅ

e'D (jrpf) ½kyfpOf

y e'D e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)

tm abmwd e'd abmwda,m e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)

'k e'ðç e'd,H e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)

w e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dç e'Dbd

p e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH

rD e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dç e'Dbd

q e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH

o e'd,mç e'd,Hç eZÆH e'Dok

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

17/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/ yrnfaom £þ rS aemuf o®ðo®monf tpOftwdkif; tH tm odkY ajymif;

onf/ em ESifh o vnf; tm odkY ajymif;onf/

21/ y onó p/ 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonfh Mo tm tH o&aMumifh £ þ onf , odkY ajymif;onf/




61/ yawm,m/ yrnfaom £þ OODaemufu em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf ,modkYajymif;onf/


oGm;onf/




172/ tH,rDawm yonawm/ yrnfaom þaemufu tHonf ,H odkYajymif;onf/

193/ psvyg &óH/ *odaMumifh psvy rnfaom þOD wdkYonf &óodkYajymif;onf/

217/ ,0wH wve'um&meH AsÍÆemed pvÚZ um&wåH/ ,tu©&m½SduHkaom wve' wdkYonf tpOftwdkif;

pvÚZ odkY ajymif;onf/(ajymif;NyDvQif a'Gabmf jzpfoGm;onf)


½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ e'D + a,m = eaZÆm 'k/ e'D + ? H =e'd,H

'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ a-m 'f+-D> -d ,H

w/ e'D + em =e'd,m e'D + em = eZÆm

'f+-D> -d ,m 'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ m

o/ e'D + o®ð =e'd,H e'D + o®ð = eZÆH

'f+-D> -d ,H 'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ ?H

*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;

e'D-jrpf £w¬Dç em&D-rdef;r ukrm&Dç w½kPD-tysKd jA[r®PD-ykPÖm;r

ocD-rdwfaqGr rmwkvmeD-ta': od&D-Muufoa& abmwD-t½Sifr

*g0D-EGm;r 'goD-uRefr ykx0Dç yx0D-ajr

*päwDç*päEÅD-c&DoGm;aomrdef;r *kP0wDç*kP0EÅD-*kPf½Sdaomrdef;r

ã *kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fç *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;udk þqufay;u e'g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/

ã aZÆm ZÆm ZÆH yHkpHrsm;onf e'DtwGufomjzpfí usef*kdPf0ifyk'frsm; ½kyfpOf&mwGif aZÆm ZÆm ZÆHrsm;

csefí pOf&rnf/


*[ywm'd*kdPf;

£w¬dvdif þum&EÅ

*[ywmeD (tdrf½Sifr) ½kyfpOf

y *[ywmeDD *[ywmeDDç *[ywmeda,m

tm abmwd *[ywmed abmwda,m *[ywmeDç *[ywmeda,m

'k *[ywmeðç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDç *[ywmeda,m

w *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dç *[ywmeDbd

p *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH

rD *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dç *[ywmeDbd

q *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH

o *[ywmed,mç *[ywmed,H *[ywmeDok

*dkPf;0ifyk'frsm;

bdu©KeD-&[ef;r &mZdeD-rdzk&m;(rif;uawmf) '@deD-'kwf½Sdaomrdef;r

aygu©&PD-a&uef ,u©deD-bDvl;r y&pdwå0d'leD-olrsm;pdwfudkodEdkifaom

pnf;rsOf;rsm;

(13) 0gya&mto½lyg/ ½kyfoGifrwlaom o&rsm;awGUqHkvQif &Hcg aemufo&aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

(16) ykaAÁmp/ aemufo&ausNyD;aomf a½SU&óo&onf wcsKdU 'DCodkYajymif;onf/

(40) ywdódeDrSd/ £eDaMumifh ywd\ tqHk;£onf todkY ajymif;onf/

(&8) w'¨dw ormo udwum emrH 0g wa0 wkem'Dok p/ w'¨dwfyk'f ormofyk'f udwfyk'fwdkYudk

emrfyk'ftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf/ owfrSwfNyD;&if emrf0dbwfqufay;EdkifNyD/ wGmç wHk ponf qHk;onfh

pum;vHk;wkYudk emrftrnfay;p&mrvdk/ edygwfyk'fjzpfí wdkuf½kduf emrf0dbwfqufay;Edkifonf/

(188) ywd bdu©K &mZD-um&-aEÅ[d £eD/ £w¬dvdefü ywdç bdu©Kç &mZç þum&EÅo'´gç 0d'l paom

ODum&EÅo'´gç ,u© paom tum&EÅo'´gwdkYaemif £eD qufay;&onf/

(60) uGpm'drZÑKwå&meH 'DC&óm ypöa,ok p/ aemufü ypönf;aESmif;onf jzpfapç raESmif;onf

jzpfap yk'f\ tptv,ftqHk;wdkYü 'DC &ó jyKEdkifonf/

(61) awok 0k'¨davmyg-*r 0dum& 0dy&Dwm-a'om p/ yk'f\ tptv,ftqHk;wdkYü tcsKdUt&mü 0k'¨djyK

jcif; azmufjyefjcif; ajymif;jyefjzpfjcif; tma'ojyKjcif;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf/


½kyfNyD;yHk

*[ywd + -deD = *[ywmeD + od = *[ywmeD bdu©K + -deD = bdu©KeD

wf+-d> -? -deD -deD

-g

&mZ + -deD = &mZdeD '@D + -deD = '@deD

Zf+ ? @f+-D

y&pdwå0d'l + -deD = y&pdwå0d'leD ,u© + -deD = ,u©deD

aygu©PD (a&uef) ½kyfpOf

y aygu©&PD aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm

tm abmwd aygu©&Pd abmwda,m aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm

'k aygu©&Pðç aygu©&Pd,H aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm

w aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PD[dç aygu©&PDbd

p aygu©&Pd,mçç aygu©&nm aygu©&PDeH

rD aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PD[dç aygu©&PDbd

q aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PDeH

o aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm

aygu©&Pd,Hç aygu©&nH aygu©&PDok

½kyfNyD;yHk

aygu©&(Mumça&)+-D(½Sd)= aygu©&D + -deD = aygu©&PD + od = aygu©&PD

&f+-D> ? ef> -Pf+-D

aygu©&PD + a,m = aygu©&anm aygu©&PD + emçoço®mçoço®ð> m=aygu©&anm

Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n a-m Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n

aygu©&PD + o®ð> -H=aygu©&nH

Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n


£w¬dvdefa[mo'´g

£w¬dvdefa[mo'´grsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjy&ef rl&if;pum;vHk;rsm;ü tmç þç £eD qufay;&onf/

(1) tzdktr ESpfrsKd;t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjyEdkifonfh pum;vHk;rsm;udk trt"dyÜg,fESifh ajymqdkoHk;EIH;vdkonfh

tcg rsm;aomtm;jzifh þ (-D) qufay;&onf/ yHkpH -okec(acG;xD;çacG;r) olu&(0ufxD;ç0ufr)

ruú#(arsmufxD;çarsmufr) ,u©(bDvl;txD;çtr) / okecD(acG;r) olu&D(0ufr) ruú#D(arsmufr)

,u©D(bDvl;r) odkYaomf wcgw&H £eD(-deD)vnf; qufay;wwfonf/ yHkpH - ,u©deD (bDvl;r)

(2) P0ç Pduç aP,sç Pç EÅç EÅKç qufxm;onfhyk'frsm;ü þ(-D)qufay;&onf/

P0 = rme0D (xD) tysKdr rme0(yk)vlysKd

Pdu=em0duD (xD) avSolBuD;uawmf em0du (yk) avSolBuD;

aP,s=a0eaw,sD (xD) *VKefr\orD; a0eaw,s (yk) *VKef

PD=a*gwrD (xD) a*gwrD rdzk&m; a*gwr (yk) a*gwrzk&m;

EÅ=*päEÅD (xD) oGm;aomrdef;r *päEÅ (yk) oGm;aoma,musfm;

EÅK=*kP0EÅD (xD) *kPf½Sdaomrdef;r *kP0EÅ (yk) *kPf½Sdaoma,musfm;

(3) tum&EÅ 0daooeyk'faemufrSm tm (-m) qufay;&onf/

tbd½lyg unm/ eDvm rmvm/ aombem 0"l/

tbd½ly (wd) wifhw,faom

eDv (wd) nKdçpdrf;ndKaom

aombe (wd) wifhw,faom

(4) *[ywm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;jzpfaom £çþçOçOD qHk;onfhyk'fü £eD (-deD) qufay;&onf/


ykv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;

tum&EÅ (yk&dom'd*dkPf;)

y yk&daom yk&dom

tm abmyk&doçyk&dom abmaEÅm yk&dom

'k yk&doH yk&dao

w yk&daoe yk&dao[d^bd

p^q yk&doó yk&domeH

rD yk&doo®mçyk&dorSmçyk&dom yk&dao[d^bd

o yk&doo®ðçyk&dorSdçyk&dao yk&daook

tum&EÅ(raem*kdPf;)

y raem rem

tm abm reçrem abmaEÅm rem

'k reHçraem rae

w raeeçreom rae[d^bd

p^q reóçreaom remeH

rD reo®mçrerSmçrem rae[d^bd

o reo®ðçrerSdçraeçreod raeok

tum&EÅ (ykrm'd*dkPf;)

y ykrmçykarm ykrmaemç ykrm

tm a[ ykrHçykrçykrm abmaEÅm ykrmaemçykrm

'k ykrmeHçykrH ykrmaemçykar

w ykrkemçykrmemçykare ykrmae[dçbdçykar[dçbd

p^q ykrkaemçykró ykrmeH

rD ykrkemçykro®mçykrrSmçykrm ykrmae[dçbdçykar[dçbd

o ykrmaeçykro®ðçykrrSdçykar ykrmaeokçykarokçykrmok


y ,k0g ,k0gç ,k0gaem

tm abm ,k0ç,k0g abmaEÅm ,k0gç,k0gaem

'k ,k0H ,ka0ç ,k0gaem

w ,ka0eç,k0gem ,ka0[dç,ka0bd

p^q ,k0ó ,k0geH

rD ,k0o®mç,k0rSmç,k0g ,ka0[dç,ka0bd

o ,k0o®ðç,k0rSdç,ka0 ,ka0okç,k0gok


y ,k0gaem ,k0gem

tm abm ,k0geç,k0gem abmaEÅm ,k0gem

'k ,k0geH ,k0gae

w ,k0gaee ,k0gae[dç,k0gaebd

p^q ,k0geó ,k0gemeH

rD ,k0geo®mç,k0gerSmç,k0gem ,k0gae[dç,k0gaebd

o ,k0geo®ðç,k0gerSdç,k0gae ,k0gaeok

tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)

y &mZm &mZmaem

tm abm &mZç&mZm abmaEÅm &mZmaem

'k &mZmeHç &mZH &mZmaem

w &nmç&mZdemç&maZe &mZl[dçbd?&maZ[dçbd

p^q &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH

rD &nm &mZl[dçbd?&maZ[dçbd

o &anç &mZded &mZlokç &maZok



y jA[®m jA[®maem

tm a[ jAa[® abmaEÅm jA[®maem

'k jA[®meHç jA[®H jA[®maem

w jA[®Kem jAa[®[dçbd

p^q jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH

rD jA[®Kem jAa[®[dçbd

o jA[®ed jAa[®ok


y twåm twåmaem

tm abm twåçtwåm abmaEÅm twåmaem

'k twåmeHç twåH twåmaem

w twåemç tawåe twåae[dçbd

p^q twåaem twåmeH

rD twåem twåae[dçbd

o twåed twåaeokçtawåok


y ocg ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem

tm abm ocçocgçoac abmaEÅm ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem

'k ocgeHç ocg&Hç ocH ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem

w ocdem ocga&[dçbdçoac[dçbd

p^q ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHçocg&meHçocgeH

rD ocdem ocga&[dçbdçoac[dçbd

o oac ocga&okçoacok

tum&EÅ (*kP0g'd*dkPf;)

y *kP0g? *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm

tm abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g abmaEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm

'k *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ

w *kP0wm? *kP0aEÅe *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd

p^q *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?

rD *kP0wm? *kP0EÅo®m? *kP0EÅrSm? *kP0EÅm *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd

o *kP0wd? *kP0EÅo®ð? *kP0EÅrSd? *kP0aEÅ *kP0aEÅok


tum&EÅ(*päEÅm'd*kdPf;)

y *päH? *päaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm

tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm abmaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm

'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ

w *päwm? *päaEÅe *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd

p^q *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH

rD *päwm? *päEÅo®m? *päEÅrSm? *päaEÅm *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd

o *päwd? *päo®ð? *päEÅrSd? *päaEÅ *päaEÅok

tmum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y om om

a[ oçom a[ om

'k oH ao

w aoe om[dçbd

p^q oóçom, omeH

rD oo®mçorSmço om[dçbd

o oo®ðçorSdçao omok

(v,fwDemrfy'rmvm-113)

£um&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y t*¾dç t*¾ded t*¾Dçt*¾a,m

tm abm t*¾d abmaEÅm t*¾Dçt*¾a,m

'k t*¾ð t*¾Dç t*¾a,m

w t*¾dem t*¾D[dçbd?t*¾d[dçbd

p^q t*¾dóçt*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH

rD t*¾do®mçt*¾drSmçt*¾dem t*¾D[dçbd?t*¾d[dçbd

o t*¾do®ðç t*¾drSd t*¾Dokç t*¾dok

þum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y '@D '@Dç '@daem

tm abm '@d abmaEÅm '@Dç'@daem

'k '@ðç '@deH '@Dç'@daem

w '@dem '@D[dçbd

p^q '@dóç '@daem '@DeH

rD '@do®mç '@drSmç '@dem '@D[dçbd

o '@do®ðç '@drSdç '@ded '@Dok


ODum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y o,rÇL o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g

tm abm o,rÇK abmaEÅm o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g

'k o,rÇKH o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g

w o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dçbd

p^q o,rÇKóço,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH

rD o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dçbd

o o,rÇKo®ðço,rÇKrSd o,rÇLok

Oum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y bdu©K bdu©L? bdu©a0g

tm abm bdu©K abmaEÅm bdu©Lçbdu©a0çbdu©a0g

'k bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g

w bdu©Kem bdu©L[dçbd?bdu©K[dçbd

p^q bdu©Kóçbdu©aem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH

rD bdu©Ko®mçbdu©Kem bdu©L[dçbd?bdu©K[dçbd

o bdu©Ko®ðçbdu©KrSd? bdu©Lokçbdu©Kok

Oum&EÅ (ow¬m'd*kdPf;)

y ow¬m ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)

tm abmow¬ç ow¬m abmaEÅm ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)

'k ow¬m&Hç (ow¬KH ) ow¬ma&m (ow¬ma&)

w ow¬m&mç ow¬Kem ow¬ma&,dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd

p ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH

rD ow¬Ko®mçow¬KrSmçow¬m&mçow¬Kem ow¬ma&[dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd

q ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH

o ow¬Ko®ðç ow¬KrSdç ow¬&d ow¬ma&okç ow¬Lok

Moum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y a*g *ga0gç *a0g


'k *0Hç*g0Hç*g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g

w *ga0eç*a0e a*g[dçbd

p^q *g0óç*0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH

rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç*g0g

*0o®mç*0rSmç*0g a*g[dçbd

o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç*ga0

*0o®ðç*0rSdç*a0 *ga0okç*a0okça*gok


eykv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;

tum&EÅ pdwåm'd*kdPf;

y pdwåH pdwåm pdwåmed

tm abm pdwåçpdwåm b0EÅmed pdwåm pdwåmed

'k pdwåH pdawå pdwåmed

w pdawåe pdawå[dçbd

p^q pdwåó pdwåmeH

y pdwåo®m pdwårSm pdwåm pdawå[dçbd

o pdwåo®ð pdwårSd pdawå pdawåok

tum&EÅ *kP0g'd*kdPf;

y *kP0Hç*kP0EÅH *kP0EÅmç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd

tm a[*kP0Hç*kP0ç *kP0EÅmç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd

*kP0g

'k *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd

(wwd,mrSpí usef ykv’difESifhwlonf)

tum&EÅ *päEÅm'd*kdPf;

y *päHç*päEÅH *päEÅmç*päEÅmed

tm a[*päHç*päç*päm *päEÅmç*päEÅmed

'k *päEÅH *päaEÅç*päEÅmed

(wwd,mrSpí usef ykv’difESifhwlonf)

ã ½lyod'¨dtvdk to'¨gyk'fudk tmum&EÅeyHkvdif[kqdkonf/ tESifho'¨gudk aygif;pyfNyD; to'¨g[k

ormofyk'fjzpfvmonf/ o'¨gr½SdaomtrsKd;[kqdkvdkonf/ ormofjzpfNyD;aomtcg to'¨g-[k

toH½SnfrS to'¨-[k toHwdkodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ toHwdkajymif;NyD;rS to'¨Hç to'¨gç to'¨ged-[k

pdwåESifhtwlwl*kdPf;pOf&onf/ xdkodkYjzpfí o'´eDwdusrf;u to'¨-udk tmum&EÅ[k rqdkyJç tum&EÅ[k

qdkonf/

£um&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)

y t|d t|Dçt|Ded

tm a[ t|d a[ t|Dçt|Ded

'k t|ð t|Dç t|Ded

w t|dem t|D[dçbd

p^q t|daemçt|dó t|DeH

rD t|do®mçt|drSmçt|dem t|D[dçbd

o t|do®ðçt|drSd t|Dok

£um&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)

y okcum&d okcum&Dç okcum&Ded

tm a[ okcum&dd a[ okcum&Dçokcum&Ded

'k okcum&ð okcum&Dç okcum&Ded

w okcum&dem okcum&D[dçbd

p^q okcum&daemçokcum&dó okcum&DeH

rD okcum&dddo®mçrSmçokcum&dem okcum&D[dçbd

o okcum&do®ðçokcum&drSd okcum&Dok


Oum&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)

y tm,k tm,lç tm,led

tm abm tm,k b0EÅmed tm,lç tm,led

'k tm,Hk tm,lç tm,led

w tm,kem tm,l[dçbd

p^q tm,kaemçtm,kó tm,leH

rD tm,ko®mçrSmç tm,kem tm,l[dçbd

o tm,ko®ðçtm,krSd tm,lok

ODum&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)

y a*gMwbk a*gMwblça*gMwbled

tm abm a*gMwbk b0EÅmed a*gMwblça*gMwbled

'k a*gMwbHk a*gMwblça*gMwbled

w a*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dçbd

p^q a*gMwbkóça*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH

rD a*gMwbko®mçrSmça*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dçbd

o a*gMwbko®ðça*gMwbkrSd a*gMwblok


y pdwå*k pdwå*lç pdwå*led

tm abm pdwå*k b0EÅmed pdwå*lç pdwå*led

'k pdwå*kHk pdwå*lç pdwå*led

w pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd

p pdwå*kóç pdwå*kaem pdwå*leH

rD pdwå*kko®mç pdwå*kkrSmç pdwå*kkem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd

q pdwå*kaemç pdwå*kkó pdwå*leH

o pdwå*kko®ðç pdwå*kkrSd pdwå*lok


£w¬dv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;

tmum&EÅ (unm'd*kdPf;)

y unm unmçunma,m

tm abmwduan abmwda,m unmçunma,m

'k unH unmçunma,m

w unm, unm[d unmbd

p^q unm, unmeH

y unm, unm[d unmbd

o unm,çunm,H unmok

£um&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y &wåd &wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm

tm abmwd&wåd abmwda,m&wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm

'k &wåð &wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm

w &wåd,mç&wsm &wåD[dçbdç&wåd[dçbd

p^q &wåd,mç&wsm &wåDeHç&wådeH

rD &wåd,mç&wsm &wåD[dçbdç &wåd[dçbd

o &wåd,mç&wsm &wåDokç &wådok

&wåd,Hç&wsHç&awåm

þum&EÅ(e'g'd*kdPf;)

y e'D e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)

tm abmwde'd abmwda,me'Dçe'da,m(eaZÆm)

'k e'ðçe'd,H e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)

w e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dçbd

p^q e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH

rD e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dçbd

o e'd,mçe'd,HçeZÆH e'Dok

þum&EÅ(*[ywm'd*kdPf;)

y *[ywmeD *[ywmeDDç*[ywmeda,m

tm abmwd *[ywmed abmwda,m *[ywmeDç

*[ywmeda,m

'k *[ywmeðç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDç

*[ywmeda,m

w *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dçbd

p^q *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH

rD *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dçbd

o *[ywmed,mç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDok


ODum&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y 0"l 0"lç 0"ka,m

tm abmwd0"k abmwda,m 0"lç0"ka,m

'k 0"Hk 0"lç 0"ka,m

w 0"k,m 0"l[dçbd

p^q 0"k,m 0"leH

rD 0"k,m 0"l[dçbd

o 0"k,mç0"k,H 0"lok

Oum&EÅ(ow¬m'd*kdPf;)

y rmwm rmwa&m

tm abmwd rmwçrmwm abmwda,m rmwa&m

'k rmw&H(rmwHk) rmwa&m (rmwa&)

w rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dçbdçrmwl[dçbd

p^q rmwkçrmwkóçrmwk,m rmw&meHçrmwmeHçrmwleH

rD rmw&mçrmwk,mç rmwa&[dçbdçrmwl[dçbd

o rmwko®ðçrmwkrSdçrmw&dç

rmwk,mç rmwk,H rmwa&okç rmwlok

Oum&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y ,m*k ,m*lç ,m*ka,m

tm abmwd,m*k abmwda,m,m*lç,m*ka,m

'k ,m*kH ,m*lç,m*ka,m

w ,m*k,m ,m*l[dçbdç ,m*k[dçbd

p^q ,m*k,m ,m*leHç,m*keH

rD ,m*k,m ,m*l[dçbdç ,m*k[dçbd

o ,m*k,mç,m*k,H ,m*lokç,m*kok


y a*g *ga0gç *a0g


'k *0Hç*g0Hç*g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g

w *ga0eç*a0e a*g[dçbd

p^q *g0óç*0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH

rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç*g0g

*0o®mç*0rSmç*0g a*g[dçbd

o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç*ga0

*0o®ðç*0rSdç*a0 *ga0okç*a0okça*gok

ã £w¬dvdifa*gESifh ykv’difa*gonf ½kyfpOfwlonf/


oAÁemrf½kyfpOfrsm;

ykv’dif(oAÁ)

y oaAÁm oaAÁ

tm abm oAÁçoAÁm abmaEÅm oaAÁ

'k oAÁH oaAÁ

w oaAÁe oaAÁ[d^bd

p^q oAÁó oaAÁoHçoaAÁomeH

rD oAÁo®mçrSm oaAÁ[d^bd

o oAÁo®ðçoAÁrSd oaAÁok

eykv’diff(oAÁ)

y oAÁH oAÁmed

tm abm oAÁçoAÁm b0EÅmed oAÁmed

'k oAÁH oAÁmed

w oaAÁe oaAÁbd^bd

p^q oAÁó oaAÁoHçoaAÁomeH

rD oAÁo®mçrSm oaAÁ[d^bd

o oAÁo®ðçoAÁrSd oaAÁok

£w¬dv’diff(oAÁ)

y oAÁm oAÁmçoAÁma,m

tm abmwd oaAÁ abmwda,m oAÁmçoAÁma,m

'k oAÁH oAÁmçoAÁma,m

w oAÁm, oAÁm[dçbd

p^q oAÁm,çoAÁóm oAÁmoHçoAÁmomeH

rD oAÁm, oAÁm[dçbd

o oAÁm,HçoAÁóH oAÁmok

ã uw&ç uwrç £w&ç tnç tnw&ç

tnwr wdkYonf ykv’dif eykv’difü oAÁESifh

½kyfpOf tvHk;pHkwlonf/ £w¬dvdifwGif oço®ðü

uw&ponf\ tonf £odkYajymif;í

uw&dómç uw&dóH ponfjzifh oAÁxuf

½kyfpOfydkonf/

ykv’dif(ykAÁ)

y ykaAÁm ykaAÁçykAÁm

tm abmykAÁçykAÁm abmaEÅm ykaAÁçykAÁm

'k ykAÁH ykaAÁ

w ykaAÁe ykaAÁ[d^bd

p^q ykAÁó ykaAÁoHçykaAÁomeH

rD ykAÁo®mçrSmçykAÁm ykaAÁ[d^bd

o ykAÁo®ðçykAÁrSdçykaAÁ ykaAÁok

£w¬dv’dif(ykAÁ)

y ykAÁm ykAÁmçykAÁma,m

tm abmwd ykaAÁ abmwda,m ykAÁmçykAÁma,m

'k ykAÁH ykAÁmçykAÁma,m

w ykAÁm, ykAÁm[dçbd

p^q ykAÁm,çykAÁóm ykAÁmoHçykAÁmomeH

rD ykAÁm, ykAÁm[dçbd

o ykAÁm,HçykAÁóH ykAÁmok

ã ykAÁ eykv’dif½kyfpOfyHkrSm oAÁtwdkif;om jzpfonf/ y&ç ty&ç 'u©dPç Owå&ç t"& wdkYudkvnf; ykAÁ

twdkif; ½kyfpOf&onf/ odkYaomf 'u©dPç Owå& \ £w¬dvdif½kyfpOf&mwGif o®ðü o®ðonf tm,odkYvnf;

ajymif;í 'u©dPm,ç 'u©Pm,Hç 'u©dPóH? Owå&m,ç Owå&m,Hç Owå&óH [k jzpfonf/


ã , onf vdifoHk;vHkü oAÁESifh tvHk;pHk wlonf/

ykv’dif (w)

y aom aeçaw

'k eHçwH aeçaw

w aeeçawe ae[dçbdçaw[dçbd

p^q eóçtóçwó aeoHçaeomeHç

awoHçawomeH

rD eo®mçto®mçwo®mçerSmçwrSm ae[dçbdçaw[dçbd

o eo®ðçto®ðçwo®ðçerSdçwrSd aeokçawok

eykv’dif (w)

y eHçwH emedçwmed

'k eHçwH emedçwmed

wwd,mrSpí ykv’difESifhwl

£w¬dvdif (w)

y om emç ema,mç wmç wma,m

'k eHç wH emç ema,mç wmç wma,m

w em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd

p^q wdómçwómçeómçtóm


em,ç wm,

rD em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd

o em,Hç wm,H emokç wmok

ykv’dif ({w)

y {aom {aw

'k {wH {aw

w {awe {aw[dçbd

p^q {wó {awoHç{awomeH

rD {wo®mç{wrSm {aw[dç{awbd

o {wo®ð? {wrSd {awok

eykv’dif ({w)

y {wH {wmed

'k {wH {wmed

£w¬dvdif ({w)

y {om {wmç {wma,m

'k {wH {wmç {wma,m

w {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd

p^q {wm,ç{wdómç

{wdóm, {wmoHç{wmomeH

rD {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd

o {wm,Hç {wdóH {wmok


ykv’dif (£r)

y t,H £ar

'k £rH £ar

w taee? £rdem £ar[dçbd?{[dçbd

p^q £ró? tó £aroHç£aromeH?

{oHç{omeH

rD £ro®m? £rrSm? to®m £ar[dçbd?{[dç{bd

o £o®ð? £rrSd? to®ð £arokç{ok

eykv’dif (£r)

y £'H? £rH £rmed

'k £'H? £rH £rmed

wwd,mrSpí ykv’difESifhwl

£w¬dvdif (£r)

y t,H £rmç £rma,m

'k £rH £rmç £rma,m

w £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd

p^q £rm,çtómçtóm,


rD £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd

o £rm,HçtóHç£rdóH £rmok

ykv’dif (trk)

y tokçtrk trl

'k trHk trl

w trkem trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd

p^q trkóçt'kó trloHçtrlomeHç

trkoHçtrkomeH

rD trko®mçtrkrSmçtrkem trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd

o trko®ðçtrkrSd trlokçtrkok

£w¬dvdif (trk)

y tokçtrk trlçtrka,m

'k trHk trlçtrka,m

w trk,m trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd

p^q trk,mçtrkóm trloHçtrlomeHç

trkoHçtrkomeH

rD trk,m trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd

o trk,mçtrkóHçtrk,H trlokç trkok

eykv’dif (trk)

y t'kHçtrHk trlç trled

'k t'kHç trHk trlç trled


ykv’dif (uð)

y aum au

'k uH au

w aue au[dçbd

p^q uóçudó auoH? auomeH

rD uo®mçurSm au[dçbd

o uo®ðçudo®ðçurSdçudrSd auok

eykv’dif (uð)

y uð umed

'k uð umed

£w¬dvdif (uð)

y um umçuma,m

'k uH umçuma,m

w um, um[dçumbd

p^q um,çuóm umoHçumomeH

rD um, um[dçbd

o um,Hç uóH umok

ã {u-1çtwlçtwlr½Sdç tazmfryg

ykv’dif ({u)

y {aum

'k {uH

w {aue

p^q {uó

rD {uo®mçrSm

o {uo®ðçrSd

eykv’dif ({u)

y {uH

'k {uH

w {aue

p^q {uó

rD {uo®mçrSm

o {uo®ðçrSd

£w¬dvdif ({u)

y {um

'k {uH

w {um,

p^q {um,ç{udóm

rD {um,

o {um,Hç{udóH

ã {u-wyg;wjcm;

ykv’dif ({u)

y {au

'k {au

w {au[d^bd

p^q {auoH^omeH

rD {au[d^bd

o {auok

eykv’dif ({u)

y {umed

'k {umed

w {au[d^bd

p^q {auoH^omeH

rD {au[d^bd

o {auok

£w¬dvdif ({u)

y {umç{uma,m

'k {umç{uma,m

w {um[d^bd

p^q {uoHç{umomeH

rD {um[d^bd

o {umok

ã {uonf a&maESmjcif;ç tjrwfç trSef teufudk azmfjyu yk&dom'dçpdwåm'dçunm'd*kdPfwdkYtwdkif;

½kyfpOf&rnf/


Obç 'Gd - ESpfckç ESpfa,muf (vdifoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\/ trsm;udef;om½Sdonf)

y ^ 'k Oabm? Oab

w ^ rD Oabm[dçbd? Oab[dçbd

p ^q ObdEéH

o Oabmok? Oabok

y ^ 'k a'G? 'ka0

w ^ rD 'GD[d? 'GDbd? 'Gd[d?bdç? 'ka0[d^bd

p ^q 'GdEéH? 'k0dEéH

o 'GDok? 'Gdok? 'ka0ok

Ob,(ESpfck ESpfa,muf) ½kyfpOfyHk

wd (oHk;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk

pwk (av;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk

yHkvdef

y^'k pwåma&m?pwka&m


pwkAÇd

p^q pwkEéH

o pwlok? pwkok

eyHkvdef

y^'k pwåm&d


pwkAÇd

p^q pwkEéH

o pwlok? pwkok

£w¬dvdef

y^'k pwaóm


pwkAÇd

p^q pwóEéH

o pwlok? pwkok


yÍö(5) rS t|m&o(18) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;

y^'k yÍö

w^rD yÍö[d

p^q yÍöEéH

o yÍöok

(vdefoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\)

wkrS (tvdif) ½kyfpOfyHk

y wGHç wk0H wkarSç a0g

'k wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH wkarSç wkrSmuHç a0g

w w,mç wG,mç aw wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g

p^q w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g

rD w,mç wG,m wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g

o w,dç wG,d wkarSok

trS (tvdif) ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ t[H r,Hç tarSç aem

'k/ rHç rrH tarSç trSmuHç aem

w/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem

p/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem

rD/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem

q/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem

o/ r,d tarSokç tao®ok


tmcsmwf

uwåm; uH[lonfrSm emrf\qdkif&mjzpfonf/ Bud,mum;tmcsmwf\ qdkif&mjzpf\/ ygVdudk pDuHk;

EIef;zGJU&mü uH uwåm; Bud,mwdkYom tcsKyftjcm y"meaywnf;/ 179-tjcjyK

tmcsmwfBud,m wnfaqmuf&mwGif tmcsmwf0dbwfudk toHk;jyK&rnf/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf

0wårmef 0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç

b0dóEÅ0dbwfç umvm wdywåd0dbwf [lí ½SpfrsKd;½Sd\/ wrsKd;wrsKd;ü 12-vHk;pD ½Sd\/ a½SU 6-vHk;udk

y&óyk’f[k emrnfrSJYí aemuf 6-vHk;udk twåaemyk'f[k emrnf rSJYavonf/ a½SU 6-vHk;wGifvnf; a½SUqHk;

2-vHk;udk a½SUqHk;uxm;aomaMumifh yXrykk&dof[k ac:onf/ tv,f 2-vHk;udk tv,frSmxm;aomaMumihf

rZÑdryk&dof[k ac:onf/ aemufqHk; 2-vHk;udk aemufqHk;usaomaMumifh Owåryk&dof[k ac:onf/ twåaemykf’f

aemuf 6-vHk;udkvnf; y&ótwdkif; 2-vHk;pDudk yXr rZÑdr Owår[k ac:yHk odyg/ ]]yk&do}}onf

jynfhpHkjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ yk'fwckckonf 0dbwfrygvQif rjynfhpHkao;ç tmcsmwf0dbwfygrS jynfhpHkonf/

xdkYaMumifh tmcswf0dbwfudk yk&do(yk&dof)[k rSnfhac:onf/

tmcsmwf0dwf 8-rsKd;wGif wrsKd;wrsKd;ü 0dbwf 12-vHk;½SdaomaMumifh tmcsmwf0dbwf 96-vHk;½Sd\/

xdkwGif y&óyk’f 48-vHk;ç twåaemyk’f 48-vHk;½Sd\/ tmcswf0dwbf 96-vHk;udk yXr rZÑdr Owåryk&dof oHk;

rsKd;jzifh cGJjcm;vQif yXryk&dof-32? rZÑdryk&dof-32? Owåryk&dof-32 jzpf\/

tmcswf0dbwf 8-rsKd;

0wårmemwd tEÅd od x rd r aw taEÅ ao a0S { arS

yÍörDwk tEÅK [d x rd r wH tEÅH ók a0Sg { tmrao

owårD{,s {,sKH {,smod {,smx {,smrd {,smr {x {&H {axm {,sma0Sg {,sH {,smarS

ya&mu©mt O { w¬ t rS w ¬ a& aw¬m a0Sg £ arS

[d,swåeDtm OK Mo w¬ t rSm w¬ w¬KH ao 0SH £H rSao

tZÆwåeDþ OH Mo w¬ £H rSm tm OK ao 0SH t arS

b0dóEÅDówd óEÅd ówd óx ómrd ómr óaw óaEÅ óao óa0S óH ómarS


tenf;qHk; uwåm;ESifhBud,m ESpfrsKd;ygaom pum;&yfESifh uwåm;ç uHç Bud,m oHk;rsKd;ygaom

pum;&yfudk 0gus[kac:onf/ 0gusonf uwåm;a[m0gus (Active Voice) uHa[m0gus (Passive

Voice) [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ uwåm;a[m0gusü uwåm;udk yxrm0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/ uHudk

‘‘'kwd,mjzifha&;&onf/ uHa[m0gusü uHudk yxrm0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/ uwåm;udk wwd,m0dbwfjzifh

a&;&onf/

uwåm;ae&m uHae&mwGif a&;&rnfh pum;vHk;rsm;onf emro'´gç (Third Person) wkrSo'´gç

(Second Person) trSo'´gç (First Person) [k oHk;rsKd;½Sd\/ xdkwGif ]] oif }} [k t"dyÜg,f&aom

pum;vkH; rsm;udk wkrSo'´g[k ac:onf/ ]] ig }} [k t"dyÜg,f&aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk trSo'´g[k

ac:onf/ oif ESifh ig rSwyg; a,musfm;(yk&do) trsKd;orD;(unm) pdwf(pdwå) aumif;rI(ukov)

opfyif(½ku©) ponhf pum;vHk;rsm;udk emro'´g[k ac:onf/

uwåm;a[m0gus

uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf emro'´g jzpfygu Bud,mudk yxryk&dof ( wdç tEÅd )

ponfjzifh a&;&onf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu wd-jzifh a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf trsm;jzpfygu tEÅd-

jzifh a&;&rnf/

yHkpH/ yk&daom-a,musfm;onf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päwd-oGm;\/

(uwåm;)emro'´g tenf;udef; uH yxryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;

yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/

(uwåm;)emro'´g tenf;udef; uH yxryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;

uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf wkrSo'´gjzpfygu Bud,mudk rZÑdryk&dof ( odç x ) jzifh

a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu od-jzifhç trsm;jzpfygu x-jzifh a&;&rnf/

yHkpH/ wGH-oifonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päod-oGm;\/

(uwåm;)wkrSo'´g tenf;udef; uH rZÑdryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;

wkarS-oifwdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päx-oGm;ukef\/

(uwåm;)wkrSo'´g trsm;udef; uH rZÑdryk&dofBud,m trsm;udef;


uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf trSo'´gjzpfygu Bud,mudk Owåryk&dof ( rdç r ) jzifh

a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu rd-jzifhç trsm;jzpfygu r-jzifh a&;&rnf/

yHkpH/ t[H-igonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *pämrd-oGm;\/

(uwåm;)trSo'´g tenf;udef; uH Owåryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;

r,H-igwdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *pämr-oGm;ukef\/

(uwåm;)trSo'´g trsm;udef; uH Owåryk&dofBud,m trsm;udef;

ã uwåm;a[m 0gusü

1/ uwåm;udk yxrmESifh a&;yHk

2/ uHudk 'kwd,mESifh a&;yHk

3/ uwåm;ESifh Bud,mudk tenf; trsm;ç o'´g yk&dof udkufnDatmif a&;yHk wdkYudk

owdjyKyg/

uHa[m0gus

uHa[m 0gusü uHonf emro'´g jzpfygu Bud,mudk yxryk&dof ( wdç tEÅd ) ponfjzifh

a&;&onf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu wd-jzifh a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf trsm;jzpfygu tEÅd-jzifh

a&;&rnf/uHa[mBud,mudk rl&if;"mwf (*päf-ponf) + -D, odkYr[kwf , (uHa[moauFwjyypönf;) +

tmcsmwf0dbwf (wdç tEÅdponf) jzifh a&;&onf/

yHkpH - *päf-oGm; + -D,-tyf + wd-\ = *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\

rl&if;"mwf uHa[mypönf; tmcswf0dbwf

yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf ra*¾g-vrf;udk *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\/

uwåm; (uH) emro'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;

yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf r*¾g-vrf;wdkYudk *päD,EÅd-oGm;tyfukef\/

uwåm; (uH) emro'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;

yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf wGH-oifvrf;udk *päD,od-oGm;tyf\/

uwåm; (uH) wkrSo'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;

yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf wkarS-vrf;wdkYudk *päD,x-oGm;tyfukef\/

uwåm; (uH) wkrSo'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;


yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf t[H-igvrf;udk *päD,mrd-oGm;tyf\/

uwåm; (uH) trSo'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;

yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musf;onf r,H-igvrf;wdkYudk *päD,mr-oGm;tyfukef\/

uwåm; (uH) trSo'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;

ã uHa[m 0gusü

1/ uHudk yxrmESifh a&;yHk

2/ uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;yHk

3/ uHESifh Bud,mudk tenf; trsm;ç o'´g yk&dof udkufnDatmif a&;yHk wdkYudk owdjyKyg/

ã a[m&m a[m&m yXrm/ / Bud,monf uwåm;udk a[maom Bud,mç uHudk a[maom

Bud,m[k 2-rsKd;½Sd\/ uwåm;udk a[m&mü uwåm;udk yxrm0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&onf? yHkpHum;-]]yk&daom

*päwd}}wnf;/ uHudk a[m&müvnf; uHudk yxrm0dbwfjzifhyif ygVdpD&onf? yHkpHum;-]]ra*¾g *päD,wd}}

wnf;/ xdkodkY a[m&mü Bud,mESifhuwåm;ç Bud,mESifhuHwdkYonf {u0kpf A[k0kpfcsif; (rsm;aomtm;jzifh)

wlMu&onf/

ã ra[muwåm-wwd,mç uHrSm 'kwdESifh/ / Bud,mu ra[mtyfaom t0kwåuwåm;udk

wwd,m0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&rnf? yHkpHum;-]]yk&daoe *päD,wd/}} wnf;/ Bud,monf ra[mtyfaom

t0kwåuHudk 'kwd,m0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&rnf/ yHkpHum;-]]r*¾H *päwd}} wnf;/ þuJhodkY ra[mtyfaom uH

uwåm;wdkYrSm Bud,mESifh {u0kpfcsif; A[k0kpfcsif; wlMuonfjzpfap rwlMuonfjzpfap aeEdkifavawmhonf/

ã ra[morQ t0kwåü o'´oHk;oG,f 0kpfESpfoG,f/ / ra[mtyfaom t0kwå uH uwåm;wdkYü

emr wkrS trS[laom o'´ 3-rsKd;udkvnf;aumif;ç {u0kpf A[k0kpf 2-rsKd;udkvnf;aumif; vJvS,fí

tqifhqifh oGif;Edkif onf/

(tajcjyKo'´g-188) emra,m* {u0kpf

uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus

yk&daom r*¾H *päwd/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,wd/

yk&daom ra*¾ *päwd/ yk&dao[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/

yk&daom wH *päwd/ w,m ra*¾g *päD,wd/

yk&daom wkarS *päwd/ wkarS[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/

yk&daom rH *päwd/ r,m ra*¾g *päD,wd/

yk&daom tarS *päwd/ tarS[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/


uwåm;a[m 6-0gus teufay;yHk

yk&daom-a,musfm;onf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? ra*¾-vrf;wdkYudk? wH-oifvrf;udk? wkarS-oifvrf;wdkYudk?

rH-igvrf;udk? tarS-igvrf;wdkYudk? *päwd-oGm;\/

uHa[m 6-0gus teufay;yHk

yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? yk&dao[d-a,musfm;wdkYonf? w,m-oifonf? wkarS[d-oifwdkYonf?

r,m-igonf? tarS[d-igwdkYonf? ra*¾g-vrf;udk? *päD,wd-oGm;\/

emra,m* A[k0kpf


yk&dom r*¾H *päEÅd/ yk&daoe r*¾g *päD,EÅd/

yk&dom ra*¾ *päEdÅ/ yk&dao[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/

yk&dom wH *päEÅd/ w,m r*¾g *päD,EÅd/

yk&dom wkarS *päEÅd/ wkarS[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/

yk&dom rH *päEÅd/ r,m r*¾g *päD,EÅd/

yk&dom tarS *päEÅd/ tarS[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/

wkrSa,m* {u0kpf


wGH r*¾H *päod/ yk&daoe wGH *päD,od/

wGH ra*¾ *päod/ yk&dao[d wGH *päD,od/

wGH wH *päod/ w,m wGH *päD,od/

wGH wkarS *päod/ wkarS[d wGH *päD,od/

wGH rH *päod/ r,m wGH *päD,od/

wGH tarS *päod/ tarS[d wGH *päD,od/


wkrSa,m* A[k0kpf


wkarS r*¾H *päx/ yk&daoe wkarS *päD,x/

wkarS ra*¾ *päx/ yk&dao[d wkarS *päD,x/

wkarS wH *päx/ w,m wkarS *päD,x/

wkarS wkarS *päx/ wkarS[d wkarS *päD,x/

wkarS rH *päx/ r,m wkarS *päD,x/

wkarS tarS *päx/ tarS[d wkarS *päD,x/

trSa,m* {u0kpf


t[H r*¾H *pämrd/ yk&daoe t[H *päD,mrd/

t[H ra*¾ *pämrd/ yk&dao[d t[H *päD,mrd/

t[H wH *pämrd/ w,m t[H *päD,mrd/

t[H wkarS *pämrd/ wkarS[d t[H *päD,mrd/

t[H rH *pämrd/ r,m t[H *päD,mrd/

t[H tarS *pämrd/ tarS[d t[H *päD,mrd/

trSa,m* A[k0kpf


r,H r*¾H *pämr/ yk&daoe r,H *päD,mr/

r,H ra*¾ *pämr/ yk&dao[d r,H *päD,mr/

r,H wH *pämr/ w,m r,H *päD,mr/

r,H wkarS *pämr/ wkarS[d r,H *päD,mr/

r,H rH *pämr/ r,m r,H *päD,mr/

r,H tarS *pämr/ tarS[d r,H *päD,mr/


tmcsmwftESpfcsKyf

(1)0wårmef

wdç tEÅd? odç x? rdç r? awç taEÅ? aoç a0S? {ç arS/

y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f

a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr *päwd? *apä *päEÅd? *päa& *päaw *päaEÅ?*päa&

wkrS *päod *päx *päao *päa0S

trS *pämrd?*apä *pämr *apä *päarS

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ wdç rd > { ajymif;? ykpH-*apä 2/ rdç r \ a½SYu t > tmajymif; ykpH-*pämrd? *pämr

3/ *½ka½S;½Sd &ó\aemuf tEÅdç taEÅ > a& ajymif; ykpH-*päa&

1/ (u) jzpfaeqJudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk

yg#vdykwåH *päwd/

om0w¬d,H y0dowd/

0d[&wd aZw0ae/

(c) jzpfaeqJrS tNrJ &yfpJoGm;onfudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk

t[H rHoH e cg'grd/ (t&ifupm;ayrJh cka&maemifyg rpm;awmh)

(8) qufvufjzpfaerIudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk

t[H abm rHoH cg'grd/ (oufoufvGwf rpm;ol? pm;NyD;ç pm;qJç pm;vwåHY)

£[ rv’m ,kZÆEÅd/ (tNrJwrf; rxdk;ayrJh rMumrMumxdk;onf)

(yg#vdykwåH-yg#vdykwfjynfodkY?*päwd-oGm;\?om0w¬d,H-om0w¬djynfodkY?y0dowd-(qGrf;tvdkYiSg)0if\?aZw0ae-

aZw0ef ausmif;ü? 0d[&wd-ae\ t[H-igonf? rHoH-tom;udk? ecg'grd-rpm;yg/ abm-tarmif? t[H-ig-

onf? rHoH-tom;udk? cg'grd-pm;yg\/ £[-þt&yfü? rv’m-vufa0SYorm;wdkYonf? ,kZÆEÅd-xdk;owfMuukef\)


2/ jzpfNyD;umpESifh jzpfcgeD;udk ajymqdka&;om;yHk

ukawm b0H tm*päwd? yg#vdykwåawm tm*pämrd/ (jzpfNyD;ump)

uk[ð *päod? om0w¬d,H *pämrd/ (jzpfcgeD;)

r,H bPmr/ (jzpfcgeD;)

(b0H-t½Sif? ukawm-tb,ft&yfrS? tm*päwd-vmcJhygoenf;? yg#vdykwåawm-yg#vdykwfjynfrS? tm*päwd-

vcJhyg\/ uk[ð-tb,ft&yfodkY? *päwd-oGm;rvdkYvJ? om00w¬d,H-om0w¬djynfodkY? *pämrd-oGm;rvdkY)

3/ ,m0 yka& yk&moHk;NyD; jzpfvmrnfudk ajymvdkaomtcg oHk;yHk

,m0g[H tm*pämrd? wm0 £a"0 a[mwd/ (igvmonfhwdkifatmif þae&myif ae&pf)

"r®Íö 0de,Íö o*Fg,mrç yka& 'dyÜwd t"ar®m/ (t"r®rxGef;um;rSD "r®0de,udk o*Fg,emwifMupdkY)

yk&m 0ówd a'a0g(rdk;r½GmrSD) £ar 'aEÅ qdE´ç yk&m r&mrd (raorSD þtpG,fudk jzwf,lyg)

{,smodç yk&m [nmrd ( towfrcH&cif vdkufcJhyg)

4/ {uefjzpfrnfh t&mç rvGJraoG jzpfrnfht&mç umvoHk;yg;ESifh oufqdkifonhft&mudk ajymyHk

ed&,H Ele *pämrd? ew¬d ar {w¬ oHoa,m(i&JodkY pifppf oGm;&rnf? þudpöü igtwGuf

oHo,r½Sd)

"k0H Aka'¨g b0gr[H (rcRwf ig bk&m; jzpfvdrfhrnf)

reom ap y'ka|e bmowd 0g ua&mwd 0g(ysufaompdwfjzifh wu,f ajymonfjzpfap jyKvkyf

onfjzpfap)

5/ u'gç u&[dESifh jzpfvmrnfudk ajymvdk&mü wcgw&H 0wårmefoHk;

u'g *päwd (b,fawmhoGm;rvJ)

u&[d *päwd^ u'g *rdówd/ (b,fawmh oGm;rvJ)

u'g um0dEéH yómrd/ (b,ftcgü AdóEdk;udk jrif&ygtHhenf;)

u&[d ouF&H 'u©mrd (b,ftcgrS ra[oG&udk jrif&ygtHhenf;)

6/ tar;t"dyÜg,fjy uðç uw&ç uwrESifh &vdkonfudk ar;&mü wcgw&H 0wårmefoHk;

uwa&m^uwarm bdu©H *PSmwd^*PSdówd (tb,folonfxrif;udk ,lvdkvwHåUenf;)

aum bdu©H &mwd^&mówd (tb,folonf xrif;udk ,lvdk vwåHUenf;)

7/ tvdk½Sdtyfaom xrif;ponfjzifh NyD;pD;jcif;udk odtyf&m0,f (aMumif;usKd;qufjy&m0,f) wcgw&H

0wårmefoHk;

a,m tEéH ''gwd^'gówd? aom o*¾H ,mwd^,mówd (xrif;ay;olonf ewfjynfa&mufvwåHU)


8/ awmifhwonfudk ajymvdk&mü twdwf ypöKyÜef tem*wf 0dbwfrsm; oHk;Edkifonf

a'a0g ap t0ód^0ówd^0ódówd? r,H 0ydrSm^0ygr^0ydómr (rdk;½GmNyD;^½GmqJ^½GmvwåHUjzpfvQif

igwdkY pdkufysKd;NyD;^ pdkufysKd;qJ^ pdkufysKd;vwåHYjzpfrSmyJ)

9/ tar;udk eEk^e^Ekjzifh ar;ajz&mü twdwfteuf 0wårmefouf

tumod u#H a'0'wå? eEk ua&mrd abm

tumod u#H a'0'wåç e ua&mrd abmç emumoð 0g/

tumod u#H a'0'wå? Ek ua&mrdç t[H Ek umoð 0g/

(a'0'wå-a'0'wf? u#H-oifzsmudk? tumod-jyKNyD;avm(,ufNyD;avm)

abm-t½Sif? ua&mrdeEk-jyKNyD;r[kwfygavm)

11/ qdkif&mteufudk jypGrf;Edkif&mü twdwfteuf 0wårmefouf

t,H w'g e b0wd/ (w'g-xdktcgü? t,H-þab;onf? eb0wd-rjzpfEdkifygNyD)

(2) yÍörD

wkç tEÅK? [dç x? rdç r? wHç tEÅH? ókç a0Sg? {ç tmrao?



emr bkÍÆwk bkÍÆEÅK bkÍÆwH bkÍÆEÅH

wkrS bkÍÆ? bkÍÆm[d bkÍÆx bkÍÆók bkÍÆa0Sg

trS bkÍÆmrd bkÍÆmr bkaÍÆ bkÍÆmrao

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ taemif [d wcgw&H ausaysmuf? yHkpH-bkÍÆ

2/ [dç rdç r a½SUu t> tm ajymif;? ykpH-bkÍÆm[d? bkÍÆmrd? bkÍÆmr

apcdkif;jcif;/ ua&mwk ukovH/ okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm/ *grH *päwk abm 'ged/

awmif;wjcif;/ okcH aw a[mwk oAÁ'g/ t[H okcD b0grd/

usdefpmqdkjcif;/ {udum o,ae aowk? ,m aw tarÁ t0g[&d (pGyfpGJcH&í r[kwfaMumif;jyqdkjcif;)

usdefqJjcif;/ wH tEkAE¨wk r[ðoD/ tu©,H a[mwk aw b,H/ rk'¨g zvwk owå"m/

awmif;jcif;/ ''g[d y0&H *ZH/ ''g[d ar *gr0&H/


qufpyfar;jcif;/ udEéK abm tbd"r®H 0g okaPmrdç O'g[k 0de,H 0g okaPmrd/ uð abm a0'H

t"d,mrdç O'g[k wuúH t"d,mrd/ (½kd;½kd;tar;r[kwfç udpöESpfck qufpyfar;jcif;)

qkawmif;jcif;/ t,H okrermvm0 yd,m a[mrd b0gba0/ £rH [w¬ð 0DwyDawe oav’e

0dZÑmaywGm ZD0dwu©,H ygaywGm qAÁPÖ&o®ð 0doZÆaEÅ ,ru'aEÅ tm[&maywHk

orw¬m a[mrd/

awmif;yefjcif;/ a'aowk baEÅ b*0g "r®H/

jynGef;pDpifpDrHjcif;/ {0H yknH ua&mwk abm/

t"d|mefjyKjcif;/ £[ yAÁawm a[mwk/

ac:iifjcif;/ tm*päwk b0H/

yifhzdwfjcif;/ {w¬ edoD'wkç £'H tmoeH/ t"d0gaowk ar bwåHç b*0g oGmwem, wH/

cGifhjyKjcif;/ ykpäwk b0H yÚ§H/

tcsdefwefaMumif;ajymjyjcif;/ umav a'0 r[m0D&ç OyÜZÆ rmwkukpäd,H/

(ukovH-ukodkvfudk? ua&mwk-jyKygavm/ baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? oHaCm-oHCmawmfonf? ar-wynfhawmf

\ pum;udk?okPmwk-em;axmifawmfrlyg/ abm-atmif? 'ged-,cktcgü? *grH-½GmodkY? *päwk-oGm;yg/ aw-

oifhtm;? okcH-csrf;omonf? oAÁ'g-tcgcyfodrf;? a[mwk-jzpfygaponf;? ,m-tMuifolronf? aw-oif\?

tarÁ-o&ufoD;wdkYudk? t0g[&d-cdk;[lNyD? om-xdko&ufoD; cdk;olronf? {udum-wpfa,mufwnf;? o,ae-

tdyf&mü? aowk-tdyf&ygapom;/ wH-oifhudk? r[ðoD-uRJronf? tEkAE¨wk-vdkufygapownf;? aw-oifhtm;?

b,H-ab;onf? tu©,H-rukefEdkifonf? a[mwk-jzpfygapownf;/ rk'¨g-OD;acgif;onf? owå"m-ckESpfpdwf?

zvwk-uGJygapownf;/ y0&H-jrwfaom? *ZH-qifudk? ''g[d-ay;awmfoem;rlyg/ ar-uRefawmfrsKd;tm;?

*gr0&H-½Gmpm;qkudk? ''g[d-ay;awmfrlyg/ abm-t½Sif? tbd"r®H0g- tbd"r®mudkrlvnf;? okaPmrd udEéK-em&rSm

avm? O'g[k-odkYr[kwf? 0de,H0g-0denf;udkrlvnf;? okaPmrd udEéK-em&rSm avm/ abm-t½Sif? a0'H0g-

aA'ifudkrlvnf;? t"D,mrduð-oif&rSmavm? O'g[k-odkYr[kwf? wuúH0g-wufusrf;udkrlvnf;? t"D,mrduð-

oif&rSmavm/ b0gba0-b0wdkif;ü? t,H okrermvm0-þjrav;yef;uJhodkY? yd,m-cspf&mhowdkY orD;onf?

a[mrd-jzpf&ygvdk\? £rH[w¬ð-þqifudk? 0DoyDawe-tqdwfvlaom? oav’e-rQm;jzifh? 0dZÑmaywGm-ypfcGif;

apí? ZD0wu©,H-toufukefjcif;odkY? ygaywGm-a&mufapí? qAÁPÖ&o®ð-ta&mifajcmufrsKd;udk? 0doZÆaEÅ-

vTwfukefaom? ,ru'aEÅ-tpG,ftpHkwdkYudk? tm[&maywHk-aqmifapjcif;iSg? orw¬m-pGrf;Edkifolonf? a[mrd-

jzpf&ygvdk\/ baEÅ-jrwfpGmbk&m;? b*0g-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? "r®H-w&m;udk? a'aowk-a[mawmfrlyg/

abm-tarmif? yknH-aumif;rIudk? {0H-þodkY? ua&mwk-jyKyg/ £[-þt&yfü? yAÁawm-awmif;BuD;onf?

a[mwk-ay:aygufygapownf;/ b0H-t½Sif? tm*päwk-<uawmfrlyg/ £'H-þum;? tmoeH-ae&mwnf;? {w¬-

þae&mü? edoD'wk-xdkifawmfrlyg/ baEÅ-jrwfpGmbk&m;? oGwem,-eufjzefqGrf;twGuf? ar-wynfhawmf\?

bwåH-qGrf;udk? t"d0gaowk-vufcHawmfrlyg/ b0H-t½Sifonf? yÚ§H-jyóemudk? ypäwk-ar;awmh/ r[m0D&-

vHkYvBuD;jrwfaom? a'0-tavmif;awmfewfom;? umavm-tcsdefwefygNyD? rmwkukpäd,H-r,fawmh0rf;ü? OyÜZÆ-

jzpfawmfrlyg)


(3)owårD

{,sç {,sKH? {,smodç {,smx? {,smrdç {,smr? {xç {&H? {axmç {,sma0Sg? {,sHç {,smarS/



emr 'daAÁ,sç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,sKH 'daAÁx 'daAÁ&H

wkrS 'daAÁ,smodç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smx 'daAÁaxm 'daAÁ,sma0Sg

trS 'daAÁ,smrdç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smr 'daAÁ,sHç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smarS

tpDt&ifxl;

{,sç {,smodç {,smrdç {,sH > { ajymif;? ykpH-'daAÁ

owårDtoHk;jyKyHk

cGifhjyKjcif;/ wGH *grH *apä,smod/

BuHqjcif;/ t,H t&[m ba0,s/

ar;jcif;/ uð Ek abm "r® raZÑ,sHç O'g[k 0de,H taZÑ,sH?

(½kd;½kd;tar;r[kwf? t&m0w¬KESpfck qufpyfar;jcif;)

qkawmif;jcif;/ y&'g&H e *apä,s/

cGifhawmif;jcif;/ vab,sm [H baEÅ b*0awm oEÅdau yAÁZÆHç vab,sH OyorÜ'H/

wdkufwGef;^awmif;yefjcif;/ rmP0H tZÑmay,smod/

enf;ay;^pDrHjcif;/ *grH abm {0H *apä,s/

ac:iifjcif;/ £" b0H edoDa',s/

yifhzdwfjcif;/ *gro®ð b0H bkaÍÆ,s/

pGrf;Ekdif;jcif;/ aum £rH 0dZ#a, Z#H/

xdkufwefjcif;/ b0H cvk &ZÆH ua&^ua&,s/

apcdkif;jcif;/ *gruH baP *apä^*apä,smod/

tcsdefwefjcif;/ ,'d oHCó ywåuv’Hç oHaCm OaygoxH ua&,s/

csD;rGrf;jcif;/ yAÁwryd bdaE´,s/ q[d bdu©a0 "ar®,d orEém*awm bdu©K tyd

[dr0EÅH yAÁw&mZH y'gav,s? aum ye 0ga'g q0g, t0dZÆm,/

(wk0H-oifonf?*grH-½GmodkY?*apä,smod-oGm;vdkoGm;awmh/t,H-þolonf? t&[m-&[EÅmonf? ba0,s-

jzpfavmuf &m\? abm-t½Sif?"r®H-okwftbd"r®mudk?taZÑ,sHuðEk-o&ZÑ,f&rSmygavm?O'g[k-odkYr[kwf?0de,H

0denf;udk?


taZÑ,sH uðEk-o&ZÑ,f&rSmygavm? y&'g&H-olYr,m;udk? e*apä,s-roGm;&vdk? baEÅ t½Sifbk&m;? t[H-wynfh

awmf onf? b*0 awm-jrwfpGmbk&m;\? oEÅdau-txHü? yAÁZÆH-½Siftjzpfudk? vab,sH-&csifyg\? OyorÜ'H-

&[ef;tjzpfudk? vab,sH-&csifyg\/ rmP0H-vkvifudk? tZÑmay,smod-o&ZÑm,fapygavm(pmcsay;ygavm)/

abm-tarmif? *grH-½GmodkY? {0H-þodkY? *apä,s-oGm;&m\/ b0H-t½Sifonf? £"-þae&mü? edoDa',s-

xdkifvSnfhygavmh/ b0H-t½Sifonf? *gro®ð-½Gmü? bkaÍÆ-pm;ygavm/ aum-tb,folonf? £rHZ#H-

þt½IyftaxG;udk? 0dZ#a,-ajz½Sif;pGrf;EdkifygtHhenf;/ b0H-t½Sifonf? cvk-pifppf? &ZÆH-rif;tjzpfudk?

ua&(ua&,s)jyKxdkuf\/ baP-armif;rif;? *gruH-½Gmi,fodkY? *apä(*apä,smod)oGm;prf;avm/

oHCó-oHCm\(uHonf)? ywåuv’H-avsmufywfaomtcg½Sdonf? ap(,'d)tu,fíjzpftHh?

{0Howd-þodkY jzpfvaomf? OaygoxH-Oykofudk? ua&-jyK&m\?0g-jyKcsdefwefygNyD/ yAÁwryd-awmifudkvnf;?

bdaE´,s-cGJEddkif&m\/ bdu©a0-&[ef;wdkY? q[d-ajcmufyg;ukefaom? "ar®[d-w&m;wdkYESifh? orEém*awm-

jynfhpHkaom? bdu©K-&[ef;onf? [r0EÅH-[dr0EÅmrnfaom? yAÁw&mZHtyd-awmifrif;udkvnf;? y'gav,s-

cGJEdkif&mao;\? q0g,-,kwfnHhaom? t0dZÆm-t0dZÆmü? 0ga'g-azmufcGJEdkif\ [k txl;qdkzG,fpum;onf?

aumyetw¬d-tb,frSm½SdawmhtHhenf;? ew¬d{0-r½Sdawmhonfom)

(4) ya&mu©m

tç O? {ç w¬? tç rS? w¬ç a&? aw¬mç a0Sg? £ç arS/

tpDt&ifxl;

w¬ç a&ç aw¬mç rSç arS AsOf;0dbwfaESmif;&mü £vm/ yHkpH-Abl0dw¬ç Abl0da& ponf



emr Abl0 Abl0k Abl0dw¬ Abl0da&

wkrS Abla0 Abl0dw¬ Abl0daxm Abl0da0Sg

trS Abl0 Abl0drS Abl0d Abl0darS

jzpfNyD;onfudk arhavsmhjcif;/ t[H 0dvvmyH ud&/ t[H pum&H ud&/ t[H Abl0H ud&/

rod[efaqmifjcif;/ em[H uvda*F Z*gr/(aejcif;\taMumif;&if;udkygzHk;onf/

½kd;½kd;zHk;&mü ]]em[H t0oð}} raebl;yg[k tZÆwåeDoHk;)

olwyg;ajymoH wqifhMum;&jcif;/ aom tm[ ud&/ wGH Abla0 ud&/ {0H ud& ayg&mPm[k/


(t[H-igonf? 0dvvmyHud&-a&mif;&rf;ajymrdowJh/ t[H-igonf? pum&Hud&-jyKvkyfrdowJh/ t[H-

igonf? Abl0H ud&-jzpfNyDwJh/ t[H-igonf? uvda*F-uvd*Fwdkif;wdkYudk? eZ*gr-roGm;bl;ra&mufbl;yg/

aom-xdlolonf? tm[ ud&-qdkowJh/ wGH-oifonf? Abla0ud&-jzpfNyDwJh/ {0H-þodkY? ayg&mPm-

a½S;q&mwdkYonf? tm[kud&-qdkukefowJh)

(5) [d,swåeD

tmç OD? Moç w¬? tç rSm? w¬ç w¬KH? aoç 0SH? £Hç rSao/



emr tb0gçb0g? tb0lçb0l tb0w¬çb0w¬? tb0w¬KHçb0w¬KH?

tb0ç b0ç tb0kçb0k

wkrS tba0gçba0gçtb0çb0ç tb0w¬çb0w¬ tb0aoçb0ao? tb00SHçb00SH?

tb0dçb0d tb0xçb0x

trS tb0ç b0 tb0rSmçb0rSmç tb0ðç b0ð? tb0rSaoçb0rSao?

tb0rSçb0rS

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ "mwftpü tvm? yHkpH-tb0g ponf

2/ tmç OD> tç O yHkpH-tb0ç tb0k ponf

3/ Mo > tç £ yHkpH-tb0ç tb0d ponf

4/ w¬> x yHkpH-tb0x

,refaeYn oef;acgiftcgrSpí(raeYupí) a½S;jzpfaom twdwfu tjzpftysufudk

ajymqdka&;om; vdkonfhtcg [d,swåeD oHk;&onf/

aom t*rm r*¾H/ aw t*rl r*¾H/

(aom-xdkolonf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? t*rm-oGm;NyD/ aw-xdkolwdkYonf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? t*rl-oGm;ukefNyD)


(6) tZÆweD

þç OçH Moç w¬ç £Hç rSm? tmç OKç aoç 0SHç tHç arS?



emr tb0Dç b0D? tb0Hkçb0Hk tb0gçb0g? tb0lç b0l

tb0dç b0dç tb0ðokçb0ðok tb0dw¬çb0dw¬? tb0kç b0k

tb0Hokç b0Hok

wkrS tba0gçba0gçtb0çb0ç tb0dw¬çb0dw¬ tb0daoçb0dao? tb0d0SHçb0d0SH?

tb0dçb0d tb0kw¬çb0kw¬

trS tb0ðç b0ð tb0drSmçb0drSmç tb0ç b0? tb0darSçb0arS?

tb0drSçb0drS tb0Hç b0H

tb0krSmçb0krSm

tb0krSç b0krS

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ "mwftpü tvm? yHkpH-tb0D ponf

2/ OH > £Hokç tHok yHkpH-tb0ðokç tb0Hok ponf

3/ Mo > tç £ yHkpH-tb0ç tb0d ponf

4/ rSm > rS yHkpH-tb0drS

5/ tm > w¬ yHkpH-tb0dw¬

6/ OD > O yHkpH-tb0k

7/ tH > t yHkpH-tb0

,aeY(,ckjzpfNyD;p tcsdefrS)pí (av;oacsFESifhurÇmwpfodef;Mumapumrl) vGefavorQ

twdwftaMumif;udk ajymvdk&mü tZÆwåeDjzifha&;onf/ [d,swåeDESifh tZÆwåeDudk ]rm} edygwfESifhwGJa&;u

ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wf umvoHk;yg;vHk; bmomjyefEdkif onf/ ykHpH rm*rm-roGm;ESifh ([d,swåeD)

rm*rD-roGm;ESifh (tZÆwåeD) twdwfrSmvnf;roGm;NyDç ypöKyÜefvnf; roGm;qJç tem*wfrSmvnf; roGmvwHhç

b,fumvrSmrS roGm;[k qdk vdkonf/ ]rm} udk yÍörD0dbwfESifhvnf; wGJa&;Edkifonf/ yHkpH-rm*päm[d-

roGm;ygESifh


(&) b0dóEÅD

ówdç óEÅdç óodç óxç ómrdç ómr? óawç óaEÅç óaoç óa0Sç óHç ómarS/



emr *pädówd *pädóEÅdç *pädóa& *pädóaw *pädóaEÅç *pädóa&

wkrS *pädóod *pädóx *pädóao *pädóa0S

trS *päddómrd *pädómr *pädóH *pädómarS

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ EÅdç aEÅ > a& yHkpH-*pädóa& ponf

toHk;jyKyHk

1/ aemiftem*wf jzpfysufrnfhtaMumif;t&mudk ajymqdka&;om;vdkaomtcg

2/ *&[(uJh&Jhjcif;t"dyÜg,f&aom)emrESifhwGJNyD; twdwfutaMumif;t&mudk ajymvdk&mtcg

3/ 0drS,(tHhMojcif;tdyÜg,f&aom)emrESifhwGJNyD; twdwfutaMumif;t&mudk ajymvdk&mtcg

4/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk ,Mw[d-emr-ESifhhthHMopGm ajymvdk&mtcg

5/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk uxH[d-emr-ESifhh uJh&Jhjypfwif ajymvdk&mtcg wdkYü b0dóEÅDudk toHk;jyKonf/

1-yHkpH? aom *pädówd? aw *pädóEÅd/ aom-xdkolonf? *pädówd-oGm;vwHh? aw-xdkolwdkYonf? *pädóEÅd-

oGm;ukefvwHh/

2-yHkpH? £ar[demr uvsmP"r®m y#dZmedóEÅd? £ar([d)þraumif;aomw&m;½SdolwdkYonf? uvsmP"r®m-

aumif;aomw&m;½dSolwdkY[lí? y#dZmedóEÅdemr-0efcHukefbd\/

3-yHkpH? tpä&d,H taE¨memr yAÁw-rma&m[dówd? taE¨m-oluPf;onf? (ormaem-jzpfygvsuf) yAÁwH-

awmifay:odkY?tma&m[dówdemr-wufEdkifygay\? tpä&d,H-tHhMozG,faumif;avpG?

4-yHkpH? ,Mw[demr onD Zm*a&m yÍörwåmed ou#owmed edóm,edóm, twduúEÅmedae0'u©wd, e ye

aomówd/

,Mw[d(a,m[d)tMuiftmVm&&aohonf? onDormaem-onm½Sdoljzpfygvsuf? Zm*a&m-Edk;aeyg

vsuf? edóm,edóm,-rdrdudk uyfíuyfí? twduúEÅmed-vGefoGm;ukefaom? yÍörwåmed ou#owmed-

vSnf;ig;&m wdkYudk? ae0'u©wdemr-jrifvnf;rjrifvdkuf? eyeaomówdemr-Mum;vnf;rMum;vdkuf? wó-

xdktmVm&aoh\?oEÅ0d[ma&e-NidrfoufaomaeaMumif;ormywfjzifh?wH0d[&PH-xdkaejcif;onf? tpä&d,H0wabm-

tHhMozG,faumif;avpG?


5-yHkpH? uxH[demr wGHar C*k&d, {0H oGu©maw "r®0dea, O'&ó um&Pm yAÁZdóod?

(&) umvmwdywåd

ómç óHokç aóç óxç óHç ómrSm? óxç óðokç óaoç óa0Sç óðç ómrSao/



emr t*pädómç *pädóm t*pädóHokç *pädóHok t*pädóxç*pädóx t*pädóðokç*pädóðok

t*pädóç *pädó

wkrS t*pädaóç *pädaó t*pädóxç *pädóx t*pädóaoç*pädóao t*pädóa0Sç*pädóa0S

t*pädóç *pädó

trS t*pädóHç*pädóH t*pädómrSmç*pädómrSm t*pädóðç *pädóð? t*pädómrSaoç

t*pädómrSç *pädómrS *pädómrSao

tpDt&ifxl;

1/ óm > ó yHkpH-t*pädó ponf

2/ aó > ó yHkpH-t*pädó ponf

3/ ómrSm > ómrS yHkpH-t*pädómrS ponf

jzpfoifhonft&m rjzpfyJ tcsdefvGefoGm;onfht&mudk ajymvdk&mwGif umvmwdywåd0dbwfudk

toHk;jyKonf/

(u) aom ap wH ,meH tvbdóm? t*pädóm/ (c) aw ap wH ,meH tvbdóHok?

t*pädóHok/

(8) oap araCm e0aó,sç Mo'eH typdóm/ (C) aom ap yXr0a, yAÁZdó?

t&[m tb0dóm/

(aom-xdkolonf? wH ,meH-xdk,mOfudk? ap tvbdóm-tu,fí&tHh? t*pädóm-oGm;Edkifavmuf&mNyD/

aw-xdkolwdkYonf? wH ,meH-xdk,mOfudk? ap tvbdóHok-tu,fí&ukeftHh? t*pädóHok-oGm;Edkifavmufukef&mNyD/

araCm-rdk;onf? oape0aó,s-r½GmcHhygrl? Mo'eH-xrif;onf? typd óm-usufavmuf&mNyD/ aom-

xdkolaX;om;onf? yXr0a,-yxrt½G,fwkef;u? apyAÁZdó-tu,fí &[ef;jyKcJhtHh? t&[m-&[EÅmonf?

tb0dóm-jzpfavmuf&mNyD/)


Oyom&yk'f

emrfyk'f tmcsmwfyk'fwdkYESifh wGJzufí ,if;yk'fwdkYteufudk (1) rGrf;rH (2) jyifqif (3) jc,frIef;

aom yç y&m paom ESpfq,faom yk'fwdkYudk Oyom&yk'f[k ac:onf/

tmcswfyk'fteufudk rGrf;rHyHk

tbd0E´mrd=tvGef½kdaopGm½Sdcdk;yg\/

tbd+0E´(½Sdcdk;)+rd

O*¾päwd=wuf\/ O+*rk(oGm;)+wd

Oav’mau,smx=armhMunfhMuavmh/

O+avmu(Munfh){,smx

Moavmau[d=iHkYMunfhavmh/t0+avmu+[d

tmcswfyk'fteufudk jyifqifyHk

y&maZwd=½IH;\/ y&m+Zd(atmif)wd

tm*päwd=vm\/ tm+*rk(oGm;)wd

yauúmowd=ac:\/ y+uko(qJqdk)wd

tmcswfyk'fudk jc,frIef;yHk

vbwd=&\/ y#dvbwd=&\/

y#d+vb(&)+wd

a0a'wd=cHpm;\/oHa0a'wd=cHpm;\/

oH+0d'(cHpm;)+wd

emrfyk'fteufudk rGrf;rHyHk

Oy**ø=jrpf\teD;tem;/Oy+**Fg(jrpf)

ywdaomwH=a&qef/ywd+aomw(a&tvsOf)

tbd"r®=vGefuJxl;jrwfaomw&m;/

tbd+"r®(w&m;)

emrfyk'fteufudk jyifqifyHk

O'¨ar®m="r®tppfr[kwf/ O+"r®("r®tppf)

OAÁdea,m=0denf;tppfr[kwf/

O+0de,(0denf;tppf)

emrfyk'fudk jc,frIef;yHk

zaóm=awGUxdjcif;

oræaóm=awGUxdjcif;/ oH+zó(awGUxdjcif;)

ã "mwfçemrfudkuyf? tw¬udkjc,f? yk'fudkjc,f? ESpfoG,fOyom/

csD;jr§ifhyJhjyif? wm;jrpfvQif? oHk;tifteufrSm/

(o'´oHcdyf)


Oyom&yk'fteufrsm;

1/ y = tjym;? tp? jy|mef;jcif;? tpdk;&jcif;? twGif;üjzpfjcif; -- ponf

ynm-tjym;tm;jzifh odwwfaomw&m;(y+Ó=odjcif;) 0dyÜuwH-píjyKtyf tNyD;rowfao;aom

tvkyf(0d+y+u&=jyK+w) yPDwH-jy|mef;onf\tjzpfodkY aqmiftyf\/ rGefjrwf\/

(y+eD=aqmif+w) ybl-tpdk;&ol(y+bl=jzpf) yu©dwåH-xnfhoGif;tyf\/ (y+cdy=ypfvTwf+w)

2/ y&m = qkwf,kwfjcif;? qHk½IH;jcif; -- ponf

y&mba0g-ysufpD;jcif;(y&m+b0=jzpfjcif;) y&mZdawm-½IH;aptyf\(y&m+Zd=atmif+w)

y&mroeH-oHk;oyfjcif;(y&m+ro=oHk;oyf+,k)

3/ ed = t<uif;tusefr½Sd? xGufoGm;jcif;? xkwfaqmifjcif;? wm;jrpfjcif;? r½Sdjcif; -- ponf

ed&0aooH-t<uif;tBuHr½Sdatmif(ed+t0aoo=<uif;usefaom) ed,smwd-xGufajrmuf\

(ed+,m=oGm;+wd) ed'¨g&P-xkwfaqmifjcif;(ed+"m&P=aqmifjcif;) ed0ga&wd-wm;jrpf\

(ed+0&=ydwfqdkY+aP+wd) edr®u©duH-ysm;aumifr½Sd(ed+ru©dum=ysm;aumifç,ifaumif)

4/ eD = y,fxkyfjcif;? wm;jrpfjcif; -- ponf

eD[&wd-y,fxkyf\(eD+[&=aqmif+t+wd) eD0&P-wm;jrpfwwfaomw&m;(eD+0&=ydwfqdkY+,k)

5/ O = wdk;wufjcif;? txuftrI? jy|mef;jcif;? pGrf;Edkifjcif; -- ponf

O*¾päwd-txufodkYwuf\(O+*rk=oGm;+wd) O|dawm-x\(O+Xm=&yf+w) Owåarm-jrwfol

(O+wr=wefqmqifç,HkrSm;çcspfzG,fjyK) Oó[wd-pGrf;Edkif\(O+o[=onf;cHçvTrf;rdk;çtm;xkwf+

t+wd)

6/ 'k = rwifhw,fjcif;ç r½Sdjcif;ç rjynfhpHkjcif; -- ponf

'k*¾aE¨m - rwifhw,faom teYH ('k+*E¨=teYH) 'kóDavm=oDvr½Sdol('k+oDv=oDv)

'koóH-aumufpyg;rjynfhpHkjcif;('k+oó=aumufpyg;)

7/ oH = aygif;jcif;? aumif;pGm? tusOf;csKH;jcif; -- ponf

oE¨d-aygif;pyfjcif;(oH+"m=aqmifçay;çarG;jrL+£) orm"d-aumif;pGmtm½kHü xm;wwfaomw&m;

(oH+tm+"m+£) ormaom-yk'fwdkYudkcsKH;jcif;(oH+to=xif½Sm;½SdçoGm;çxGef;yç,lçypfy,fçpm;+P)


8/ 0d = txl;? qefYusifbuf? r,SOfjcif; -- ponf

0drkwåd=txl;ojzifh vGwfajrmufjcif;(0d+rkp=vGwfuif;jcif;+wd) 0d0ga'g=qefYusifbufajymqdkjcif;

(0d+0'=ajymqdkjcif;+P) 0dyÜ,kawåm=r,SOfaomw&m; (0d+y+,kZ=,SOf+w)

9/ t0 = atmuftzdkY? uif;jcif;? vTrf;rdk;jcif;? cdkjcif; -- ponf

t0u©dwåH=atmufodkYcstyfaom (t0+cdy=ypfvTifh+w) MorkuúOyg[aem=cRwftyfaomzdeyf½Sdol

(Mo+rkp=vGwfuif;çpGefYvTwf+w) t0Zmee=txifao;jcif;(t0+Ó=odjcif;+em+,k)

t0[ma&m=cdk;jcif; (t0+[&=,l+P)

10/ tEk = tpOfvdkufjcif;? rjywfpJjcif;? wlrQjcif; -- ponf

taEGwd=tpOfvdkuf\(tEk+£=oGm;ça&muf+wd) tEkoa,m=tpOfrjywfudef;0yfaomudavom

(tEk+od=wnfrSD+t) tEk½lyH=avsmf\(tEk+½ly=oabm)

11/ y&d = xuf0ef;MuOf? ydkif;½Sm;jcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif; -- ponf

y&d0kawm=xuf0ef;usifapmifha½SmufçNcH&Htyf\(y&d+0&=ydwfqdkY+w) y&daÚ,sH=ydkif;jcm;íodtyf\/

(y&d+Ó=odjcif;+Ps) y&d[&wd=a½SmifvTJ\/ (y&d+[&=aqmif,l+wd)

12/ t"d = tvGeftuJ? tpdk;&ol? vTrf;rdk;jcif;? o&ZÑm,fjcif; -- ponf

t"doDvH=vGefuJaomoDv(t"d+oDv=oDv) t"dywd=tBuD;tuJ(t"d+ywd=tBuD;tuJ)

t"db0wd=vTrf;rdk;\(t"d+b0=jzpf+wd) t"Daw=½GwftHoif,l\(t"d+£+aw)

13/ tbd = a½S;½Ijzpfjcif;? txl;? tvGeftuJ? txuftrI -- ponf

tbduúrwd=a½S;½I(a½SUodk)oGm;\(tbd+urk=oGm;çESpfouf+t+wd) tbd"ar®m=xl;uJaomw&m;

(tbd+"r®) tbd0ówd=tvGef½Gm\ (tbd+0ók=rdk;½Gm+t+wd) tbd½k[wd=wuf\

(tbd+½k[=jzpf+wd)

14/ ywd=y#d =rSDjcif;? qefYusifbuf? tpm;ay;jcif;? wm;jrpfjcif;? wlrQjcif;? xdk;xGif;íodjcif;-ponf

ypöu©H=pu©Kpaom£aÈúdkrSDaomÓPf^rsufarSmuf (ywd+tu©=pu©Kpaom£aÈ´) ywdaomwH-a&

\ qefYusifbuf(ywd+aomw=a&tvsOf) ywd''gwd=tpm;ay;\(ywd+'g=ay;+wd)

ywdao"eH=wm;jrpfjcif;(y#d+od"k=oGm;+,k)

y#da0a"m=xdk;xGif;íodjcif; (y#d+0d"=azmufxGif;çuGJjym;çpD&if+P)


15/ ok = wifhw,fjcif;? aumif;pGm? jynfhpHkjcif; -- ponf

ok*aE¨m=wifhw,faomteHY (ok+*E¨=teHY) ok*awm=aumif;pGm<uoGm;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;

(ok+*w=oGm;jcif;) okbdu©H=xrif;\jynfhpHkjcif; (ok+bdu©m=xrif;)

16/ tm = a½S;½Ijzpfjcif;? tydkif;tjcm;? ysHUESYHjcif;? a&mufjcif;? vdkvm;jcif; -- ponf

tm*päwd=vm\(tm+*pä=oGm;+wd) tmyAÁwH=awmifwdkifatmif(awmiftxd) (tm+yAÁw=awmif)

tmukrm&H ,aom upö,eó=upönf;ax&f\ tausmftaZmonf uav;i,fwdkifatmif

jzpfonf/ (tm+ukrm&=uav;i,f) tmyaEém=a&muf\ (tm+y'=oGm;^cdkifcHh)

tmucFg=vdkvm;jcif;(tm+ucF=vdkjcif;^,HkrSm;)

17/ twd = omvGef(ausmfvGef)jcif;? vGefoGm;jcif;? uJvGef? tvGef -- ponf

twda&mpwd=omvGefwifhw,f\(twd+½kp=wifhw,f+t+wd) twDawm=vGefíjzpf\

(twd+£=jzpf+w) tpöEÅH=tydkiftjcm;udk vGef\ (twd+tEÅ=tydkif;tjcm;)

twdukovH=tvGefvdr®m\(twd+ukov=vdr®m) twd0k'¨d=tvGefBuD;jcif;(twd+0k'¨d=BuD;)

18/ tyd = csD;ajr§mufjcif;? uJh&Jhjcif;? ar;jcif; -- ponf

ar½krÜd-jrif;rkd&fawmifudkaomfvnf;? 0ded0dZÑdwGm=xdk;azmufí? *apä,s=oGm;Edkif&m\/

tydtrSmuH y@dwu=igwdkY\ynm½SdBuD;(pufqkyftyfaom ynm½Sd)

baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? bdu©H-qGrf;udk? tydvbdw¬-&ygukef\avm/

19/ ty = uif;jcif;? uJh&Jhjcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif; -- ponf

tyrmaem=uif;aomrme½Sd\(ty+rme) ty*aAÇm-ewfjynfy#doaE¨rSuif;ol(ty+*AÇ=y#doaE¨)

,kwfnHhaom y#doaE¨aejcif;½Sdol?

0gPdZm-ukefonfwdkYonf? tyomvm,-uif;wJudka½SmifvTJukefí? tm,EÅd-vmukef\/

20/ Oy = csOf;uyfjcif;? teD;uyf? a&mufjcif;? toifh? txufüjzpfjcif;? tvGef -- ponf

OyedoDa',s=uyfíxdkiftHh(Oy+eDoDa',s=xdkiftHh) Oye*&H=NrKdUteD;(Oy+e*&=NrKdU) Oyywådawm=

toifhtm;jzifh(Oy+y'=oGm;+wd+awm)

(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 28-32)


edygwfyk'f

0gus\ tpçtv,fçtqHk; wae&m&mrSaeí rdrda[mvdkaom teuft"dyÜg,fudk emrfyk'f

Bud,myk'fwdkYESifhwGJzufí nTefjyaom pç yd tp½Sdaom yk'fwdkYonf ]]edygwfyk'f}}wdkYrnf\/

,if;edygwfyk'fESifh Oyom&yk'fwdkYonf vdifoHk;yg;0dbwfckESpfoG,fESifh qufoG,faomfvnf;

rlv½kyfoGiftaetxm; ajymif;vJrIr½Sdojzifh ]]tAs,yk'f}}vnf; rnf\/

ykHpHrsm;

(u) rm rH baEÅ emaox = t½Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfr(\pnf;pdrf)udk rzsufqD;Muygukefvifh/

þü ]rm}[laom edygwfyk'fonf 0gus\tpüwnfvsuf rdrda[mvdkaom wm;jrpfjcif;teufudk

]emaox} [laom Bud,myk'fESifh wGJzufí nTefjyonf/

(c) cDPmoa0g ye ZD0daw 0g r&aP 0g Oayu©aum0 a[mwd/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonfum;

touf½Sifjcif;üjzpfap aojcif;üjzpfap (rkef;çcspf rjyK) vspfvsL½Ionfom jzpf\/

þü ]yeç {0} edygwfyk'fwdkYonf 0gus\tv,fuaeí emrfyk'frsm;ESifhwJGzufNyD; rdrdwdkY a[mvdkaom

]qefYusifbufteuf} ]ydkif;jcm;uefYowfjcif;} teufrsm;udk a[mukef\/

(*) yknu&PH [d £" ap0 orÜ&ma, p okcar0 = ukodkvfaumif;rI jyKjcif;onfom

,ckb0üjzpfap aemifb0ü jzpfap csrf;om(aomtusKd;)udk jzpfapEdkifonfom/

þü ]{0} edygwfyk'fonf 0gus\tqHk;uaeí rdrda[mvdkaom ]ydkifjcm;uefYowfjcif;teufudk}

okc[laom emrfyk'fESifhwGJzufí nTefjyavonf/

edygwfyk'fESifh 4if;wdkY\ t"dyÜg,frsm;

1/ eç aemç rmç tvHç [vH = rç r[kwf 6/ tw¬d = ½Sdukef\/

2/ tx = tjcm;rJh? xdkrSwyg;? odkYr[kwf 7/ ouúm = wwfaumif;\/

3/ wk = xdkrSwyg;? txl; 8/ orEÅm = xuf0ef;usif

4/ [a0ç a0 = pifppf? {uef? trSeftm;jzifh 9/ a[|m = atmuf

5/ ao,s'd'H = xdk[mtb,fenf; 10/ Oy&d = txuf


11/ rk[kwå = wrk[kwfrQ? wcPrQ 17/ ta[m = tHhMozG,f½SdygaypG

12/ £wd=xdkY--aMumifh? þwGifNyD;NyD? 18/ ud&=wqifhpum;Mum;&zl;onfum;?

þodkY[l? í? [k owJh? owwf?

13/ tayÜ0emr=jim;tHhvnf;rod? -wef&m\? 19/ ememç ykxk=toDtjcm;

14/ tmrç om"k=aumif;NyD? at;? tdrf;? 20/ yke=wzef

15/ udÍömyd = tu,fí - - ygay\? 21/ {0=om? omvQif? yifvQif

16/ uk = pufqkyfbG,f 22/ ,m0=tMuifrQavmuf

23/ wm0=xdkrQavmuf

24/ earm=½Sdcdkjcif;onf - ponfwdkYjzpfukef\/

omrDum&uESifhwGJonfhedygwfyk'frsm;

1/ Oy&d=tay:rSm

½ku©ó Oy&d oukaPm a[mwd/ opfyif\ tay:rSm iSuf½Sdonf/

2/ a[|m=atmufrSm

½ku©ó a[|m 'g&um uDVEÅd/ opfyif\ atmufrSm uav;rsm; upm;aeMuonf/

3/ yka&? yk&awm=a½SUrSm

a*[ó yka&(yk&awm) ½kau©m a[mwd/ tdrf\a½SUrSm opfyif½Sdonf/

4/ ypäm? ypäawm=aemufrSm

0d[m&ó ypäm(ypäawm) omraP&m a[mEÅd/ ausmif;\aemufrSm omraPrsm;½SdMuonf/

5/ orDay? oEÅdau=teD;rSm

e*&ó orDay(oEÅdau) rEkóm 0oEÅd/ NrKdU\teD;tem;rSm vlrsm;aeMuonf/

6/ 'la&=ta0;rSm

e*&ó 'la& acwåmed a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\ta0;rSm v,frsm; ½SdMuonf/

7/ t0d'la&=reD;ra0;ü

trSmuH a*[ó t0d'la& a*gPm wdPH cg'EÅd/

igwdkY\ tdrf\ reD;ra0;ü EGm;rsm;onf jrufudk pm;Muonf/


8/ taEÅm=twGif;rSm

e*&ó taEÅm t&a,m e a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\twGif;ü &efolrsm; r½SdMuyg/

9/ A[d=tjyiftyü

e*&ó A[d t&a,m e a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\tjyifyü &efolrsm; r½SdMuyg/

10/ tEÅ&m=tMum;ü

'GdEéH *grmeH tEÅ&m {um e'D ta[mod/ ½GmESpf½GmwdkY\ tMum;rSm jrpfwpfjrpf½SdchJonf/

u&P0dbwfESifh wGJ&onfh edygwfrsm;

1/ 0dem=uif;í? rygbJ

wGH y@dawe 0dem rm 0om[d/ oifonf ynm½SdESifh uif;uGmNyD; raeESifh/

oDave 0dem "r®H p&dwHk e oauúmwd/ tusifhoDvESifh uif;uGmNyD; w&m;udk usifh&ef rpGrf;Edkif/

2/ o'¨ð? o[=twlwuG

r,H tmp&da,e o[(o'¨ð) ur®H ua&mr/ igwdkYonf q&mESifh twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMuonf/

jrefrmodkY jyefqdkyg

1/ a*[ó a[|m 'g&um uDVEÅd/

2/ *gró t0d'la& 0eH ta[mod/

3/ tmp&d,ó oEÅdau r,H odyÜH O*¾PSmr/

4/ wkarS tmp&d,ó yka& rm bmox/

5/ trSmuH a*[ó taEÅm "emed ta[oHk/

6/ *gró A[d acwåmed a[mEÅd/

7/ wma,m unma,m tarS[d o'¨ð apwd,H *päEÅd/

8/ t[H w,m 0dem 0odwkH e oauúmrd/

9/ Amav[d o[ rm 0ox/

10/ *gró p e*&ó p tEÅa& unH yómrd/

(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 35-41)


ormof

emrfyk'f1 ESpfyk'fudkjzpfap oHk;yk'fav;yk'fponf trsm;udk jzpfap pum;wdkatmif csKH;rI pum;usOf;atmif

csOf;pyfrIudk ormof[k ac:\/ jrefrmpum;oHk;üvnf; xdkuJhodkYormof pum;vHk;awG rsm;pGmyg½Sd\/ rcsKH;

rcsOf;tyfaom pum;udk ygVdvdk ]]0gus}}[k ac:onf/

ygVd0gus - &anm+ykawåm jrefrm0gus - rif;\+om;

ygVdormof - &Zykawåm jrefrmormof - rif;om;

þyHkpHü 0guswkef;u pum;us,fí ormofrSm pum;usOf;yHkudkMunfh? 0guswkef;u &anmü

o0dbwfç rif;\ü \[laom jrefrm0dbwfwdkYonf ormofodkYa&mufu ausaysmuf&ukef\/

0gustcdkufü udk,fh0dbwfESifhudk,f &anmwyk'f ykawåmwyk'f[k ESpfyk'fuGJaomfvnf; ormofjzpfonfhtcg

o0dbwfausaysmufí &mZykawåm-[k wyk'fwnf; jzpf&awmhonf/ teuftm;jzifhvnf; 0guswkef;u

&anmtwGuf rif;j'yfç ykawåmtwGuf om;j'yf[k teufj'yf ESpfrsKd;&aomfvnf; ormofjzpfonfhtcg

rif;om;wa,mufwnf;udk &jcif;onf teufudkcsKH;jcif; pyfxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ þodkY 0dbwfausysufojzifh

yk'fteufESpfyg;udk csKH;jcif;pyfxm;jcif;onfyif ormof\oabmwnf;/

yk'fESpfyg;udk pyfxm;jcif;ü oE¨dpyfvnf;½Sd\/ odkYaomf xdkoE¨dpyfü a½SUyk'fESifhaemufyk'f

teufjcif;vnf; wom;wnf;jzpfatmif rpyfonfhjyif 0dbwfausaysmufí wyk'fwnf;jzpfatmifvnf;

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(tajcjyKo'´g 445-447)

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wyÜK&doformof

wyÜK&doformofonf (u) rdóuwyÜKdof (c) ok'¨wyÜK&dof [k ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ ur®"m&nf;ç 'd*k

vu©PmESifh a&maom wyÜK&dofudk rdóuwyÜKdof[k ac:onf/ ur®"m&nf;ç 'd*k vu©PmESifh ra&maom

wyÜK&dofudk ok'¨wyÜK&dof[k ac:onf/

(u) rdóuwyÜK&dofonfvnf; (1)r[myk&douJhodkY ur®"m&nf; wyÜKdofa&maom ur®"m&,rdóu

wyÜK&dof (2) wdavmuH uJhodkY ur®"m&, 'd*k vu©PmESpfcka&maom ur®"m&,'d*krdóu wyÜK&dof[k

ESpfrsKd;½Sdjyefonf/

wyÜK&doformofyk'frsm;ü aemufyk'fteuf(t"dyÜg,f)uom t"dujzpfonf/

r[myk&do[laom ur®"m&nf;ormofü r[EÅyk'f\teufjzpfwJh ]]jrwf}}[laom *kPfudkr&?

yk&do\ teufjzpfwJh a,musfm;j'yfom&\/ ]]jrwfaoma,musfm;udk ac:cJhprf;}}[k qdkvQif tjrwf*kPfudk

rac:&ç a,musfm;j'yfudkom ac:cJh&vdrfhrnf/ þodkY aemufyk'f\teuf jy|mef;&um; r[myk&do[laom

ur®"m&nf;ormofonfyif wyÜK&dofvnf; rnf\/

wdavmuH[laom 'd*kormofü wdo'´g\teufjzpfwJh ]]3-ck}}ta&twGuf ocFsmonf

y"mer[kwf? avmu\teufjzpfwJh vlewfjA[®mwdkUom vdk&if;y"mewnf;/ þodkY aemufyk'f\teuf

jy|mef;&um; wdavmuH[laom 'd*kormofonfvnf; wyÜK&dofvnf; rnf&jyef\/

pnf;rsOf; 11/ Oab wyÜK&dom/ ur®"m&nf; 'd*kormofESpfckonf wyÜK&dofvnf; rnfukef\/

yHkpH - r[myk&daom? wdavmuH

ok'¨wyÜK&dofü a½SYyk'fwGif tHtp½Sdaom0dbwf ajcmufvHk;({u0kpf A[k0kpf 12-vHk;)wGif wvHk;vHk;

ausap&rnf/ aemufyk'fü yxrm0dbwftNrJausonf/ a½SYyk'fü ausaom 0dbwfudkrSwfí 'kwd,mwyÜK&dofç

wwd,mç pwkw¬Dç yÍörDç q|Dç owårDwyÜK&dof[k emrnfay;onf/ vdifrSm aemufyk'fteufvdkufí oHk;vdef

jzpfEdkifonf/

pnf;rsOf; 12/ t.rm'a,m y&ya'bd/ tH0dbwfponfqHk;aompum;vHk;wdkYudk aemufpum;vHk;wckESifh

wGJpyfa&;om;u 4if;wGJvHk;udk wyÜKd&doformof[k ac:onf/

yHkpH - blrð*awm ponf


'kwd,mwyÜK&dof/ / blrð *awm blrd*awm? blrð-ajrodkY? *awm-oGm;olwnf;?

blrd*awm-ajrodkYoGm;ol/ (*awmudk Munfhí ykv’def{u0kpf[k odav? blrd*wm-ajrodkYoGm;olwdkY

(ykv’defA[k0kpf) blrd*wm-ajrodkYoGm;aomrdef;r(£w¬dvdef) blrd*wH-ajrodkYoGm;aomtrsKd; (eykv’def)? þodkY

aemufyk'ftaetxm;udkMunfhí vdeftrsKd;rsKd; 0kpftrsKd;rsKd; ½SdEdkifonf/ yk&dom'dç unm'dç pdwåm'd*kdPf;oGif;í

½kyfpOf&rnf/

uHyk'fudk iJhaom vdkvm;aom *w? edódw? twDw? twduúEÅ? ywå? tmyEé-paom aemufyk'f

rsm;ESifh ormofwGJvQif 'kwd,mwyÜK&doformofwGJpyf&rnf/

yHkpHrsm; oAÁ&wåð aombaem oAÁ&wådaombaem-tvHk;pHkaomnOfhywfvHk;wifhw,fol

ybuFa&m-ta&mifudk jyKawmfrlwwfaombk&m;(þü ybH 0,f tH0dbwfrausaom tvkwåormof)

t&nH *awm t&n*awm-awmodkYoGm;ol

"r®H edódawm "r®edódawm-taMumif;udkrSDaomw&m;

b0H twDawm b0gwDawm-b0udkvGefajrmufNyD;ol

yrmPH twduúaEÅm yrmPmwduúaEÅm-twdkif;t½Snfukd ausmfvGefol

okcH yawåm okcyÜawåm-csrf;omodkYa&mufol

aomwH tmyaEém aomwmyaEém-t&d,mr*ft,OfodkY a&mufNyD;ol

&xH tm½kaVSm &xm½kaVSm-&xm;udkwufpD;ol

rSwfcsuf w0EÅKç wm0Dç rmeç tmeç tEÅç wHkç wkeç wGmeç wGm wa0ç wka,-ypönf;qHk;aom yk'frsm;ESifh

ormof rwGJpyf&yg/ xdkypönf;qHk;aom yk'ftm;vHk;yif eo'´gESifh wGJ&müum; ormof jzpfao;\/

tbkwå0gç tbkwåm0Dç tuk½krmaemç t*päaEÅmç tu&maemç tumwHkç tumwkeç tuwGmç tumwa0ç

ta[wka, [k eedygwykAÁy'ur®"m&J ormofjzpfao;\/ eedygwfrSwyg; tjcm;aom a½SUyk'frsm;ESifhum;

ormofrjzpf/ (½lyod'¨dbmom#Dum 'k 83)

wwd,mwyÜK&dof/ /udwfypönf;qHk;aomo'´gç ykAÁç o'doç oro'´g?ODeteuf½Sdaom

o'´g?uv[ç edykPç rdóç ocdv paom wwd,m0dbwfeufrsm;udk vdkvm;aom aemufyk'frsm;ESifhwwd

,mwyÜK&doformofwGJpyf&onf/

yHkpHrsm; oav’e 0da'¨g ov’0da'¨g? oav’e-jrm;jzifh? 0da'¨g-ypfcGif;tyfaom om;aumifwnf;? ov’0da'¨g-

jrm;jzifhypfcGif;tyfaom om;aumif?

Aka'¨e bmodawm Ak'¨bmodawm-bk&m;½Sifonf a[mtyfaomw&m;/

0dnL[d yoaw¬m 0dnKyÜoaw¬m-ynm½SdwdkY csD;rGrf;tyf\/

O&a*g-&ifbwfjzifh oGm;wwfaom owå0g(a>r? e*g;)


yg'ayg-ajcaxmuf(ozG,fjzpfaom tjrpf)jzifh a&aomufwwfaom opfyif

pwk0a*¾e u&PD,H pwk0*¾u&PD,H-pwk0*foHCm jyKxdkufaomuH

rmaoe ykaAÁm rmoykaAÁm-wpfvjzifh a½S;usol

rmwk,m o'daom rmwko'daom-trdESifhwlol

{aue OKem {ulem? {ulem p om 0Dowdpmwd{ule0Dowd-wpfckjzifh ,kwfavsmhaom

ESpfq,f(19-ck)

oDvae 0duavm oDv0duavm-oDvjzifh csKdwJhol

pwkw¬DwyÜK&dof/ w'w¬orÜ'gefç tw¬ o'´gç [dw o'´gç a',s o'´g paom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh

pwkw¬DwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&rnf/

yHkpHrsm; uxdeó 'kóH uxde'kóH? uxdeó-uxdeftvdkYiSg? 'kóH-t0wfwnf;?

uxde'kóH-uxdefvsmt0wf

tm*EÅKuó bwåH tm*EÅKubwåH-{nfhonftwGuf xrif;

twåaem tw¬H twåw¬H-rdrdtusKd;iSg(rdrdtwGuf)

y&ó tw¬H y&w¬H-olwyg;tusKd;iSg(olwyg;twGuf)

avmuó [dawm avmu[dawm-avmutpDtyGm;

Ak'¨ó a',sH Ak'ä',sH-bk&m;½Siftm; vª'gef;tyfaom(yef;)

oHCó a',sH oHCa',sH-oHCmawmftm;vª'gef;tyfaom(ouFef;)

yÍörDwyÜK&dof/ cGJcGgjcif;? aMumufvefYjcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif; teufa[mo'´gpaom

tyg'gefteufudkiJhaom vdkvm;aom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh wGJpyfvQif yÍörDwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&rnf/

yHkpHrsm; arxkem tayawm arxkemayawm? arxkem-arxkefrS? tayawm-uif;olwnf;?

arxkemayawm-arxkefrSuif;ol

oaAÁ b0g oAÁb0g? oAÁba0[d edóa#m oAÁb0edóa#m-b0tm;vHk;wdkYrS xGufajrmufol

ygyawm bDawm ygybDawm-raumif;rIrSaMumufol

um,'kpö&dwawm 0d&wd um,'kpö&dw0d&w-um,'kp½kdufrS a½SmifMuOfjcif;

AEëm rkawåm AEërkawåm--taESmiftzGJUrS vGwfajrmufol? tn§mrS vGwfaom (xef;oD;)


q|DwyÜK&dof/ orÁmefteufç ur®w¬q|Dteufudk vdkvm;oaom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh ormofwGJpyf

vQif q|DwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&onf/

yHkpHrsm; &anm ykawåm &mZykawåm? &anm-rif;\? ykawåm-om;wnf;? &mZykawåm-rif;om;

Ak'¨ó om0aum Ak'¨om0aum-jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfh

ykró vd*ø ykv’d*ø-a,mufsm;\ toGiftjyif

[w¬dó y'H [w¬dy'H-qif\ ajc&m(qifajc&m)

£w¬d½lyH-rdef;r\ t½kyf(rdef;rt½kyf)

tmp&d,ó ylZaum tmp&d,ylZaum-q&mudk ylaZmfwwfol

a'0geH &mZm a'0&maZm-ewfwdkY\rif;

(&mZyk'fESifh q|DwyÜK&dofwGJvQif wcsKdUyk&dom'd*kdPf; jzpfonf)

rSwfcsuf/ £w¬d½lyH? [w¬dy'H? bdu©KedoHaCm? ZrÁKomcgwdkYü ormof\tv,fü½Sdaom ]]þ OD}}o&rsm;udk

]]£ O}} jyKxm;onf/

wkypönf;qHk;aomyk'f? yl&Pteufa[m ypönf;qHk;aomyk'f? ed'¨g&PD,yk'f? bm0ypönf;qHk;aomyk'f?

rme tEÅ ypönf;qHk;aomyk'f? a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfjcif; teufa[maomyk'fwdkYESifh q|DwyÜK&doformof rwGJpyf&/

yHkpHrsm; ur®ó-tvkyfudk? uwåma&m-jyKwwfolwdkY (ur®uwåma&m-[k ormofrjzpf) wkypönf;yHk

bdEémeH-uGJjym;olwdkYudk? oE¨mwm-aphpyfwwfolwnf; (bdEéoE¨mwm-[k ormofrjzpf) wkypönf;yHk

uyÜó-urÇm\? wwda,m-oHk;ckajrmufaom? bma*g-tbdkYwnf;?

(uyÜwwd,bma*g-[k ormofrjzpf) yl&Pteufa[myHk

rEkómeH-vlwdkYwGif? cwåda,m-rif;Zmwf½Sdolonf? ol&warm-omí&J&ifh\ (rEkócwåda,m-[k

ormofrjzpf) ed'¨g&PD,yHk

owårDwyÜK&dof/ rSD&mwnf&mteufa[m a½SUyk'frsm;ESifh owårDwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&onf/

yHkpHrsm; oHoma& 'ku©H oHom&'ku©H-oHo&mü (jzpfaom) qif;&J (oHo&mqif;&J)

0ae ykzÜH 0eykzÜH-awmü(yGifhaom)yef; (awmyef;)

0ae r[ðaom 0er[ðaom-awmü(aeaom)uRJ (awmuRJ)

yauF ZmwH yuFZH-nGefüaygufaom(Mum)

oda& ½k[wDwd oda&m½k[H-OD;acgif;üaygufaom(qHyif)


txl;rSwfzG,f

ã tHpaom 0dbwfqHk;aomyk'frsm; aemufuaeaom tcsKdUwyÜK&doformofyk'ftqef;rsm;½Sdao;onf/

yHkpHrsm; tEÅH twduúEÅH tpöEÅH-tydkif;tjcm;udk vGefaomtrI

a0vH twduúaEÅm twda0avm-tcgudk vGefaomt&m

ZD0uH yawåm ywåZD0aum-toufarG;jcif;odkYa&mufol

tu©H-£aÈúdk? ywd*wH(edódwH)rSDonfwnf;?ypöu©H-£aÈúdkrSDaom jrifjcif; (rsufarSmufjzpf

aomjrifjcif;) (ywd*w-onf ywd\ y&d,m,f)

tw¬H-teufodkY? tEk*wH-tpOfvdkufaomtrnfwnf;? tEGw¬H-teufodkY tpOfvdkufaomtrnf

0geawm edu©EÅH edAÁmeH-0gerS vGwfajrmufwwfaomw&m;

tmp&d,awm-q&mxuf? ya&m-q&mwnf;? ygp&da,m-q&mhxufjrwfaom q&m(q&mhq&mBuD;)

t,suawm ya&m y,saum-tbdk;xufjrwfaomtbdk;(tab;)

[da,sm-raeYrS? ya&m-aemufwaeY? y&[da,sm-,refaeYrS aemufaeY(wjrefaeY)

u[myPó-wusyf\? t¹H-xuf0ufwnf? t¹u[myPH-ig;rl;

&wåd,m-nOfh\? t¹H-xuf0ufwnf;? t¹&wåH-nOfhxuf0uf (oef;acgif,mrf) (&wåd\£udktjyK)

&wåd,m-nOfh\? ykAÁH-a½SUydkif;wnf;? ykAÁ&wåH-nOfha½SUydkif;(nOfhoD;,mrf)

&wåd,m-nOfh\? ypäm-aemufydkif;wnf;? ypäm&wåH-nOfhaemufydkif;(rdk;aomuf&ef)

t[ó-aeY\? ykAÁH-a½SYydkif;wnf? ykAÁESH-eHeuf (t[onf tESodkYajymif;onf)

t[ó-aeY\? oma,m-aemufydkif;wnf;? om,ESH-naeydkif;


A[kAÁD[dormof

ormofyk'fudk ]]ouy'=rdrdyk'f}}[k ac:onf/ ormofpyf&mwGif ryg0ifaomyk'fudk ]]tn

y'=wyg;aomyk'f}}[k ac:onf/ ormofyk'frS tjcm;wyg;aomyk'f[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkwyg;aomyk'fü

pyf&aom ormofudk ]]A[kAÁD[d}}ormof[k ac:\/ yHkpHum;-Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m (Zdaem)

wnf;/ a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? rma&m-rm&fudk? Zdawm-atmifawmfrltyfNyD? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-

xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? Zdwrma&m-Zdwrm&rnf\/ Zdaem-bk&m;wnf;/

þ]]Zdwrma&m}}ü ZdawmESifhrma&monf pyftyfaom ormofyk'fwnf;/ Zdaemyk'fESifh a,eyk'fwdkYum;

ormofyk'fwGif ryg0ifaom ]]tnyk'f}}wnf;/ ZdawmESifh rma&mudk ormofpyfonfhtcg ]]atmiftyfaom+rm&f}}

[laom rdrdteufürpyfbJ a,e-ZdaemwdkY\t&jzpfaom bk&m;[laomteufü pyf&onf/

þjycJhaompum;tpOft& ]]Zdwrm& Zdaem}}[k ormofpyf&mwGif yg0ifoifhvsuf ryg0ifaom

Zdaemyk'fudkvnf;aumif;ç xdkZdaemESifh t&wljzpfaom a,eyk'fudkvnf;aumif; ]]tnyk'f}}[kac:onf/

(tajcjyKo'´g 471-2)

ormofyk'fteuf rjy|mef;bJ ormofyk'frS wyg;aomyk'fteuf jy|mef;aomormofonf ]]A[kAÁD[d

ormof}} rnf\/

yHkpH/ ZdwdÈ´da,m=atmiftyfNyD;aom £aÈ´½Sdawmfrlaom (jrwfpGmbk&m;)

þü ]ZdwdÈ´d,}[laom ormofyk'fteuf rjy|mef;bJ 0gustcdkufü yg½Sdaom ormofyk'frS

wyg;aom £ro'´g\pGJ&m jrwfpGmbk&m;teufa[m ]b*0g}[laom yk'fteufom jy|mef;aomaMumifh

A[kAÁD[dormofrnf\/ (yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 128)

yk'fESpfckvHk;udk aygif;pyfaomtcg ormoftwGif;ü yg0ifaomyk'fwdkY\ teufrsm;onf ormoftwGif;ü

ryg0ifaom tjcm;yk'fwck\teuftm; txl;jyKvQif emr0daooejzpf&um; qdkif&mtxl;jyKtyfaom yk'fESifh

vdif 0kpf 0dbwf wl&avonf/ (wuúodkvfydkYcscsuf)

0Dawm &ma*g ,ómwd 0Dw&ma*g (cDPmoa0g) ,ó-tMuifol\? 0Dawm-uif;aom? &ma*g-

&m*onf? (tw¬d-½Sd\) (aom-xdkolonf) 0Dw&ma*g-0Dw&m*rnf\/ cDPmoa0g-&[EÅm/

qdaEém [aw¬m ,ómwd qdEé[aw¬m (yk&daom)/ ,ó-tMuifa,mufsm;\? qdaEém-jywfaom?

[aw¬m-vufonf? tw¬d-½Sd\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdka,musfm;onf? qdEé[aw¬m-qdEé[w¬rnf\/

pnf;rsOf;/ tny'aw¬ok A[kAÁD[d/ tnyk'fteufudk txl;jyKaom emrfyk'fwdkYudk pyfxm;aomormofudk

A[kAÁDormof[k ac:\/


A[kAÁD[dormof0dN*Kd[fü tnyk'fy"mejzpfyHk

A[kAÁD[dormofudk 0dN*Kd[fjyKwJhtcg tnyk'fonf tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ yHkvdef{u0kpfeufudk

&apvdkvQif ],}paom tnyk'feufudk yHkvdef{u0kpfjzifhxm;&onf/ A[k0kpfeufudk&apvdkvQif tnyk'fyk'fudk

A[k0kpfjzifhxm;&onf/ £w¬dvdef eyHkvdefudk&apvdk&mü tnyk'fudk £w¬dvdef eyHkvdefjzifh xm;&onf/

ormofyk'füum; vdef0kpftxl;rajymif;awmhNyD? yifudk,fvdef0kpftwdkif;omwnf;/

(1) Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m (Zdaem) yHkvdef {u0kpf

(2) Zdawm rma&m a,[Dwd Zdwrm&m (Zdem) yHkvdef A[k0kpf

yHkpH (1)ü ]Zdaem}onf yHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ]a,e}[k yHkvdef {u0kpfjzifh xm;&onf/

yHkpH (2)ü ]Zdem}onf yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí ]a,[d}[k yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzifh xm;&onf/

(3) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,emwd ZdwdÈ´da,m (oraPm) yHkvdef {u0kpf

(4) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,[Dwd ZdwdÈ´d,m (orPm) yHkvdef A[k0kpf

(5) Zdwmed £È´d,med ,m,mwd ZdwdÈ´d,m (unm) £w¬dvdef {u0kpf

(6) Zdwmed £È´d,med ,m[Dwd ZdwdÈ´d,ma,m (unma,m) £w¬dvdef A[k0kpf

(7) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,emwd ZdwdÈ´d,H (pdwåH) eyHkvdef {u0kpf

(8) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,[Dwd ZdwdÈ´d,med (pdwåmed) eyHkvdef A[k0kpf

yHkpH(3) a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? £È´d,med-£aÈ´wdkYudk? Zdwmed-atmiftyfukefNyD? £wd-xdkYaMumifh?

aom-xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? ZdwdÈ´da,m-ZdwdÈ´d,rnf\/ yHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ]a,e-ZdwdÈ´da,m}

[kxm;onf/ Zdwmed £È´d,med-um; vdk&if;r[kwf/ £È´d,-yk'fu eyHkvdefjzpfí eyHkvdefç

£aÈáwGu rsm;aomaMumifh A[k0kpfjzifh jyxm;onf/

yHkpH(4) yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí a,[d-ZdwdÈ´d,m [kxm;onf/

yHkpH(5) £w¬dvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ,m,-ZdwdÈ´d,m [kxm;onf/

yHkpH(6) £w¬dvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí ,m[d-ZdwdÈ´d,ma,m [kxm;onf/

yHkpH(7) eyHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí a,e-ZdwdÈ´d,H [kxm;onf/

yHkpH(8) eyHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí a,[d-ZdwdÈ´d,med [kxm;onf/


A[kAÁD[dormof 7 rsKd;

tnyk'fESifh wGJbufBud,mudk uwåm;+Bud,m pyf&vQif yxrmA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -

o[ 0dwauúe a, 0wåEÅDwd o0dwuúm/ a,-tMuifw&m;wdkYonf? 0dwauúe-0dwufESifh? o[-wuG?

0wåEÅd-jzpfukef\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aw-xdkw&m;wdkYonf? o0dwuúm-o0dwuúwdkY rnf\/ (a, 0wåEÅd-

ü a,-um; uwåm;? 0wåEÅd-um; Bud,mwnf;? Bud,mudk uwåD-[kvnf; ac:Muonf)

tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY uH+Bud,m pyf&vQif 'kwd,mA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -

tm*wm orPm £rHwd tm*woraPm/ £rH-þausmif;wdkufodkY? orPm-&[ef;wdkYonf? tm*wm-

vmukef\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdkausmif;wdkufonf? tm*woraPm-tm*worPrnf\/ (£rH

tm*wmü £rH-um; uH? tm*wmum; Bud,mwnf;? Bud,muk ur®D[kvnf;ac:onf)

tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY uwåm;+Bud,mç u½kdPf;+u½kdPf;\Bud,m tjzpfjzifh

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onf? okacg-csrf;om\? £wd-xdkodkY aygif;oif;&jcif;\ csrf;omaMumif;\ tjzpfaMumifh? aom-

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um; o[m'da,m*0EÅwnf;)

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tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY tyg'ge+tyg'geD (tyg'gef+tyg'gef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh

pyf&vQif yÍörDA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH-ed*¾wm Zem to®mwd ed*¾wZem? to®m-þ½GmrS? Zem-

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ed*¾wZaem-ed*¾wZernf\/ (to®m-um; tyg'ge? ed*¾wm-um; tyg'geD)

tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY orÁE¨+orÁE¨D (orÁef+orÁef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh pyf&vQif

q|DA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH - qdaEém [aw¬m ,ómwd qdEé[aw¬m (yk&daom)/

,ó-tMuifa,mufsm;\? qdaEém-jywfaom? [aw¬m-vufonf? tw¬d-½Sd\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-

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tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY tm"m&+tma",f (wnf&m+wnfwwfaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh

pyf&vQif owårDA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH - A[a0g 0D[a,m ,o®ðwd A[kAÁD[d? ,o®ð-

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um; tma",f)


'Geformof

'GE´o'´gonf tpHktpHk[laom teufudk a[mouJhodkY xdkYtwl tpHktpHk[laom teufudk&aom

ormofonf 'Geformofrnf\/

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pum;wGJvHk;rsm;(ormof)onf eyHkvdef {u0kpfom jzpfonf/ torm[m&'Gefonf wGJbufyk'frsm;oavmuf

teufvnf;rsm;aomaMumifh A[k0kpfom½Sdonf/ vdefrSm aemufqHk;yk'f\ vdefomy"mejzpfí 3-vdef&aumif;

\/

orm[m[m&'Gef ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

y pu©KaomwH

tm abm pu©Kaomwçpu©Kaomwm

'k pu©KaomwH

w pu©Kaomawe

p pu©Kaomwó

rD pu©Kaomwo®mçrSmçpu©Kaomwm

q pu©Kaomwó

o pu©Kaomwo®ðçrSdçpu©Kaomaw

torm[m[m&'Gef ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf

y orPjAm[®Pm

tm abmaEÅm orPjAm[®Pm

'k orPjAm[®aP

w orPjAm[®aP[dçbd

p orPjAm[®PmeH

rD orPjAm[®aP[dçbd

q orPjAm[®PmeH

o orPjAm[®aPok


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eyHkvdef{u0kpfom jzpfonf/

owGm\t*FgykHpH

pu©KaomwH-rsufpdçem;? [Ek*D0H-ar;çvnfyif;? uPÖemoH-em;çESmacgif;? ygPdyg'H-vufçajc?

q0drHoavm[dwH-ta&çtom;çtaoG;?

wl&d,m\t*FgyHkpH

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c½koif;xufpnf? ocFyP0!d@drH-c½koif;ç xufpnfç pnfwdk?

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ppf\t*FgyHkpH

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av;çjr§m;usOfawmuf?

i,faomowGmyHkpH

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odkYaomf udavomudk y,fjcif;udpö wlMuonf/


pnf;rsOf;/ 8/ 0dbmom ½ku© wdP yok "e "n Zey'g'DeÍö/ 'Geformof opfyifç jrufç om;aumifç

Opömç pyg;ç Zeyk'fteufa[m o'´gtp½SdonfwdkYonfvnf; wcgw&H eyHkvdef{u0kpf jzpfonf/

(eyHkvdefç{u0kpfr[kwfu aemufyk'fvdiftwdkif; A[k0kpfcsnf; ½kyfpOf&rnf)

ykHpHrsm; /½ku©-opfyif

tóaw¬m p uyDwaem p tów¬uyDweHç tów¬uyDwem 0g/ tóaw¬m

p-anmifAk'ä[yifvnf;? uyDwaem p - anmifcsnfyif;vnf;? tów¬uyDweH-anmifAk'ä[ç

anmifcsOf? tów¬uyDwem-anmifAk'ä[ anmifcsOfwdkY/

wdP-jruf

Ood&Íö AD&PÍö Ood&AD&PHç Ood&AD&Pm 0g/ Ood&Íö-yef;&if;vnf;? AD&PÍö-jrufarT;vnf;?

Ood&AD&PH-yef;&if;çjrufarT;? Ood&AD&Pm-yef;&if;çjrufarT;wdkY/

yok-om;aumif

taZm p {Vaum p taZVuHç taZVum 0g/taZm p-qdwfvnf;? {Vaum p-odk;vnf;?

taZVuH-qdwfçodk;? taZVum-qdwfçodk;wdkY/

"e-Opöm

[d&nÍö ok0PÖÍö [d&nok0PÖHç [d&nok0PÖm 0g/ [d&nÍö-aiGvnf;? ok0PÖÍö-a½Tvnf;?

[d&nok0PÖH-aiGa½Tç [d&nok0PÖm-aiGa½TwdkY/

"n-pyg;

omvd p ,a0g p omvd,0Hç omvd,0g/ omvd p-oav;pyg;vnf;? ,a0g p-rka,mpyg;vnf;?

omvd,0H-oav;rka,m? omvd,0g-oav;rka,mwdkY/

Zey'-Zeyk'f

umoD p aumovm p umodaumovHç umodaumovm 0g/ umoD p-umodwdkif;wdkYvnf;?

aumovm p-aumovwdkif;wdkYvnf;? umodaumov-umodaumovwdkif;? umodaumovm-

umodaumovwdkif;wdkY/ (wwdkif;we,fudk Zeyk'f[k ac:onf/Zeyk'fa[mo'´gwdkYonf ykHvdefA[k0kpfcsnf;om

jzpfí ]]umoD}}[k A[k0kpfjzifh xm;onf)


w'¨dwf

]]awoH+[dwH w'¨dwH}} awoH-xdkemrfyk'fwdkY\? [dwH-pD;yGg;wnf;? w'¨dwH-xdkemrfyk'fwdkY\pD;yGm;?

þ0dN*Kd[ft& emrfyk'fwdkY\ pD;yGm;jzpfaom (emrfyk'fwdkYü pD;yGm;wufvmovdk teufwdk;yGm;atmifjyKwwfaom)

P tp½Sdaom ypönf;onf w'¨dwfrnf\/ xdkypönf;ESifhwGJbuf&aom yk'frsm;vnf; ruif;paumif;aom

t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh w'¨dwfyk'frnf/

emrfyk'fwdkYü pD;yGm;wufyHk/ /0od|[laom emrfyk'fonf ]]0od|}}trnf½Sdoludk a[m\/ 0od|aemif

w'¨dwf P ypönf;oufí 0goda|mjzpfvmonfhtcg ]]0od|\ om;}}[laom teufudk a[m\/ þyk'fü

]]\}}[laom teuf ]]om;}}[laom teufrsm;vnf; Pypönf;twGuf wdk;wufvmaom pD;yGm;aywnf;/

þodkY emrfyk'frsm;udk teufwdk;yGm;vsuf pD;yGm;wufatmif jyKwwfaomaMumifh ]]awoH+[dwH}}t&

]]w'¨dw}}[k ac:&avonf/ (w+[dw= w-txufü (-H)ed*¾[dwfvm? [dwü [onf "odkYajymif;í

wHtxufu ed*¾[dwfonf 'odkYajymifNyD; w'¨dw[k jzpfonf)

(tajcjyKo'´g-494)

w'¨dwf oHk;rsKd;

(u) omrn

(c) tAs,

(*) bm0

(u) vdifoHk;yg;wdkYESifh qufqHí omrnw'd¨wf[k qdkonf/

þomrn w'¨dwfonf 15-rsKd; ½Sdjyefonf/

1/ typöw'¨dwf 6/ Xmew'¨dwf 11/ tów¬dw'¨dwf

2/ w&wsm'dw'¨dwf 7/ Oyrmw'¨dwf 12/ yuwdw'¨dwf

3/ &m*g'dw'¨dwf 8/ edódw'¨dwf 13/ yl&Pw'¨dwf

4/ Zmwm'dw'¨dwf 9/ A[kvw'¨dwf 14/ ocsFmw'¨dwf

5/ orl[w'¨dwf 10/ 0daoow'¨dwf 15/ 0dbm*w'¨dwf

1/ typöw'¨dwf

]]typö}}o'´gonf ykHv’difjzpfvQif om;ç eykHv’difjzpfvQif trsKd;ç £w¬dvdifjzpfvQif trsKd;tEG,f

[laom teufudk jy\/ om;ç orD;ç trsKd;tEG,f [laom typöteufudk qufvufnTefjyaom ]P}paom

w'¨dwfypönf;rsm;ESifh orÁmefteufa[m q|D0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf

typöw'¨dwfrnf\/ xdktypöo'´g\ teufudkqufvufnTefjyaom ypönf;rsm;onf P Pm,e Pme

aP,s Pd Pdu Ps P0 aP& ypönf;wdkY jzpfukef\/


rl&if;+w'¨dwfypönf;

0od|+P 0od|ó typöH1 0goda|m(0god|\om;) 0god|D (0god|\orD;) 0god|H (0god|\trsKd;)

bm&'GgZ+P bm&'Gg&Zó typöH bm&'GgaZmç bm&'GgZDç bm&'GgZH

a*gwr+P a*gwró typöH a*gwarmç a*gwrDç a*gwrH

Ava'0+P Ava'0ó typöH Amva'a0gç Amva'0Dç Amva'0H

0oka'0+P 0oka'0ó typöH 0goka'a0gç 0goka'0Dç 0goka'0H

arm*¾v’+Pm,e arm*¾v’ó typöH arm*¾v’m,aemç arm*¾v’m,eDç arm*¾v’m,eH

arm*¾v’+Pme arm*¾v’ó typöH arm*¾v’maemç arm*¾v’meDç arm*¾v’meH

a'gP+Pd a'gPó typöH a'gPd

0go0+Pd 0go0ó typöH 0go0d

ousykwå+Pd ousykwåó typöH ousykwåd

P Pm,e Pme Pd ypönf;

P Pm,e Pme Pd ypönf;rsm;udk tqHk;aom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/ ykv’difo'´gaemif

£w¬dvdifudk nTefjyaom þqufay;vQif £w¬dvdifyk'f jzpfoGm;onf/

tEkAef ESifh 0k'¨d

w'¨dwfypönf;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tEkAefyg½Sdonf/ tEkAef[lonf vdktyfaom tu©&mü

&nf½G,fcsuf wckckaMumifh ]]xyfqifhtydk zGJUpyfxnfhxm;aom tu©&m}}udk ac:onf/ xdk ]P}tEkAefudk

acsypf&onf/ xdktEkAef\ tpGrf;owådaMumifh aemufü oH,k*fac: vHk;qifhtu©&m rygvQif yk'f\

tptvnf;tqHk; wae&m&mü½Sdaom tonf tmjzpfvmonf/ £çþonf {jzpfvmonf/ OçODonf Mo

jzpfvmonf/ þodkY rlvo&\ wdk;yGm;vmrIudk 0k'¨djyKonf[k qdkMuukef\/

,if;odkY tEkAef½Sdaomfvnf; aemufü oH,k*fac: vHk;qifhtu©&m½SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif;

rlvo&onf tm-{-Mo o& jzpfaevQifaomfvnf;aumif; 0k'¨rjyK&ay/

(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 137-138)

1 wrsKd;vHk;wEG,fvHk;ESifh qdkifí typöH[k eyHkvdifjzifh xm;onf/ trsm;ESifhqdkif&m0,f eyHkvdifjzifhxm;jcif;onf o'´xHk;pH

jzpfonf/ (tajcjyKo'´g-496)


ã aP,s ypönf;udk tm £ þ qHk;aom £w¬dvdifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/

rl&if;+w'¨dwfypönf;

uwådum+aP,s=uwådum, typöH uwådaua,sm (uwådum\om;)

a&m[dPD+aP,s=a&m[dPd,m typöH a&m[daPa,sm (a&m[dPD\om;)

okpd+aP,s=okpd,m typöH aomapa,sm (okpd\om;)

ã Pduypönf;udk t O qHk;aom ykvd’ifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/ tcsKdUae&mü Pdu\ uonf

,tjzpf ajymif;oGm;onf/

ousykwå+Pdu=ousykwåó typöH ousykwådaumç ousykwåda,m (omuD0ifrif;\om;ç bk&m;\om;)

0drmwk+Pdu=0drmwk,m ykawåm a0rmwdaum rdaxG;(rdrdrdcifESifh rwlaomrdef;r)\om;

ã Psypönf;udk t'dwdtp½Sdaomemrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/

t'dwd+Ps=t'dwd,m typöH tm'dapöm (t'dwdewforD;\om;)

(,ypönf;½SdvQif a½SU£o&ausajymuf&onf/ wESifh,wGJpyfí wsrS pajymif;ç pwvHk;vmvQif t'dpö[k

jzpfonf)

ã P0ypönf;udk O-qHk;aom ykv’dif £w¬dvdif o'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/

Oyuk+P0=Oyukó typöH Moyua0g (Oyuk\om;)

rEk+P0=rEkaem typöH rmPa0g (rEk\om;)

ã aP&ypönf;udk t tm þqHk;aom ykv’dif £w¬dvdifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/

0d"0g+aP&=0d"0g, typöH a0"a0a&m (rkqdk;r\om;)

AE¨KuD+aP&=AE¨Kud,m typöH AE¨Kaua&m (AE¨KuD\om;)

orP+aP&=orPó typöH omraPa&m (OyZÑm,f)&[ef;\om;



pnf;rsOf;rsm;

1/ 0gP.yapö/ typöteufü Pypönf; (0duyf)1oufonf/ (qufonf-[k qdkvdkonf)

2/ Pm,e Pme 0päm'dawm/ 0pätp½Sdaom o'´grSaemuf typöteuf Pm, Pme oufonf/

3/ aPa,sm uwådum'D[d/ uwådumponfh £wd¬vdifo'´grsm;aemif typöteuf Pdu oufonf/

4/ tawm Pd 0g/ ousykwåuJhodkY tum&EÅo'´grsm;aemuf typöteuf Pd oufonf/

5/ Pa0gyuGm'D[d/ Oyuktwl½Sdaom Oum&EÅo'´grSaemuf typöeuf P0 oufonf/

6/ aP& 0d"0g'dawm/ 0d"0gtp½Sdaom o'´grSaemuf typöeuf aP&ypönf; oufonf/

(tajcjyKo'´g-496-502)

2/ w&wsm'dw'¨dwf

yxrm 'kwd,m wwd,m pwkw¬D yÍörD q|D owårD0dbwfqHk;aom yk'frsm;ESifh w&wdpaomo'´g\

ul;oGm;jcif;paom teufudk qufcHnTefjyaom ]]Pdu}}ypönf;wdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf w&wsm'd

w'¨dwfrnf\/

xdkw&wsm'dw'¨dwfü Pduypönf;\ qufcHnTefjyaom teufodkYvdkufí (ausavNyD;aom

aemufyk'fudk pGJí) w&wdw'¨dwf p&wdw'¨dwf ponfwdkYjzpfukef\/

(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 141)

oHo|w'¨dwf/ awv+Pdu=wdave oHo|H awvduH (ESrf;jzifh a&maESmtyfaomabmZOf)

w&wdw'¨dwf/ em0g+Pdu=em0g, w&wDwd em0daum (avSjzifh ul;wwfol)(avSolBuD;)

p&wdw'¨dwf/ ou#+Pdu=oua#e p&wDwd omu#daum (vSnf;jzifh vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfol)

(vSnform;)

0[wdw'd¨wf/ oDo+Pdu=oDaoe 0[wDwd oDodaum (OD;acgif;jzifh½Gufaqmifwwfaomol)

(acgif;½Guf aps;onf)

0owdw'¨dwf/ &mZ*[+Pdu=&mZ*a[ 0owDwd &mZ*[daum (&mZN*Kd[fNrKdUü aeol)

Zmww'¨dwf/ &mZ*[+Pdu=&mZ*a[ Zmawm &mZ*[daum (&mZN*Kd[fNrKdUü arG;zGm;ol)

*päwdw'¨dwf/ y&'g&+Pdu=y&'g&H *päwDwd yg&'g&daum (olYr,m;udk oGm;vmol)

t"Daww'¨dwf/ 0de,+Pdu=0de,H t"Dawwd a0e,daum(0denf;udk o&ZÑm,fol) (0denf;oiftHol)

uww'¨dwf/ um,+Pdu=u,a,e uwH um,duH (udk,fjzifh jyKtyfaomtrI)

oEéd"mew'¨dwf/ um,+Pdu=uma, oEéd"mem um,dum (udk,fü wnfaeaoma0'em)

1 Pypönf;oufí w'¨dwfyk'frvkyfyJ 0od|ó typöH [k yuwd(0gus)twdkif;vnf; ½SdEdkifonf[k

qdkvdkonf/ w'¨dwfyk'fwdkif; 0gusyHkpHESifh ½SdEdkifonf/


ed,kwåw'¨dwf/ 'Gg&1+Pdu='Gga& ed,kawåm a'g0g&daum=wHcg;ü,SOfol(wHcg;apmifh)

odyÜw'¨dwf/ 0DP+Pdu=0DPm tó odyÜH a0Pdaum=apmif;wD;jcif;twwf½Sdolçapmif;wD;wwfolç

apmif;orm;çapmif;ynm½Sif

b@w'¨dwf/ *E¨+Pdu=*aE¨m tó b@EÅd *E¨daum=eHYom[laoma&mif;&efb@m½Sdol(eHYomukefonf)

awv+Pdu=awvH tó b@EÅd awvdaum=qD[laoma&mif;&efb@m½Sdol(qDukefonf)

ZD0duw'¨dwf/ O&AÇ+Pdu=O&AÇH [EÅm ZD0wDwd Mo&AÇdaum=qdwfudkowfítoufarG;ol(qdwfowform;)

olu&+Pdu=olu&daum=0ufudkowfítoufarG;ol(0ufowform;)

[ww'¨dwf/Zmv+Pdu=Zmave [awmç [ewDwd 0gZmvdaum2=ydkufuGefjzifhowftyfaomig;(iSuf)

AE¨w'¨wf/okwå+Pdu=okawåe Aa'¨g okwådaum=csnfjzifhzGJUaESmiftyfaomiSuf

0&wå+Pdu=0&wåm, Aa'¨g 0g&wådaum=om;a&vGefBuKd;jzifh aESmifzGJUtyfaomqif

tm0k"w'¨wf=pmy+Pdu=pmayg tó tm0ka"mwd pmydaum=av;vufeuf½Sdol(av;orm;)

yoEéw'¨dwf=Ak'¨+Pdu=Aka'¨ yoaEém Ak'¨daum=bk&m;½SifüMunfndKol

oEÅuw'¨dwf=oHC+Pdu=oHCó oEÅaum oHCdaum=oHCm\Opömjzpfaomausmif;

uDww'¨dwf=0w¬+Pdu=0aw¬e uDwH 0w¬duH=t0wfjzifh 0,ftyfaom b@m

ok0PÖ+Pdu=ok0aPÖe uDwH aom0PÖduH=a½Tjzifh0,ftyfaom b@m

y&drmPw'¨dwf=a'gP+Pdu=a'gaPm tó y&drmPH a'gPduH=wpfpdwftwdkif;t½Snf½SdaomOpöm

&modw'¨dwf=ukrÇ+Pdu=ukrÇó &mod ukAÇdaum=wukrÇtpktyHk

t&[wdw'¨dwf=u[myP+Pdu=u[myPH t&[wDwd u[myPdaum=wpfusyfxdkufwefaomypönf;

'dAÁwdw'¨dwf=tu©+Pdu=tau©e 'dAÁwDwd tu©daum=tefpmjzifh(atmifEdkifvdk)ol (tefupm;ol

a<uteform; zJorm;)

wóDvw'¨dwf=yHokulv+Pdu=yHokulvH oDvH tómwd yHokulvdaum=yHhoulouFef;udk

aqmifavh½Sdaom&[ef;

0d'dww'¨dwf=avmu+Pdu=avmau 0d'dawm avmudaum=avmuüxif½Sm;aomw&m;

oH0wåwdw'¨dwf=avmu+Pdu=avmum, oH0wåwDwd avmudaum=avmtvdkYiSgjzpfaomw&m;

tm*ww'¨dwf=rmwk+Pdu=rmwdawm tm*wH rmwduH=trdrS vmaom trnf

orÇLww'¨dwf=rmwk+Pdu=rmwdawm orÇLwH rwåduH=trdrS jzpfaomOpöm

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(0dygufcE¨mtusKd;ay;aomuH)

wMwbwådw'¨dwf=pwkr[m&mZ+Pdu=pwkr[m&maZ bwåd {awoEÅd pmwkr[m&mZdaum=ewfrif;BuD;

av;a,mufüqnf;uyf cHpm;jcif;½Sdaomewfrsm;

1 'Gg&udk tu©&mtpOftwdkif;a&;vQif ]]'f0g&}}[k a&;&onf/ 'fü o&r½Sd? a-g o&ay:vmu a'g0g&-[k jzpfonf/

(tajcjyKo'´g-556) 2 ydkufuGefjzifhowfwwfolwHig rkqdk;[k bmomjyefvQif [ewdw'¨wf jzpfonf/


pnf;rsOf;rsm;

7/ a,e 0g oHo|H w&wd p&wd 0[wd Pdaum/ tMuif0w¬Kjzifh a&maESm\ç ul;oGm;\çvSnfhvnf\ç

½Gufaqmif\? ponfht"dyÜg,fukdazmfjy&ef wwd,EÅvdifrSaemufü Pduoufonf/

8/ wrDaw awe uwm'd oEéd"me eda,m* odyÜ b@ ZD0duaw¬ok p/ xdkudk ½GwftH\ç xdkjzifh

jyKtyf\ç xdkü pGJuyf wnfae\ç xdkü ,SOf\çxdlol\ twwfç xdkol\ b@mç xkdol\ touf

arG;0rf;aMumif; ponfh t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef Pduoufonf/

&m*g'dw'¨dwf

yxrmç 'kwd,mç wwd,mç yÍörDç q|Dç owårD 0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh ]&m*=qdk;jcif;}

]£'H=Opöm}paomteufudk nTefjyaom P-ypönf; aP,s-ypönf;wdkYudk qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf

]]&m*g'dw'¨dwf}}rnf\/

&m*w'¨dwf=uom0+P=uoma0e &wåH umom0H=zef&nfjzifh qdktyfaom ouFef;

£'Hw'¨dwf=r[ðo+P=r[ðoó £'H r[ðoH=uRJ\Opömjzpfaom tom;(uRJom;)

t0d'l&b0w'¨dwf=O'krÁ&+P=O'krÁ&ó t0d'la& y0wåH Mo'krÁ&H=a&ozef;yif\teD;üjzpfaom Adrmef

b0w'¨dwf=re+P=reod b0H rmeoH=pdwfüjzpfaomcsrf;om(pdwfcsrf;om)

Zmww'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m,H Zmawm rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUü arG;zGm;ol

tm*ww'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m,tm*awm rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUrS vmol

tóed0gow'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m tó ed0gaom rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUvQif ae&m½Sdol

£ó&w'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m, £óa&m rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUudk tpdk;&aomol

ed,kwåw'¨dwf=0domcg+P=0docg, ,kawåm a0omacg=0domcgeu©wfESifh,SOfaom(uqkef)v

tóa'0wmw'¨dwf=Ak'¨+P=Aka'¨m tó a'0wmwd Aka'¨g=bk&m;½SifvQif tdrfOD;ewf½Sdol

t"Daww'¨dwf=Asmu&P+P=Asmu&PH t"Dawwd a0,smu&aPm=Asmu½kPf(o´g)usrf;udk o&ZÑm,folç

oiftHolçwwfol

0do,w'¨dwf=0omwd+P=0omwDeH 0doa,m a'aom 0gomawm=0omwdrnfaomrif;om;wdkY\

e,fy,f jzpfaom t&yf


wo®ð oEÅd(£"w¬d)w'¨dwf=O'krÁ&+P=O'krÁ&m to®ð ya'ao oEÅDwd Mo'krÁa&m=a&ozef;yifwdkY½Sd&mt&yf

edAÁwåw'¨dwf=om*&+P=om*a&[d edAÁawåm om*a&m=om*&rif;omwdkY jzpfaptyfaom ork'´&m

t&[wdw'¨dwf=o[ó+P+þ=o[óH t&[wDwd om[óD=wpfaxmifxdkufwefaom*gxm

0dum&w'¨dwf=t,+P= t,aom 0duma&m tm,aom=oHjzifhwpfrsKd;wpfzHkjyKtyfaomcGuf(oHcGuf)

y&drmPw'¨dwf=yk&do+P=yk&daom y&drmPH tómwd ayg&doH=a,musfm;w&yf(wpfol=

vufckyfwpfazmif) twdkif;t½Snf½Sdaoma&

0owdw'¨dwf=Am&mPoD+aP,s=Am&mPod,H 0owDwd Am&mPao,saum=Am&mPoDjynfüaeol

(w'd¨wfyk'ftqHk;ü utu©&mvmxm;onf)

[dww'¨dwf=yx+aP,s=yxó [dwH ygax,sH=vrf;\tpD;tyGm;jzpfaom&du©m (vrf;&du©m)


pnf;rsOf;rsm;

9/ P &m*g waó'.rnaw¬ok p/ xdkjzifh qdk;tyf\ç xdkol\ Opömç paom t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef

P paom ypönf;oufonf/


Zmwm'dw'¨dwf

q|D0dbwf owårD0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkYESifh Zmwpaom o'´gwdkY\teufudk qufcHa[mjyEdkifaom

]]£r £, £u Ps aP,s ud,}} paom ypönf;wdkYudk qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfyk'fonf Zmwm'd

w'¨dwfrnf\/

Zmww'¨dwf=ypäm+£r=ypäm Zmawm ypädarm=aemufü jzpfol

rEkóZmwd+£,=rEkóZmwd,m Zmawm rEkóZmwda,m?vlZmwftm;jzifh(ü)jzpfol

yAÁw+aP,s=yAÁaw Zmawm yAÁawa,sm=awmifüjzpfol?awmifay:om;

yAÁw+aP,s= yAÁaw Zmwm yAÁaw,sm=awmifüjzpfaomjrpf? awmifusacsmif;

yAÁw+aP,s= yAÁaw ZmwH yAÁaw,sH=awmifüjzpaomaq;

Am&mPoD+aP,s=Am&mPod,H Zmawm Am&mPao,saum=Am&mPoDjynfüarG;zGm;ol

(w'¨dwfyk'ftqHk;üu-tu©&mvmxm;onf)

xe+,=xeawm ZmwH xnH=EdkYüjzpfaomEdkY&nf

ed,kwåw'¨dwf=tEÅ+£r=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅdarm=tqHk;ü,SOfonf

tEÅ+£,=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅda,m=tqHk;ü,SOfonf

tEÅ+£u=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅdaum=tqHk;ü,SOfonf

Zmwd+ud,=Zmwd,H ed,kawåm Zmwduda,m=y#doaE¨ü,SOfaomol

tów¬dw'¨dwf=ykwå+£r=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwådarm=om;½Sdol

ykwå+£,=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwåda,m=om;½Sdol

ykwå+£u=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwådaum=om;½Sdol

b0w'¨dwf=aAm"dyu©+£,=aAm"dyau© b0g aAm"dyu©d,m=r*fÓPftoif;tyif;ü jzpfaom(yg0ifaom)

w&m;rsm;

yÍö0*¾+£,=yÍö0a*¾ b0g yÍö0*¾d,m=ig;a,muftpküjzpfaomw&m;rsm;

*gr+,=*gar ba0g *ar®m=½Gmüjzpfaomtusifh

t½ly+Ps=t½lay b0g tm½kyÜg=t½lybHkü jzpfaomw&m;wdkY

£'Hw'¨dwf=twå+£,=twåaem(rdrd\Opömwnf;) £'H(þOpömonf) twåed,H=rdrd\Opöm

(etu©&mvmonf)

o+ud,=oó(rdrd\Opömwnf;) t,H(þOpömonf) ouda,m=rdrd\Opöm

oH0wåwdw'¨dwf="e+,="em, oH0wåwDwd "nH=OpömtvdkYiSgjzpfaompyg;



orl[w'¨dwf

q|D0dbwffqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkYESifh ]]orl[=taygif;}}teufudk qufcHa[mjyEdkifaom ]]uPf P

wm u}} paom ypönf;wdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfyk'fonf orl[w'¨dwfrnf\/

r,l&+uPf=r,l&meH orla[m rm,l&aum=Oa'gif;wdkY\taygif;(Oa'gif;tkyf)

r,l&+P= r,l&meH orla[m rm,la&m=Oa'gif;wdkY\taygif;(Oa'gif;tkyf)

rxk&+P=rxk&meH orla[m rmxka&m=rxk&mjynfoljynfom;taygif;

r[ðo+P=r[ðomeH orla[m rm[ðaom=uRJwdkY\taygif;

yk&do+P=yk&domeH orla[m ayg&daom=a,musfm;wdkY\taygif;

0k'¨+P=0k'¨geH orla[m 0ka'¨g=BuD;olwdkY\taygif;

uaygw+P=uaygwmeH orla[m umaygawm=cdkwdkY\taygif;

&mZykwå+P=&mZykwåmeH orla[m &mZykawåm=rif;om;wdkYtaygif;

aumudv+P=aumudvmeH orla[m aumudavm=OMoiSufwkdYtaygif;

bdu©+P=bdu©meH orla[m bdau©m=xrif;wdkYtaygif;

'Gd+P='GdEéH orla[m 'G,H=ESpfckwdkYtaygif;

wd+P=wdPÖH orla[m w,H=oHk;ckwdkY\taygif;

'Gd+u='GdEéH orla[m 'GduH? 'kuH=ESpfckwdkY\taygif;

'Gd+P='GdEéH orla[m 'G,H=ESpfckwdkY\taygif;

wd+u= wdPÖH orla[m wduH=oHk;ckwdkY\taygif;

pwk+u=pwkEéH orla[m pwkuúH=av;ckwdkY\taygif;

yÍö+u=yÍöEéH orla[m yÍöuúH=ig;wdkY\taygif;

q+u=qEéH orla[m quúH=ajcmufckwdkY\taygif;

rSwfcsuf/ pwk q ocsFmo'´grsm;aemufü uypönf;udk 'dGbm0 jyKEdkifonf/

]P}ypönf;½SdvQif a½SUu]£}o&udk t,jyK&onf/

*gr+wm=*grmeH orla[m *grwm=½GmwdkY\taygif;

AE¨K+wm=AE¨LeH orla[m AE¨Kwm=rdwfaqGwdkYtaygif;

o[m,+wm=o[m,eH orla[m o[m,wm=oli,fcsif;wdkYtaygif;

e*&+wm=e*&meH orla[m e*&wm=NrdKYwdkY\taygif;


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