297

micli zextql`Îxa dpicr x"c

yiciia micli zextq zeazek miyp:zeitxbeiae `ean

`ean - oey`x wlg1

yiciia miclid zextql mipey`x mipvip

zextql ziqgi xge`n onfa gztzdl dlgd yiciia daezkd miclid zextqdzeagxzdle dzlgzdl minxebd cg` .zexg` zetyae zixara daezkd miclidztyy - miizcd ode miipeligd od - xtqd iza zegztzd did ef zextq ly

.yicii dzid oda d`xedd2z`vl elgd miclil micreind mixtqde mipezird aex.mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa xe`l

ly dpey`xd zivgna miclil cgeina eqtcp mixtq ly ce`n hren xtqnmya yiciia xetiq eae d`ixw oextq - mdn cg` .18Îd d`ndociid `yipRy

yxpiibiv xce`did df .[iprev gxF`a e` micxtq milil` icaer :iyteg mebxza].zxg` dtyn wizrz e` mebxz3eixetiq mipnp miclil zepey`xd zexivid oia

oey`xd miclid xetiql aygp [xle`d] "lxrqrn q`c" exetiq .mkilr mely ly¨.yiciia4did `l ,ely oey`xd gqepay orh wexny `pg yicii zextq xweg mle`

.miclil xetiq df5

`zaqe `ni` mr dtÎlra miligzn

mipya clid xy`a ,zizriny drahn `id mixirv milibl miclid zextqalya wxe ,mixiye mixetiq el rinyiy ,xbean jeeznl wewf eiigl zepey`xd

.envra `exwl ligzn `ed xzei xge`n

1:jeza miiepiy mr mqxet `eana mixacd on wlgc"qyz l`Îxa.2:ixn`n d`x2003 l`Îxa.31981 wexny;53 dxrd 317 'nr ,1984 wexny.40 'nr ,4) wte` l`ixe` miclid zextq xweg orh ,lynl ,jk1971 wte`.(439 'nr ,51984 wexnyxzekÎzz mdl yiy ,miclil mkilr mely ly eixetiq lk hrnk .39 'nr ,

oezira enqxete eazkp ,"xrcpiw ryic›i xõ™ dUrn õ"cei xrc,my) 1901-1900 mipyaoia oke ,iwvipaxl mkilr mely oia zeieazkzdd z` df exn`na bivn wexny .(45 'nr

.miclil eixetiq ceaira jxevd oiipra uiaewxa .c .i epzgl mkilr mely

298

d`nd zligz cr miclil yiciia izextqd xnegd did dn :dl`yd zl`ypeggeye e`xw - zedn`e zezaq - ziaa miypdy xneg df didy xazqn ?20Îdzexiyi mdl xteq m` oia ,oditn erny ziaa miypd zvigna edyy miclid .eilr

.miypd zgiyl ofe` mziihda ,i`xw`a mdipfe`a ehlwp mixacd m` oiaeekxrp 19Îd d`nd jldna zeicedi miyp z`ixw lr ?yiciia miypd e`xw dne- (2001) yext qixi`a dlke (1913) xrbip l`enya lgd - mixwgne zexiwq,mipad mr miipxez zecqena dcnl `ly ,dyi`d `weecy xazqn mkezne

r xvep df jildz .oeebn xnega yiciia d`ixw ilbxd dgzitmi`pzd awly mzlkyd lr citwdl ebdp zecdia .f`c zicedid dxagd ly micgeindxak ecnl miclid .zizxeqn zipxez zextq lr ecitwd xirv liba xake ,mipadzeclid eli`e .xg` xneg lkn wezip jez ,zelitze `xnb ,yneg xirv libaecitwd `ly df zekfa ,miileya ozeid zekfa `weec ,mle` .ziaa ex`yp miypdeegilvd od ,d`ixw xnega dpeekde zxceqn dlkyd zwtq`l eb`c `le onr,19Îd d`na milikynl miciqgd oia wa`nd cva .izextqd onler z` xiyrdlerci ode odly m`d zty dzid yicii xy` ,el` .ze`xew miyp ly daky dxvep`exwl elgde zeil`nxet `l zexbqna yicii `exwl ecnl ,dixea lr dze`dzidy ,zizxeqn zextq lk ziy`x .mipey zextq ibeq e`xw od .ef dtya

e`xw miyp .al zkyene zizlilr ,zixeiv ,dlwe dxexa dtya drahndpi`v

dpi`xezepigz e`xw od ,(yxcnde cenlzd on zecb` sexiva reayd zyxt).zeevn meiwle miny z`xil etihdy ,miwzxn mixetiq eid el` lka .xqen ixtqe,zqpkd zial ekld mixabd xy`k ,mibgae zezay iaxra ef zextq e`xw miypddyi` dzid mizirl .ef zextqn epdp e`xw `ly el` mb .zexg` zeiepncfdaednxb ,"miiley"a eid miypdy dcaerd ,xen`k .dizexag ipfe`a z`xew dlikyn,ipelig xneg mb odicil ribd jk .odly d`ixwd xneg lr ecitwd `ly jkl

ixetiq ly yiciil minebxz znbeckdlile dlil sl`mb ribd dfd xnegd lk ..micli ipfe`l

ze`xew' ritedl elgd 19Îd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna ,jk lr sqep ,ab`zextqe mipnex z`ixwl zizxeqn zextq z`ixwn dbxcda exary ,'zeycgmixen itn zeifrel zety ecnly miyp eid ok enk .yiciia zilikyn zix`letet

.zexg` zetya mixtq e`xwe miillk xtq izaa e` miihxtdgtyna dyi`d ly aeygd dciwtz xkip mipey miyi` ly zepexkif jezn

ly zecb`d zriny lr .miclid ipfe`a izextq xneg ztiygadpi`xe dpi`vitn:oiihytxy iav cirn en`

,yxcndÎziaa lltzdl mixabd ziadÎipa ekld zr ,xweaa zay meiae` gepl ia` aky zr ,miixdvdÎxg` minrtl ;ziaa ohwd ip` izx`yp

a `exwl ogleyd l` in` dayi - eicicin cg` ziaa xwal jlddpi`v

dpi`xerenyl in` cil zeayeie zeqpkp miizy e` dpky dzid minrtl .rney ,in` l` uglp ,odil` ip` mb iztxhvp .reayd zyxt okez z`mlern migewl ,mi`lten eid mixacdy yi .hrnk zygeld dz`ixwl

299

mc` ipa zepwl ,mixfen miayezd iwqre ,milnbe mixeng zevx`n ,wegxleze`ivnd iign migewl mixacd eidy yie ;zegtyle micarl mxkn

.milecbd itn rney ip` odenky zegiy miggeyne daexwd6

xtqa mixetiqd z`ixw lredlile dlil sl`ly mipecaqt] x"ny azek:[zefgne miix`letet mipnex xagn ,yhieerwiiy xi`nÎmegp

dig` ipf`a dxtiq crene zay lkae mixetiqa zebdl ce`n dad` in`.diptn oir izrxb `l dxtq icn .ce`n mikex`e milecb mixetiq dizeig`edlin lk xtek iytp zzl iziid oekp ,ditn `veid dbd lk z` izrlaxeaic oerxb ilan izrny xy` lk z` xtql izleki ok ixg`e dline

.cg`7

miclil yiciia mipezira mineqxt - miyp ly azka zextq

mixtqa micedi miig oda zevx`d lka jxevd lcb xtqd iza zginv mr cgi.miclil8zextq .miclil mipnein miazek yi mlerd zengln izy oia dtewza

,zixad zevx`a ode dtexi` gxfna od ce`n f` dgztzd yiciia miclidiza zegztzd wx `ly ,jk lr dcirn ef dcaer .zetqep zevx`ae dpihpbx`amzexveeid mb `l` ,miclid zextq zegztzd z` epaxc yiciia miipeligd xtqdjxev eginvd el` mifkxn .qep`iwe`l xarn miycgd miicedid mifkxnd ly.dze` zxaec dpi`y daiaqa ,miphw miclil yicii zty ziipwdae icedi jepigadtexi` gxfna od miclil mipezir xe`l `ivedl elgd yiciia jepigd zezyxoileta zipeligd `"yiv zyx zeqga :ze`nbec .dcpwae dwixn`a ode¨

mipezird xe`l e`vi (rivõfipõbxô ley ryic›i rlõxhprv)x”g xrcerwpipixb

jrlrniiae dplieeacpiix™xrcpiwxe`l d`ived 'l`xyi zceb`' zyx .dyx`eea:mipey milibl mipezirjrlrnila rwpiyix™ ,ohxôbÎxrcpiw ,awri zia.

:xe` e`x dwixn`acp`lxrcpiw;"bpix xrhrax`" ly xtqd iza mrhn ©©hlreexrcpiw;"cp`ax`™Îxrhrax` ol`p`iv`p" ly xtqd iza mrhnÎxrcpiw ©¨©©©©

l`pxeyf."hehihqpi`Îqwl`™ mkilr mely" mrhn xe`l `vi ©¨(dnad lr d`lrdl zefgne mixetiq ,mixiy) zextq iwxt ellk el` mipezirdf lcen .(ix`letet rcne agxd mlerd on zerici) dxyrdl mihqwh mr cgiipezir ly milcenl dnec did `ed `l` ,oi`n yi gnv `l miclil oezir ly

zepey zevx`a xe` e`xy ,miicedi `l micli9.zextq ly ceqi ipa`k miaygp ,qep`iwe`d ixar ipyn ,micli ipezir ipy

6,1973 oiihytxylv` hhevn .144 'nr2001 yext.140 'nr ,71952 uiawiiylv` hhevn .3 dxrd ,20 'nr ,2001 yext.143 'nr ,8:ixn`n d`x.2003 l`Îxa9:ixn`n d`x mlera miclid ipezir zegztzd lr.2001 l`Îxa

300

md el` .yiciia zipxcend miclidjrlrniia rwpipixb10dplieea xe`l `viye iwqnehq`a .y zkixra (zewqtd izy mr ,1939-1914)lõpxeyf xrcpiw

.mixg`e xrxdrl .l ,xrbip .y zkixra wxeiÎeipa xe`l `viy (1978-1920)zipxcend miclid zextq ly dlgzde ziy`x eid miclid ipezir :xnelk,zeipxcene zeiq`lw ,zepey zextq zexivi meqxta z`hazn mznexz .yiciiaelki mdixeaigne miclid iazknn .micli eazky zexivi oke ,zenbxezne zeixewn

.mdl aezkl jixv cvike mze` oiiprn dn cenll mixbeand11

`id efk dnbec .miclid ipezira eqtcp odineqxt aexy micli zexteq eid.ztxvae oileta ,dpihpbx`a ,dwixn`a mipezira mixetiq dnqxty ,dxy rnext

oezird ly oeilib lka hrnk dly zexivi `evnl ozip 1925În lgdxrcpiw

lõpxeyf.(wxeiÎeip)xg` xy` ,zizextq dxivi meqxtl dpey`x dna mizirl eeid miclid ipezir,qlrwvõk rprlrd ly dizexivi mr dxw ,dnbecl ,jk .xtqa dqtcp jk

a mikynda mihqwh dnqxtyjrlrniia rwipixbxe`l e`vi md jk xg`e (dplie).ziaa yiciia miclid zextq scn z`e miclid zeixtq z` exiyrde mixtqk

miclil daizka miyp ly ocegii

dnevrd oznexz zxazqn ,miclil eazky miyp ly zeitxbeiaa oeir jezn.mlerd zextqn mebxza ode xewna od ef dtya miclid zextq ly dzeagxzdl:(wxeiÎeip) oiihyh`lb awri xteqd azk miclil miyp ly daizka cgeind lr

ryici` q`c q`ee ,xrqra jq ` oriex™ ryici` rxrfcpe` oqiiee xy™`©¨¨oe™ xeh`xrhilÎxrcpiw oiiw hyip oaöxy iif .orpriil liee oe` sx`c cpiw©©orpöf oe` miixiy ev o™x`ee q`ee ,xraöxy rprqw`eexrc iee ,R`x` oaie`©¨©¨©ic .oqrev™ie` qr xrcpiw ic orbpieev oiey olree qxrxrl ic fõ ,xrkifx`™ hwrxic oe` jrlxih`p oaöxy xy™` olree qxraöxyÎoriex™©©oiil` jif oi` hxree ` h`d q`ee qrRr iee oe` ,de`b mey o` ,xrcpiw¨¨¨©©xrc oi` .ukrnieyxraixõ xrcô ,xeh`xrhilÎscer iee hyip oe`©

.iex™ ic jie` hxipin`c xeh`xrhilÎxrcpiw xrp`wixrnõ12 ©©¨

yiciia miclil eazky miypd aexy ,xazqn (oldl zeaezkd) zeitxbeiad onenk .yiciia d`xedle jepigl odiiga edylk alya zexeyw eid ,zeppbe zexen eidxear cenile d`ixw ixneg xevil jxevd on ozaizk zraep mixabd lv`rRive o`nfehÎutg dkln :odicinlz xear zexveil ze`nbec .odikipge odicinlz

10:ixn`n d`x2000 l`Îxa.11,ef dtya miclid zextq zegztzdl dznexze yiciia miclid zepezir `yepa dagxd

:ixn`na d`xa2005 l`Îx:ixtqae2006 l`Îxa.12xr™nrw xryici`.17 'f ,1950 ,ipei oh9 ,

301

dgtyna micli mr miyp ly irvn` izlad oybtne ozexkid ,jkl sqep .qrxtmiiybxd ,miibelekiqtd mikxvd z` oiadl odl enxb ,jepigd zecqenae

.miclid ly miiaihipbewde,dpey`xd zivgna xwira ,20Îd d`nd jyna yiciia miclil eazk miypzeazekd on xkip wlg .dwixn`a ode dtexi` gxfna od - qep`iwe`d ixar ipynxwira ,zexg` zevx`l odiiga xg` e` df alya exare dtexi` gxfna eclepod enqxt ,zeipeylÎec eid odn wlg .l`xyile dpihpbx`l ,dcpwl ,dwixn`liõne yiciiae ziqexa dazky l`eeniea lgx znbec .zxg` dtya ode yiciia¨

.yiciia mbe zixara mb dazky qlaaexfznbec - dclia lgd .zpeebn miclid zextq megza zeiypd zeiencd ziixlbmiypa dlke - dxyr mizy liba aezkl dlgdy wiqgpRÎiwqee`wh`iew dwax©¨znbec - xbean lib cr ekiynde ozexrpa aezkl eligzd odn wlg xy` ,zexbeanmb `hazn oeebnd .wxeiÎeipa meid cr dlirte digy oõnqrhôbÎxrhky rliiaoke zeihqicpea miyp ,zeipeiv miyp zeazekd oia yi .zepeyd zeibele`ici`az` dcqii xrxipry) .xrxipry dxUe xrhpid rfiexÎxzq` znbec zeizc miypjepigd zyx ly dziy`x didy ,'fcela zepa xear oey`xd icxgd xtqd ziawxaÎipa xira meid cr ritedl mikiynn xrxipry ly mihqwhd .'awri zia'did jk .dnad lr ode xtq izaa od mze` exye epgled zexxeyn ixiy (.l`xyia

.zexg`e lôxôk dxe”c ly dixiy mrzextq zaizka .mebxza ode xewna od yiciia miclid zextq z` exiyrd miyp,miihqil`ix mixetiq ,xetiqÎixiy ,mixiy - mixp`'fd oeebn z` oiivl yi yiciiawlg .xrepl cre jxd libd on - milib oeebnl ecrei el` lk .zefgn ,zecb`mihpnl` mr ,okeze dxev ly aeliy ,dahina zextq eid zexivid on lecbzenxeby zeizextq zeieki` zelra j` ,miclid ly zizrinyd zextql miaeyg

djepigd iy`xn ,o`cf`w dnly miig azky mixac oldl .mixbeanl mb d`pqgiizd o`cf`w .dwixn`a zicedid miclid zextq lr ezxiwqa ,yiciia ipeligd

:eixacl .(miclil mixiy sqe`) "rlraiih" oil`b dwax ly dxtql

,wihkix™ie` fi` hx`ee xrcri .cpiw mev rail xrqiexb hin hnrh` qr¨¨j`xRy ic .o`h oyixil ` hin hkied`a fi` ul` .hiiwhk`nrb oiiw `hip¨©©©©¨©Îxrcpiw ryic›i jq ` ,yix`xrhilÎzn` xra` jrlnihqwl`™ ,yix™ fi`¨¨©©oe™ xrcpiw jq ` jie` xra` ,oarbrb `c orpöf ohrxhx`R oe` oRih¨¨¨©

.qöp rqiexb ` fi` q`c oe` .xrwlr™ rxrcp`13 ©¨©

:azkp iwqaecelen dicw zxxeynd lr

if oree ,o`h ornihpi`Îjrlxrcpe`ee ` h`d iwqee`c`l`n ric`w©¨¨¨¨©¨rhyhprarbÎh`b oe` rhiprb ` iee .xrcpiw obree ,xrcpiw ev hcrx©¨oe™ rib`l`kiqR ic hpkiivrbqie` if orw ,oq`lw rxrbp›i oe™ oixrxrl©¨¨

131948 o`cf`w.352 'nr , ©©

302

hin jif iefõ iee ,hqiiee if oe` .lkiiny oe` oeyl owicrarl oiif ,cpiw oyic›imi` orw if .oliRyx`™ mi` hin eli™õ jif orw if oe` oliRy ev mi`©`c fi` ul` [...] .og `ln orpöf q`ee ,qrif`hp`™ ,zeiUrn oliivxrc©©¨©¨xrprh ryihqil`rx .jrlnihqwl`™ oe` yiniid ,jrlyic›i oe` yic›i¨©,yihq`lr fi` yic›i xrc .ryihq`hp`™Îoiix hin jxec jif ohkrl™©©©hiiwyin`pic hin orbpexcrbkxec fi` ul` .yixrclia oe` wiceerliRy©©,rkilxih`p ,rwicrarl orpöf `c xrcpiw ic .hiiwyiprvq oe`¨©qiwqee`c`l`n .w .ohp`fix`d rhiixa ev jif oqöx iif oe` ryixr™ihy¨¨¨¨¨.orbpexiqrxrhpi`x`” qxrcpiw ic sie` hiearb ,yihqinihR` fi` rifr`R¨¨©Î”ehnei ` oe` og ` .rivi`ehpi` oe` rif`hp`™ xriif slid ev hnrp if©©©©

.dxey xrcri sie` hex hiiwic14

.zixare zilbp` ,ziqex - zepey zetyl enbxez oxewna yiciia eazkpy zexivizpicna meid cr aeye aey zeqtcp - iwqaecelen dicw ixiy znbeck - odn wlg

.l`xyizextq zxyrdl ce`n aeyg did yiciia miclil mihqwh ly mebxzd lrtnenbxzy miyp eid df megza .mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa xwira ,ef dtya miclidzextqd ly dwiq`lwd on mbe zillk dlkydle dxyrdl mi`yepe mixp`'f oeebnzeax dxiiqe dplieeae dpaewa dxxebzdy ,qlrwvõk rprlrd od el`k .dtid

zaizk cva .mlerarqepd xwegd ly) zerqn zextq dnbxz `id xewn zextqmdipia ,miiq`lw micli ixtqe ix`letet rcna mihqwh ,(oicd oieeq iceeydmb dnbxz (dplie) oôqniig dkln .zi`wixn`d qpiwxtÎyhit iqeil ly dixtqdcleb mb .zipeeid dwiq`lwd one ix`letet rcna mihqwh x`yd oia ,zeax `idz`fe `nexe oeei ly dwiq`lwd on dcaire dnbxz (xõpeRa dztqp ,dplie) uõRdcwnzd (aia`Îlz ,dyx`e ,aiiw) lfiin lhib .oekizd xtqd ziaa cenil jxevlmebxza dcwnzd x`hp`w dipeq .miiqex mixteq ly zexivi mebxza xwira©¨

.miig ilra `yepa- dtexi` gxfn zecili olekk oaex - zeazekd ly zizextqd zelirtdetqp owlg ,dtexi` gxfna odini lk eigy zeazek eid .mlerd iagxa dyxtzdrfiexÎxzq` ,oxrtl`d d`l ,(qrk`xa) zekxa lgx ,uõR rclôb :odipia .d`eya¨©ly mieqn alya zexg` zevx`l exbidy eid oznerl .o`qniig dklne xrhpiid¨xarn l` dzid dxibdd aex .ozexbaa e` odizegtyn ipa mr zecli ozeida ,odiigoiihyRôw ,xYq` lõbiq ,rcii` rfõn :odipia .dwixn`le dcpwl ,qep`iwe`lorfiix ,riliv oiwRõxc ,di”v fôlbpixb ,dfilr hõlapixb ,dxy mieapxia ,dkxambe dtexi` gxfna mb mqxtzp ohr ixty ,zeazek ly dxey yi .zexg`e dxUmixn ;(dwixn` - oilet) iwqaecelen dicw :ze`nbec .dycgd odixebn ux`alfön lhib ,lôeeniea lgx ;(l`xyi - dpald diqex) [oiaii dxhr] oilebxn

141948 oõcfõw.358 'nr ,

303

dazkpy miclid zextq z` oiivl yi .(l`xyi - dpi`xwe`) dkxa oiihyt`we¨oii™ dlnxkÎdpcxie o`fpi™ inin ,wehyÎwei`R ryõn :zeazekd oia .dpihpbx`a¨

.(dpihpbx` zcili)

zeitxbeia - ipy wlg

ode miclil od eazk oaex .miclil eazky miyp zexyr ly zeitxbeia oldlly zeny mb ellkp zeitxbeiaa .xreple miclil wx eazk odn ohw wlg .mixbeanldid ozaizk aexy miyp mb dniyxa ellkp .mixbeanl mixtq ly mbe cenil ixtqe` cg` xtq) hrn enqxty miyp oke ,miclil did odizexivin hrne mixbeanl

oebk miwdaen micli ipezira eqtcp odizexiviy calae (miipyrwpipixb

jrlrniia,(dplie)15cpöx™ xrcpiw,(dyx`e)lõpxeyf xrcpiw(wxeiÎeip)ejrlrniia xrpihprbxõ.(qrxii` qep`ea)

`eeix `i`wqx`i`a¨©©©©.(dpi`xwe` ,aiiw jlt) avi'fa dclep .micli zxxeyn .(1967 ipeia 24 - 1893)¤diqpniba dcnl .wgynle dxiyl oexyik dzlib dzeclia .zexri xgeq did dia`dtzzyde aiiwa zeppbl xpinq dniiq 1918 zpya .aiiwa dwiqenl xtq ziaaemy .deewqena dxxebzd 1922 zpyn .zia ixqgle minezil micli ipb ceqiiamixiy dpigld .micli zextqle micli iwgynl ,dwinzixl ,dwiqenl dxen dzid

.deewqena dxhtp .zeixletetl ekfy ,mixbeanle miclil miaxikxr mda yi .xvgae ziaa clid ly eizeieeg z` mi`han dly miclid ixiy:dixtqn .mixiy ivaw xe`l d`ived .zilwiqen mzeki` .lnrd zad`e yep`,liRy ,hrax`" ;(1925 deewqen) [milvlvn mipeyiht] "jrlxrnrd orbpilw"©miphw mi`pa] "xriea rpiilw" ;(1932 deewqen) [dxnf ,wgyn ,dcear] "bp`frb©dixiyn dnk .(1940 deewqen) [dxiyp dad] "orbpif xin`l" ,(1938 deewqen)¨.(1984 ,"dlwpril yxr ixiy" dibelezp`a) wte` l`ixe` icia zixarl enbxez

lgx l`eeniea¨.ziqexae yiciia dazk .zxxeyne zxteq .(2000 ipeia 16 - 1914 qxna 4)aiilÎdcedi zefgnd azeke oexh`izd yi` did dia` .dpi`xwe` ,dqce`a dclepmlerd zngln ztewza .zicedi zeaxz dia` ziaa dbtq dzexirva .lôeenieamr dzlr 1971Îa .diq` fkxnay hpwy`hl dzgtyn mr dxar diipyd(onlf) rnõif xxeynd `ed dlra .milyexia dxxebzde l`xyil dzgtyn

.milyexia dxhtp .aek'v ixetiqn cgi enbxz mdipy .oiqrlrh

15:ixtqa d`x ,df oezira miazekl ycwend oewiqwl2002 l`Îxa.

304

yiciia miclid oegxia eqtcp mipey`xd dixiyxrp`it:dixtqn .(deewqen) ¨

micli ixiy ,[mivelg] "oxrpôiR" ;(1930 wqpinÎdeewqen) "xrcilÎxrcpiw"miclil xetiq) "cexa wiyhxra" ;(1934) mixiy ,"rx`h" ;(1934 deewqen)©micli ixiy ,"rlrp`h q`c" ;(1936 wqpin) "xrcil" ;(1936 wqpin) mifexga¨©deewqen) "xrcil" ;(1939 wqpin ,mixiy) "or›la xrniialypöee" ;(1938 deewqen)mixetiq) "lit mrt did did" ;(1941 deewqen) "xrcpiw xõ™ jrlrqön" ;(1940fi` lôn õ" ;(1972 aia`Îlz ,mixiy) "hwprarbqie`" ;(1972 aia`Îlz ,milyne

;(1973 aia`Îlz ,milecbe miphwl mixetiq) "cpõ™lrd õ oreerbdcb` miying"milyexi ,owgy ly ditxbeia) "hiexwlwpi™ l`ipc" ;(1973 aia`Îlz) "dcb`e,miycg mixiy :millek) "oh™rd öxc" ;(1977 ,milyexi) "cil ev cil oe™" ;(1974mixiy) "oarl qôc oiilõ" ;(1979 milyexi ,zEcli ixiye minzkn ,minbztqôee mrc obrwhpõ" ;(1990 milyexi) "hlreexrcpEee" ;(1983 milyexi ,minzkneivawe ziqexa micli ixtq xyr mipy mb dnqxt .(1991 milyexi) "hbôf xi`.zixarl odipia ,zepey zetyl enbxez dizexivi .ziqexa mixbeanl mixiy

.xirvd xeca zexykend zeihiiaeqÎzeicedid zexxeynd zg`k daygp

rail oiihyxea.zi`qne znbxzn ,zxxeyn ,zxteq .(1940 i`na 10 - 1901 xanvca 13)dxxebzd .dwixn`l dribd 1921 zpya .wehqil`ia xef`a il`w`qa dclep¨¨"xrphxrb xrc" :dixtqn .micli ixetiq mb dazk .ql'bp`Îqelae wxeiÎeipa

.(1921 wehqil`ia ,iixeb`h h`p`xciax ly yiciil mebxz)

dxU mieapxiadxar dcli dzeida .oilet ,'fcela dclep .zxxeyn .(1978 xanvc - 1910)oezira mdipia ,mipey mipezira mixiy dnqxt .dyx`eea xxebzdl dgtynd

l`pxeyf xrcpiwqep`eaa dxxebzde dpihpbx`l dxar 1937 zpya .wxeiÎeipa"mrxehy oi` bpõfrb" ;(1938 qrxii` qep`ea) "xin oi` bpif" :dixtqn .qxii`

.(1962 qrxii` qep`ea) "bpõb™ie` oef xõ™" ;(1950 qrxii` qep`ea)

lgx (qrk`xa) zekxa¨dpald diqexa wqpin jlt ,oryfxreeqa dclep .(1942? - 1880 xanhtqa 23)j` zixara daxd azk ,likyn ,dia` .wqpina xxebzdl dxary diipr dgtynldilr did xvw onf xg`le dia`n dnziizd ryz liba .ehr ixtn mqxt `ldptle`a ci zk`lnl dxen dzid dxyr dpeny liba .zxtezk cearl ligzdl

oezira qtcp - "rlrwpõi" - oey`xd dxetiq .wqpina zepalcei xrcwqpin)odipia) zeicedid miypd iig z` dx`iz dzaizka .zefgn mb dazk .(1899dazk zevrend zixaa ihqipenewd oehlyd ztewza .miclid iig z`e (zelretdÎiazka eqtcp maex .miclil mixetiq mdipia ,zefgne mixetiq miiz`nn dlrnl

ne zr.wqpin ehba dztqp .ziqexl enbxez dixetiqn wlg .mixtqa evaew mheri

305

wqpin) "xrbõlÎoxrpôiR oi`" ;(1922 wqpin) "orbpeliivxrc bpelnõf õ" :dixtqn.(1940 wqpin) "orpiRy" ;(1936

qixhõia hinqclôbiciid xtqd ziaa dcnl .wxeiÎeip ,qwpexaa dclep .(1950 - 1915 lixt`a 17).yiciia mixiy aezkl dlgd dxyr mizy liba ."leyqwlô™ mkilr mely"

oezira jk xg`e xtqd zia oezira eqtcp dixiylõpxeyf xrcpiw.(wxeiÎeip)dpeafrn mixiy sqe` mqxet dzen xg`l .dfext oke zilbp`a mixiy mb dazk

.(1953 wxeiÎeip) "xrprlw hxree hlree ic" mya izextqd

dw”x oilõbliba .dpald diqexa yhieerkrla dclep .zxxeyn (1935 hqebe`a 8 - 1890)mixenne miihxt micnlnn dykxp dzlkyd .dn`n dnziizd dxyr mizyzyexg ziaa dcar minia .dwixn`l dxbid 1907Îa .miillk micenille yiciilze`ix zlgna dzlg mixyr zak dzeida .zilbp` dcnl miaxrae wxeiÎeipadlgd dtewz dze`a .y`edi z` dxikd my .xapca meixehpqa dzdyexteqd ,dlra mr cgi .ewqivpxtÎoqa dxxebzd 1914 f`n .dfexte dxiy aezkl.oiq ,oiax`ka dzid 1918-1915 mipya .wegxd gxfnl drqp ,iwqee`wyin gp¨©zeidl dlgd my .mixbeanl axr ixeriyae miicedi xtq izaa dxenk my dcarzrÎiazka eqtcpe ziqexl enbxez el` mixiyn wlg .miclil zxxeynk zxkendxfg 1922 seqa .dpy jyna l`xyi ux`a dzid 1921Îa .miicediÎmiiqex1925 zpya .ze`ix zlgnn xirv libn dlaq 'b .wxeiÎeipa dxxebzde dwixn`l

.ivge yy liba rlraiih dcigid mza dxhtp:mdipia ,miclil mipey mipezira mixetiq mbe miax mixiy dnqxt 'bÎxrcpiw

cpõlelõpxeyf xrcpiw,dwixn`ajrlrniia rwpipixbex”g xrc,dplieeacpöx™xrcpiw,mixbeand ipeziray miclil mitqena eqtcp dixiy .dyx`eea

zexbqnae xtq izaa mze` exye epgled dixiyn micg` .cenil ixtqae ze`xwnaly mixei` mr diipy dxecdn .1933 eb`wiy) mixiy "rlraiih" :dixtqn .zexg`,1934 dyx`e) "rlrciin wiyhp`n" ;(1937 zpya wxeiÎeipa dqtcp iwqee`lf`w .p¨

.(1937 wxeiÎeip) "orbpeliivxrc oe` xrcil" ;(1938Îa diipy dxecdnzwqer `id .jxd libl micrein mdn wlg ,avwn ilra ,mifxegn dixiyze`nbec oldl .miizcb` miaihen mizirle ,oeinc dixiya yi .mipey mi`yepa

oezira eqtcpy mixiyljrlrniia rwpipixb" :xrc oe™) iipy xrhyxr xrc.dliag aegql owfl xfry ,rlrwniily ,sgi ,ipr cli lr ,"(jrldUrn qra`a¨eze` zgz .(72 'lb) mipal miqeq ipy mr zlgfn d`vi dliagd one mlrp owfdmipey`x miza drax` wx (208) xg` oeiliba eqtcp "iipy xrhyxr xrc" - xzekdixiya yi .(88/87) oeince melg lr xiy `ed "lbiRy xrcpEee `" .xiy eze` ly©`lle dcear `ll ux` lr xiy ,"höee urbxr" :dnbec .micli zpiit`nd zeaaey:rah ixiy mb eqtcp .(68/67) my ugxzdle wxzqdl jxev oi`e ,micenil

306

.migny mixiye miaevr mixiy dazk `id .(187) "ohpiee" ;(157/8) "bpilix™"lr ogled df xiy .(208) blyd lr miwilgnd micli lr filr xiy `ed "xrhpiee"miihqixened mixiy dazk `id .(224) mieez mr ritene oiihyh`lb awri ici©` fi` ciee`c"e (164/5) dcli zxikn lr - "!wilia siew" .qpqpep ixiy elit`e¨©ici lr ogledy ,"mixeR" :dazky mibgd ixiyn cg`l dnbec .(136) "x`p©`ed ,(1933 eb`wiy) "rlraiih" dxtq xe`l `vi xy`k .(234) yhieerwv`n .p©mi`zn `ede d`p ezxevy xn`p ."zkxrnl eribd" xecna zcde` dxiwql dkf.(131) miclid lr daed`e dreci zxteqk dxcbed oil`b .micedi miclil dpznk©

`ci` iwqee`lf`wÎxrfõlb¨¨©dclep .znbxzne zxteq ,zxxeyn .(1947 hqebe`a 30 - 1891 xanhtqa 25).diqpniba dcnl xin`hiyfa .iqex innr xtq ziaa dcnl my .oil`ee ,x`aeila©¨¨iyetign hlnidl ick .(zihqipenewd) zipktdnd drepzd l` dkynp dzexirvaqixta xvw onf dzdye dtexi`l dxfg jkÎxg`e dwixn`l drqp dxhynddipelewa mivelg oia dxxebzd dn ztewz .wxeiÎeipl drqp 1909 zpya .dqce`aedhei zhiqxaipe`a d`etx dcnl 1917-1915 mipya .zixad zevx` axrnaÎeipa dhiqxaipe`a ze`pezirl qxew dniiq 1922 zpya .ihiq wiil hleqay

.iwqee`lf`w rh`p xiivd ly eziirx dzid .wxei¨¨¨zixadÎzevx`a .ziqexa dixiyn dnk oezira eqtcp xin`hiyfa dzeida cer¨rqiiee ic" dxetiq did yiciia oey`x meqxt .zilbp`a mipezira mixiy dnqxt

™ oezira qtcpy "hkrprnihy xrhraxõ xröx.1918 zpyadnqxt jkÎxg`dwixn`a ,oileta mixbeanl mipey mipezira yiciil minebxze mixetiq ,mixiy

miclid ipezira oke ,dpihpbx`aejrlrniia rwpipixbex”g xrcxe` e`xyzextqd on mbe xebõh h`pxciax ly micli ixiy yiciil dnbxz .dplieea

.ixpd .e` ixetiqn mb dnbxz .zilbp`d,micli ixiy) "oarlÎbpei" ;(1922 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy) "ohôyÎalõd oi`" :dixtqn"dp”l xrc ev rföx õ" ;(1929 wxeiÎeip ,micli ixiy) "clr™ oi`" ;(1929 wxeiÎeip

.(1940 wxeiÎeip ,micli ixetiq)

dfilr hõlapixb:mixerp my)(od`fp`xd ©̀¨¨uripix`f`a dclep .zxxeyn .(1975 xanhtqa 21 - 1888 xanhtqa 8)©©dzgtyn mr dxbid 1910 zpya .dia`n dnziizd dpeny liba .dpi`xwe`aaezkl dlgd .wxeiÎeip oilwexaa dxxebzd jkÎxg` .ditclita dcnl .dwixn`lixiy dazk .mipey mipezira mixbeanl mixiye mixetiq dnqxt .1928 zpya

mipezira eqtcpy miclilõpxeyf xrcpiw,hlree xrcpiwebpehövÎxrcpiwÎeipaõ ;wxeijrlrniia xrpihprbxe qrxii` qep`eaamiclil xacwlg .aia`Îlza

.epgled dixiyn,mieez mr) "xrcil 10 oe™ bpelrnõf" ;(1935 ditlclit) "qpön oarl" :dixtqn"ec oe` ji`" ;(1947 wxeiÎeip ,mieez mr micli ixiy) "bpif ji`" ;(1947 wxeiÎeip

307

xrhvpr™ möa" ;(1957 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy) "mi möa hirbÎiq oi`" ;(1951 wxeiÎeip).(1966 wxeiÎeip) "oarl oön oe™

di”v f`lbpixb©dclep .yiciiae zixara dazk .zxxeyn .(1975 xaehwe`a 30 - 1898)dzexirva .oeiv iaaeg mipax zgtynl dpald diqexa (oixaFw cil) ucFxFda¤1914 zpya .d`xeda dnlzyde zillk dlkyd dykx mye dyx`eel drqpzevx`l dxbid 1922 zpya .zexrpl xtq zia dgzte dzcled zxiirl dxfgdzlr 1968 zpya .yEAhlta icedid fkxna dcnil .wxeiÎeipa dxxebzde zixad¤

.aia`Îlza dxhtp .l`xyil

dxU (xrnõd) oilwõyfc,wqn`c`x`ee`pa dclep .zxteq .(1975 xaehwe`a 30 - 1905 xanvca 17)¨¨©¨illk xtq ziaa ehpexeha dcnl .dcpwl dzgtyn mr dxbid 1914 zpya .oiletliba oexh`iza wgyl dlgd .miihxt mixenn zecdi i`yepa mixeriy dlaiwexetiq 1934 zpya mqxtl dlgd .wxeiÎeipa xxebzdl dxar jkÎxg` .xirv

oezira mikyndab`hmixbeanl mipezira mixetiq dnqxt jkÎxg` .(wxeiÎeip) ¨

miclil mixetiq dnqxt ok enk .ewiqwne ehpexeh ,qrxii` qep`eaa ,wxeiÎeipaalõpxeyf xrcpiw;(1946 wxeiÎeip) "hlõhyrb oe` qparl" :dixtqn .(wxeiÎeip)

.(1964 aia`Îlz) "lrhrhy oe` hôhy" ;(1954 wxeiÎeip) "oböeev oe` orn`hy"©

riliv oiwR`xc©wqpin xef`a wqiexa`aa dclep .(1956 hqebe`a 17 - 1888 xanvca 18)¨micenil dcnl dpeny lib cr .xirv liba dia`n dnziizd .dpald diqexadzid .wqiexa`aa diqpnib dniiq .iqex xtq ziaa jkÎxg`e ,zipax lv` miicedi¨dazk my .wxeiÎeipa dayiizde dwixn`l dribd 1912 zpya .dyx`eea dxenoqiid oi`" :dixtqn .mipey mipezira enqxety yiciiae ziqexa mixetiqe mixiy.(dicli ici lr 1959 zpya zipy xe`l xvi xtqd .1935 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy) "hpiee

.yiciil enbxez ziqexa dixetiqn wlg

d`l oxrRl`d©.dcin` dgtynl ,diqex leaba oilet ,wqiee`wl`eea dclep (1942 - 1894)¨¨my .dyx`eel dxar mixyrd zepy ziy`xa .wehqil`iaa ziqex diqpnib dniiqÎxrq`xb" xtq zia zldpnk dyniye "cpea"l dtxhvd ,dhiqxaipe`a dcnl¨d`xwn (bxraprh`x .i mr cgi) dkxr ,jepig ipiipra mixn`n dnqxt ."ley¨ziqexn mixetiq dnbxz .(1936 dyx`e) ziyingd dzikd icinlzl "yicii" mya

oezird xear zipletnebpehövqwl`™ rpiilw"cpöx™xrcpiw" z`veda . ¨

"bpexix`a rprcl`b ic" oxezed l`pzp ly dcb`l dnebxz xe`l `vi dyx`eea¨©dxenk wqiee`wl`ee dzcled zxiira dcar dnglnd ztewza .(1936 dyx`e)¨¨

308

uiwa wqiee`wl`ee ehb leqig zra dztqp .yiciia izklnn iceqi xtq ziaa¨¨.1942

(yhiee`ilrR`w) .w d`l o`nt`d¨©¨¨dclep .xreple miclil zi`fgne zxteq ,zxxeyn .(1952 xanhtqa 29 - 1898)1906 zpya .milret zgtynl (diahl - jkÎxg`) wqarhiee xef` ,s`dpreeila¨dzid dn ztewz .dxtzna dcar .1913 zpya dwixn`l myne oecpell dxar.wxeiÎeipa (orcxôÎxrhraxõ olõpôivõpxrhpi`) `"`` ly xtq izaa dxendxhtp .miclil mixiy azk mby ,yhieeôwxra .l xxeynd ly eziirx dzid

.ql'bp`Îqelamiclil dazk 1918 f`n .dxyr rax` liba aezkl dlgd 'd,avwn ilra md dixiy .mipezira enqxet dizexivi .zefgne mixetiq ,mixiy- oey`xd dxtq .mze` enlwc miclie ze`xwna evaey md .zeizpenze zeililv

.dwixn`a yiciia micli zextqa oey`x xtqk aygp - "cpõlxrcpiw oi`"1921Îa diipy dxecdn .1919 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy) "cpõlxrcpiw oi`" :dixtqnwxeiÎeip ,mixetiq) "hlree xrqiexb xrc oi` rpiilw" ;(1927Îa ziyilyeÎqel ,micli ixiy) "ornela o`n" ;(1930 wxeiÎeip) "oliRy xrhõrh" ;(1920¨

;(1941 ql'bp`

lhib xrll`tÎmelaliid©jepig dlaiw .oileta urlcry xef` ,ee`wela dclep .( ? - 1885 qxna 8)¨1912 zpya .miihxt mixen lv` dcnl zillk dlkyde zety .izxeqnÎicedi1913 zpyn lgd ."mkilr mely" ly xtqd izaa dlirt dzid .wxeiÎeipl dxareqtcp dizexivi .mixvw mixetiq dazk .zilbp`e ziplet ,ziqex zextqn dnbxz

oezirae mixbeanl mipey mipeziralõpxeyf xrcpiw.miclil

rfiexÎxzq` xrhpiid.diipr ziciqg dgtynl oilet 'fcela dclep .zxxeyne zxteq .(1942 - 1906)miypd oebx`a dlirt dzid dzexirva .iplet innr xtq ziaa dcnlzexenl xpinqa dcnl 1925-1922 mipya ."l`xyi zceb` zepa" iqwecezxe`dcr dxxebzd my ,oicpaa "awri zia" xtq ziaa dxen dzid jkÎxg`e ,aewxwadxxebzd jk xg` ,aewxwl dhlnp iv`pd yeaikd zra .diipyd mlerd zngln

.1942 zpya ehba my dztqp .iwlrieeÎyfp`ywa¨mipezira zexvw zeniyxe mixetiq ,mixiy dnqxtl`pxeyf awri ziaexrcpiw ©

.ohx`b.dixiy z` exy "awri zia" ly xtqd izaa ¨

lgx oõnxrdz` dnbxz .zxzgna dzid diipyd mlerd zngln zra .ztxv zayez (? - ?)

.yiciil "wp`xt dp`"

309

dx™y xraxreediqpniba dcnl .`hilay dplieea dclep .zxxeyne zxteq .(? - 1908 uxna 3)1926 zpya .(yicii dzid da d`xedd ztyy ,zipelig diqpnib) ef xira zil`ixdzeaxzd iiga dlirt dzide lqixa zhiqxaipe`a my dcnl .diblal dxbiddzid iv`pd yeaikd ztewza .l`ny oeiv ilret zbltn zecqenae miicedidzcireea dibla zbivp dzid 1948 zpya .micedi micli zlvda driiqe dxen1954 zpya .wxeiÎeipa dkxrpy zicedi zeaxzl inlerd qxbpewd ly ceqid

dxxebzde l`xyi zpicnl dzlr.aia`Îlzamya micinlz oezir dkxr dplieea zil`ixd diqpniba dcinlz dzeida cer

lõpxeyf xrcpiwdzid jkÎxg` .(1926-1925) zepey`xd dizexivin dnqxt eae ,il`bil izlad oezird ly zkxrn zxaghx`ee xrfcpe`mixetiq ,mixiy dazk . ¨

:dixtqn .mipey mipezira dnqxt mze` ,micli ixetiq oke mixbeanl mixn`ne.(1950 lqixa ,miclil dn`et) "xrxh qrlrqip"

rcpid iwvrx`f©diqexa wqpin xef` ,ee`wixhrRa dclep .zxteqe zxxeyn .(? - 1899 ipeia 22)¨leg icenil mbe micnln lv` dcnl .zizxeqnÎzizc daiaqa dkpgzd .dpaldaxr xtq izaa dcnl .dwixn`l dxbid 1914 zpya .miihxt mixen lv`mixiy ,mixetiq dazk 1931 zpyn lgd .micli oba zppb dzid jkÎxg` .wxeiÎeiparcpid jkÎxg`e iwvrxõf `pp` mya dligz dizexivi lr dnzg .mixn`ne©©miclid ipezirae mixbeanl zilbp`ae yiciia mipey mipezira dnqxt .iwvrxõf

hlree xrcpiw ,lõpxeyf xrcpiw,(wxeiÎeip)x”g xrce ,(dplie)xrpihprbxõ

jrlrniia.epgled dixiyn micg` .(qrxii` qep`ea)xrc" ;(1949 wxeiÎeip ,mixetiqe mixiy) "rc`bixa - wx`RÎ`p`h`xw" :dixtqn¨¨©©©Îeip) "oebip xrhnelgrbqie` xrc" ;(1960 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy sqe`) "oebip xrhxr™,mixiy) "›la oe` cpEee" ;(1968 wxeiÎeip) "orbpefrb hôd xr oe`" ;(1973 wxeioe™ obrxa ic ev" ;(1976 aia`Îlz ,mixiy) "miil oe` f`xb sie`" ;(1968 aia`Îlz¨oõeeõxõw xrc" ;(1984 aia`Îlz) "lbiRy oi` oexMf" ;(1979 wxeiÎeip) "aia`Îlz

.(1987 aia`Îlz)

xYq` oõnqefdiqex - riqril`R ,`hilc wqixa cil dxiira dclep .zxteq .(? - 1898)¨day .diqex wnerl dzian dzlbed dpey`xd mlerd zngln ztewza .dpald.zepey zexiira yiciia miipelig xtq izaa dcnile 1917 zktdn xg`l myn

.dyx`eea dzid dipyd mlerd zngln uext zra"iex™ õ oe™ melg xrc" :dixtqn .mixvw mixetiqe zeniyx mipezira dnqxtleta miyp iig mix`ezn ea ,ewlga itxbeiaehe` onex edf .(1937 dyx`e)oi

.miclil xetiq edf .(1938 dyx`e) "qrhx”g iieev" .`hilae

310

lfiix iwqpilkiyfcarn) iwqxea did dia` .oilet ,oian`ba dclep .zxxeyn .(? - 1910 ileia 27)¨,dn` .(1928Îa) xhtp mb mye 1924Îa dwixn`l ziyilyd mrta xbidy ,(zexer

.oian`ba dicli mr dx`ype ce`n zizc dyi` dzid ,mipax zgtynl za¨1935 zpya .miihxt mixen lv`e iplet innr xtq ziaa dzeclia dcnl lfiixzra .dyx`eea dxxebzd 1939-1936 mipya .wree`lv`leea minezi zia dldip¨©mr dn`) .xrhp`w wgvi x"c ,dlra mr diqexa dzid diipyd mlerd zngln©oiletl lfiix day 1947 zpya (.`pnlrka fbd ixepza etqp dickpe dicli¨1951 zpya .fixta dxxebzd 1951-1948 mipya .'fcela dn ztewz dxxebzdedicenil dniiq jkÎxg`e zyexg ziaa dligza dcar my .dwixn`l dxbid

.wxeiÎeipa 'blewaoezira qtcpy xiy did dly oey`x meqxtbpehövqwlô™ rpiilw.1928Îa

:dixtqn .zeibelezp`ae xreple mixbeanl mipey mipezira dixiy eqtcp jkÎxg`"obrxa rxrhiel ev" ;(1939 dyx`e) "hbpif obrx xrc" ;(1936 dyx`e) "xrcil"Îeip) "oefÎxranreeôp ic" ;(1969 wxeiÎeip) "oxreewq rwihqaxõd" ;(1948 'fcel).ixeh`ipind xiyd zipn`k zaygp .(1993 aia`Îlz) "xrcil röp" ;(1977 wxei

(di`n mx`-l”aexf) iõn ql”aexf¤¤did dia` .dyx`eea dclep .zixarae yiciia zxteq .(? - 1927 hqebe`a 24)dzgtyn mr dzlr ray liba .laaexf awri "oeiv ilret" zbltn bidpne xteqd"dilvxd" diqpnibae "micaer iclil jepig zia"a dicenil dniiq .l`xyi ux`laia`Îlza dxen dzid .mxkd ziaa mixenl yxcnd zia zxbea .aia`Îlzaztxva ,oileta micli ipezira eqtcp yiciia mixvwd dixetiq .dpeny ziixwaemei ly zeieeg mix`zn mixetiqd .l`xyia eqtcp zixara dixetiqe ,dpihpbx`ae

.l`xyia meiqrxii` qep`ea) "l`xUi oe™ jrldUrn rlrehwõ :oclrd rpiilw" :dixtqnÎlz :zixara ,1957 qrxii` qep`ea :yiciia) "xirvd zexiiyd deeln" ;(1949

.(1984) "ycg zia yi ixe` ly `a`l" ;(1958 aia`

dMln o`qniig¨dplie xef`a rv`p dxiira dclep .zkxere zcarn ,znbxzn .(1941 - 1888)©

.dplieel dxar 1897Îa .ax didy ,dia`n dnziizd miizpy liba .`hilan dzid dplieel daey xg`l .uiieeya oxa zhiqxaipe`a dibelekiqt dcnldxe

,rahd ircn dcnil .dplieea yhieerxeb diqpniba jkÎxg`e "bext" xtq ziaal"ende jxerd ,mbxznd ,xteqd did dlra .yicii zextqe dty ,ditxbe`ib.d`ixw ixtqe cenil ixtq xe`l d`ivede dkxr `id enr cgi .iwqnehq`a dnly

ibebctd oegxid zkixra dlert etziy mdipycpöx™leydnqxt .(1939-1936)mipezira ce`n miax mihqwhjrlrniia rwpipixbex”g xrcjxry (dplie)

mixn`n ly miceaire minebxz oke zeazk xwira eid el` mihqwh .dlra

311

lr zexiwqe mixeaig :xtqd zian ax xneg el` mipezirl dwtiq `id .mixetiqexg`l dplie ehba 1941 zpya dztqp .cenild xneg i`yepae mipey mirexi`

.arx inie dlgnmiclid oezira eqtcp dly mihqwhd on wlgjrlrniia rwpipixbjxry ,

:ix`letet rcna mixn`n :1939-1926 mipya oezird on ze`nbec .iwqnehq`ah`d lia`n`hie` xrc ief` iee" ;(mitqep mikynde 53 oeilib) "cp`™lrd xrc"©©¨¨¨cere 176) zixeive dlw dtya ,akxd ilk zegztzd lr xn`n ,"oiib hpxrlrb jifziqexn dnbxz ok enk .(mikynd cere 25) "lhqpic ic" :mbxezn xetiq ;(mikyndb`hprnela - b`hxrhen" dpieea dly xewia inyx ;(29) iwxeb azky miazkn¨¨xrc oe` `i”pd edil`" icedi innr xetiq dcair oke .(28/27) "oiee oi`

.(21) "xrwrdvl`d¨"orbpõlw rwicrarl" :`ed iwqnehq`ae oeqniig ly milecbd mdilrtnn cg`.'e cr '` zezikl ,mikxk dyiy za xtq izal d`xwn (1925 zpyn lgd ,dplie)ok enk .dkezn ecnl - dpihpbx`ae dwixn`a mb - mlerd lka micedi micinlz.(1941 ewiqwn) "orpxrl xinôl"e ,(1940 dplie) "wihkix aöxy" z` miipyd ekxrmihqwh evaey ef d`xwna ."hxôee röp qôc" zkixrl mb dtzey dzid oeqniigon wlg .dnxce dwixil ,qet` :miwlg dyelya zextqa zten zexivi jezn

.dnvra dnbxz `id (dpebihp`e qetic` jlnd ,qe`iznext :oebk) mihqwhdjif hkõn" ;(1923 ,1921) "ri™õxbe`ib ryifi™" :dplieea xe` e`xy ,dixtqnhqpic ic" ;(1924) "hkõp oe` fö` oe™ cpõl mrpi`" ;(1922) "rlrhxrb õ oiilõ"l

.t.w z`n) "xrnef sie` ohraxõ rkrlh™õypqieeÎxehõp" :dinebxzn .(1928)biecel z`n) "xrlhqpiw qpbpeleivxrc qlõ xrxrl xrc" ;(1920 ,iwqaecebi;(1924 ,'un ibxq z`n) "õxõbõip lõ™xrqõee mev rföx oön" ;(1921 ,hilxebz`n) "cpõ™lrd xrc" ;(1924 ,qhxaex qlx'v z`n) "xrie`bpõl xrpiilw xrc"rhrlfcpõieerb" ;(1931 ,daexinekih z`n) "qrRlõn" ;(1931 ,daexinekih

.(1938 ,qwiph` z`n) "bpixrd

dMln oõnfehÎutgxtka dclep .zi`fgne zxxeyn ,zxteq .(1987 uxna 30 - 1893 i`n)dligza .dfeg` dia`l dzid eay ,oil`ee xef`a `yhiik `i`yl`a `ipeerxrc¨©©©¨dxbid 1912 zpya .iqex innr xtq zia dniiq jk xg`e miihxt mixen lv` dcnlxtq izaa dxen dziid 1924 zpyn .dcnle dxitza dcar my .dwixn`loiqpewqie zhiqxaipe`a dcnl zra da .oiqpewqiee iwôeelina yiciia miipeligizaa dxen my dzide dipxetilwa ql'bp`Îqell dxar jk xg` .ziyteg zrneyk

Îa yicii zextqle dtyl dkixcn dzyrp 1949 zpya .miicii xtq“University of

Judaism”.dipxetilw ,iilwxaa dxhtp .(wxeiÎeipa ibele`izd xpinqd ly sipq)xtqd izaa dxenl dzid xy`k .ziqexa mixiy aezkl dlgd dzexirvaoey`xd dneqxt .mixirvd dicinlz xear mixiye mixetiq dxaig miiciid

oezira qtcpy "hk`p ic oe` b`h xrc" miclil xetiq `ed yiciiacpöx™ xrc ¨©

312

mixbeanl mipezira mixn`ne mixetiq ,mixiy dnqxt jkÎxg` .(1918 wxeiÎeip):mdipia .miclilelõpxeyf xrcpiw ,bpehöv xrcpiweh™pewevoke wxeiÎeipa

jrlrniia rwpipixbclin :xrcil" ;(1949 ql'bp` qel) "xrcil" :dixtqn .dplieea;(1965 aia`Îlz) "orwprcrb oe™ qph`y" ;(1958 ql'bp`Îqel) "cliee oön¨;(1974 aia`Îlz) "okiiv oöc xrhpe`" ;(1972 aia`Îlz) "hip ol`™ xrhrla"©xtq ly ciÎazk qetcl dpikd 1985 zpya .(1977 aia`Îlz) "wiaii` fi` hpöd"ôee›i oeikx`a `vnp cidÎazk .xe` d`x `l xtqd ."lkiiny ji` oe`" mya

.wxeiÎeipa

xYq` uM.(1953 wxeiÎeip) miclil mixiye mixetiq "melg qwix`n" zxagn .( ? - 1894)©

rprlrd (qlrwvõk) qrlrwv`k©,dpaewa dclep .zkxere znbxzn ,zxteq .(1973 x`epia 26 - 1882 ileia 25)dlirt dzid .bxeaxht zhiqxaipe`a dcnl .zepal diqpnib dniiq mye ,`hil

iycg mitipq znwda driiq ,'cpea'a.ef zelirt awr dxq`p s`e ,zepey mixra mxtq iza znwda zeifkxnd zelirtd on zg` dzid .dplieel dxar 1905Îamiclil miizextq miaxra ,mixbeanl mipey miqxewa dzvxde dcnil .yiciiarit`q my lr diqpniba dxen dzid .mixenl miibebct miqxewae mixbeanle¨1920-1918 mipya .dplieea miicediÎmiiqex miinnr xtq izaa mbe yhieerxeb"rbil xehlew"a dlirt dzid ef xira .dpaewa okn xg`le deewqena dxxebzd1939-1931 mipyd oia xtq zia dldip dpaewa .zicedid zihqipenewd drepzae

z` dkxreh`laxrcpiwoezird ly miclil sqend ,h`laqwl`™dnqxt eae , ©¨©

jyna .zinlerd miclid zextqn minebxze rqn inyx ,mixetiq :miax mihqwhinyx dnqxte dazke mlerd iagxa zeax zevx`a mikex` mixeiq dkxr mipyd

.rqnyiciia miclid zextq z` dxiyrd jkae ,zepey zetyn micli ixtq dnbxzly dxtq `ed zinler dvetzl dkfy mqxetn xtq :ze`nbec .dkxc zligza"qxryhilb rpxralif ic" `ed yiciia enya xtqd .'bcec qtiin ixn zi`wixn`dl`hq iztxvd ly ceaira dynzyd qrlrwvõk .(1938 dplie) [sqkd iwilgn]iqeil zi`wixn`d ly mixtq dyely qrlrwvõk dnbxz jk lr sqep .df xtqloe` ipin" .znieqn ux`n - zeg`e g` - mine`za wqer xtq lk .qpiwxt yhitÎrhw`eerb ic"e "xrcprl`d rpiilw ic" ;"bpilieev ryiq`niwqr qôc - ip`n¨¨¨©oeqptihqe oieexi` ly xtq dnbxz `id ok enk ."höv iipy xrc oe™ xrcpiw` o`" eln xehwd iztxvd xteqd ly extq z`e "q`niwqr xrpiilw xrc - wrw"¨¨©l"pd mixtqd lk .micli zextql ine`lpia qxtl dkfy ,[dgtyn oi`a] "miid

miclil i`plieed oezira enqxtzdjrlrniia rwpipixbjxer .1934 zpyn lgdxe`l okn xg`l mze` `ived ,l"en mb didy - iwqnehq`a dnly - oezirdcgeina dazky rqn inyx ,"cp`lbpr oiiw rföx `" :ze`nbec .mixtqk©©

313

ljrlrniia rwpipixb1929 xanhtqa 48/47 oeilibn lgd mikynda enqxet)"l`xUiÎux` oi`" ;(1931 zpya dplieea xe`l `viy xtqa enqxet jkÎxg`e

.(1931 xtqa enqxet jkÎxg`e 1930 uxna 61 oeilibn lgd)mebxzd lrtn .zeiq`lw zexivia yiciia miclid zextq scn xyrzd jki`yepa mixn`n mb llk qrlrwvõk ly yicii ixaec xrepe micli ornl ceairdeiceeyd rqepd xwegd ly rqnd inyx z` dnbxz x`yd oia .rqn inyxe rah

mipezira yi minebxzde miceaird lr sqep .oicd oieeqjrlrniia rwpipixbexrc

x”g,mipey mi`yepa mixn`n :yiciia dazk `idy mihqwh zexyr (dplie)Îxehõp oe™ mõxbôxR" :dhr ixtn mitqep mixtq .miiyi` rqn inyxe mixetiqrqiexb" ;(1922 oilxa) "fcpe` mexõ xehõp ic" ;(1918 dplie) "h™õypqiee;(?1930 dpaew) "oqreny" ;(1927 deewqen) "orbpecpi™xrc oe` orbpekiixbxrcoi` xrnef õ" ;(1931 dplie) "xraõxõ" ;(1931 dplie) "orbxra fia `lq` oe™"¨¨dplie ,cp`q 'fxe'f ly xtq mebxz) "hen oe™ orlbil™ ic" ;(1931 dplie) "rwixrnõ

.(1940 dplie) "ocreey oi` brh orv" ;(1939

(rxie`eec) dxe”c l`x`k¨¨¨dkpgzd .dpi`xwe` ,aiiw jlta a`nixk`a dclep .zxxeyn .(1982 - 1898)©¨jepig qipkdy ,likyn did dia` .xiyr zexri xgeq didy ,dn` ia` ,daq ziaacec xteqd did ,dn` ig` ,dcec .eziirx ly ziciqgd dgtynd zial ipeligdcnle diqpnib dniiq aiiwa .yicii zextqa dzepiiprzd z` xxer `ed .oeqlbxa1920 zpyn lgd .zibebct dxykd dlaiw 1919 zpya .dhiqxaipe`a rahd ircnmixteqd leqig z` ecxyy el`n zg` `id .mipey jepig zecqena dxen dzid

.aiiwa dxhtp .oil`hq ly eztewza micedid mixxeyndexe` e`xy mitq`nae zrÎiazka mixiy dnqxt .1922 zpyn lgd mqxtl dlgdmixtqae mipezira eqtcp dly miclid ixiy .ee`wxõkae aiiwa ,deewqena¨liba miclil maexa md dixetiqe dixiy .diipyd mlerd zngln cr deewqena.zixarle ziqexl enbxez wlg .epgled dixiyn wlg .dfixge avwn mda yi .jxdz`veda md mi`ad mixtqd .1928 eeôwxõk "xrcil" :xe` e`xy dixiy ixtqn"bpilix™" ;(1934 miclil mixiy) "mipiiky rxrfcpe`" :deewqena 'qrnr'xrc" ;(1937) "oôd xrc oe` oia ic" ;(1936) "bx`eeprhx`b" ;(1935 miclil)¨©;(1938 micli ixiy) "hqaxõd" ;(1938) "orp`lR`xrõ" ;(1937) "x`n`w¨¨©xrcpiw oi`" ;(1939) "lia`n`hee`" ;(1938) "rwl`i" ;(1938) "xrhpiee"¨¨¨¨

.(1940) "clõee oi`" ;(1939) "rip`l`w¨¨

rliv oep”l13 - 1906 i`na 30)dgtyna oileta dyx`eea dclep .zxteq .(1974 xanvca

zpya l`xyi ux`l dzgtyn mr dzlr .zicedie zillk dlkyd dlaiw .ziciqgmipezira mixetiq dnqxt .aia`Îlza dxxebzd .1938qröp rhvrleryic›i

bpehöve (aia`Îlz)rnihy xrfcpe`oe` rlrxin" :mixetiq uaew dnqxt .(fixt)

314

dnly icia zixarl mbxez xtqd .(1972 aia`Îlz) "orbpeliivxrc rxrcpõ.(1974) cFdpy¤§

rci` iwqpeldid dia` .dpald diqexa mip`lqa dclep .zxteq .(1924 uxna 10 - 1889)¨zpya .dplieea oey`xhq ziixtq ldpne oxtq ,iwqpel lwiig did dig` .cnln©.ziqex diqpnibe ixar xtq zia rci` dniiq my .dplieel dgtynd dxar 1896izaa rahd ircnl dxen dzid 1911 zpyn .oilxa zhiqxaipe`a dibebct dcnlmiclil diinipta dcar dn ztewz .dplieea diqpnibae miiceqi miicii xtq

oezira micli ixetiq mqxtl dlgd .wv`eeh`a mi`pliejrlrniia rwpipixb ¨¨a mb dtzzyd jkÎxg`e .1914 zpya (dplie)b`h xrplieezixara oeziraemilay ¨

dplie) "oyhprn rcliee obree orbpeliivxrc" :dixtqn .(1923-1922 dyx`e)dplie) "c`ixrRfii` xrc" xe`l `vi dzen xg`l .ztgyd zlgnn dxhtp .(1922¨oeyxbe orfiix onlf ,o`xhiv .l.y ,iwqpel lwiig dilr eazky mixac llek ,(1925¨

.xrk`nxrcelR©

lgx rixelliba .'xcg'a dcnl .`hil o`yfx`eea dclep .(1929 x`epia 25 - 1886 ipei)¨©

.yicii aezkl dlgde dzlkyd dnilyd my ,dwixn`l dribd dxyr mizydplie) "fiia srl` xrc" ;(1925 wxeiÎeip) "xrpii` oi` xraöee oaif" :dixtqn

oezira mqxet `ed .okl mcew ,d`xpk ,azkp envr xetiqd .1931rwpipixb

jrlrniia.47 liba zxteqd ly dzen lr geeicy oeiliba ,1929 uxn 40 oeilib

dkln il:ly mipecaqthxettxÎclete`il dklnÎ`n dxiira dclep .zxteqe zxxeyn .(1976 uxna 22 - 1904 ileia 4)¨dpey`xd mlerd zngln zra .ziciqg dgtynl divil`b gxfna yhyixhq`p©

.1918 cr dxxebzd da ,dpieel myne dixbpedl dxariceqi xtq ziaa dcnlmixenl xpinqd z` dniiq .dwixn`l dxbid 1921 zpya .miiplet diqpnibae,dtexi`a dxwia .ef xira mi'blewa gexd ircn dcnl dn ztewz .wxeiÎipa yiciia

.hx`R`R`x oexd` xxeynd ly eziirx dzid .ewiqwnae l`xyi zpicna©¨¨dazk 1921 zpyne .zipnxba mixiy dazk diqpnib zcinlz dzid xy`kzepexkife mixetiq ,mixiy dazk .1922 zpya mipezira mqxtl dlgd .yiciiazenewna miclile mixbeanl mipezirae zeibelezp`a eqtcp dizexivi .dly zecli:mdipia .aia`Îlze qrxii` qep`ea ,fixt ,dyx`e ,ql'bp` qel ,wxeiÎeip :mipey

bxõeepiilw ,lõpxefyÎxrcpiwõ ,(wxeiÎeip)jrlrniia xrpihprbxqep`ea)oaxega miwqer mixge`nd dixiy .rahl zihpnex daig yi dixiya .(qrxii`e`xy dixtqn .zixarl enbxez dixiyn wlg .l`xyi znewzae dtexi` zecdi"höv xrcfpe` oe™ zepiw" ;(1940) "orbpõfrb" ;(1932) "xrcil" :wxeiÎeipa xe`jxec" dxtq xe`l `vi qrxii` qep`eaa .(1950) "olõeew rxrhiel jxec" ;(1945)

315

"zexec oe™ hkil oi`" :el` mixtq xe` e`x aia`Îlzae .(1955) "obie` ryixrcpiw;(xrbip .y z`n dzxivi lr dqn llek ,1969) "rlrqei x`™ jrldUrn" .(1961)©

.(1969) "mieaprqep xrhpe`"

d`lÎdxU hxrailxyr liba .oileta rphewa dclep .zi`fgne zxteq .(1955 x`epia 28 - 1892)zhiqxaipe`n ipy x`ez zlrae d`xedl dnvr dxiykd .dwixn`l dribdoia dzid .wxeiÎeipa miiciid xtqd izaa zepey`xd zexend on dzid .dianelewmiclid ipb ly (oixrb`fx`™) zknez ,"hehihqpi`Îwl`™ mkilr mely" icqiin¨©¨mixenl xpinqd zldpda dzid .df cqen cily miypd oebx` ly y`x zayeieicli xear miicii xtq iza miwdl dxfr .wxeiÎeipa zinnrd dhiqxaipe`de yiciia

.zelecbd mixrl uegn mi`eegmipezira zefgne mixetiq dnqxtlõpxeyf xrcpiwebpehöv xrcpiw(wxeiÎeip)

xrc oi` oriex™" `yepa mixn`n zxcq dnqxt x`yd oia .mixbeanl mipeziraeoezira "xehõxrhilÎhlreeb`hrhp ly mixei` mr) "clia oe` hx`ee" :dixtqn . ¨¨

miclil cenil xtq) "hpöx™ rxi` oe` rlrxin" ;(1933 wxeiÎeip ,iwqee`lf`w¨¨xõ™ rhkiyrb ryic›i" ;(1952 wxeiÎeip) xryi™ ry`n z`n mixei` mr ,miphphw©

.(1929 wxeiÎeip ,mixei`e zetn mr dxezd ixetiq ,zilbp`a) "hpbei

.t.x axõ™xrailazk .aiiwa dxxebzd .(? - ?).cenil ixtq d

dpic qiwailly mipecaqt`xiR`yÎqipRiw dpic©¨ly ezeg` .zexer carn did dia` .oildee `pyhree`lqa dclep .( ? - 1900)¨¨zicedi dlkyd dlaiw .`xiR`y rip`n xxeynd ly eziirxe qiptiw wivi` xteqd¨©¨.diixtqae xtq ziaa ,micli oba dcar .miibebct miqxew aiiwa dniiq .zillkemixiy dazk .1922 zpya dizexivi mqxtle dig` zrtyda aezkl dlgd;(1929 aiiw ,'uiaepthq .`.i ly mebxz) "dpYn qraôa qôc" :dixtqn .mixetiqe

.(1932 ee`w`k ,`wprhliq`ee q"v ly mebxz) "lfiixwÎriv`iee`"©¨

rcpidÎdig xrpqilÎieerl.oileta 'fcela dclep .zxxeyne zxteq .(1968 hqebe`a 29 - 1910 x`epia 14)dxy ly zexenl izcd xpinqd z` dniiq 1935 zpya .iceqi xtq ziaa dcnlaewxwae wehqil`iaa ,'fcela micli zecqena zkpgnk dcar .aewxwa xrxiprydiipyd mlerd zngln ztewza .dyx`eea w`'vxew yep`i ly minezid ziaa okedglyp ehbd leqig zra .xree`pile` mixn ly mixteqd bega ,'fcel ehba dzid¨jepig zecqena dcar dn ztewz .'fcell dxfg 1945 zpyae dcxy j` ,uieeye`ldzdy 1949 cre zeyw dzlg .dixhqe`a mihilt dpgna dig jkÎxg`e miizc

.l`xyia dxxebzd 1949 f`n .dilhi`a meixehpqa

316

oezira mnqxtle miizc micli ixiy aezkl dlgdawri ziazpya ('fcel)zenewna miclile mixbeanl mipezira dly mixetiqe mixiy eqtcp jkÎxg` .1925mda miclil mipezird oia .aia`Îlze dplie ,wehqil`ia dyx`e ,'fcel :mipey

:zexivi dnqxtbpehövqwlô™ rpiilw ,cpöx™Îxrcpiw;(dyxe)rwpipixb

jrlrniiamixiy dazk 'fcel ehba dzeida .zixarl mbxez dixiyn wlg .(dplie)oi` xrcpiw ryic›i" ditxbepen dxaig oke oaxegd `yepa miax mixetiqe

.wxeiÎeipa qxta 1956 zpya dkfy ,"ôhrb xryfcôl"lxebd icli" ;(1936 dyx`e ,zia ixqg micli iign mixetiq) "mitzey" :dixtqnaia`Îlz) "oin`n ip`" ;(1966 aia`Îlz) "jiex oe` xrö™ oi`" ;(1962 aia`Îlz)riela" ;(1965) "w`'vxew yep`i ly ezvigna" ;(1958) "mkilr mely" ;(1966

h.(1968 aia`Îlz) "oaie

ri™`q oihieerl¨ipba ea eynzyd .(1931 ee`wx`k) "qrwyipw" micli ixiy xtq dnqxt (? - ?)©¨

.diqexa xtqd zia ly zepey`x zezikae micli

rp`k oieerl©dniiq .dpi`xwe` ,ee`lq`pixrh`wria dclep .zxteqe zxxeyn .( ? - 1899)©¨©1917 zktdn ixg` .zepga dxiknae dxitza dcar .icii xtq ziae iqex xtq ziaaezkl dligzd .yiciia xtq izaa dxen dzid .mixen zxykdl cqen dniiq1915 zpya didy) qeciip aiil xxeynd zrtyda mle` ,ziqexa mixiycr .mipey mipezira enqxtzp dixiy .yiciia aezkl dlgd (ee`lq`pixrh`wria©¨©.deewqena dzid 1945 zpya .ee`wx`ka dxxebzd diipyd mlerd zngln uext©¨:dixtqn .wxeiÎeipae dipi`xwe`a ,deewqena mipey mipezira dizexivi dnqxt;(1933 ee`wx`k ,mixiy) "bie` sie` bie`" ;(1929 ee`wx`k ,mixiy) "xröhyev"©¨©¨rkxrl õ ,upõbÎclr™ õ obree rlrqön õ" ;(1934 aewxw) "xin oe™ rxrbpii ic"z`ved) "ri`n oe` rwprliee" ;(1937 qrc`-ee`wx`k) "wilqeq ` oe`©©¨¨©sie`" ;(1937 qrcô-ee`wx`k) "jrlcprhy" ;(1937 dyx`e) "cpöx™xrcpiw"©¨` oi`" ;(1940 aiiw ,mixiy) "qpbii`" ;(1938 qrc`Îee`wx`k) "höf xrwipef xrc©¨¨©deewqen ,mixetiq) "hixh oe` hixy sie`" ;(1940 aeal-aiiw ,mixiy) "`y xrh`b¨¨

.(1943

ripõ™ oieerldkxr .zetqep zexiirae wqpina miicii miiceqi xtq izaa dxen dzid (? - ?)ryihqil`iv`q xrfcpe`" mya diipyd dzikl cenil xtq (xrwq`l .` mr cgi)©¨©

.(1932 wqpin) "miid

dpg xrpxrl.mixtqÎxken rlrcprn ly ezia i`an .dpi`xwe`a dqce`a dclep .( ? - 1893)

317

miclid ipb megza dlirt dzid .deewqenae aiiwa dxxebzd 1917 zktdn ixg`oezira miclil mixetiq dnqxt .miirevwnd xtqd izaeobxôn hebdqce`)

eeôwxõka mipezira miibebct mipiipra dixn`n eqtcp 1936 cr .(1913"höv oöf oe` rlrcprn" xtqa rlrcpn lr dizepexkif ellkp ok enk .deewqenaecr ziriax zezik icinlzl xfr xtq) "oföxb o` aöxy" :dixtqn .(1940 deewqen)¨zezikl cenil ixtq dazk xwviel miig mr cgie ;(1929 deewqen ,ziriayziyily dzikl ;1934 aiiw ,ziyilye diipy dzikl) "orbpehiprbkõxRy" :zekenp

.(1937 diipy dxecdn .1936 aiiw ,ziriaxe

rf`nrcii` ©.iwqt`weyf mixerp my .zi`qne zxxeyn .(1962 ipeia 13 - 1893 ileia 9)¨'xcg'a dcnl dxyr yely lib cr .dpald diqexa wqpin xef`a ilbe` xtka dclep.dwixn`l dgtynd lk dxbd ,dxyr rax` za dzeida ,1908 zpya .dig` mr"oh™rd" zkixra dtzzyd my .dcpwa le`ixhpena dxxebzd di`eyip xg`laezkl dlgd .(1937-1935 le`ixhpene hiexhc ,zepn`e zextq ipiipra miperax),dwixn`a mipezira eqtcp zextq i`yepa dixn`ne dixiy .1926 zpya mixiy;(1931 le`ixhpen) "rn`n `" :dixtqn .l`xyie ewiqwn ,dpihpbx` ,oilet ,dcpw©©"xrcil röp" ;(1936 dyx`e ,j`ln aiil ly dncwd mr) "xrcpiw xõ™ xrcil",micli ixiye zedn` ixiy) "jrlxrcpiw rpön oqwõee" ;(1941 le`ixhpen)

.(1970 le`ixhpen) "bpeliivxrc ryi™õxbôiaehie` :`pic" ;(1954 le`ixhpen©.mdizexivi z` xe`l `ivedl mdn dnkl dxfre yiciia mixteqa dknzz` epiiv mixwan .xvwd ixild xiyd xp`'fa xwira ,miclil dixiya dnqxtzd,clid mr zwgyn `id dixiyay ,x`yd oia ,dilr azkp .miclid mr dzedcfdon zipdpy ,zade` m`k z`hazn `id mixg` mixiyae .dcli dnvr `id eli`k

.zixarl enbxez dixiyn wlg .Dcli mr wgynd

riqrR iwqeeri`n©zia dniiq .dpald diqexa lhryfa dclep .zxxeyn .( ? - 1924 uxna 19)lhryf ze`hba dzid iv`pd yeaikd ztewza .yiciia ipelig innr xtqzveawl dtxhvde zirwxwÎzz dlrza 1943 zpya dgxa myn ,wrc`xb`ee`pe¨¨¨zpya .diqlet zexria miv`pd cbp englp md .iwqlria diaeh ly mipfihxtdxiy qtcp dpey`xl .deewzÎgzt xira dxxebzde l`xyi zpicnl dzlr 1948

oezira 1936 zpya dlybpehövqwlô™ rpiilweqtcp jkÎxg`e (dyx`e).dpihpbx`ae dwixn`a ,l`xyia zeibelezp`ae mipezira dizexivi

ric`w iwqee`c`l`n¨¨¨©dclep .zxwane zi`fgn ,zxteq ,zxxeyn .(1975 uxna 21 - 1894 xanvc)ynege zixar dcnl `id .likyn cnln did dia` .oileta rfrxraÎfehxõwanlzyd .ziqex diqpnib dniiq jkÎxg` .dia` ly eicinlz mr cgi xirv libnd

318

oba zppb dzid .dqce`ae dyx`eea oixrtliid l`igi ly zeixar zeppbl miqxewaipelig xtq ziaa dcnil my ,dyx`eel dxar jkÎxg` .dqce`a ixar micli.mixirvd dikipg xear mipey`xd dixiy z` aezkl dlgd .iper zpekya yiciia

yiciia oegxiÎecd z` wxeiÎeipa dkxre zixad zevx`l dxbid 1935 zpyad”i”q

1952-1950 mipya .(miyingd zepya yceg .1944-1943) zxewiale zextqloegxid z` dkxre l`xyia dzigmiid1971 zpya .wxeiÎeipl day 1953 zpya .

zeibelezp`ae mipezira enqxtzd dizexivi .xrbp`n wivi` qxt z` dlaiw;(1927 dplie ,mixiy) "hkrp rwicpeeyg" :dixtqn .wxeiÎeipae dyx`eea ,oilxaa,mixiy) "qõb rwiyfc" ;(1931 dyx`e) "jrlrkiy" ;(1931 dyx`e) "jldyrn""oiiarb oön oe™ cpõl oi`" ;(1935 dyxee ,dn`et) "rwciix™" ;(1933 dyx`eev xrhvpr™ rlõ" ;(1938 wxeiÎeip ,dn`et) "bx`a oe™" ;(1937 eb`wiy ,mixiy)©,onei zxeva onex) "wxôiÎeip fia oilael oe™" ;(1938 dyx`e ,dfgn) "oef xrcfi` oiilõ cec jln xrc" .(1945 wxeiÎeip) "xrcpiw ryic›i" ;(1942 wxeiÎeipd`na micedi iig lr dnxc) "xacn oe™ h`b ok`p" ;(1946 wxeiÎeip) "oailarb¨¨õ" ;(1952 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy) "mik`ln ornew milyexi oi`" ;(1949 wxeiÎeip ,16ÎdwxeiÎeip) "oeiv oe™ obree ic sie`" ;(1957 wxeiÎeip) "xrhvpr™ oaif hin aehyaia`Îlz) "d"yz-y"z oaxeg oe™ xrcil" ;(1959 dipbc) "liln dn xney" ;(1957,onex) "xrieh möa" ;(1965 qrxii` qep`ea ,mixiy) "mieaprx`c oe™ hkil" ;(1962¨;(1970 wxeiÎeip ,xreple miclil mixiye mixetiq) "qrpõRrvxõn" ;(1967 wxeiÎeipxrc hin rwl`" ;(1971 aia`Îlz ,xaq .n zixarl mebxz) "milyexi ixiy"¨;(1976 le`ixhpen ,zilbp`e zixar ,yiciia zen`et) "rwl`q`x`R xriela©©¨z` egzt" ;(1973 aia`Îlz) "adf zevep" ;(1986 aia`Îlz) "zlii` dclid"Îlz ,1946 aia`Îlz ,1945 cexg oir ,zixarl minbxezn micli ixiy) "xryd.(1999 hiexhc) "owixa rprxiRõR" ;(1999 aia`Îlz) "mi`lt zber" ;(1995 aia`oir zlra zextq zxwane dlern micli zxxeyn zaygp iwqaecelen dicwieed rwx lr ,mikex` miixetiqÎmixiy ode mixvw miixil mixiy od dazk .zpgeayi .dgnye xened i`ln mdiig j` ,zeipr od zeiencd dly zexivia .icediyi mixbeanl mixge`nd dixiya ,z`f znerl .zeilwiqene filr avwn dixiya

piw,mixetiq ,mixiy mixbeane micli xear dazk .dtexi` zecdi oaxeg lr dce`n miix`letet mde zixarl enbxez dixetiqne dixiyn wlg .zefgne mipnex

.meid mb xe`l ze`vei dizexivi .l`xyia miclid axwa

mixn oil`bx`n:d`xwp l`xyiamixn (oiaii) dxhr ©¨dia` .(dpald diqex) wqpina dclep .zxteq .(1966 xanvca 4 - 1896 i`n)liba .izxeqn icedi jepig dzexirva dlaiw .oilebxn laö™ `bxy l"end diddpey`xd mlerd zngln zra .dplieea micedi mixenl xpinq dniiq dxyr ryzixtq mxear dbiyd `ly oeeik .mihilt icli maex ,micli 70 za dzik dgztdkxke dwizrd `id .yiciia micli ixetiq zexyr dnvra dxaig `id ,d`ixwdplieea jxd jepigl sb`d ledipa dtzzyd 1924-1922 mipya .dnvra mze`

319

miicedi micli ipezira mixetiq dnqxte ,jepigd cxyn ly zicedid divwqa.oilxaae deewqena mb dxxebzd .yiciia

oiaii lyd ryedi x"c hqivlaetde xteqd dlra mr ux`l dzlr 1924 zpyadzgtyn mr drwzyd jkÎxg`e l`wfgi xtka dcnil dligz .dpa mremipy yely jyna exxebzd mye oilxal dgtynd drqp 1930 zpya .milyexia

.(xzei xge`n ux`l md mb elry) dxhr ly dixed mrmzlilr .clid ly meiÎmeid iig z` mix`zn md .jxd libl mini`zn dixetiq

.fnexn lkyd xqen mr ,dheyteze` ilra mixtq dyely - "jrlxrcpiw rwpipiilw xõ™ jrlrqön" :dixtqn.1922 [bxeaxrhrR] ,w`aix .a .i ly mixei` mr ,mipey mixetiq xtq lka ,xzekiif" .zilbp`l mebxz sexiva (1986) wxeiÎeipa xe`l `vie ay mixtqd cg`,oiee`x sqeie ryhi`Îdnly mixend mr cgi) ziriaxd dzikl lebxz xtq ,"hiixb©ux`" ;(1943 aia`Îlz) "aehd clil xtq" .(1930 wqpin-eeôxwõk-deewqen"l`xyi ux`l l`xyi icli" ;(1946 aia`Îlz ,dfi` z`n mixei`) "ily l`xyixe`l e`vi 1966 zpya .(1948 aia`Îlz) "l`xyi ux`a myb" ;(1947 aia`Îlz)"micli ipf`a" xtqd xe`l `vi dzen xg`l .miphw miclil mipextq 16 milyexia.(1971 aia`Îlz ,dpeafirn mwlge xara eqtcp mwlg ,jxd libl mixetiq)

.zxagnd icia exie` mipexg`d mixtqd zrax`

dxU rpiq`ix`n©©,lrn`da dxxebzd .dpald diqex ,wqpin cil dxiira dclep .( ? - ?1896)¨.dpald diqexa miicedi jepig zecqena dxen dzid zeax mipy .wqpine ee`qix`a¨¨

.dizeawr ercep `le dnlrp f`ne zicedi zepne`la dny`ed 1931 zpyaoezira jepig ipiipra mixn`n dnqxt`ley xröp xrc ev obree ic sie

oi`" xtqd izal d`xwnd z` (hx`v .l mr cgi) dxaig :dixtqn .(1925-1923)©;(1931Îa ziyilye 1929Îa diipy dxecdn .1927 wqpin) "ohree`q ic oe™ cp`l©¨röp oe` rhlõ ic" ;(1927 wqpin) "cp`ax`™phree`q oi` rb`x™ rl`p`iv`p ic"©¨©©¨©©

.(1929 wqpin ,agxd xeaiva mi`xew xear xtq) "ley

rip`n l`yx`n©©©.dpey`xd mlerd zngln xg`l dwixn`l dribd .diqexn d`ven .( ? - 1908)dxxebzd 1946 zpyne wxeiÎeipa 1938 zpyn lgde ditlclita dxxebzddzid dn ztewze mileg ziaa xfr gekk ,zyexg ziaa zlretk dcar .dcixeltaoi`" dxtqa ellkp el`e ,ditlclita mipezira mixiy dnqxt .xtq ziaa dxen- "jrldnly oe` jrldyn" - xtqd ixecnn cg` .(1938 wx`eip) "jied xrc©

.miicii xtqd izaa zekenpd zezikd icinlzl crein

lhib lfönly ezeg` .zextq zxwane znbxzn zxxeyn ,zxteq .(1985 xanaep - 1898)

320

zicedi dlkyd dlaiw .dpi`xwe` aiiwa dclep .lfön ongp xwande xteqddeewqenl dxar 1917 ly dkitdnd ixg` .aiiwa ziqex diqpnib dniiq .zillkemipya .aezke `exw zezxyn dcnil .zexra xerial dxaga dlirt dzidezextq dnbxze zextqa dzlkyd daigxd ,dyx`eea dxxebzd 1925-1922,dwixn` ,ztxv ,dipnxba dxiiq 1928-1925 mipya .zipletne ziqexn miclidnqxt 1922 zpyn lgd .aia`Îlza dxxebzd .l`xyi ux`a dayiizd jkÎxg`eqep`eae fixt wxeiÎeip ,aia`Îlz ,dyx`eea zepezira zxewia ixn`ne mixiy

.aia`Îlza dxhtp .qrxii`lr”õa .` ;(1924 dyx`e) "hpbei xõ™" iwqaiiehqec .n .t :dnbxzy mixtqd on;(1927 dplie) "orbpeliivxrc rxrcpõ oe` wp`lypaieh oön oe™ rhkiyrb ic"©ee`p`f`x .b.n ;(1928 dplie) "xrcpiw x`™ i`hql`h eerl" iehqleh eerl¨¨©¨©¨`cp`ee ;(1930 dplie) "eerva`ix rihq`w oe™ jeab`h q`c" (eeripb` .p)¨¨¨¨©

apbrx" `wqeerliq`eeyhöa ic" lrq`x wixcixt cx`ec` ;(1946 aia`Îlz) "obie ©©©.(1935 aia`Îlz) "l`xyi ux`a clid" ;(1956 aia`Îlz) "uöxwpw`d oe™©

ih`l xrlcitÎj`ln¨? - 1905 xanaepa 5),dpiaewea uiaepxyh cil ,ree`din xtka dclep .(©

zia ly zepey`x zezikae "xcg"a dcnl xtka .dnc` icaer ly diipr dgtynl.dpieea zizklnn diqpniba dcnl dpey`xd mlerd zngln zra .iceqid xtqddniiq ehpexehae 1926 zpya dcpwl dribd .uiaepxyha dxxebzd jkÎxg`mr cgi .ql'bp`Îqele ehpexeh ,wxeiÎeip ,fixta dxen dzid .miicedi mixenl xpinqexwia md .1937-1931 mipya mlera zerqn dkxr ,j`ln aiil xteqd ,dlramy ,fixta eig 1938 seq cr .zetqep zevx`e l`xyi ux` ,dtexi` axrne gxfnailret zbltna dlirt dzid onfa ea .yiciia ipelig xtq ziaa dxen ihôl dzidmiclil mixetiq ,mixbeanl mixetiq ,mixiy dazk 1926 zpyn lgd .l`ny oeiv,qrxii` qep`eaa mipezira enqxet dizexivi .zextqe jepig i`yepa mixn`ne.ql'bp`Îqele wxeiÎeip ,aia`Îlz ,fixt ,dplie ,dyx`e ,brtipiee ,le`ixhpen

:mdipialõpxeyf xrcpiw,(fixt)lõpxeyf xrcpiwdad` yi dzaizka .(wxeiÎeip)rlihy" :dixtqn .miccea lye micli ly mnlera z`han `idy ,zixil dyegzeÎqel) "orbpeliivxrc" ;(1955 ql'bp`Îqel ,miclil zeiyrne mixetiq) "hixhwlg .(1986 aia`Îlz ,mixn`ne ,mixetiq) "dxey rhyxrhpe` ic" .(1964 ql'bp`zexivi dnqxt .zeibelezp`a mb ellkp dixiy .zilbp`le zixarl mbxez dixiyn

.mipecaqta mb

(lfiixÎrclrf) rf`x iwqee`c`eerp©¨¨,wehqil`iaa dclep .zxxeyn .(1971 xanhtqa 26 - 1899 xaehwe`a 21)mixen lv` yiciie zixar dcnle xtq ziaa zillk dlkyd dlaiw .diqex-oiletzenewna mideab dlkyd zecqena dcnl .ziqexd dxiyd z` dxikd .miihxtly eledipa) oilxaa iqex incw` cqene lqixa zhiqxaipe` :mdipia ,mipey

321

1928 zpya dxar dtexi`a micecp ixg` .(ilria iixcp` iqexd xxeyndmdipia ,wxeiÎeipa mipey zecqena zetyle zextql dxen dzide dwixn`l

aaezkl dlgd `id .wxeiÎeip ,oilwexaa dxxebzd ."leyÎwlô™ mkilr mely"dazk 1933 zpyn lgd .yiciia daizkl dxar jkÎxg` wxe ,ziqexa zexivimdipia) wxeiÎeipa mipey mineqxtae mipezira eqtcp el`e ,mixn`ne mixiy

alõpxeyf xrcpiw"ji` oia iefõ" :dixtqn .dyx`eeae ql'bp`Îqela ,eb`wiya ,("hpöx™ rpöf oe™ bpevõyRô xrc oi` `xit`y miig" ;(1936 ql'bp`Îqel ,mixiy).(1974 aia`Îlz) "rpön xrcil" ;(1937 ql'bp`Îqel ,dpy miying yi`l z`lna)

xYq` l`biq©dzgtyn .dileceta uriee`w`a`la dclep .(1974 i`na 13 - 1895 uxna 15)¨¨¨miclide m`d .xirv liba xhtp dia` .ofg dia` did my ,urx`wa xxebzdl dxar¨meia .le`ixhpena miihxt mixen lv`e 'xcg'a dcnl .dcpwl 1910 zpya exbidd`eyp dzid .wxeiÎeipa mixenl xpinqa dcnl .dcnl axrae dpcqa dcarliba aezkl dligzd .l`biq .i .i xxeynd did dig` .ee`wipl`wy .y .` xxeynl¨¨,dcpwa mipey mipezirae mitq`na 1922 zpyn lgd eqtcp dizexivi .xirv

mipezira mdipia) wxeiÎeipabpehöv xrcpiwe(lõpxeyf xrcpiwoezira) dplieea ,bjrlrniia rwpipixmb milelk ea ,(1928 ehpexeh) "xrcil" :dixtqn .dyx`eeae (

.micli ixiy

lgxÎrpiiy xrc`a - (s`wnrq) s`wniq¨¨©dia` .ziqexd oilet ,dpcexb xef` ,hiyhiina dclep .( ? - 1899 xanhtqa 18).xcga dn` lv` dcnl ryz lib cr .miphw miclil xcg dldip dn`e cnln did1915 zpya .dxyr yy lib cr dgtyn iaexw lv` dkpgzd dn` zen xg`ldligza .axra dcnle meia dcar .dwixn`a dzeg`e dig` l` dtxhvdmixetiq dazk .zena lr ebvedy dizefgnn jkÎxg` ,zelny zxiknn dqpxtzdelred xy` ,zefgn dxaig .1925 zpya wx mnqxtl dlgd j` xirv liba mixiye,mixiy dazk .1916 zpyn lgd zepey zevx`a miicedi ze`xh`iza dnad lreqtcp el` .dwixn` lr ode dtexi` gxfn lr od miclile mixbeanl mixetiq

mipezira mdipia) ,wxeiÎeipa mipey mipezirabpehiiv xrcpiwelõpxeyf xrcpiw,(ixe`izy azk xrbip .y xwand .dwixn` mexca mbe ehpexeha ,ditlclitaazk orfiix mdxa` .dnxc mbe dilici` mb mialyn dtexi` gxfnn dly zeclidoi`" :dixtqn .[dtexi` gxfna] iprd 'oyid ziad' z` zepin`a zx`zn `idydlra z`n dncwd mr zelaepe mixetiq ly mikxk ipy ,"oarl mrpe™ lbpõxrb

.(1949 wxeiÎeip) xc`a meyxb©

deg oihqrwÎiwvelqdiipr dgtynl oilet dyx`eea dclep .(1972 uxna 1 - 1900 xanvca 24)'zrc' diqpnib z` dniiq .zicedie zillk dlkyd dlaiw .dk`ln ilra ly

322

x`ez dlaiw 1939 zpyae dhiqxaipe`a dcnl zra da .mixenl miqxewexear xwgna dcar 1938-1936 mipya .dyx`e zhiqxaipe` mrhn xrhqib`nmiipelig) `"yiv ly xtqd izaa dxen zeax mipy dzid .dplieea `"ee›i oekn¨ly (oix`h`fip`bx`) zipldpnk oke ,iwq`lc`R-wqlriaae dyx`eea (yiciia¨©¨©©¨zbltn ly zeaxzd megza dlirt dzid .dyx`eea mixbtn miclil xtq ziajkÎxg` .diqexl dxar 1939 zpya iv`pd yeaikd zra .dyx`eea oeiv ilretmye oiletl day 1946 zpya .zihiiaeqd diqexa mipey zenewna dxenk dcar.micedid mixend zeienlzyde jepigd megzae oeiv ilret zbltna dlirt dziddbltna dlirt dzide aia`Îlza dxxebzd ,l`xyia dzid 1950 zpyn lgddlgd jkÎxg`e miibebct mipiipra mixn`n dazk dligza .(i"wn) zihqipenewdmixn`ne miclil mixetiq ,mixbeanl mixetiq ,zizextq zxewia mqxtl

oezira mdipia) dyx`eea mipey mipezira eqtcp el` .miihiletcpöxtÎxrcpiw(dazky divhxqicd jezn wxt dplieea dnqxt 1937 zpya xak .dplieeaeoe` oarl oi` mi”ehÎmeiÎley" :zxzekd zgz ,dyx`eea dhiqxaipe`d zxbqnaxwira) aia`Îlz ,'fcela dixn`n eqtcp 1946 zpyn lgd ."cpiw oe™ wikiqR oi`"brh rxrfcpe` oi`" :dixtqn .mitqep zenewnae (miihqipenew mipezira"dwix zxagn" ;(1966 aia`Îlz ,l`xyi iign zeviwq ,zexeh`ipin ,mixetiq)

.(1970 aia`Îlz ,dnicw mdxa` ly mebxz)

dkln oiihytr.oilet ,ulrw xef` ,oiyhprk ci lr xtka dclep .zxxeyn .(1943 uxn - 1916)diipyd mlerd zngln cr .zlret dzid jkÎxg` .iplet innr xtq zia dniiq

a mdipiae mipey mipezira eqtcp dixiy .wipn`lqa dxxebzdqwlô™ rpiilw ¨bpehövdtxhvde epnn dgxa 1941 zpy seqa .ulrw ehba dzid .(dyx`e)

.ulrw cil ipnxb dpgnl dvixt zra dztqp .zexria mipfihxt zbeltl

xrwehyÎwei`Rry`n ©©jlt) rfrxraÎfehx`w dxiira dclep .zxteq .(1988 - 1914 xaehwe`a 5)1925Îa ."zeaxz" ixar xtq ziaa dcnl .dxen did dia` .(dpald diqex ,epcexbdkiynd my .ixeitihpen xtkd znwda etzzydy ,dixed mr dpihpbx`l dxbidly wyna dcar liawnae dia` cnil eay ,dipelewd ly xtqd ziaa cenllxxebzdl dxar ,qrxii` qep`eaa zeppble mixenl xpinq dniiq jkÎxg` .dixed

.aia`Îlza dxxebzde 1974Îa l`xyil dzlr .micli oba my dcare ef xiramipezira mixetiqe mixiy dnqxt .ohwd clid ly enlern md dzaizk i`yep

a eqtcp miclil dizexivi .l`xyiae dwixn`a ,dpihpbx`axrpihprbxõ

jrlrniiae (qrxii` qep`ea)bpehöv xrcpiwaoeebna miclil dazk .(wxeiÎeip)xtqd izal ze`xwna ellkp dixetiqe dixiy .zeiyrn ,mixetiq ,mixiy :mixp`'foe` xrnipR" sqe`a mipey`xd dixiy z` dnqxt dxyryy liba :dixtqn .yiciiaqrxii` qep`ea ,micli ixiy) "jrlxrcpiw ;(1930 qrxii` qep`ea) "jrlniprR

323

"qril`eek rwiax`™" ;(1951 qrxii` qep`eaa ,micli ixiy) "wicprbpif" ;(1958©©xrc" ;(1957 qrxii` qep`ea) "”ehÎmeiÎheb" ;(1954 qrxii` qep`ea ,mixiy)icia zixarl mbxez .1961 qrxii` qep`ea ,mixiye mixetiq) "mieaÎxraiev"cpõl oön oe™ ornela :zeiplk" ;("`ltd ur" xzekd zgz 1975Îa inlz mixt`qrxii` qep`ea) "miidõ" ;(1966 qrxii` qep`ea) "xic ev" ;(1964 qrxii` qep`ea)"yi` `lt" ;(1973 aia`Îlz ,inlz mixt` yiciin mebxz) "mely ly ob" ;(1969zlny" ;(1981 aia`Îlz) "brh rpön oe™ oõa" ;(1978 aia`Îlz ,inlz .` mbxz)

.(1987 aia`Îlz) "ynyd

rcl`b u`R©¨.diqex ,c`x`b`ee`pÎipyfip xef`a dclep .znbxzne zxteq .(1941 - ?1888)¨¨¨¨ztewz .bxeaxht zhiqxaipe`a dixehqidl dhlewtd z` dniiq .dplieea dlcbÎxg`e diqexa dzdy 1918-1915 mipya .dyx`eea zicedi diqpniba dcar dnxehwec x`ez dlaiw my ,oilxaa dzid 1929-1921 mipya .dplieea jkdplieea zil`ixd diqpniba dixehqidl dxen dzid .dibelelitae dixehqidamixn`n dazk .miaefr micli ornl dxagd zxikfn dzid .minezi zia zldpneeqtcp el` .dixehqidd revwn z`xede zeibebct zeira ,micli jepig i`yepamiclil dfgn dazk oilxaa dzedy ztewza .dplieeae dyx`eea mipezira

dnk .micli xear mihqwh yiciil dnbxze dcair .micli ixetiqedizexivina eqtcp micliljrlrniia rwpipixb"iiqic` oe` c`ili`" :dixtqn .(dplie)¨

ryikixb" ;(zexecdn dnka xe` d`x .1924 oilxa ,miclil micaern mixetiq)dyx`e) "qrcprbrl ryiniex" ;(1938 dyx`e ,oekizd xtqd zia xear) "ohinxe`l d`vi .zecxtp zexaega) "xrh`lhin oe™ rhkiyrb xõ™ jeapriil" ;(1939©`hil ly dzxard awr xe` e`x `l x`yd .1940 dplieea - dpey`x zxaeg.dplieea zil`ixd diqpniba dxen dzid 1941 ipeil 1940 uiw oia .(mihiiaeql

.x`peta dztqp .ehba xvw onf dzdy jkÎxg`

(dpg) `heip` `i`wqx`bih`iR©¨©©©©.dpi`xwe` ,xin`hiyfa dclep .zxteqe zxxeyn .(1943 x`exat - 1893)¨zeiqex zexrp ecnl ea ,zexrpl ihxt xtq zia did ,oiihyprfii` rx`q ,dn`l¨did - f`weew icedin e`vena ,iwqx`bih`iR l`xyi - a`d .zeicedi zexrpe©¨yy liba diqpnibd z` zepiihvda dniiq .ziqexd dtya exaic ziaa .dxenz` dykxy xg`l .ziqexa mixiy dazk .iqex irevwn xtq ziaa dcar .dxyrxtqd izaa dxen dzid .ef dtya aezkl dlgd ,yicii zextq dcnle yicii ztymicli ixetiq dnqxt 1915 zpya .aiiwe rwee`k`l`n ,xin`hiyfa yiciia¨©©¨

oezirajrlrniia rwpipixb.zeibelezp`ae mipezira eqtcp dixiy .(dplie);(1930 aiiw) "rwlryfõq oe` jöh oi`" ;(1930 aeiw ,mixiy) "bpõb oi`" :dixtqn;(1934 ee`wx`k ,mixiy) "cpõl oön fi` hiixa" ;(1930 aiiw) "`peU xrqöee xrc"©¨.(1940 deewqen ,mixiy) "böhy™ie` oi`" ;(1935 aiiw ,mixetiq) "jõee xrc sie`"

324

) inin o`fpiRly mipecaqt(`lrc` wipyh`t`ilyÎoiihypiiee ¨©¨©©.xirf xgqna ewqry mixedl dpi`xwe`a ee`wxrv`lra dclep .(1975 ± 1910)¨¨qep`eaa dxxebzd .dpihpbx`l dixed mr dribd ,1914 zpya ,4 za dzeidazecqena okn xg`le ,axr xtq ziaae miihxt mixen lv` dcnl .qrxii`eicehqa ,iwqee`lhiyf xtq ziaa dxen dzid .zicxtqd dtya ddeab dlkydl¨mi`yep lr dzvxd .uxt y"r oekiz xtq ziaae "hti`" oexh`iz cily ihnxcd

oezira 1926 zpya zizextqd dzaizk z` dlgd .zextqarqrxR icjkÎxg` .:mdipia ,yiciia mipezirae zicxtqa mipezira zeazke mixetiq dnqxtÎqwl`™¨

iex™ ryic›i ic ,hpöx™ xrfcpe` ,rpeaixh xrcpiw ,hpöd ,rnihydzxivia .xrc" dxtqa .miihqil`iveqd mixqnd mixkip mipezira dizeazkae zizextqdmiipr miyp` ly zexic ztwen xvga dcli ly miig dx`iz "xrhvpr™ o` sied¨zenc dcinrdy yiciia miclid zextqa dpey`xd zaygp `id .qrxii` qep`eaa,xzqp xrc ly zexivi zicxtql dnbxz .zizextqd dxivid fkxna dcli ly.ihpieh`w lcii ,meqÎc` :mitqep mipecaqt .mixg`e o`qlrbxra cec ,w`yx`n©©¨©¨

dlnxk ,dipcxi oö™dlaiw my .dpihpbx` qrxii` qep`eaa dclep .zxteqe zipwgy .(1917)oey`xd dxetiq z` dnqxt 13 liba .dxen did dia` .zicedie zillk dlkyd

oezird ly miclil sqenarqrxR ryic›i icmixetiq zexyr dnqxt f`n .miclid oezira mdipia ,qrxii` qep`eaa mipey mipezirajrlrniia xrpihprbxõ

xrepd oeziraebreeÎhpbeioezira okexrlcô xrcõpõw`c" dxtq .(le`ixhpen)q ¨miying liba .zicxtqn mebxz `ed (1941 qrxii` qep`ea) "lrwq`x`w oe™ lbp›i©¨

.ipihpbx`d oexh`izd znia lr ritedl dlgd miizye

dxU xrpih`ee`xR¨¨.oilet rpc`xb xef` ,lryrhyrlwa dclep .zxxeyne zxteq .(1948 - 1893)¨.rpc`xba zepal diqpnibd z` dniiq .oiiayxid uxt i`fgnde xteqd ly ezeg`¨Îqel ,eb`wiy ,wxeiÎeip :mipey zenewna dxxebzd .dwixn`l dribd 1923 zpyaoexh`izae miiciid xtqd izaa dlirt dzid my ,(dcpw) ix`bl`we ql'bp`

oezird zkxrn zxag zeax mipy dzid .icedidlõpxeyf xrcpiw.(wxeiÎeip)mb dtzzyd .dhr ixtn ziqexn minebxze micli ixetiq ,mixiy eqtcp df oezira

oezirahxôee ryic›i qôc.(dcpw ,brtipiee)

riqrR lrc`x™©(? - ?)

rRiv qrxR`"yiv ly xtq izaa dxen dzid .oilet rpryfexRa dclep .(? - ?1890)wx cnll dywrzd mipyd jyna .dyx`ee dplie ,wehqil`iaa (yiciia miipelig)

325

zervn`a mze` dcnil `id .xetqle aezkl ,`exwl miclid z` cnll ,'` dzikamixetiqe miwgyn dxaig .miclid ly ziaihw` zelirte mixetiq ,miwgyndplieea xe` d`xy ,dpey`xd micenild zpyl) "lkia oön" cenil xtqa ellkpyzagxpe zpwezn zg` lk ,zeax zexecdn eid xtql .htp`d miig ly mixei` mr1939Îa dxecdnde micenr 48 dllk 1925Îa dxecdnd :dnbec) .dizencewnsqep cenil xtq .1941Îa ewiqwna mb xe` d`x xtqd .(micenr 128 dllkdztqp .rpryfexRl day 1939 uiwa .(1929 dplie) "jeapkrx oön" `ed dxaigy

.miv`pd icia

dxU rnex™.ee`™l`ee (ipr™) dxUÎrnex™ ly hrd my .zxteq .(1960 uxna 29 - 1890)¨¨my .dwixn`l dribd 1913 zpya .dpald diqex wqpin xef` ,eeri`la dclep¨ly oeilib lka hrnk zeniyxe mixetiq dnqxt 1925 zpyn lgd .dpcqa dcar

oezirdlõpxeyf xrcpiwmipezira dnqxt ok enk .(wxeiÎeip)bpehöv xrcpiw

;(wxeiÎeip)lbiRy xrc,xrpihprbxõ ,cpõlxrcpiw ,oiilw oe` qiexb xõ™

jrlrniia;(qrxii` qep`ea)orpxrl xrcpiw xinôl;(dyx`e)rxrfcpe` xõ™

xrcpiw.wxeiÎeipa dxhtp .(fixt)

rip`q x`hp`w©¨¨xe` e`x el` mipextq .rah i`yepa micli ixtq znbxzne zxagn .(? - ?)oe` qrwy`xen oe™ dkeln xrc oi`" :dhr ixtn .1920 zpya wehqil`iaa©

reeree ` oe™ jeab`h" ;"orn`eeyxrc ,`a`l" ,"ile`ee" ,"`bpia" :minebxz ."rwx ¨¨©¨ief` iee" .o`hrq .h.r z`n mlek - "zeig ic oe™ oarl q`c"e "`tnexew oe™ bipiw¨¨©h`d ox`df`p xrc ief` iee" ;"hied oöf sie` owrl™ ornew`a h`d hxrRnrl xrc¨©©¨¨¨rxi` hk`nrb oiil` h`d q`ee ,u`w ` obree" ;"hied oöf sie` oyhiipw ornew`a©©©¨¨©©xrc ox`eerb oaixyrb fi` ief` iee" ;"hp`™rlrd mrpiilw ` obree" ;"oxiv`Ry©©©©¨

.bpiltiw .x z`n mlek - "eeixa xrhyxr

dkxa oiihyR`w¨dcnl dzeclia .dpi`xwe` ,iwelixRa dclep .zxteq .( ? - 1909 lixt`a 15)dnziizd dxyr cg` liba .iciiÎixar xtq ziaa jkÎxg`e mipa mr 'xcg'adcpw brtipieel dribd 1924 zpya .eerpryrwa daq ziaa xxebzdl dxare.axr xtq izaa dcnle meia dcar `id zenewnd ipya .wxeiÎeipl 1933 zpyaemixiy 1933 zpyn lgd mqxtl dlgd .aia`Îlza dzig 1945 zpyn lgdoia .aia`Îlze ,fixt ,dcpw ,wxeiÎeipa mipezira zei`pezir zeazk mb mizirle

a dizexivi enqxtzp x`ydbpehöv xrcpiwzeibelezp`a ellkp dixiy .(wxeiÎeip)"rlrbiee qrlrwpõi xrhpe`" dibelezp` dkxr oinipa dlra mr cgi .zepey.(1983 wxeiÎeip ,wte` l`ixe` icia zixarl mbxez .1976 wxeiÎeip-aia`Îlz);(1945 wxeiÎeip) "uxõd oön bpif" ;(1939 wxeiÎeip) "ji` oia wxõhy" :dixtqn

326

;(1959 aia`Îlz) "yny l` ynyn" ;(1951 wxeiÎeip) "ôc fi` wlô™ qôc"rprbii` sie`" ;(1981 wxeiÎeip) "ze`xn" ;(1968 wxeiÎeip) "xrcil rprailwrb"

.(1993 aia`Îlz) "yiprhrxrb qiexb õ oe™" ;(1989 aia`Îlz wxeiÎeip) "obree

dwax wiqgpR iwqee`wh`ieew©¨.ziciqg dgtynl oilet 'fcela dclep .zxxeyne zxteq .(1920 xanaepa 11)zrepza dlirt dzid .zillk diqpnib dniiq jkÎxg` j` izxeqn jepig dcnlzpya .mixteq begl dtxhvd my 'fcel ehba dzdy dnglnd uexta ."dipecxeb"1945 zpya .mixg` zepgnl dxared epnn .uieeye` dpgnl dglyp 1944dznlgd xg`l .deewqena mileg zial dglype mec`d `avd ici lr dxxgey

.d`yipe oiletl 1946 zpya dxfg'fcel zhiqxaipe`a dibelekiqte zextq dcnl1949 zpya l`xyil dzlr .dvx` eziilr z`xwl d`ey levip xrep mr dcare

.dtig xef`a drwzydezipleta icedid miclid oezira dizexivi z` dnqxt dxyr mizy libailõn

cpôlbyRmixetiqe mixiy .ca`y onei dazk ehba .w`'vxew yep`i jxrywxeiÎeip ,'fcel ,dyx`eea mipezira xzei xge`n enqxete exnyp f` dazkymiig lr ,d`eyd `yepa xwira dazk diipyd mlerd zngln xg`l .dtigezixarl mbxz .1950 qrxii` qep`ea) "xrbõl oi` xrbõl oe™" :dixtqn .ze`hbadtig) "hprd" ;(1961 aia`Îlz ,"xcbd ixeg`n miyp" xzekd zgz i`zay .w.1965 dtig) ehba mixbeane micli iig lr mixetiq "hprd rxrkif oi`" ,(1956cli ly epnei edf .(1971) "?dnl :minrt sl`" ;(1965 xfril`Îoa .i zixarl mbxz

oezira qtced 1970 zpya .'fcel ehbaqröp rhvrloön oree" :xzekd zgzielÎxgy dpei icia :miinrt zixarl mbxez xtqd ."orbpõbrbxrhpe` fi` hlree"dwniig" xzekd zgz d`lnd ezpekzna i`g` sqei iciae (1971) dlw zixara.miiciid mixteqd zceb` qxta dkf .(1975 dtig) "mi oe` lnxk oyieev" ;(1975)"oxree rhyxr ic - rhvrl ic" ;(1976) i`g` sqei icia zixarl mbxez xtqd"zeidl mipey`x ...eidy mipexg`" :ixar mebxza .1980 dtig ,zen`ete mixiy)dxetiq lr inlerd icedid zeaxzd qxbpew qxta dzkf .(1984 aia`Îlz

.(1974) dtig xird mrhn iwqpit qxtae (1964) "zilhd"

mixn oiwqõxdzid .dpald diqexa mip`lqa dclep .zxteq .(1973 xaehwe`a 18 - 1888)¨.dwixn`l dribd 1920 zpya .ef dzelirt awr xq`na dayi s`e 'cpea'a dlirt

a mdipia .mipey mipezira miclile mixbeanl mixetiq dnqxtlõpxeyf xrcpiw.;(1941 wxeiÎeip) "qparl rlihy" ;(1927 wxeiÎeip) "oarl xôi orv" :dixtqn

.(1951 wxeiÎeip ,zix`vd diqexa micedi mipktdn iign) "rwh`lf"©

dxU orfiixdclep .znbxzne zxteq ,zxxeyn .(1974 xaehwe`a 25 - 1885 xanvc)

327

onlw iciiÎixard xteqd did dia` .dpald diqex ,wqpin jlt ee`p`ciew dxiira©¨oewiqwl xagn ,cenil ixtq jxere azek - orfiix onlf eid dig` ipy ,orfiixicedi jepig dlaiw .xxeynde xteqd orfiix mdxa`e - yiciia mixxeyne mixteqdzeg` ziaa dxxebzd dn` zen xg`l .miihxt mixen lv` ziqex dcnle

ye `plid`n dxiira.wqpinl dxar dxyr yely liba .innr xtq zia dniiq m ¨©1910 zpya .zeipxhqw` zexba zepigaa dpgap jk xg`e dxitza dcar mydaizka dwqr dyx`eea .lrq`w cec xteqd ,dlra mr dyx`eel dxar©oia miinnr miicii xtq izaa dxen dzid my ,wqpinl day 1914 zpya .mebxzaeoezira dizexivi dnqxt my dplieel dxar 1921 zpya .1921-1916 mipyd

micliljrlrniia rwpipixbdxxebzde 1933 zpya zixad zevx`l dxbid .zexivi dnqxt wqpina] .yiciil dxar jkÎxg`e ziqexa aezkl dlgd .qwpexaaixetiqn yiciil dnbxz .mixiye zefgn ,mixetiq dazk .[qpnlw dxy" myd zgzoezira mdipia ,mipezira eqtcp dizexivi aex .oecpel w'be cliie xwqe` ,iehqleh

miclidjrlrniia rwpipixbdixetiqa .zeibelezp`a mb ellkp dizexivi .(dplie).zixile zixeiv dtyd dixiya .xened oke zixil dnip mr dil`ix mialeynoe` o`d xrc" ,"xrhkrh öxc qwip”eyi mrc oe` xra xrc" :dly miclid ixtqn¨qxrcpiw rpiilw x`™" ;(1918 dqce`a xe` e`xy mipextq ipy "lrara q`c¨©:mitqep mixtq .(1919 dyx`e) "rl'dyn oe` rpk`i ra`a" ;(1918 dplie) "obree¨©"xrcil" ;(1924 dplie) "xrcil" ;(1918 dqce` ,1911 dyx`e) "x`ee oe` melg"¨;(dyx`e ,ee`w`qw` .w.q z`n) "lnila rhiex" :dinebxzn .(1955 wxeiÎeip)©©¨mixtqd .(zeax zexecdna xe`l `vi ,1910 dyx`e ,`Rrc l`ipc) "o`fpia`x"¨¨¨Îqwl`™ ryicp`lxi`" :oiwvrlw z`veda ,dplieea mlek xe`l e`vi oldl©¨;(1922 ,eeriprbxeh .`) "xrcpiw oe` qxrh`™" ;(1922 ,qep`nw`n .q) "jrldUrn©©¨qtcp .1923 ,eerirxcp` .l) "x`h`pxraeb xrc" ;(1923 ,oiwyet .`) "iwqee`xaec"¨©¨

cpead oezira ,1906Îa ,mcewbpehöv qwl`™;(1923 ,iehqleh .`) "`hilr`" .( ¨©©ic oe` miid ic" ;(1925 ,`wqee`lx` .q) "o™il`w ic oe™ h™`yxrd xrc xrhpe`"©©¨¨©

.(1929 ,iehqleh .l) "hxearbxrciee" ;(1929) x`b`h h`p`xcia`x) "hlree©©©©¨

lgx c`a`y©©;(1920 dyx`e) "dix` xeb" :dixtqn .miclil mixtq xe`l d`ived .(? - ?)

xrc" ;"xrcpiw xõ™ milyn"ev jrlpr orpöf qôee ,zeig" ;"q`ly xrh™eyiMxõ™¨xrc" ;"xeh`p rwicrarl ic" ;"yi™ ev jrlpr orpöf qôee ,zeig" ;"oyhprn©

."weyfÎiin" ;"lnid xrc oe` cxr ic" ;"hped xrc oe` yhprn

mixn xrpfevÎxrn`y¨xteqd ly eza .dqce`a dclep .(1951 xaehwe`a 11 - 1882 xanaepa 25)dazk .wxeiÎeipa dxxebzd .(yhieerwiiy xi`nÎmegp ly mipecaqt) x"nyoeiv `ll ,wxeiÎeip) "dpzn q'orhõh mrc" miclil dfgn mdipia .zefgne zen`et

.(1939 wxeiÎeip) "wxôiÎeip oyixõxrhil oyic›i oe™" :dixtqn .(dpy

328

rliia o`nqrh`bÎxrhkry¨©dxar 1922 zpya .dpieea dclep .zkxere zxteq ,zxxeyn .(1920 hqebe`a 7)zextq e`xwe yicii exaic ziaa .ipnex xtq ziaa dcnl .'uiaepxyhl dgtyndzpyn lgd .dcear dpgnae ehba dzid diipyd zinlerd dnglnd zra .yiciiizan cg`a dxenk dcare mixenl xpinq my dniiq .wxeiÎeipa zxxebzn 1951miclil mixetiqe micli ixiy dazk ."hehihqpi` wlô™ mkilr mely" ly xtqd

mdipia ,mipey mipezira 1937 zpyn lgd mze` dnqxtelõpxeyf xrcpiw

ebpehöv xrcpiwmiclid oezir ikxern zg` dzid .lõpxeyf xrcpiwdyniy .;(1956 wxeiÎeip) "rlraiih oe` lniig" :dixtqn .mipy xyrk jyna df ciwtzaÎlz ,mixiy) "oxrien oyieev qrwyfrhq" ;(1963 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy) "oxô™ xin"il™" ;(1994 wxeiÎeip) "brhxrnef" ;(1980 wxeiÎeip ,mixiy) "iix`y" ;(1972 aia`©izaa micinlz mze` exye epgled dixiyn wlg .(1999 wxeiÎeip) "bpõlyil™ oöndwitd mixyrd d`nd ly mirayd zepy zligza .zeldwne mixnf mbe xtq

mya oezir wxeiÎeiparbpra rbpr.micli icia xie`e azkpy ,

dxU xrxipryoilet aewxwa dclep .zxteqe zkpgn .(1938 uxna 17 - 1883 ileia 6)cxi dia`y xg`l .iplet innr xtq ziaa dcnl .flra iciqgn mixgeq zgtynamlerd znglna .zicedi dlkyd yekxl dkiynde zxtezk dcar eiqkpnzepal dlkyd ziipwd `yepa dvelg dzid .dpieel dhiltk dribd dpey`xddyniy ea ,zepal izc xtq zia my dniwde aewxwl day dnglnd xg`l .zeizcegztzd el`e "l`xyi zceb`" ici lr xtq iza cer egztp eizeawra .dxenk mbdizecinlz liaya dxaig `id jepigd megza dzelirt cva ."awri zia" zyxl

mipezira eqtcp mdn wlg .yiciia xqen iwxte zefgn ,mixetiqawri zia

eohx`b xrcpiwoe™ gM xrc" ;(1925 'fcel) "zicedi" :zexaeg xe`l d`ived . ¨

ixar mebxz ,1929 'fcel) "oif oaif rxi` oe` dpg" ;(1929 'fcel) "zay orbiliidqôee" ;(1930 'fcel) "yexeeyg` oe` xzq`" ;(1948 ,1944 aia`Îlz ixxd .b iciarhlnõfrb :wxree rlõ" ;(1931 'fcel) "xrhkôh xryic›i xrc hin oiif sxõcm`" ;(1937 ,dfgn) "jea mi”eh mini" ;(1956 oilwexa ,1933 'fcel) "oh™ixy,1975 ,1955 wxa ipa) zefgne mixetiq ,mixn`n ,diig zeclez :diazk) "l`xyia

.(1984

mewn i`xn

:dxrd,yiciia micli zextq ,yicii zextq :el` mi`yepa zexewn zllek ditxbeilaiad

.1939-1918 mipya zepey zevx`a icedi jepig

:l`ixe` wte`U. Offek, “Children’s Literature”, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 5, Jerusalem,

1971.

329

,"olieR oi` ofreeley ryic›i q`c" ,qrbii` 'i :'i qrbii`hpöd,1928 ,ryx`ee ,xrnepÎiiliaei , ¨©

.99-97 'f

:mixn oiihypfii`Eisenstein, M. Jewish Schools in Poland in 1919-1939, New-York 1950.,rpihprbxõ oi` xehõxrhil xryic›i xrc oe™ ribôlôhpõ.1944 qrxö` qôprea

Îxrcpiw xryic›i xrc obree rb`x™ xrc ev" ,iwqn`hq`a 'y :1910 dnly iwqn`hq`a©¨©¨©

,"xeh`xrhilh`lapk`ee xrpliee.4-3 'f ,1910 `"rxz zah 'i ,rpliee ,43 , ©¨©

,"xeh`xrhilÎxrcpiw" :1912 [dnly iwqn`hq`a],h`lapk`ee xrplieexii` 'h ,rpliee ,15 ©¨©¨©

.2 'f ,1912 a"rxz

,"'cpöx™xrcpiw' x`i iieev" ,mieaqwea 'p :ozp mieaqweaxrhrla ryix`xrhil,ryx`ee ,15 , ¨©©

.237-236 'f ,9.4.1937

,"?xrcpiw rxrfcpe` orpriil q`ee" ,ongpÎoa :ongpÎoa,cpiw q`cx`exar™Îx`ep`i ,ryx`ee ¨¨©©©©

.16-12 'f ,1935

,"dlgzdd - 'jrlrniia rwpipixb'" ,l`Îxa 'r :2000 dpicr l`Îxaxywi`n ,aia`Îlz ,27 ,

.106-99 'nr ,2000

,"dlgzdd - micli zepezir" :2001 dpicr l`Îxad`ixw ilbrnelqk - 2001 xanaep ,

.59-54 'nr ,dtig zhiqxaipe` ,a"qyz

:2002 dpicr l`Îxaoileta miicedi micli ipezirmixteq oewiqwl llek / xwgn mekiq :

.2002 l`xyiÎxip ,jepigl zincw`d dllknd - deg` ,miclil yiciia mixxeyne

zegztzda enewne mixyrd d`nd zligza yiciia ipeligd jepigd" :2003 dpicr l`Îxa

,"miclid zextqxecl xec.16-7 'nr ,2003 c"qyz ,aia`Îlz zhiqxaipe` ,bk ,

zextq lr miyp ly ozrtyd :...cer zxtqn `zaqe zxtqn `ni`" :c"qyz dpicr l`Îxa

,"yiciia micliddyrne sern.c"qyz ,deg` zincw`d dllknd ,

,"yiciia miclid zextql mznexze oileta micli ipezir" :2005 dpicr l`Îxazeileguiw ,9 ,

.oli`Îxae aia`Îlz ,milyexi ,dtig ze`hiqxaipe` ,2005

,l`Îxa 'r :2006 dpicr l`Îxaoileta zixarae yiciia micli ipezir :miwxwxid mivrd oia

1939-1918.2006 milyexi ,ocq ac oekne zipeivd diixtqd ,

,(mikxer) onheb 'i ,lhxa 'i ;l`xyi onheb ,l`xyi lhxaoilet icedi :xaye meiw

,mdizexecl.2001 milyexi ,zeine`l ,zeaxz ,dxag :ipy jxk

oi` ,"(hkifxrai` xrpiinrbl`) ley rkrlhlreeÎyicii ic" ,an`l`b '` :mdxa` an`l`b¨¨©¨¨©

1935 j`p`nl`Îley.26-15 'f , ©©©

xriif oe` mew™ie` xriif) oley bpixÎxrhrax` ic" ,xrhailrb '™ :lyi™ xrhailrb©

oi` ,"(bpelwieehp`1935 j`p`nl`Îley.66-27 66-27 'f , ©©©©

,"rqrxR xrfcpe` obree :bpebree`a xrc oe™ lbiRy xrc" xrhl`d 'n :ikcxn xrhl`d©©©

hiidöx™ xrfcpe`.6 'f ,1935 xranrvrc 7 ,ryx`ee ,16-17 ,©

:ikcxn yinlgl`xyi ux`a yicii ixetiq ly dibelezp` :aexwne o`knaia`Îlz ,

.1966

,"zengln iieev oyieev olieR oi` ley ryic›i ic" ,xree`w`hx`h '` :dix` xreeôwõhxõh©©©¨

- oi`a jeax`i / dpyd xtq'f ,1967 g"kyz aia`Îlz ,xree`w`hx`h '` zkixra , ¨©©©¨

.265-210

,"xeh`xrhilÎxrcpiw xryic›i xrc oet qwEee xrc" :l`ipc ipx`yh,xrhrla ryix`xrhil ©©©

.22-21 'f ,1939 x`ep`i 20 ,ryx`ee ,(765) 2©©©

:xrkia ryic›iCatalog of Out-of-Print Yiddish Books, National Yiddish Book Center,

Amherst, Ma..

330

oe™ xrliy ic oyieev rhrwp`Îbpehöv ` :orbpehöv oe` xrcpiw" ,iwqpey`i 'i :iwqpey`i©©©©

,"rif`pnibÎl`rx xrplieeley röp ic.253-243 'f ,1927 ,ryx`ee , ©©©

`xrhil ryic›i" ,dicici :[(le`y megp) l`ey yhieeôcici] dicici,"hpbei x`™ xehq`c ©©¨

,cpiw.69-66 'f ,1937 x`ep`i ,ryx`ee ,6©©©

:(.crx) ,mi™ri oixeyirpliee h`hy xrc hrncieerb jealn`f ` :rpliee.1935 ,wx`iÎeip , ©©¨¨

:mi™ri oixeyi,xröhyev xryi™`xb`ilaia :xeh`xrhil ryic›i rpxrc`n x`i 100Îeip ¨¨©¨©

.1965 wx`i¨

:o`wiqwrlxeh`xrhil xryic›i xröp xrc oe™ o`wiqwrlwx`iÎeip ,g-` cpra , ¨¨©¨

.1981-1956

,odM 'a :lxra odk oôwiqwrl,qxraöxyÎyic›i oe™ o`wiqwrl.1986 wx`iÎeip ¨¨

:jeaÎxeMfi xrxrljeaÎxeMfi xrxrl.1954-1952 wx`iÎeip ,o`cf`w .y .g x`hw`crx ,©¨©©¨

,wte` '` :l`ixe` wte` oewiqwl,micli zextql wte` oewiqwl.1985 aia`Îlz ,a-`

,lqxw 'b :lvrb lqxw oewiqwl,mipexg`d zexeca zixard zextqd oewiqkldiagxn ,`

.1967 diagxn ,a ;1965

:m`xb`xR ,dlkyd ivitn`) xeh`xrhilÎxrcpiw ryic›i ic oe` "dlkUd ivi™n" dx”g ic ¨©©©

,hiiwihrhÎqb`lx`™ x`™ m`xb`xR.[c"yg] [c"ng] ¨©©©©

oi` ,"xeh`xrhilÎxrcpiw xryic›i obree" ,xrbip 'y :1935 l`eny xrbipj`p`nl`Îley ©©©©

1935.195-188 'f ,

:oi` ,"oixrfrl ic oe` xehõxrhil ryic›i ic" :1985 [1913] l`eny xrbiprhkiyrb xrhrla

xehõxrhil xryic›i xrc oe™:ly zycegn dqtcd] .107-35 'f ,1985 wxôiÎeip ,

ic oe` - xehõxrhil ryicei ic .xehõxrhil ryicei xrc oe™ rhkiyrb xrc ev qricehy"

,"oixrfrl,qwpR xrc.[138-85 'f ,b"rxz dplie

:ozp wrN. Eck, The Education Institutions of Polish Jewry (1921-1939), New- York 1947.

:aiil miig qwetrc`p`w oi` xeh`xrhil ry›rxard oe` ryic›i x`i 100l`rxhp`n , ¨©©©¨¨

.1980

oöf :rpliee oi` ofreeley xryic›i xrpxrc`n xrc" ,xrk`nxrcelR 'b :oeyxb xrk`nxrcelR©©¨

oi` ,"orbpekiixbxrc ryib`b`crR oe` rkrlh™`ylrfrbÎxehlew ,bpelwieehp`Îley ©©©¨

1935 j`p`nl`.251-232 'f , ©©©

c xrai` bpebree`aÎley ryic›i ic" ,wp`x™ 'd :1935 wp`xtoi` ,"(hkifxrai`) hlree xr ©©©

1935 j`p`nl`Îley.364-348 'f , ©©©

,"dicw iwqaecelen" :cxpe`il xbxtzixard dictelwivp`d,l"yz aia`Îlz-milyexi ,22 ,

.428-427 'nr

,yext '` :qixi` yextzEilEy ly dpexzi :ze`xew miyp.2001 aia`Îlz ,

:jeza ,"oileta awriÎzia zepal xtqdÎiza" oefpcixt 'i :sqei oefpcixtzeaxzde jepgd

,mlerd zengln izy oia :dtexi`a zixard'nr ,1957 wxeiÎeip ,oiihytx`y 'v zkixra

.82-61

onztv 'y :dxy onztv:[1814-1504] "h"yrad igay" cr dziy`xn :yiciia zxetiqd

,zxren ditxbeilaia.d"nyz milyexi

:oi` ,"brRipiee oi` ley uxR .l .i ic" ,od`w 'n :1935 od`w1935 j`p`nl`Îley.174-170 'f , ©©©©©

xi` oe` `"yiv ic :olieR oi` oley ryic›i ic" ,o`cf`w 'y 'g :1935 dnly miig o`cf`w©©©©¨

oi` ,"wxreeley1935 j`p`nl`Îley.231-213 'f , ©©©

,o`cf`w 'y 'g :1947 dnly miig o`cf`woi` ofreeley oyic›i oe™ rhkiyrb ic ©©©©

,olieR owibprdR`ne`.567-411 'f ,1947 rwiqwrn ¨

331

Îxrcpiw ryic›i x`i wiqöxc oe` spi™" ,o`cf`w 'y 'g :1948 dnly miig o`cf`w©©©©¨

:oi` ,"xeh`xrhil,qwpRÎley.379-335 'f ,1948 `b`wiy ©©¨

,o`cf`w 'y 'g :1956 dnly miig o`cf`w"`"yiv fia 'qrl`wy' oe` xcg oe™rwiqwrn , ©©©©¨¨

.1956

,iwqpibxryh`w 'y :edixny iwqpibxryh`wrpliee oaxeg.1947 wx`iÎeip , ©©¨

:oi` ,"oley uxR xrhp`x`h ic" ,ob`alrprv`w '` :dixe` ob`alrprv`wj`p`nl`Îley ©¨©¨¨¨©©©

1935.169-165 'f ,

:`xfr o`nx`wrib`l`hp` :qpixrhkic ryic›i.1928 `b`wiy , ¨©©¨¨©¨

,"xrpriilÎxrcpiw oyic›i mrc geMn qôeehr" ,wexw 'd :o`nxrd wexwobreeley,3 (17) , ©©

.156-151 'f ,1935 xranrvrc ,ryx`ee©

:l`eny iwqp`yf`x(rib`l`hp`) rifr`R xryic›i xrc oi` iex™ ic,Buenos Aires.1966 ¨©¨©¨¨

:onlf orfiix,rqrxR oe` xeh`xrhil xryic›i xrc oe™ o`wiqwrl,l`eny xrbip .crx ¨©

.1914 ryx`ee©

ix`bl`w oi` ley xrc oe™ rhkiyrb xrc ev" ,hx`R`R`x 'y :1935 hx`R`R`x©¨¨©¨¨©©

,"(rc`p`w)1935 j`p`nl`Îley oi`.187-182 'f , ©©©©©

:1935 j`p`nl`Îley,j`p`nl` ley.d ,iwqee`lhiyf 'g ,xrhailrb 't :rivwõcrx ©©©©©©¨

y .i ,o`niiq .t ,xrbip .y ,w`ee`p.1935 ri™lrc`li™ ,iwv` ¨©¨©©

,jehpiiy 'i :1986 l`igi jehpiiyoia oileta enqxety yiciia zrdÎiazke mipeneid zniyx

,mlerd zengln izy.e"nyz milyexi

,"yicii zeaxze uiaepx'v zcire" ,jehpiiy 'i :2000 l`igi jehpiiyzeilegeizq ,dtig ,

.285-255 'nr ,2000

:xi`n megp uiawiiyeizepexkfe xny ixiymilyexi ,(qilryhõa xrnôy rfôx :zkxer) ,

.a"iyz

zit`d div`ehiqd :mkilr melyl ofgd iqiit oa lhen ixetiq" ,wexny 'g :1981 `pg wexny

,"xtqd ly eizecleze,d`ixw oniq.326-310 'nr ,1981 x`exat ,aia`Îlz ,13/12

xryic›i xrc oe™ oaiidp` ic oe` mkilr mely" ,wexrny 'g :1984 `pg wexrny¨

,"xrcpiw x`™ xeh`xrhilhiiw rprcl`b ic.53-39 'f ,1984 ,aia`Îlz ,112 , ©©¨

:1989 `pg wexrnyC. Shmeruk, “Hebrew-Yiddish-Polish: A Trilingual Jewish Culture” in

Y. Gutman, E. Mendelsohn, J. Reinharz, C. Shmeruk (eds.), The Poland Between Two

World Wars, Hanover-London 1989, pp. 285-311.

:iav oiihytxya-` mipexg` zexeca dtexi` gxfna micedid iig.1973 aia`Îlz ,