,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;wf;f kw;gl;l fhyk; gw;wpak; mupau; … 3.pdf,ytr tpepnahfj;jpw;fhf 32,yq;ifapy;...

32,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

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33 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

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nfhz;l fhyj;jpy; tptrhak;> tpyq;F Ntshz;ik> tpahghuk; Nghd;w

eltbf;iffs; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpd. Mupau;fs; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j gpd;Gk;

mg;nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; njhlu;e;Jk; <Lgl;ldu;. Mupau;fs; tho;e;j

gpuNjrj;jpd; Gtpapay; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ tptrhaj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd gpuNjrj;ij njupT nra;Js;sik njspthfpd;wJ. gj;jfr;rdhTld;

tUif je;j mtDila rNfhjudhd mDuhj vd;w ngaUilatd; Fsk;

xd;iwf; fl;bajhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mupau;fs; ,e;ehl;bw;F te;jNghJ itjPf rkak; ,e;jpud;> #upad;

Mfpa Njtu;fis topgLk; Kiwfs; vd;gd ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;ld.

mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa i[d rkak; gw;wpAk; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,e;j

topghl;L Kiwfs; ,yq;ifapYk; gutp ,Uf;fyhk;. mj;Jld; ngsj;j rkak;

njhlu;ghfTk; mwpe;jpUf;fyhk;.


gapw;rp :

FbapUg;Gf;fs; mUfpyike;j ejpapd; gz;ila fhyg; ngau;

me;ejpapd; jw;Nghija ngau;

1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpju;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba ehd;F ,lq;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;Fupa kdpjd; czTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa jhtu czT tiffs; ahit?

3 Mupau; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gy; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

nraw;ghL :

1 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpju; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; ngwf; $ba ,lq;fisj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf

2 Mupau; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikg;gjw;F Mjhukhaike;j MWfisAk; mjw;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s FbapUg;GfisAk; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.


nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp tiuapyhd murpay; tuyhW

muRupik jhgpj;jy; tk;rf; fijfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Mfpa tuyhw;W

%yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jfty;fSf;F Vw;g mur gjtp ,yq;ifapd;

Kf;fpa murpay; KiwahfpaJ. ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;Fld; kf;fs;

rk;kjj;Jld; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk;> eyd; NgzYf;Fk; cjTk; gjtpahf

murd; vd;w gjtp r%fj;jpd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.

,yq;ifapd; Muk;g Mupau;; FbNaw;wq;fspd; Ml;rpahsd; fhkpdp

vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;. mj;Jld; ~~murd;|| vd;w tpUJg; ngaiuAk;

,e;ehl;bd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

Kjd; Kjyhf ,sturd;; gz;Lfhgad; kfhtyp fq;ifapd; mUfpy;

FbNaw;wq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij cWjp nra;jgpd; Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpy;

mike;Js;s FbapUg;Gf;fisAk; xd;wpizj;Jf; nfhz;L mDuhjGuj;jpd;

murdhf Kb #l;bf;nfhz;lhd;. gz;Lfhga murd; RahjPdkhff; fhzg;gl;l

,e;jf; FbapUg;Gf;fis xd;wpizj;J mDuhjGuj;jpd; murdhdik murpay;

tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa epfo;thff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,td; mDuhjGuj;jpid

efuj;Jf;Fupa midj;J mk;rq;fSk; nfhz;l KOikahd efukhf

cUthf;fpdhd;.mtd; ,yq;ifapd; fpuhkpa vy;iyfis tiuaWj;jjhfTk;

kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vt;thwhapDk; Njtek;gpajPrd; kd;dDila murhl;rpf; fhyk; tiu

,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Kb#l;L tpohitg; Nghd;w Kb#l;L tpoh ,yq;ifapy;

fhzg;gl;ljhfj; jfty; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jpapdhy; Kb#l;L

tpohtpd; nghUl;L mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis (mur rpd;dq;fisg;)

gad;gLj;jp ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf Njtek;gpajPrd; Kiwg;gb Kb#l;L

tpohit elj;jpdhd;. mj;Jld; mNrhf kd;dd; tpUk;gpa ~~Njtek;gpa|| vd;w

gl;lg; ngaiuAk; #l;bf; nfhz;lhd;. mjd; gpd; Ml;rpahsiu miog;gjw;F

kfhuh[h vd;w ngaUk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Kb#l;L tpohit elj;Jtjw;F

murp xUtu; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. murdpd; Kjd;ik ,uhzpf;Fg; gl;lj;J

,uhzp vd;w ngau; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mDuhjGuj;jpy; ,Ue;j Kjd;ik murd;

kfhuh[h vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;. gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fs; murd; vd;w ngaupdhy;

miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

44 tUlq;fs; mDuhjGuj;ij Ml;rp nra;j vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;J

cUFiz ,uhr;rpaj;ijAk; mDuhjGuj;ijAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L

Jl;lifKD murd; ,yq;ifia xd;wpizj;jhd;. ,J xNu murdpd; fPo;

,yq;ifj; jPT KOtJk; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;likf;F cjhuzk; MFk;.


ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; gj;J mur ju;kj;jpw;F (jruh[ju;k)

Vw;g ehl;il Ml;rp nra;tJ murDila nghWg;ghff; fUjg;gl;lJ. gpf;Ffspd;

MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJk; murhl;rpapy; Kf;fpakhdjhff;

fUjg;gl;lJ. murDila Kf;fpa nghWg;G cyfk;> rhrdk; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;

ghJfhj;jy; MFk;. ,q;F cyfk; vd;gJ kf;fisAk;> rhrdk; vd;gJ ngsj;j

FUkhu;fisAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;> Fsq;fis mikj;jy;>

ngsj;jj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F tpfhiufis mikj;jy; vd;gd murDila

Kf;fpa flikfshff; fUjg;gl;ld.

Kd;gpUe;j muru;fs; gpd;gw;wpa Ml;rpKiwr; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fSf;F mika

ehl;il Ml;rp nra;tjw;F muru;fs; Kaw;rp nra;jdu;. ,jw;Nfw;g ~~Kd;ida

gof;f tof;fq;fs;|| Ml;rp eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,t;thW

xOq;F Kiwahfg; gutpa murhl;rp KiwahdJ ngUk;ghYk; kf;fspd;

mq;fPfhuKila Ml;rpKiwahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ehl;bd; ghJfhg;igj;

jpl;lkply;> nghUshjhu rkaj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wy; vd;gd murdhy;

epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba gpujhd flikahfTk;> nghWg;ghfTk; fUjg;gl;ld.

murhl;rpapd; NghJ mikr;ru;fSk; Kf;fpa ,lj;jijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

tk;rf;fijfspy; ~~mikr;ru;||> 'mnkj;j||> 'mnkjp" vd;w ngau;fs; mtu;fis

miog;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

muRupik njhlu;gpy; rNfhjudplk; ,Ue;J rNfhjud; my;yJ

je;ijaplkpUe;J kfd; muRupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf

tpsq;fpaJ.

gz;Lfhga murDk; mtdJ topj;Njhd;wy;fSk;

murd; gz;Lfhgad; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fs; kfhtk;rk; > jPgtk;rk;

Mfpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. gz;LfhgaDila je;ij

jPffhkpdpahFk.; ,tu; gj;jfr;rhdhtpd; xU rNfhjuUila kfd; Mthu;.

gz;Lfhga ,sturdpd; jhahu; cd;khj rpj;jpuhthFk; ,jd;gb ,sturd;

gz;Lfhgad; Muk;g Mupau; FOtpd; guk;giuiar; Nru;e;jtdhthd;.

,sturd; gz;Lfhgad; jhapd; rNfhjuu;fs; gyUlDk; Nghu; nra;J

mtu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J mDuhjGuj;jpd; murdhdhd;. Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

gytw;iw xd;wpizj;J xw;iwahl;rp cUthFtjw;F ,tu; Mw;wpa Nrit

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;. mDuhjGuj;ij Ml;rpapd; kj;jpa epiyakhfj;

njupT nra;j ,tNd mDuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Muk;g Ml;rpahsdhthd;.

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l epu;thf Kiw murd; gz;Lfhgadhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

mDuhjGu efuk;> tPjpfs;> ,we;jtu;fis mlf;fk; nra;Ak; kahd G+kp Mfpa


mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;l jpl;lkplg;gl;l efukhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;turd; jdJ Ml;rpapd; gj;jhtJ Mz;by; ehl;bd; fpuhkq;fspd; vy;iyfis tFj;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ~~efuFj;jpfd;|| vd;w gjtpAk; efu gupghydj;;jpw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,g;gjtpf;F mga ,sturd; epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;. 70 Mz;L fhyk; gz;Lfhgad; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jhd;.

gz;LfhgaDf;F gpd; mtDila kfd; %j;jrptd; murd; Mdhd;. gpd;du; mtdJ Gjy;tdhd jp];] (jPrd;) murdhdhd;. ,e;j murdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; nksupag; NguuRld;; el;GwT epytpaJ. ,sturd; jp];] Ml;rpf;F te;j gpd;du; ,e;jpahtpd; mNrhfrf;futu;j;jpaplk; gy;NtW md;gspg;G nghUl;fSld; J}Jf; FOit mDg;gpaJld; jPrdpd; Kb#l;L tpohitr; rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb elhj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd mur rpd;dq;fis ,e;j J}Jtu;fsplk; mNrhf kd;dd; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. rj;jpupau;fspd;; Kb#l;L tpoh itgtk; Njtek;gpajPrd; kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpNyNa Muk;gkhdJ. md;W KjNy ~~Njtek;gpa|| vd;w gl;lg; ngaUk; jPrDf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

kfpe;jNjuu; cs;spl;l FOtpdu; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;jik> ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j rhrdk; mikf;fg;gl;lik> gpf;Fzp rq;fkpj;ij ,yq;iff;F tUif je;jik> mjd; gpd;G Gj;jrhrdj;ij mikj;jik> Gdpj nts;sur kuf;fpisia ehl;baik vd;gd Njtek;gpajPrDila fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w Kf;fpa rka epfo;r;rpfshFk;. ,yq;iff; fyhrhuj;jpy; Gj;Jzu;T Vw;gLtjw;F ,it fhuzkhfpd.

Njtek;gpajPr kd;dDf;Fg; gpd; mtDila rNfhjud; ,sturd; cj;jpa murdhdhd;. mtdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; mtDila rNfhjud; kfhrptDk; mjd; gpd; #ujp];] ,sturDk; murdhfpdu;. #ujp];] kd;dDila fhyj;jpy; Nrd> Fj;jpfd; Mfpa ,U njd;dpe;jpa Fjpiu tpahghupfs; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wp 22 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdu;.

,e;j Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fsplk; ,Ue;J ,sturd; mNryd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp 10 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. mNryDila fhyj;jpy; vy;yhsd; vd;w Nrho kd;dd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J mDuhjGu Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. vy;yhs kd;dd; 44 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. murd; vy;yhsd; ePjpahd Ml;rpahsd; vd kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vy;yhsd; mDuhGuj;ij Ml;rp nra;j fhyj;jpy; fpupe;jp Xah ejpf; fiuapy; khfkj;ij (kfhfhkk;) jiyefuhff; nfhz;L kd;dd; fhte;jPrd; cUFizia Ml;rp nra;jhd;. mk;kd;ddpd; kidtp tpfhukfhNjtpahthu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; ifKD> jp];] vd ,U Gjy;tu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,sturd; ifKD ,sikf; fhyk; njhl;L Nrhou;fsplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il kPl;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;w vz;zj;Jld; fhzg;gl;lhd;.


fhte;jprd; murDf;Fg; gpd;

cUFizf;F murdhd ifKD

vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;J ,yq;if

KOtijAk; jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo;f;

nfhz;L te;jhd;.

vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;j

gpd; NrhoUf;F vjpuhf ,d;DnkhU

gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhs;s Jl;lif

KDTf;F Neu;e;jJ.

tp[pj;jGu Nghupd; NghJ Njhy;tp

mile;j vy;yhs kd;dd; cjtp Nfl;L

,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gpa nra;jpf;F

tpilahf gy;Y}fDila jiyikapy;

,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j gilAld;

Jl;lifKD Nkhj Ntz;ba epiy

Vw;gl;lJ. me;jg; Nghupy; Jl;lifKD

ntw;wp mile;jhd;.

me;epauplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il kPl;L

KO ehl;ilAk; xd;W gLj;jp Ml;rp

nra;j Ml;rpahsdhf Jl;lifKD

murd; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;whd;.

fp.K 161 njhlf;fk; 137 tiuapy; 24 tUlq;fs; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp

nra;j ,k;kd;dd; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ngsj;j rka tsu;r;rpf;fhfg; ngUk;

gzpahw;wpdhd;. mDuhjGuj;jpy; kpuprntl;b> Utd;ntyprha> Nyhtkfhgha

Mfpa rka topghl;blq;fs; ,tdhy; fl;Ltpf;fg;gl;ld.

mDuhjGuf; fhyj;J muru;fSs; tyfk;gh kd;dd; nra;j murpay;

NritAk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

fp.K 109 njhlf;fk; 103 tiuahd fhyj;jpy; fy;yhl ehfd; Ml;rp

nra;jhd;.,tdJ fhyj;jpy; kfhuj;jf;f vd;w Nrdhjpgjp muRupikiag; gwpj;Jf;

nfhz;lhd;.Ml;rpiag; gwpj;Jf;nfhz;l NghjpYk; ,td; kpff; Fiwthf

mjhtJ 5 ehl;fs; kl;LNk Ml;rp nra;jhd;. rj;jhjp];] kd;ddpd; ,isa

Gjy;tdhd tl;lfhkpdp (tyfk;gh) kfhuj;jf Nrdhjpgjpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J

fp.K 103,y; murdhdhd;. jkJ guk;giuf;F nrhe;jkhd muRupikia

kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; ,td; ntw;wp ngw;whd;.

Njrg;glk; 3.4 - Jl;lifKD murdpd; gilfs; gazk; nra;j ghijia fhl;Lk; glk;


tyfk;gh kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F tUk; NghJ murpaypy; xU Fog;g epiy

epytpaJ. cUFiz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; eFy fpuhkj;jpy; jPa my;yJ jp];]

vd;w gpuhkzd; fpsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jp;dhd;. ehl;by; ,t;thwhd epiyikfs;

epyTifapy; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J te;j VO Ngiuf; nfhz;l FOtpdu;

,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thwhd Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fspy;

xUtu; NrhkhNjtpiaAk; ,d;ndhUtu; ghj;jpu jhJitAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L

kPz;Lk; ,e;jpahtpw;F nrd;wdu;. jhbad;> Gyfj;jd;> gh`pad;> gidakhud;>

gpisakhud; MfpNahu; xUtiunahUtu; nfhd;W 14 tUlk; mDuhjGuj;ij

Ml;rp nra;jdu;.

murd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf kiyaul;ilf;Fr; nrd;W xspe;jhd;. mg;NghJ

Fg;gpfy kfhjp];] vd;w gpf;F murUf;F cjtp nra;jhu;. ngUk; ,d;dy;fSf;F

kj;jpapy; ngsj;j gpf;FfspdJk; kiya Njrj;jpd; ~~jdrPt|| vd;w gpuNjr

Ml;rpahsupd; cjtpAlDk; gilfisj; jpul;bf; nfhz;L fp.K 89 ,y; tyfk;gh

kd;dd; Ml;rpia kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf;; nfhz;lhd;. murhl;rpf;F te;jTld; tyfk;gh

mgafpup tpfhiuia mikj;J xspe;jpUf;Fk; NghJ jkf;F cjtp toq;fpa

kfhjp];] gpf;Ftpw;F mu;g;gzpj;jhd;. ,J ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

(gpf;F xUtUf;F nra;j) KjyhtJ jdpg;gl;l tpfhiu mu;g;gzkhFk;. mgafpup

tpfhiuia ,t;thW mu;g;gzk; nra;jik ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; KjyhtJ

gpuptpidf;F (epfha Ngjk;) mbg;gilahfpaJ.

,J tiu guk;giu guk;giuahf Ngzg;gl;L te;j jpupgplfk; khj;jis

mYtpfhiuapy; E}y;tbtk; ngw;wJ ,t;turDila fhyj;jpyhFk;. tyfk;gh

kd;dd; vjpupfsplkpUe;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhj;J fp.K 89 njhlf;fk; 77 tiu

Ml;rp nra;jhd;.

mDuhjGuf; fhy murpay; tuyhw;iw fw;ifapy; trg kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F

te;jik ,d;ndhU Gjpa mur guk;giuia cUthf;fpaikahy; kpf Kf;fpa ,lk;

tfpf;fpd;wJ. trg kd;dd; ,yk;gfu;ztk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Ml;rpahsdhthd;;. trg

kd;dDld; Muk;gkhd ,yk;gfu;z tk;rk; 370 tUlq;fSf;F mjpfkhf epd;W

epiyj;jJ. trg kd;dd; fp.gp 65 njhlf;fk; 109 tiu 44 tUlq;fs; ehl;bid

Ml;rp nra;jhd;. trg kd;dDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

tlf;fpy; aho;ghz jPgfw;gj;jpYk; njw;fpy; rpj;Js; gt;t> jp];]kfhuhk

Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;> fpof;fpy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpYk; Nkw;fpy; FUzhfy;

khtl;lj;jpYk; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,it trg kd;ddpd; Ml;rp ,yq;if

KOtjpYk; gutpapUe;jikf;F rhd;Wfshfpd;wd.

Fsq;fs;> ePu;g;ghrdf; fhy;tha;fs; gytw;iw mikj;J tptrha

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; tpfhiufs; Kjypatw;iw mikj;J Gj;j rhrdj;jpd;

tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,t;turd; ngUk; gzpahw;wpAs;shd;.


fp.gp 276 njhlf;fk; 303 tiu ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j kfhNrdd;

Ml;rpf; fhyk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,td; Nfhj;jhga kd;dDila

,isa Gjy;td; Mthd;. ,tDf;Fj; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j rq;fkpj;jpu

vd;w itj;Jy;a thj (khfhahdk;) gpf;F fiyfis fw;gpj;jhu;. ,g;gpf;Ftpd;

Mjpf;fj;jpdhy; kfhNrd kd;dd; kfhahd ngsj;jj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F

mDruiz toq;fpdhu;. mur mDruiz fpilj;jikahy; kfhahd ngsj;jk;

gut VJthfpaJ.

mj;Jld; kfhtpfhiuf;F vjpuhf eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F muirj;

J}z;b tpLtjw;F rq;fkpj;jpu gpf;F Kw;gl;lhu;. kfhtpfhiu gpf;FfSf;F

jhdk; nfhLg;gtu;fSf;F jz;lid toq;fTk; fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;

kfhtpfhiu gpf;Ffs;> cUFiz> kya gpuNjrq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wikahy;

mDuhjGu kf;fSf;F topfhl;Ltjw;F vtUk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy;

muRf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;.

Nkftu;zhga vd;w mikr;ru; ,f;fpsu;r;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

gpd; Nkftu;zhgaDf;Fk;> murDf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l fye;Jiuahlypd;

tpisthf fpsu;r;rp KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd; murd;

kfhtpfhiuia GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jhu;.

kfhNrd kd;dd; kfhtpfhiu vy;iyapDs; N[j;jtduhk vd;w

tpfhiuia mikj;J rhfypf vd;w rkag; gpuptpdUf;F ifaspj;jhu;. ,t;thW

mikf;fg;gl;l N[j;jtduhk ,yq;ifapd; kpf ngupa J}gpahFk;.

rka uPjpahf Vw;gl;l ,e;epiyik ,yq;ifapd; murpaypYk; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jp fpsu;r;rp Nghd;wit Vw;gLtjw;F VJthfpaJ. ,t;thwhd epiyikfs;

,Ue;j NghJk; ,t;turd; kpd;;Ndupah> khfy;y> FUSthtp Mfpa Fsq;fis

mikj;J tptrha tpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jhd;. N[j;jtduhik>

kpd;Ndupah tpfhiu> Nfhfz;z tpfhiu> fyd;jf tpfhiu vd;gd ,tdhy;

fl;lg;gl;litahFk;;.

kfhNrd kd;ddhy; tptrhaj;jpw;F nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpa Nritahf

tpsq;FtJ kpd;Ndupaf; Fsj;ij mikj;J mg;gpuNjrj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jikahFk;;.

,jdhy; ,td; ~~kpd;Ndupahj; nja;tk;||vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

kpj;nrd; kd;dDila fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;

rpyu; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J Ml;rp;iaf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. gz;Lghupj;j>

Fl;lghupd;j> jpupju> jhbfd;> gPbfd; vd;w ngau;fSila ,tu;fs; KiwNa

27 tUlq;fs; mDuhjGuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rp nra;jdu;.


,j;njd;dpe;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ,uhrul;ilia kPz;Lk;

,sturd; jhJNrdd;; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,td; nksupa mur tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtd;.

,sikf; fhyj;jpy; vjpupfsplkpUe;J ghJfhg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

jdJ khkdhfpa ngsj;j gpf;FTld; mDuhjGu tpfhiunahd;wpy; Jwtpahf

,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. vjpupfSf;F mUfpy; trpg;gJ mt;tsT

ghJfhg;ghdjy;y vd;gjhy; fyh Xahtpd; tyJ gf;f tpfhiuf;F mioj;Jr;

nry;yg;gl;lhd;. gpd; JwT tho;it tpl;L gil jpul;Lk; Ntiyapy;

<Lgl;lhd;. jpuhtpl Ml;rpahsiuj; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp 459,y; murdhfpdhd;.

jpuhtplu;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpia epWtpaik ,tu; nra;j

ghupa murpay; NritahFk;. fyh thtpia mikj;jJld; Nahjvy fhy;tha;

vd;w [afq;iff; fhy;thia mikj;jjd; %yk; tptrha tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghupa

Nritahw;wpAs;shd;.

jhJNrd kd;dd; jdJ ,uz;lhtJ kidtpapd; kfd; fhrpag;gdhy;

kuzkile;jhd; vd;W tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ. fhrpag;gd; ~~kpfhu|| vd;w Nrdhjpgjpapd;

MNyhridg;gb nraw;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. kpfhu jhJNrd kd;ddpd;

kUkfdhf ,Ue;jJld; ,td; murDld; ntWg;Gzu;itf; nfhz;ltdhff;

fhzg;gl;lhd;. fhrpag;gd; Ml;rpg;gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lNghJ Ml;rpf;F

rl;l G+u;tkhf cupj;Jila gl;lj;J ,uhzpapd; kfd; Kfyd; ,uhr;rpaj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;Fld; gil jpul;Ltjw;F ,e;jpahtpw;Fr; nrd;whd;.

rNfhjudplk; ,Ue;J jd;idg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lj; jdJ Ml;rpapd;

kj;jpa epiyakhf mDuhjGuj;jpy; ,Ue;J rw;Wj; J}uj;jp;y; fhzgl;l rPfpupaf;

Fd;iwj; njupT nra;jhd;.

fhrpag;g kd;dd; mq;F Nfhl;ilia mikj;J Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy;

murkhspif> kw;Wk; fl;llq;fs; vd;gtw;iw epu;khzpj;jhd;. ,tw;wpd;

rpijTfis ,d;Wk; fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

mur rig kz;lgk;> ePu;g; G+q;fh> Rtu; Xtpak;> fz;zhbr; Rtu;

Mfpait ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit. rPfpupa ,uhrjhdp Nfhl;il Nghd;wtw;Wld;

fiyak;rq;fspYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

fp.gp 477 njhlf;fk; 495 tiuapyhd 18 tUlq;fs; fhrpag;gdpd; Ml;rpf;

fhykhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

fp.gp 495,y; ,sturd; Kfyd; NridAld; te;J fhrpag;gidj;

Njhw;fbj;J Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;.

mDuhjGuf; fhy muru;fSs; Kjyhk; mf;Ngh murDk; Kf;fpakhdtd;


MFk;. ,td; ePu;g;ghrdj; Jiwia tpUj;jp nra;J tptrhaj;jpw;F ghupa

Nritahw;wpAs;shd;. ,tdJ Ml;rpf; fhyk; fp.gp 575 - 608 tiuAkhFk;.,J

mikjpAk; nropg;Gk; epiwe;j fhykhFk;. Kjyhk; mf;Nghitj; njhlu;e;J

,uz;lhk; mf;Ngh murdhdhd;. (fp.gp 608 njhlf;fk; fp.gp 618 tiu) ,t;turd;

Fsq;fis mikj;J tptrhaj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpdhd;. fe;jsha;> fpupj;jis thtp

vd;gd ,tDila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; epiwT ngw;w ePu;g;ghrd mikg;Gfshff;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. tyhf];] thtp ,tDila fhyj;jpy; Gduikg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,tDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fypq;f Njrj;J murd; jdJ

kidtpAlDk;>mikr;rDlDk; ghJfhg;Gj; Njb ,yq;iff;F te;jpUe;jhd;.

,jpypUe;J ,t;turd; fypq;f Njrj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G itj;jpUe;jik

njupa tUfpd;wJ.

mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp miug;gFjpapy; Ml;rpf;F te;j muru;fSs;

ehd;fhk; kfpe;jid rpNu\;l Ml;rpahsd; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fp.gp 956 - 972

tiuahd fhyk; ,k;kd;dDila fhykhFk;. ,tDila gl;lj;J ,uhzpahf

fypq;f Njr mur Fkhup tpsq;fpdhs;;. ehd;fhk; jg;Gs> %d;whk; cjad;>

%d;whk; Nrdd;> ehd;fhk; cjad; Mfpa muru;fspd; fPo; Kg;gJ tUlq;fs;

cUFizg; gpuNjrj;ij Ml;rp nra;jhd;. ehd;fhk; Nrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; ,td; At uh[hthfTk; tpsq;fpdhd;. ,k;kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F te;jJk;

fpsu;r;rp xd;W Vw;gl;lNghjpYk; kd;ddhy; mJ mlf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tdpd;

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; guhe;jfd; vd;w Nrho kd;ddpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F Kfk;

nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. %d;whk; fpU\;zd; vd;w ,uh\;bu$l murd; tl

gpuNjrj;ij Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jpdhd;. ,t;thwhd gilnaLg;Gf;fis

Kwpabj;;J mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;Ltjpy; kd;dd; ntw;wp fz;lhd;.

mDuhjGuj;jpd; ,Wjp murdhf Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; fp.gp 982 njhlf;fk;

1017 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhd;. ,td; jpwikahd kd;dd; my;y. kf;fsplk;

tup mwtplf;$l Kbahjtdhf ,Ue;jhd;. $ypg;gilapdUf;F rk;gsk;

toq;f Kbahikahy; mtu;fs; mur khspifiar; Rw;wp tisj;J rk;gsk;

toq;FkhW tw;GWj;jpdu;. ,jdhy; ,td; fp.gp 992 ,y; cUFizf;Fj; jg;gp

Xbdhd;. ,jdhy; ,uhrul;ilg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fog;g epiy cUthdJ.

fp.gp 993 ,y; Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrho kd;dd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;;.

Nrhou;fs; ehl;bd; ,uhrul;il gpuNjrj;ijj; jkJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L

te;J Kk;Kbr; Nrho kz;lyk; vd;W ngau; #l;bdu;. nghyd;dWitia Ml;rp

ikakhfj; njupT nra;J [dehj kq;fsk;> [dehjGuk; vd;w ngau;fshy;

mjid mioj;jdu;;.


nghyd;dWitf; fhy Kf;fpa Ml;rpahsu;fs;

fp.gp 1017,y; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J murd; kfpe;jidr; rpiwg;gpbj;J Nrho ehl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whd;. fp.gp 1029,y; murd; kfpe;jd; mq;F ,we;jhd;. fp.gp 1018 - 1070 tiu ,uhrul;ilg; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp Nrhou; Ml;rp nra;jdu;. mtu;fis tpul;b tpl;L ,yq;ifia kPz;Lk; Nrhou;fsplk; ,Ue;J kPl;L vLj;jtd; Kjyhk; tp[aghF Mthd;;. ,td; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; fpj;jpf; Fkud; my;yJ fPu;j;jp vdg;gl;l ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;. ,tdJ je;ijahu; ngau; kfhrhkp nkhfy;yhd jha; Nyhfpjh NjtpahFk;. fPu;j;jp FkhuDf;Fg; Gj;juh[d; vd;Dk; Gjy;dh vdg;gl;l Nrdhjpgjp ghJfhg;G toq;fpdhd;.fPu;j;jp> Gj;juh[dpd; cjtpAld; NfrjhJ fhrpag;gidj; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp 1055,y; fjpu;fhkj;ij epu;thf ikakhff; nfhz;L Kjyhk; tp[aghF vd;w ngaUld; cUFizapd; Ml;rpahsdhdhd;.

Nrhou;fs; tp[aghFit mlf;Fk; nghUl;L cUFizia Mf;fpukpj;jdu;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murd; vjpupfSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fhJ> jkJ gilfspd; gyk; moptijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf epu;thf ikaj;ij NtW ,lj;jpw;F khw;wpdhd;;. Nrhou;fs; kPz;Lk; tp[aghFtpw;F vjpuhf Mf;fpukpg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,t;Ntisapy; tp[aghFtpd; tPuu;fshd utp Njt;> ry Mfpa ,UtUk; Nrhou;fs; gf;fk; Nru;e;jdu;. murd; gYl;l fpup vd;w ,lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;thq;fpdhd;. gpd; kPz;Lk; Nrhou;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J nghyd;dWitiaj; jw;fhypfkhf ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,Ug;gpDk; Nrhou;fSf;F kPz;Lk; cjtpr; Nrid fpilj;jikahy; Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dd; thfpupfiyia Nehf;fpg; gpd;thq;fNtz;bNaw;gl;lJ.

tp[aghF kPz;Lk; Nridia xOq;fikj;J cUFizapy; kfhehf$y vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J %d;W topfspy; Nridfis mDg;gp fp.gp 1070,y; kPz;Lk; nghyd;dWitiaf; ifg;gw;wp ehl;il xd;wpizj;jhd;. fp.gp 1017 njhlf;fk; - 1070 tiu epytpa Nrhou; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J nghyd;dWitiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik murd; Kjyhk; tpIaghFtpdhy;

Njrg;glk; 3.5 tp[aghFtpd; Nridfs; gazk; nra;j ghijiaf; fhl;Lk; glk;


Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpujhd murpay; NritahFk;. kfhtk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjp> gdhf;fLt nrg;NgL> mk;gfKt fy;ntl;L vd;gd ,t;turd; gw;wpa jfty;fis ntspapLk; gpujhd %yq;fshFk;. ePu;g;ghrdj;ijg; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;J ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaJld; Gj;jrhrd tsu;r;rpf;fhf ,t;turdhy; ghupa Nritahw;wg;gl;lJ. ,t;turd; Nrhou;fspd; mr;RWj;jYf;F cl;gl;likahy; fypq;f Njrj;JlDk;> ghz;ba Njrj;JlDk; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. jpupNyhf Re;jup vd;w ngaUila fypq;f ,sturpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;. jdJ rNfhjupahd kpj;jh ,sturpia ghz;ba ,sturDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;jhd;. gu;khTld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;likahy; murDf;F cjTk; nghUl;L gu;khtpy; ,Ue;J tpahghug; nghUl;fis Vw;wpf; nfhz;L fg;gy;fs;; ,q;F te;jd. Kjyhk; tp[aghFtpw;F gpd; mtdhy; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l ehL kPz;Lk; gpuptpidf;F cs;shfpaJ. ,t;thW gpuptpidf;F cs;shfpa ehl;il kPz;Lk; xd;W gLj;jpa murd; kfhguhf;fpukghFthd;. fp.gp 1153 - fp.gp 1186 tiu) kfhtk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjp njtdfy fy;ntl;L> fy;tpfhiu Rtu;f;fy;ntl;L> rq;fKtpfhiuf; fy;ntl;L vd;gd ,e;j murd; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis ntspapLk; gpujhd %yq;fshFk;. fPu;j;jp = Nkfd; vd;w ngaUila rpwpa je;ijapd; cjtpAld; ,sturd; kfhguhf;fpukghF jf;fz Njrj;jpd; Ml;rpahsdhdhd;. ,jd; jiyefukhf guhf;fpukGuk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,J ,d;iwa gz;Lt];Etu gpuNjrkhFk;. ,jd; gpd; ,td; kiyaul;il vd;W miof;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ijAk; jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jhd;. ,jw;fpilapy; nghyd;dWitiaAk; jhf;fpdhd;. nghyd;dWitiaf; ifg;gw;w vz;zpapUe;j ,uz;lhk; f[ghF kd;DlDk;> cUFZ kd;dDlDk; Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF Nkhj Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;thW guhf;fpukghFtpw;Fk; f[ghFtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidf;F kj;jpapy; ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; cld;ghL Vw;gl;lnjd $wg;gLtJld; rq;fK tpfhiu fy;ntl;L ,jid NkYk; ep&gpg;gjhf cs;sJ. ,t;nthg;ge;jg;gb ,uz;lhk; f[ghF kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; nghyd;dWitapd; rpk;khrdk; murd; guhf;fpukghFtpw;F chpajhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; khdhguzd; ,ilapy; FWf;fpl;likahy; mtidj; Njhw;fbj;J nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;ijg;; ngw Ntz;ba epiy guhf;fpukghFtpw;F Vw;gl;lJ. khdhguzDf;Fg; gpd; cUFiz RfyhNjtpapd; fPo; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ. je;jjhJ> ghj;jpujhJ vd;git RfyhNjtpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jikahy; jdJ Ml;rpia cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; guhf;fpukghFtpw;Fj; jilahf mike;jJ. ,jdhy; cUFizia Mf;fpukpj;J RfyhNjtpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J je;jjhJitAk;> ghj;jpujhJitAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJld;> murhl;rpiaAk; guhf;fpukghF cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. guhf;fpukghF gu;khit Mf;fpukpj;Jf; ifg;gw;wp ntw;wpngw;wJld; ghz;ba ehl;by; rpk;khrdk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jpy; guhf;fpuk


ghz;badpd; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb guhf;fpukghF gilfis mDg;gp itj;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. tptrhaj;jpd; nghUl;L ,t;turdhy; ghupa Nritahw;wg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. %d;W rkag; gpuptpdiuAk;; xw;Wikg;gLj;jp tpfhiu mikj;J Gj;j rhrdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;fhd eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpw;Fg; gpd; Ml;rp cupikiag; ngw kfd; my;yJ rNfhjud; ,d;ikahy; mtdJ jq;ifapd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; tp[aghF murdhdhd;. mtDila Ml;rpf;fhyk; xU tUlk; khj;jpuNk epiyj;jJ. mjd; gpd; Mwhk; kfpe;jd; murdhdhd;. ,tDila Ml;rpf;fhyk; Ie;J ehl;fs; kl;Lk; epiyj;jJ.

fp;.gp 1187,y; murd; ep];]q;fky;yd; murdhdJld;. fp.gp 1196 tiuapy; mtd; Ml;rp Gupe;jhd;. mtd; fypq;f tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtd;.

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; If;fpaj;ij NkYk; ,tdhy; epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fypq;f tk;rj;jpdUf;F murhl;rpapy; cs;s cupikiaf; fy;nghj fy;ntl;L cl;gl fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;. mjpf mstpyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fis mikj;jJ ,t;turNdahthd;. mtDila ePz;l fy;ntl;L ~~fy;nghj|| fy;ntl;lhFk;.

njhiyJ}u ,lq;fspypUe;J tUfpd;w kf;fSld; njhlu;ig itj;Jf;nfhs;s ,t;turd; Kaw;rp vLj;Js;shd;. cUFiz> khah> kp`pl;b gpuNjrq;fSf;F Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ,jidj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; fsdp kfpaq;fid Mfpa ngsj;j topghl;Lj; jyq;fSf;Fk; topghl;bw;fhfr; nrd;wjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

murd; ep];]q;fky;yd; kf;fSf;F tupr;rYiffis toq;fpAk;; ngw;Wj; je;Jk; nrhj;Jf;fis md;gspg;ghf toq;fpAk; cjtpdhd;. ,k;kd;dd; ~~Jyhghuf;||nfhilfis toq;fpdhd;. Jyhghuk; vd;gJ xUtuJ epiwf;F rkkhf toq;fg;gLk; nfhLg;gdT MFk;. murDila kidtpapdJk; gps;isfspdJk; epiwf;F rkkhf Jyhghuk; toq;fg;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;turd; ghz;ba ehl;il Mf;fpkpj;jjhfTk; $wg;gl;lJ.

njd; ,e;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G

mDuhjGuf;fhyj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,ilapilNa njd;dpe;jpahtpd;

Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fNtz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rp

Jiwapy; Fog;gk; fhzg;gl;l NtisapYk; gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsu; Ml;rpf;F

te;j NghJk; njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd.


kfhtk;rj;jpw;F Vw;g Kjd;Kjyhf njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G epfo;e;jJ

#ujp];] kd;dDila fhyj;jpyhFk;. ,t;thf;fpukpg;G Nrdd;> Fj;jpfd; Mfpa

,U Fjpiu tpahghupfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs; mDuhjGuj;ijf;

ifg;gw;wp 22 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdu;.

,e;j Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fsplkpUe;J ehL mNry kd;ddhy; kPl;fg;gl;lJ.

mtDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ehL Nrhoupd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F cs;shfpaJ. ,J

vy;yhsdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;fpukpg;ghFk;.vy;yhsd; 44 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp

nra;jhd;. ,td; ePjp tOthj kd;dd; vd kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

fp.K 161,y;; Jl;lifKD murd; vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbj;J mDuhjGu

,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp KO ,yq;ifiaAk; xd;WgLj;jp tyfk;gh

kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpd; Gyfj;jd; cl;gl VO njd;dpe;jpaj; jiytu;fs;

NridAld; te;J Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. mtu;fSs; Itu; 14

tUlq;fs; mDuhGuj;ij Ml;rp nra;jdu;. 14 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd; tyfk;gh

kd;dd; fp.K 89,y; kPz;Lk; Ml;rpiag;; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. mtu;fSs;

,Utu; ghj;jpujhJitAk;> NrhkhNjtpiaAk; ifg;gw;wpr; nrd;wdu;.

~~kpj;jNrdd;|| murDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; gz;L> ghupe;j> Fl;lghupe;j>

jpupjud;> jhbad;> gPbad; Mfpa njd;dpe;jpau; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jdu;.

,tu;fs; 27 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;j gpd; kd;dd; jhJNrddhy; ehL kPl;fg;gl;L

If;fpag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Kjyhk; Nrddpd; fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j = khw =

ty;ygd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;j nghOjpYk; mtd; nry;tj;ij #iwahbj;

jpUk;gpr; nrd;wjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ehd;fhk; kfpe;jDila fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,uh\;bu $l kd;ddhd

%d;whk; fpU];zd; mDuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. fp.gp 993,y;

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; vd;w Nrho murd; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. mg;NghJ

,q;F fhzg;gl Fog;gkhdmurpay; epiyikahy; ,yFthf mtdhy;

Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w Kbe;jJ.

fp.gp 1017,y; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; cUFiziaf; ifg;gw;wp

Ie;jhk; kfpe;jidf; ifjpahf ,e;jpahtpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whd;. ,tu;fs;

nghyd;dWitia Ml;rp ikakhf (jiyefuhf) njupT nra;jdu;. md;W

Kjy; nghyd;dWit ,yq;ifapd; jiyefuhf khwpaJ. fp.gp 1070,y;

Kjyhk; tpIaghF kd;ddhy; Nrhou;fsplk; ,Ue;J nghyd;dWit

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ep];]q;fky;ydpd; gpd; nghyd;dWit ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;

gpujhdkhd Ml;rpahsu; vtUk; cUthftpy;iy. murpaypy; cWjpaw;wjd;ik

Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; gil tPuu;fs; gyk; ngw;wdu;. ,tu;fs; murdpd; gyj;ijf;


Fiwj;jdu;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L fp.gp 1215,y; fypq;f

khfd; nghyd;dWitapd; ,Wjp kd;dd; guhf;fpuk ghz;baidj; Njhw;fbj;J

Ml;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.

fypq;f khfdhy; muRupik cila ,sturu;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;lJld;>

gpf;FfSf;Fk;> gpuGfSf;Fk; ,tdhy; mjpf Jd;gk; Vw;gl;ljhfTk;

E}y;fs;> tpfhiufs; vd;gtw;iw mopj;jjhfTk; G+[htyp> kfhtk;rj;jps;

%d;whk; gFjpapYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rhuhk;rk;

« tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; njhlu;ghd njhy;nghUspay; rhd;Wfs; ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspYk; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.

« fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; njhlu;r;rpahf Mupaf; Fbg;ngau;Tfs; ,lk; ngw;wd.

« ejpf;fiufspd; rkntspg; gFjpfspy; ,f;FbapUg;Gfs; guk;gyile;jJ. « MupaUila murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> r%fk;> fyhrhuj;jpd; tpNrlg;

gz;Gfs;. « mDuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; nghyd;dWit

,uhrjhdpapd; tPo;r;rp tiu cs;s muru;fSk; Kf;fpa murpay; epfo;TfSk;

« mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J nghyd;dWit fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp tiu vw;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa gilnaLg;Gfs;.

nraw;ghL :

,yq;if tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa muru;fs; rpyupd; ngau; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.1. gz;Lfhgad;2. Jl;lifKD3. Njtek;gpajPrd;4. Kjyhk; tp[aghF5. tyfk;gh

Nkw; $wpa muru;fs; njhlu;ghf fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gfspy; jfty;fisj; jpul;Lf. 1. mur gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tpjk;2. Kfk; nfhLj;j rthy;fs;3. rkag; gzpfs;


gapw;rp :

fPNof; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

fhyk; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j muru;fSk; Ml;rpf; fhyKk;

Mf;fpukpg;ghsupd; ngau;/ Mf;fpukpg;Gf; FOtpd; ngau;

nghyd;dWitf; fhyk; 1 ........................................................2 .......................................................

1 ........................................................2 .......................................................

mDuhjGuf; fhyk; 1 ........................................................2 .......................................................

1 ........................................................2 .......................................................

%yhjhuq;fs; epWtg;gl;l muRfSk; fhyKk;

fy;nghj;jf; fy;ntl;L

gdhf;fLt nrg;NgL

fy;tpfhiu fy;ntl;L

mk;gfK fy;ntl;L

njtdfy fy;ntl;L

,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;wf;f kw;gl;l fhyk; gw;wpak; mupau; … 3.pdf,ytr tpepnahfj;jpw;fhf 32,yq;ifapy;...

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