yoan darfio gunanda
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
1/24
A Study on Anger Expression
By
Yoan darfio gunanda
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
2/24
Anger expressed less overtly
towards people we dislike because of
combined feelings of anger-hostilityblend and is expressed more overtly
towards people we care for because
of anger-sadnessblend
Hypothesis
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
3/24
Developing the hypothesis...
Personal observation and experience
Anger towards a person cared for
Realized that each time anger was
expressed in the past was always towards a
person liked
Anger towards a person disliked was almost
never expressed
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
4/24
Design and methodology
Correlational designto test if:
correlationbetween anger expressed
towards people welikeand feelings of
sadnesstowards people welike
vs
correlation between anger expressed
towards people we dislikeand feelings of
hostilitytowards people we dislike
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
5/24
Dependent Variables
Three dependent variables:
ANGER
SADNESS
HOSTILITY
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
6/24
Participants
26 students of Acadia University
volunteered to participate
13 males and 13 females
Age range 18-23
Place: Student Union Building (SUB) Why? Library? NO! People are studying!
WE WANT PARTICIPANTSNOT..THE
BEATS!
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
7/24
Materials
Informed Consent
4 Questionnaires created on our own:
Demographic Questionnaire
Anger Expression Questionnaire
Sadness Sadness Questionnaire Hostility Questionnaire
Debriefing after completing the
questionnaires
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
8/24
Questionnaires
Demographic Questionnaire:collect info to
describe sample such as age, gender,
nationality, marital status characteristics ofparental home and educational level
Gender controlled as quasi independent
variable
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
9/24
Anger Expression, Sadness
and Hostility Questionnaires
Each of the questionnaires contained 10
questions
5 referred to people we care for
5 referred to people we dislike
Questions appeared counterbalanced with
one question about people we like followed
by a question about people we dislike
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
10/24
Rating Scale Each of 10 items measured on a 4-point
scale
1= almost never, 2= sometimes, 3= often,
4= almost always
All questionnaires yielded two separate
scores (people we like vs people we dislike)
with possible scores ranging from 5 to 20
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
11/24
Anger Expression Questionnaire
I yell at my parents, whom I respect, when they criticise me.
If I am annoyed with a schoolmate, whom I do not hold in high regard, I will make a point to show
my frustration.
I argue with my siblings, whom I care for, when we disagree.
If I come into contact with someone, whom I believe has been unfair to me, I will show that I amangry.
In a relationship I often argue with my partner, whom I care for (i.e. girlfriend, boyfriend, spouse,
etc.) when we disagree.
If a stranger is rude to me in a public place (restaurant, shopping mall, etc.) I will react negatively.
In an argument with my friends, whom I care for, I often show my frustrations.
When a stranger purposely bumps into me aggressively without apologising I will attack the stranger
verbally or physically to show my frustration.
I do not hesitate to show my favourite professor that I am angry over an unfair mark.
If my professor, whom I feel negatively towards, gives me an unfair mark, I will confront him or her
and express my anger.
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
12/24
Sadness Questionnaire
I feel sad when I disagree with my partner, whom I care for (boyfriend, girlfriend, spouse,
etc.).
I feel sad when my roommate, whom I dislike, takes advantage of me and treats me
unfairly.
I feel sad when my parents, whom I like, treat me unfairly. I feel sad when a classmate, whom I dislike, mocks me in front of the class.
I feel depressed when I find out my friend, whom I care for, has lied to me.
I feel sad and put off when a professor, whom I dislike, criticises me.
I feel sad when my siblings, whom I care for, are unfair to me.
I feel sad when an acquaintance, whom I dislike, treats me unfairly.
I feel sad when a professor, whom I respect, embarrasses me.
I feel sad when I feel a stranger purposely bumps into me aggressively without
apologising.
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
13/24
Hostility Questionnaire
I resent the fact that a classmate, whom I dislike, has scored higher than me on an exam/
assignment.
I resent my best friend, whom I care for, because she is generally more successful than me
(i.e. academics, sports, relationships, etc.)
I have negative feelings towards a professor, whom I dislike because he or she has givenme an unfair mark in the past.
I have negative feelings towards a sibling, whom I like because I believe they get more
attention from my parents.
I hold feelings of suspicion towards people I believe to be dishonest towards me.
I am suspicious of my partner, whom I care for (boyfriend, girlfriend, spouse, etc.),
because I believe they have not been completely honest with me in the past.
I feel irritated by the fact that my roommate, whom I dislike, has left our room untidy. I am irritated because I think my parents, whom I like, are trying to control my life.
I am cold (verbally) towards people I dislike.
I am cold (verbally) towards people I care for because they have upset me.
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
14/24
Pilot Study
Small sample: 4 males and 4 females
mean age 23 years
Small sample because some questionnaires
obtained were eliminated since
inappropriately completed
SO: changed the wording of some questions
to be more accurate and for results to be
more valid
Control time & location to avoid confounds
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
15/24
Results...
2-tailed T-test:
Comparing means betweenpeople we like
andpeople we dislike
Anger:t(25) = .609, p
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
16/24
Table: Results of correlation analysis-
Pearsons correlation Table 1
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient for Emotional Blends of Anger, Sadness, and Hostility
Emotional Blend p r
.
Dislike (anger & hostility) .055 .38
Like(anger & hostility) .008 .51 Dislike(sadness & anger) .88 -.032
Like(sadness & anger) .66 .092
Dislike(sadness & hostility) .042 .053
Like(sadness & hostility) .75 .067
_____________________________________________________________________
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
17/24
Results: Discussion
Correlational analysis:
No relationship between overt anger
expressionand sadnessfor people we like
No relationship between overt anger
expressionand hostilitybetween people we
dislike
BUT moderately positive correlation
between overt anger expressionand
hostilityfor people we like
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
18/24
Unexpected correlation
Hostility for PWL vs. Anger Expression for PW
LIKEHOST
16141210864
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
19/24
Suggestions...
Control other confounding variables:
mood of subjects (i.e. depressed)
individual differences (i.e. cultural)
larger sample size
specify population of interest
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
20/24
Problems associated with
correlational research
Cannot apply causation
Directionality problem
Third variable problem
Limited sample = threats external validity
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
21/24
Uniqueness of this study...
Questionnaires were created on our own
The two emotional blends: anger-sadness,
anger-hostility
Population from which sample was derived:
different nationalities (Canadian, Asian,
African, European)
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
22/24
Applications of this study
Emotional blends to be studied in
the future in order to understand
anger expression.
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
23/24
-
8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda
24/24