[yrc]-mot so giai phap nham khac phuc tinh trang un tac container tai cang bien vn

7/31/2019 [YRC]-Mot So Giai Phap Nham Khac Phuc Tinh Trang Un Tac Container Tai Cang Bien VN

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http://svnckh.com.vn 1

MC LC

Li m u ................................................................................................................................ 3Chng 1: Khi qut v container............................................................................................ 6

1.1/ Lch s pht trin ca container .................................................................................. 61.1.1. Khi nim v container........................................................................................... 61.1.2. Phn loi container ................................................................................................. 7

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo kch thc: ................................................................................. 71.1.2.2. Phn loi theo vt liu ng container: ............................................................. 71.1.2.3. Phn loi theo cu trc container..................................................................... 71.1.2.4. Phn loi theo cng dng ca container........................................................... 8

1.1.3. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container ....................................................... 91.1.3.1. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container quc t........................................ 91.1.3.2. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container Vit Nam ............................... 14

1.2/ Li ch ca phng thc vn ti bng container ...................................................... 15

1.2.1. i vi ch hng ................................................................................................... 151.2.2.i vi ngi chuyn ch...................................................................................... 171.2.3. i vi x hi ......................................................................................................... 18

Chng 2: Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca .............................................. 222.1.Tng quan v cng bin Vit Nam ............................................................................. 22

2.1.1 Thc trng cng bin Vit Nam ........................................................................... 222.1.2. Cng Si Gn......................................................................................................... 27

2.1.2.1 V tr a l. ....................................................................................................... 272.1.2.2 Lung vo cng................................................................................................. 282.1.2.3. C s h tng................................................................................................... 292.1.2.4. Hng ho thng qua: ....................................................................................... 31

2.1.2.5. nh gi v thun li v kh khn ca cng Si Gn ..................................... 322.1.3. Cng Hi Phng .................................................................................................... 372.1.3.1. V tr a l ....................................................................................................... 372.1.3.3 C s h tng, trang thit b. ............................................................................ 392.1.3.4 nh gi thun li v kh khn ca Cng Hi Phng..................................... 41

2.2. Tnh trng v nguyn nhn n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam. ..... 442.2.1. Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam ........................... 442.2.2. Nguyn nhn.......................................................................................................... 46

2.2.2.1 .H thng giao thng........................................................................................ 462. 2.2.2. Nng sut xp d khng cao ........................................................................... 472.2.2.3. Th tc hnh chnh rm r ............................................................................ 47

2.2.2.4. Yu t lin quan n doanh nghip v th trng............................................ 472.2.2.5. Nguyn nhn do mt hng............................................................................... 482.2.2.6. Hn ch v mt bng. ...................................................................................... 482.2.2.7. Do h thng php lut..................................................................................... 49

2.2.3. Nhng thit hi do n tc container gy ra ........................................................ 502.2.3.1. i vi doanh nghip....................................................................................... 502.2.3.2. i vi x hi................................................................................................... 51


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2.2.3.3. i vi cng..................................................................................................... 51Chng 3: Mt s gii php nhm khc phc tnh trng n tc container ti cng bin VitNam .......................................................................................................................................... 53

3.1. D bo xu th vn chuyn hng ho bng container. ............................................... 53

3.1.1 C s l lun ........................................................................................................... 533.1.2 C s thc tin ....................................................................................................... 543.2. nh hng pht trin vn ti container Vit Nam ................................................. 56

3.2.1 nh hng pht trin cng bin.......................................................................... 573.2.1.1 Giai on n nm 2010................................................................................... 573.2.1.2. Giai on 2010 2020. ................................................................................... 58

3.2.2 nh hng pht trin cc dch v vn ti. ......................................................... 603.2.3. Cng ngh xp d.................................................................................................. 60

3.3.Mt s gii php khc phc tnh trng n tc container .......................................... 613.3.1. i vi nh nc ................................................................................................... 61

3.3.1.1. Hon thin h thng vn bn php lut........................................................... 613.3.1.2. Gim bt nhng th tc khng cn thit......................................................... 633.3.1.3.Quy hoch u t, pht trin cng chuyndng mt cch hp l, c bit lcng trung chuyn container........................................................................................ 643.3.1.4. p dng chnh sch cnh tranh ginh th trng cho cc doanh nghip ........ 67

3.3.2. i vi cc Hip hi .............................................................................................. 683.3.2.1. Th hin tt chc nng tham mu cho Nh nc ............................................ 693.3.2.2. y mnh vichp tc gia cc hip hi........................................................ 693.3.2.3. Pht trin quan h hp tc i ngoi, nht l trong khu vc ASEAN............. 70

3.3.3. i vi doanhnghip qun l cng bin ............................................................. 703.3.3.1. Yu cu i vi trang thit b ca cng bin ................................................... 703.3.3.2. Yu cu v c s h tng v h thng giao thng............................................ 713.3.3.3. Phn lung container....................................................................................... 723.3.3.4. p dng cng ngh thng tin ........................................................................... 72

Kt lun.................................................................................................................................... 74TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 75


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Li m u

1.Tnh cp thit ca ti

Container c cho l lm nn cuc cch mng ln th ba trong ngnhhng hi. Tht vy, bng vic vn chuyn bng container, s lng hng ho

giao dch trn th gii ngy cng tng vt. Gi y, cng vi s pht trin ca

khoa hc k thut, vn chuyn container trn nhng chic tu siu trng khng

cn l qu xa vi. V qu trnh lu thng hng ho ang dn tr thnh mtchui

phn phi khp kn, vi nhng dch v vn chuyn mang li li nhun khng l.

Vit Nam l mt quc gia kh c thin nhin u i vi li th c hn

3200km ng bin. V vy vic pht trin vn ti bin , ang v s em li

nhiu li ch cho quc gia, c bit l trong vic lu thng container. Hng nm,

khong 72% lu lng container thng qua cng Vit Nam i qua cc cng khu

phc pha Nam, cbit l nhm cng s 5 (TPHCM v B Ra Vng Tu) v

26% l thng qua cc cng min Bc.Vi a th thun li nh vy, cng vi tc

pht trin nhanh chng ca cc cng bin ng l Vit Nam c th thu

c nhng khon li nhun ng k v snh ngang vi cc cng ln trong khu

vc nh Singapore, HongKong hay BusanThc t th, hng nm nc ta

mt mt khon thu ngoi t ng k v thay vo l phi chi mt khon ngoi

t bi vic thu gom hng ha t nc ngoi; khng nhng vy, khi hng hav

ti cng th cc nh chc trch li in u vi nn n tc container,khi m li

nhun kim c khng b chi ph lu kho, bi ca hng ha. V mc d

Vit Namcng xy dng c nhiu cng container ln nhng khi lnghng nhp v l rt nhiu trong khi hng xut khu li t, v th mt khi lng

container tn ng ti cng l rt ln, vic bo qun cc container ny khng

nhng gy mt mt khon chi ph, m cn lm mt mt khon li khi khng th


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cho thu cc container ny. Vn ny cng nh hng rt ln n cc doanh

nghip xut nhp khu, bi hng ng, cc doanh nghip va phi mt ph lu

kho lu bi, li va khng th chuyn hng n kp lm tn tht n doanh

nghip hng ngn la M.

Vy nguyn nhn ca vn n tc container ti cng bin l g v lm th

no gii quyt c tnh trng ? Chng ti chn ti ny nhm mc tiu

tm ra c nhng nguyn nhn tim n ca vn v a ra mt s gii php

khc phc tnh trng trn, cng nh pht trin cng bin ca Vit Nam.

Nhm tc gi hi vng bi nghin cu ca mnh s ng gp mt s gii

php tch cc nhm gii quyt thc trng trc mt, gp phn lm cho cng bin

Vit Nam ngy cng pht trin v em li nhiu li ch khng ch cho nh nc,

doanh nghip m c x hi. Rt mong c cc thy c v cc bn c ng gp

kin. Nhm tc gi xin chn thnh cm n!

2. i tng nghin cu v mc tiu nghin cu

*i tng nghin cu:

- Cc cng container Vit Nam, c bit l cng Hi Phng v cng SiGn

- Cc container

* Mc tiu nghin cu:

Ch ra tm quan trng ca phng thc vn ti bng container v nh hng

ca n n s pht trin ca nn kinh t

Nu ln thc trng ca cc cng, bi container v nhng gii php gip lu

chuyn ti a container.

3. Phng php nghin cu

* Tng hp v phn tch ti liu

* Phng vn


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* Nghin cu ti bn

* iu tra, kho st

4.Phm vi nghin cu

Cng container Hi Phng v Si Gn

5. Kt qu nghin cu d kin

Gp phn gip cc doanh nghip cng nh cc bn c lin quan gii quyt vn

n tc container ti cng bin. Mt khc gip cc doanh nghip s dng c

ti a hiu sut lun chuyn container.V cui cng l gip c quan qun l

cng bin c th tn dng ht cng sut cng nh din tch ca cng bin, gp

phn thc y vo s pht trin ca cng bin Vit Nam.


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Chng1: Khi qut v container

Trong th k 21, khi cc quc gia ngy cng c xu hnghi nhp ton

cu ha th vic giao dch thng mi tr nn d dng v thun tin hn.

Khi lng hng ha xut nhp khu gia cc nc ngy cng ln v th vic

vn chuyn hng ha bng hnh thc container hin nay c a chung hn bao

gi ht. Ngi ta coi hnh thc vn ti container l cuc cch mng th ba trong

ngnh hng hi. H thng vn ti bin, nht l vn ti container ph mng

ton cu, cho php hng ha gi t mt cng c th ti bt k mt cng bin

khc trn th gii trong mt chuyn i.

1.1/ Lch s pht trin ca container

1.1.1. Khi nim v container

Container l mt dng c vn ti c cc c im:

+ C hnh dng c nh, bn chc, c s dng nhiu ln.

+ C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic chuyn ch bng mt hoc nhiu

phng tin vn ti, hng ha khng phi xp d cng dc ng.+ C thit b ring thun tin cho vic xp d v thay i t cng c vn ti

ny sang cng c vn ti khc.

+ C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic xp hng vo v d hng ra.

+ C dung tch khng t hn 1m3.

(Theo U ban k thut ca t chc ISO (International Standarzing Organization))

T nh ngha ny, ta thy container khng phi l loi bao b hng ha

thng thng, mc d n c th thc hin chc nng ca mt bao b vn ti.

Container khng phi l cng c vn ti ,cng nh khng phi l mt b phn

ca cng c vn ti v n khng gn lin vi cc cng c vn ti.


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1.1.2. Phn loi container

Trn thc t, container c chia lm nhiu loi ty theo cc tiu chun

khc nhau.

1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo kch thc:

Container loi nh: trng ti di 5 tn v dung tch di 3 3m .

Container loi trung bnh: trng ti 5-8 tn v dung tch nh hn 10 3m .

Container loi ln: trng ti hn 10 tn v dung tch hn 10 3m .

1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo vt liu ng container:

Container c ng bng vt liu no th gi tn vt liu cho

container, v d container g dn, container thp, container nhm

K

hiu

Chi u cao Chi u rng Chi u di Trng

ti ti

a

Trng

ti

tnh

Dung

tch

trong

foot mm foot mm foot mm tn tn m3

1.A 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 40,0 12.190 30 27,0 61,0

1.A.A 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 40,0 12.190 30 27,0 61,01.B 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 29,1 9.125 25 23,0 45,5

1.C 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 19,1 6.055 20 18,0 30,5

1.D 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 9,9 2.990 10 8,7 14,3

1.E 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 6,5 1.965 7 6,1 9,1

1.F 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 4,5 1.460 5 4,0 7,0

Bng 1: Tham s kthut ca 7 loi container thuc xri 1 theo tiu chun

ca ISO

1.1.2.3. Phn loi theo cu trc container


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Container kn

Container h

Container khung

Container gp

Container phng

Container c bnh ln

1.1.2.4. Phn loi theo cng dng ca container

-Nhm 1: Container ch hng bch ha. Nhm ny bao gm cc loi :

container kn c ca mt u;container kn c ca mt u v cc bn; c

ca trn nc, m cnh; m trn nc, m bn cnh; container c thnh thp;

container c l thng hi

-Nhm 2: Container ch hng ri: l loi container dng ch hng ri

(v dnh thc ht, x phng bt, cc loi ht nh).i khi loi container ny

c ming trn mi xp hng v c ca container bn cnh d hng ra.

Tin li ca kiu container ny l tit kim sc lao ng khi xp hng vo v d

hng ra, nhng n cng c in bt li l trng lng v nng, s ca v np cth gy kh khn trong vic gi an ton v kn nc cho hng ha trong

container, v nu np nhi hng vo nh qu th s gy kh khn trong vic xp

hng c th t.

-Nhm 3: Container bo n /nng/lnh. Loi container ny c sn, sn,

mi v ca p cht cch nhit hn ch s thay i nhit gia bn trong v

bn ngoi container. Nhiu container loiny c thit b lm lnh hoc lm nng

c t mt u hay bn thnh ca container hay vic lm lnh da vo

nhng chic my c gn pha trc container hoc bng h thng lm lnh

trc tip ca tu hay bi container. Nhiu container li da vo s lm lnh hn

hp (khng ch nhit ). y l loi container dng cha cc hng mau


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hng( hng rau qu) v cc hng ha b nh hng do s thay i nhit .

Tuy nhin v c lp cch in v my lm lnh nn lm gim dung tch cha

hng ca container, s bo qun my mc cng i hi cao hn, nu cc thit b

my mc c t trong container.

-Nhm 4: Container thng cha dng ch hng ha nguy him v hng

dng lng ( nh du n, ha cht lng). Nhng thng cha bng thp c ch

to ph hp vi kch thc ca ISO dung tch l 20cb.ft hnh dng nh mt

khung st hnh ch nht cha khong 400 galon( 15.410 lt), ty theo yu cu

loi container ny c th c lp thm thit b lm lnh hay nng. y l loi

container c ch to ch nhng hng ha c bit, n c u im l lm

gim sc lao ng dng xp d hng ha v c th c s dng nh mt kho

cha tm thi. Tuy nhin, n cng c nhng hn ch nh: gi thnh ban u cao,

chi ph bo dng nhiu. Trc khi cho hng ha vo i hi phi tn cng lm

sch thng cha (mi ln cho hng vo l mt ln phi lm v sinh sch s thng

cha). Kh khn cho vn chuyn, v hng d b bay hi, r r dc ng, trng

lng v ln.-Nhm 5: Cc container c bit nh: Container ch sc vt sng. Nhng

container ca ISO c lp t c nh nhng ngn chung cho sc vt sng v

c th hoc khng th chuyn i thnh container ph hp cho mc ch chuyn

ch hng bch ha. Loi container ny dng chuyn ch sc vt sng, do vy

nhc im chnh ca n l vn lm v sinh sch s khi xp cc l hng ha

tip theo. Trong nhiu quc gia th tc kim dch cc container dng ch sc

vt rt kht khe, do vy container rng khi quay tr li cn ch khu v sinh.

1.1.3. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container

1.1.3.1. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container quc t


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Container ha l mt yu t quan trng ca cuc cch mng trong

logistics, gp phn lm thay i din mo ca ngnh vn ti trong th k 20.

Malcolm McLean c cho l ngi u tin pht minh ra container trong

nhng nm1930 New Jersey. McLean nhn ra rng thay v xp hay d toa

ch hng th cc toa ch hng ny t chng (vi mt vi thay i nh) s l

container c vn chuyn.

S pht trin ca container nhn chung c chia lm bn giai on:

Giai on 1: tnh n nm 1955:

C c trng l mt s nc bt u th nghim s dng container loi nh

vo chuyn ch hng ha trong vn ti ng st. Trc i chin th gii ln

th nht, mt s cng ty vn ti, c bit l cng ty vn ti ng st bt u th

nghim phng php chuyn ch hng ha trong container c nh. Container lc

by gi c kt cu v cng dng khng ging nh container dng hin nay.

Trong thi gian gia hai cuc chin tranh th gii, cc nc nh : Anh, Php,

M, c, Lin X tip tc m rng phm vi s dng container trong chuyn ch

hng ha. S pht trin nhanh chng ca phng thc vn ti ny i hi phi cs phi hp cht ch gia cc phng thc vn ti, gia cc c quan vn ti vi

nhau. cng l nguyn nhn ra i ca t chc Vn phng Container quc

t( Bureau International Container- BIC) nm 1933, tr s ti Paris. T chc

ny c nhim v nghin cu qu trnh p dng container trong chuyn ch hng

ha v ng vai tr phi hp vic chuyn ch container trong mt s nc

Chu u. Vn phng Container quc t l t chc u tin nhn thy ngha

cch mng ca phng php chuyn ch hng ha bng container. Trong chin

tranh th gii ln th hai, M s dng kh rng ri container chuyn ch

v kh v vt liu chin tranh. Nhng kinh nghim ca M c tc dng nht

nh thc y s pht trin chuyn ch container vo thi gian sau chin tranh.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_20http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_20http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McLeanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McLeanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_20http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1


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Nhng nm 50( 1948-1955), chuyn ch container c pht trin vi tc

nhanh hn. Phm vi s dng container c m rng sang cc phng thc vn

ti khc ( ng bin, ng t). Tuy nhin, phng php chuyn ch

container cng mi ch p dng trong chuyn ch ni a v s dng conatiner

loi nh v trung bnh.

Giai on 2: Trong khong thi gian 1956- 1966

L thi k bt u p dng container trong chuyn ch quc t, s dng ngy

cng nhiu container loi ln v tc pht trin chuyn ch container rt cao.

C th ni rng giai on hai l thi k bt u cuc cch mng container trong

chuyn ch hng ha. Trong giai on ny, phng php chuyn ch hng ha

bng cc loi container c p dng trong vn ti ng st, ng bin, ng

t. Cc hng tu bin ca M nh: SeaLand Service, Mailson Navigation

Company bt u s dng tu container chuyn dng vo vic chuyn ch hng

ha gia cc cng ca M v mt s nc Nam M, Chu u v Nht Bn.

Chuyn ch container Chu u trong giai on ny cng pht trin vi tc

nhanh. Nm 1955, cc nc Chu u khai thc trn 152.000 chic container ccloi. n nm 1960 s lng ny tng ln 282.000 chic, nhng cng cn phi

nhn mnh rng cc nc chu u ch yu dng loi nh v trung bnh. n

nhng nm 60, cc nc ny mi pht trin dng cc container loi ln. V vy,

trong chuyn ch quc t xut hin nhiu loi container c kch thc, hnh dng

khc nhau. T gy ra nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh chuyn ch v gim

hiu qu kinh t ca phng php chuyn ch container.

Giai on 3: T nm 1967 n 1980

Ly nm 1967 lm mc v trong nm ny c hai s kin rt quan trng nh

hng n s pht trin ca chuyn ch container trn phm vi ton th gii.

Thng 6 nm 1967, t chc tiu chun ha quc t (ISO) thng qua tiu chun


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container quc t loi ln (xri 1)p dng trong chuyn ch container quc t. S

kin th hai l thng 12 nm 1967 thnh lp cng ty quc t v chuyn ch

container vi tn gi Intercontainer, c tr s ti Brucxen. T chc

Intercontainer kinh doanh vn chuyn container bng vn ti ng st gia cc

nc chu u.

c im chnh ca giai on 3 ny l

- p dng ph bin cc loi container ln theo tiu chun ca ISO

- nhiu nc trn th gii hnh thnh h thng vn ti container bao gm

vn ti ng st, ng t, mc d trnh k thut, t chc qun l v kinh

doanh mc khc nhau

- Tng nhanh s lng container loi ln, s lng cng c vn ti chuyn dng

ch container v thit b xp d container

- Xy dng, ci to cc cng bin, ga ng st bin gii thch hp vi chuyn

ch container v phc v chuyn ch container quc t

- Hnh thnh cc tuyn ng st, ng bin chuyn ch container chu u

v trn th gii.Qua , c th nhn xt rng: giai on th 3 l giai on pht trin nhanh

v rng ri ca phng php chuyn ch containertrong bun bn quc t. n

gia nhng nm 70, chuyn ch container chuyn sang mt thi k mi m c

im l ngy cng hon thin hn v k thut, t chc qun l v t kt qu

kinh t cao.

Giai on 4: T nm 1981 n nay.

y l giai on hon thin v pht trin theo chiu su ca h thng vn ti

container vi s dng container loi ln hu ht cc cng bin trn th gii.

Tu chuyn dng ch container th h th t vi sc ch 6000 TEU c a

vo khai thc. Trong hm tu, container c xp thnh 10-12 hng,cao 8-9 lp,


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trn boong tu xp ti 4 lp vi 13-16 hng. Cc cn cu hin i phc v xp

d container c ln vi tm vi di hn 40m k t mp cu tu v sc nng ln

ti 70 tn ra i. Giai on ny cng l thik container c s dng ngy

cng rng ri trong vn ti a phng thc. Mt xu hng khc trong giai on

ny l t nhng nm u ca thp k 90, cc cng ty container ln trn th gii

lin minh vi nhau, thit lp quan h hp tc lu di hay st nhp d tng kh

nng cnh tranh. Cc s kin chnh gm c:

Nm 1981: Cng Rotterdam thay th v tr cng New-York v tr thnh cng

container ln nht trn th gii.

Nm 1984: Cng ty Evergreen bt u kinh doanh tuyn chuyn ch container

vng quanh th gii. Cng trong nhng nm ny, quc hi M xy dng li B

lut vn ti bin.

Nm 1987: Cng ty DSR-Senator bt u kinh doanh tuyn chuyn ch

container vng quanh th gii.

Nm 1988: Mt cng ty ng tu ca c ng thnh cng chic tu

container c Paramax u tin cho APL ca M.Nm 1989: Cng HongKong thay th v tr ca cng Rotterdam v tr thnh

cng container ln nht trn th gii.

Nm 1990: Cng ty cho thu container ( Leasing Container company) ln nht

trn th gii l Genstar mua li mt s cng ty cho thu container khc.

Nm 1991: Cng ty SeaLand v cng ty Maersk hp nht chuyn ch trn Thi

Bnh Dng ca h thit lp quan h hp tc lu di. Cng trong nm ny, 30

cng ty chu sng lp ra Hip nh hip thng trong khu vc chu .

Nm 1992: 18 cng ty vn ti bin trong cng hi v ngoi cng h xc lp

Hip nh tuyn u-.


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Nm 1993: Nin gim container quc t cng b s lng container thng qua

cc cng ca ton th gii ln u vt qua ca i 100 triu TEU.

Nm 1994:S lng container thng qua ca cng Hong Kong v Singapore

vt qu con s 10 triu TEU.

Nm 1995: Cng ty APL, cng ty Mitsui Osaka Lines, cng ty Nedlloyd, cng

ty OOCL cng nhau thnh lp Lin minh ton cu u tin ca th gii.

Nm 2006: Singapore ln u vt qua Hon Kong v tr thnh cng container

nhn nhp nht th gii

Nm 2007: Thng Hi thay th v tr ca Singapore v tr thnh cng

container ln nht trn th gii.

Qua bn giai on pht trin ca container trn, c th nhn thy rng trong

nhng nm u th k XX, container pht trin Chu M nhng n nhng

thp k cui th k XX, Chu u dn vt qua Chu M v s lng container

lun chuyn qua cc cng bin, v n nhng nm u ca th k XXI, th li c

xu hng chuyn dch sang chu . Gi y, hai phn ba trong tng s 20 cng

container ln nht th gii nm Chu . Cc cng Singapore, HongKong,Thng Hi tr thnh cc cng c container ra vo ln nht trn gii. iu ny

chng t rng, chu , ang v s tr thnh chu lc pht trin kinh t rt

mnh m, c bit l trong vic pht trin vn ti bin m tm im l vic vn

chuyn container.

1.1.3.2. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container Vit Nam

Hot ng kinh doanh vn chuyn hng bng container Vit Nam bt

u c ch trng u t vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 90 th k XX. i

tin phong trong hnh thc vn chuyn ny l Tng cng ty Hng hi Vit Nam

(VINALINES).


15/77


Trn th trng hin nay, c thm nhiu doanh nghip vn ti bin Vit Nam

u t pht trin dch v vn chuyn container: Cng ty Vn ti Bin ng

(BISCO - mt doanh nghip thuc Tp on Cng nghip tu thy Vit Nam),

i l lin hip vn chuyn (GEMADEPT), Cng ty c phn Hng hi ng ,

Cng ty c phn Hng hi H Ni (MARINA HANOI). Trong , GEMADEPT

v BISCO l nhng tn tui c ghi nhn trong lnh vc vn chuyn

container Vit Nam.

Nt chung trong kinh doanh vn chuyn containerca cc doanh nghip

vn ti bin Vit Nam l u kinh doanh khai thc cc tu container trng ti nh

(di 2.000 TEU), v v th hnh thc kinh doanh ch yu l cho thu nh hn

lm cc tu chy feeder (gom hng t cc cng nh trong khu vc v cng trung

chuyn quc t) v khai thc tuyn ni a. Cng v vy, vic kt hp kinh doanh

vn chuyn container vi cung cp dch v logistics ti cc u bn l ht sc

hn ch.

Sau hn 10 nm, k t khi hot ng vn chuyn container xut hin ti

Vit Nam, n nay hnh thc kinh doanh ny vn nh l, manh mn.1.2/ Li ch ca phng thc vn ti bng container

R rng vn chuyn hng ho bng container ang tr thnh mt cuc cch

mng trong ngnh hng hi, vi khi lng vn chuynang ngy cng tng ln

chng mt. Ngay t khi mi ra i, ngi ta nhn thy nhngim tiu ca

phng thc vn chuyn ny.Vic vn chuyn bng nhngkhi hp container

mang li li ch cho rt nhiu thnh phn nh ch hng, ngi chuyn ch,

cng nh c x hi.

1.2.1. i vi ch hng

-Bo v hng ho, gim tnh trng mt cp, h hng, m t, nhim bn:

nh bit, container c thit k nh nhng hp kn, c v vng chc chu


16/77


c tc ng chc, chuc nc- kho hng di ng. N nh mt lp bao b

ngoi cng ca hng ho c tc dngbo v hng ho di tc ng ca mi

trng, trnh c cc mt mt hay tn tht trong qu trnh vn chuyn hay giao

nhn. Thng thng, trong qu trnh xp hng ho vo container, cquan hi

quan s c mt kimm hng v sau khi hon tt vic xp hng th cc gim

st vin ny s c nhim v nim phong v kp ch container. V vy, chuyn

chhng ho bng container c an ton cao hn so vi cc phng thc vn

chuyn hng ha thng thung khc.

Xt mt cch tng th th hng ho vn chuyn c th khng cnng gi

klng v th ch hng c th gimc mt s chi ph bao b cn thit. Ngoi

ra vi mt s mt hng thc phm ti sng hoc hng cn bo qun th vic

chuyn chbng nhng container bo n l rt l tng. H thng lm lnh hoc

nng ca loi hnh container ny va gip bo qun hng ho, li c tc dng

bo v nhng mt hng ny trnh b h hng.

-Gim thi gian kim m hng, tng tc chuyn ti hng: Vi nhng

loi hng ho m tnh theo khi lng, vicng hng vo container gip chovic kimm hng thun tin hn: ch cn tnh dung tch ca container l ra

khi lng. Hn na, nh ni trn, trong qu trnh bc hng vo container,

lun c s hin din ca cquan hi quan, v khi kt thc vic xp hng ny th

ch thn cc gim st vin li kp ch nim phong container, do vy, khi hng

n cng d, nu container vn cn nguyn nim phong kp ch v hng vny

th ngui nhn cng khng phi mt nhiu cng sc kimm li hng

ho.

Vic chuyn ti hng ho ln tu chim mt chi ph khng nh v cng

tn km c v mt thi gian. V nhiu khi vic bc xp hng ri ti cc cng gy

nn tnh trng n tc. Trong khi vica cc container ln tu th rtn gin v


17/77


nhanh bi h thng cu nng ti cc cng. Phng thc vn ti bng container ra

i gip tit kim rt nhiu thi gian bng cch a rmoc ca cc cam nhng

ln thng cc con tu vn chuyn chng t cng ny sang cng khc thay v

c phi cht ln, bc xung mi ln. lm chuyn ny, c th xy dng cnh

bin cc trm chuyn rmoc t tu ny sang tu khc.

-Tit kim chi ph vn chuyn v ph BH: Vic vn chuyn hng ho bng

container thng do cc tu chuyn dng c trng ti lnm trch v th gi

cuc thng thng s r hn v ngi ch hng c th tit kimc ph vn

chuyn. Hn na, do thi gian xp dbng container nhanh hn, nn cc ch

hng c th suc thng cho phn thi gian lm hng tit kimc.

Mt liim ca vn chuyn bng container chnh l ti thiu ho cc h

hng hay mt mt hng. Chnh iu ny gip cc ch hng gimc ph bo

him. H khng cn mua bo him vi gi tr ln v nhiuiu khon bo him.

1.2.2.i vi ngi chuyn ch

-Gim thi gian xp d, tng vng quay khai thc tu: vic thun tin

trong vic bc dkhng ch c ngha vi ch hng hay ngi giao nhn m ncn mang li tc dng to ln cho cc ch tu. Vn chuyn bng container gip

nng sc ch mt tu t 1.000 tn n 15.000 tn mt ngy, tnh bnh qun l

tng gp 15 ln so vi tu hng bnh thng vlm gim thi gian t 50% n

20% cho mi chuyn hi trnh. Khi so snh vi tuch hng ri th mc xp d

tu container tng t nht 5 ln. H s khng mt nhiu thi gian chi xp

hng ti cng, dn n thi gian quay vng khai thc tu cng nhanh hn, tu

chyc nhiu chuyn hn. Nh vy, ngoi vic c th khai thc c tia

cng sut ca tu, ch tu hay ngui chuyn chcng sc mt khon chi

ph khng nh- l chi ph lu tu ti cng chlm hng.


18/77


-Tn dng ti a trng ti v dung tch tu: V cc container c thit k

dng hnh hp v c th xp chng ln nhau nn c th tit kim din tch ca

tu. Ch tu hoc ngi chuyn ch c thtn dng ti a trng ti ca tu

chc nhiu hng hn.

-Gim khiu ni ca ch hng v tn tht ca hng ho: hng ho t b tn

tht dnn ngi chuyn ch t b ngi bn hay ngi mua khiu ni hn.

iu ny cng c ngha l cc ch tu hoc ngi chuyn ch s va trnh c

tnh trng tranh chp, phi bi thng do lm h hng hng li va trnh c

vic b bt gi tu do khng m bo v sinh, kim dch trn tu.

-To iu kin thun li cho vic chuyn ti v vn chuyn a phng

thc: vica cc cam nhng v rmoc ln tu khin cho vic chuyn ti gia

cc tu thun li hn. Hin nay xu th pht trin vn ti a phng thcang

ngy cng ph bin. V vica cc container vo vn ti khin cho vic vn

chuyn hng ho t phng tin ny sang cc phng tin khc d dng hn v

tit kim chi ph bao b hn. Container chnh l iu kin cn ca vn ti a

phng thc.1.2.3. i vi x hi

-Gim chi ph vn ti, h gi thnh sn phm: Vn ti bng container

khin cho chi ph vn ti gim v hng ho c lu thng trn ton th gii d

dng. V chi ph l mt phn ttyu c tnh vo gi thnh sn phm, do vy,

khi cc ph gim th gi thnh sn phm cng gim v lm tng sc cnh tranh

ca hng ho. X hic tiu dng nhiu hng ho hn, tho mn nhiu hn

na nhu cu ca con ngi

-To iu kinhin i ho c s vt cht k thut ngnh giao thng vn

ti: vn ti bng container cng gp phn pht trin ngnh cng nghipng tu.

Ngy cng c nhiu nhng siu tu chcontainer vi trng ti ln. Bn cnh


19/77


cc tuyn giao thng ng b v ng st, nhng cng container quc t hay

nhng cng trung chuyn container quc t cngc hon thin hn p

ng nhu cu vn ti bng container.

-To nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng, gim tnh trng tht nghip, to

pht trin kinh t: khi nhu cu s dng v thay mi cc container ngy cng

ln th cng ng ngha vi vic cc cng ty sn xut container ra i ngy cng

nhiu.

Nm Nhu cu

b sung

Tng

trng

(%)

Nhu cu

thay th

Tng

trng

(%)

Tng nhu

cu ng

mi

Tng s

container

2001 1.085.000 7,3 565.000 3,8 1.650.000 15.950.000

2002 1.105.000 6,9 650.000 4,1 1.755.000 17.055.000

2003 1.190.000 7,0 725.000 4,3 1.915.000 18.245.000

2004 1.140.000 6,2 820.000 4,5 1.960.000 19.385.000

2005 1.20.000 6,2 900.000 4,6 2.100.000 20.585.000

2006 1.370.000 6,7 985.000 4,8 2.355.000 21.955.0002007 1.210.000 5,5 1.100.000 5,0 2.310.000 23.165.000

2008 1.350.000 5,8 1.240.000 5,4 2.590.000 24.515.000

2009 1.240.000 5,1 1.250.000 5,1 2.490.000 25.755.000

2010 1.500.000 5,8 1.330.000 5,2 2.830.000 27.255.000

Bng 2: D bo nhu cu sn lng container trn th gii (2001-2010)(Ngun: Containerisation International Market Analysis)

Theo s liu thng k c, trong giai an 1978-1986 ngnh cng nghip sn

xut container trn th gii gn nh gim chn ti ch. Sn lng 1982 ch t


20/77


460.000 TEU, gim 3,2% so vi trc 4nm. n nm 1986 sn lng li

tut gim ch cn 430,000 TEU, gim 9,5% so vi 8 nm trc (1978). Tuy

nhin sang 1990 s lng container xut xng bt ng tng vt,t 805,000

TEU tng 87,2% sovi 4 nm trc . Bc sang nhng nm u ca th k

XXI vic toncu ha lm bng n hnh thc vn ti hng ha bng container

trn phm vi tan th gii, dn n s tng trng ngonmc ca ngnh cng

nghip sn xutcontainer. C th sn lng ca nm 2006 l 3,050,000 TEU

tng 75,3% so vi nm 2002. Trn th gii hin nay c trn 20 triu container

chun (TEU). S container ny ang lu chuyn v c tc tng hng nm

khang 6%. Vi thi gian mi container s dng trung bnh c 10 nm th

tng nhu cu ng mi thay th v tng trng nm trong khong t 2,8 -3,5

triu TEU mi nm trong giai on 2006-2010.

Vi s tng mnh v nhu cu "container" trong vn chuyn hng, s lng tu

container ng mi tng ln ng k, t 25% trong th phn ng tu th gii

nm 2005 ln31% th phn trong nm 2006. Cc chuyn gia trn th gii u

cho rng trong thi gian ti nhng lai tu container khng l (Super PostPanamax) c th ch c 14.500 TEUs ln lt xut hin ngy cng nhiu

hn. n nm 2010, s lng tu container Super Post Panamax d kin s t

682 chic. S tu ch container ng mi trong cc nm 2005, 2006 v 2007

chim khang 47% slng tu ang c, tng khong 14%/nm. Theo xu hng

hin nay, cc n t hngng tu container loi ln lun chim t trng rt

ln, n gin v cc tu ln s giptng kh nng chuyn ch, tit kim chi ph

vn chuyn container trong iu kin gi c nhin liu ang ngy mt tng cao

nh hin nay.

Khi cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut container v ng tu container pht trin

th s to nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng. T hnh thnh nn cc khu dn


21/77


c v khu th mi. Tt yu ca vic ny l cc dch v cng nh cc hot

ng phc v nhu cu ngi dn cng s ngy cng mc ln nhiu v kt qu l

lm cho nn kinh t ngy cng pht trin.

T nhng li ch phn tch trn, c th khng nh rng: pht trin vn

chuyn hng ha bng container l mt phn tt yu v ht sc quan trng

pht trin kinh t ca mt quc gia trong th k XXI- thi i ca ton cu ha.


22/77


Chng 2: Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca

Vit Nam2.1.Tng quan v cng bin Vit Nam

2.1.1 Thc trng cng bin Vit Nam

Trong qu trnh hi nhp vi cc nn kinh t khc trn th gii. Giao

thng ngy cng pht trin. Tn dng li th l mt t nc c b bin di v

v tr a l thun li, Vit Nam tp trung khai thc mng vn ti bin. Mt

khc, khi m vic vn chuyn hng ho bng container ang tr thnh mt cuccch mng trong chuyn ch th vai tr ca cc cng v bn, bi container li

cng quan trng. Nhn thc c iu Nh nc rt quan tm v u t c

v nhn lc v vt lc pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam. Theo s liu

thng k v qua kt qu iu tra thy rng trn ton lnh th nc ta trun g bnh

mi tnh c mt cng v 1,5 im cng. Cc hng hi Vit Nam cho bit, t u

nhng nm m ca n nay, hu nh nm no cng c tnh ven bin tin hnhkho st, tm a im, ri ln xin trung ng cho m cng hi nhp. S cng

v im cng tr nn dy kn, san st nhau dc b bin nc ta.

Hin nay, nc ta c khong 266 cng bin ln nh, phn b trn 24/26

tnh thnh trong c nc. Trong , c 9 cng ln phn b trn 3 khu vc kinh t

trng im: min Bc, min Trung, min Nam. Khu vc kinh t trng im pha

Bc vicc cng chnh l Hi Phng, Qung NinhCi Ln. Khu vc kinh t

trng im kinh t min Trung c cc cng chnh l: Nng, Nha Trang v

Quy Nhn. Ti khu vc trng im kinh t pha Nam c Cng Si Gn v B Ra

Vng Tu.


23/77


Chnh ph hin nay ang tin hnh quy hoch mt cch c h thng cc

cng bin trn ton b lnh th Vit Nam, theo , cc cng c phn chia

thnh 8 nhm cng bin ln.

H thng cng bin Vit Nam hin nay ni chung p ng c mt

phn nhu cu vn chuyn hng ho quc t phc v cho hot ng xut nhp

khu. Tuy nhin, phn ln cng bin Vit Nam l cng tng hp, c xy dng

t lu hoc ci to li, c quy m b, trang thit b xp d th cng lc hu,

khng ng b, nhiu cng li nm su trong thnh ph nn c nhiu hn ch v

lung lch, bi hng vvic vn chuyn hng ra vo bncng. Cc cng ch yu

l cng tng hp, cng container rt t trong khi xu th vn chuyn hng ho

bng container ang ngy mt tng.

Thng k cho thy, hin c khong 300 cu cng vi tng chiu di tuyn

bin t 36 km. Tc xy dng cu cng mi nm tng 6 %, bnh qun mi

nm c nc c thm gn 2 km cu cng. Cu cng c kh nng tip nhn cho

tu t 3 5 vn DTW chim 8,84 %, tu t 2-3 vn chim 8,07 %, tu t 1-2 vn

tnchim 35,38 % v tu di 1 vn l 46,53 % trong tng s cu cng c nc.

Trong nhng nm gn y, vi nh hng tng cng pht trin cng

bin ca chnh ph, mt s cng bin container c xy dng thm cc cng

Ci Ln, Hi Phng, Si Gn nhng ch c cng VIC - Cng lin doanh vi

Singapo c u t xy dng tng i hon chnh. Cc cng ny mi ch tip

nhn c tu container vn chuyn tuyn nhnh. trng ti di 2000 TEU,

trong khi tiu chun quc t i vi cc cng container hin i c kh nng

tip nhn tu container c trng ti trn 3000 TEU.c bit, Vit Nam cn thiu

cc cng trung chuyn quc t, cng ca ngDo vy, lng hng ho xut


24/77


nhp khu ca Vit Nam n th trng nc ngoi vn b l thuc vo cc cng

trung chuyn ca khu vc Hongkong v Singapo.

V cng ngh bc xp, tr mt s cng nh Cha V, Cng Si Gn trang b thm mt s phng tin xp d hin i, chuyn dng container, cn li

hu ht ch yu s dng thit b bc xp thng thng, th s hoc l cn cu l

chnh. Nng sut bc d hng tng hp bnh qun ca cc cng t trn 3000T/m

cu tu( Bng nng sut ca cc nc trong khu vc, mt s cng ln c cng

sut bc d tng i cao nh cng Hi Phng t trn 5000T/m / cu tu/ nm).

C s vt cht, trang thit b lc hu, km nng lc cnh tranh trong vic

gii phng tu, bc xp, kho bi v giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu, khng

nhng th li cn kim lun dch v nh mi gii, thu tu, i l tu bin, i l

giao nhn kho vn nn phn no hn ch vic pht huy tim nng ca cc

cng bin Vit Nam.

Nhng hn ch ca h thng cng bindn n mt hu qu tt yu l ch

hng hoc cng bin phi gnh chu chi ph, gim kh nng cnh tranh trn th

trng v mt gi, do hin ti khng c bt k mt cng no p ng tiu chun

cho tu m vo ra nn ton b hng xut nhp khu Vit Nam i M, u, c

phi chuyn ti quan Hngkong, Malaysia, thm ch c Thi Lan. Chi ph cho

hotnggom hng, ch hng t Vit Nam sang chuyn ti v ph bc xp lu

gi container ti cng chuyn ti l khng nh. V d cc gom hng container

i Hngkong l 300USD/TEU cng thm chi ph chuyn ti t Hongkong l 250

USD/TEU.

V phng din quy hoch pht trin cng bin thpha chnh ph c

nhiu c gng nhng hin nay xt v tng th Vit Nam vn cha c c mt

chin lc di hn v ng b cp quc gia pht trin c s h tng v khai


25/77


thc cng bin, cnh tranh vi khu vc v chng chi trc nhng bin ng

mnh ca th trng th gii. Vit Nam c nhiu cng bin, nhng v cbn vn

cha c quy hoch mt cch ng b. C nhiu cng bin nm san st nhau,

hay nm qu su trong t lin. Do , vn cn tnh trng c cng th hot ng

ht cng sut m vn khng m bo c s lng hng ho vn chuyn gy ra

tnh trng ng hng ti cc cng. Trong khi c nhng cng th li khng c

hng thng quan. iu ny cho thy mt s bt hp l trong quy hoch h

thng cng bin ca Vit Nam.

Vit Nam li khng c mt h thng giao thng to nn mt phng

thc chsut. Chnh v vy, khi hng ca vo cng th khng c vn

chuyn ngay ln phng tin vn ti nia hay thu nia, dnn vic chm

gii phng hng v gy ra n tc container.

Mt khc, Vit Nam hin nay, m hnh Cng dch v Nh nc trong

, nh nc l ch u t, xy dng, t chc qun l kinh doanh nn cc a

phng ua nhau xin xy dng cng vi l do chnh ng l pht trin kinh

t. Cn cc cng t nhn th khng mnh dnu t do hn ch v vn v h

thng php l iu chnh.


26/77


Hnh 1: Bn cng bin Vit Nam.

Do mt s hn ch trong qu trnh nghin cu, chng ti ch xin php

c nghin cu c th haicng trong h thng cng ca Vit Nam thy c

nhng bt cp trong quy hoch v qun l cng.

Tiu ch chn cng nghin cu:- Cng c sn lng lm hng ln nht.

- Cng xy ra tnh trng n tc container nhiu nht.


27/77


Da trn nhng tiu ch , chng ti xin c gii hn phm vi nghin

cu trong haicng l: Cng Si Gn, Cng Hi Phng.

2.1.2. CngSi Gn

Tn cng: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn mt thnh vin Cng Si Gn.

Trc thuc: Tng cng ty Hng Hi Vit Nam.

y l mt trongnhng cng ln nht nc ta vi cc dch v chnh l bc

xp, ng bao, giao nhn, vn ti thy b, xy dng cng trnh, sa cha c kh,

dch v lai dt v cu h tu bin, i l, cung ng tu bin, xut nhp khu ,

giao nhn kho vn v th tc hi quan, v.v. Qua nhiu giai on pht trin, ngy

nay, Cng Si Gn l mt cng quc t, cng chnh ca min Nam Vit Nam.

Tng din tch mt bng l 570.000 m2gm 5 bn cng (Nh Rng, Khnh Hi,

Tn Thun I, Tn Thun II v Cn Th) vi 2.830 m cu tu, 250.000 m2 bi, v

80.000 m2kho hng. Mi y, Cng Si Gn thc hin thnh cng dch v

trung chuyn container, m ng cho giai on pht trin mi ca ngnh Hng

hi Vit Nam trong qu trnh hi nhp quc t.

2.1.2.1 V tr a l.- V tr cng:1050'N-10645'E,

- Cc bn cng ti khu vc Thnh ph H Ch Minh : 103441N -

1070127E

- im n tr hoa tiu: 1020'N -10703'E vo cc bn cng ti khu vc Thnh

ph H Ch Minh, 101900N -1070200 vo cc bn cng ti khu vc Ph

M, B Ra Vng Tu.


28/77


Hnh 2: S cng Si Gn.

2.1.2.2 Lung vo cng.

- T im hoa tiu Vng Tu (Phao s 0) n Cng Si Gn qua sng Soi Rp

- im hoa tiu: 10o20'N107o03'E

- Chiu di lung: 85km, Su: -8.5m, Rng: 11m- Thy triu: bn nhttriu khng u. chnh lch bnh qun: 3.0m

- V tr cng ti khu vc thnh ph H Ch Minh: 10o50'N106o45'E.


29/77


- Ctu ln nht c th tip nhn: 32,000 DWT (Mn nc 11m) (60,000 DWT

ti khu vc chuyn ti Thin Ling, su -13.5m)

- V tr cng ti khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long:10o03'N - 10542'E t ca

bin nh An.

Hnh 3: S lung cng Si Gn

2.1.2.3. C s h tng

- Kho bi

Tng din tch mt bng: 500,000 m2

Kho: 25 (53,887 m2). Bi: 225,839 m2, trong bi cht xp container

160.569m2


30/77


Qua y, ta thy bi container cng chim mt din tch kh ln trong

tng din tch mt bng ca cng. iu ny cho thy thc t vic container b tc

l xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn ch khng phi ch l do din tch kho bi

khng ln.

- Cu bn

Bng 3: S lng cu bn ca cng Si Gn

Tn/S hiu Di Su Loi tu/Hng

. Ti Tp.H Ch Minh:

Nha Rong - Khanh Hoi

Tan Thuan

Tan Thuan II

. Ti Ph M, B Ra Vng

Tu

1750m

773 m

222 m

230 m

8.2-10m

11.0 m

5.5m

-14 m

Bch ha/Hnh khch

Bch ha/Container

Roro/Cont./Hng ri

Hng bao/Hng ri

St thp cc loi

(Ngun: Tp ch hng hi Vit Nam s 15, 16 thng 11/2008)

- Thit b chnh:

Cng Si Gn l mt trong nhng cng( cng vi cng Hi Phng) cnh

gi l c thit b vo loi hini v phong ph bcnht c nc. y l mt

trong nhng li th cnh tranh ca Cng.


31/77


Bng 4: Thit b chnh ca Cng Si Gn

Cu gin xp d

container

2 37 M outreach

35 MT under spreader

Cu khung 540 MT under spreader

Cu b di ng 71

80- 100 MT45 MT

Cu bnh xch 18 18 T120 MT

Cu di ng trn tay 11 1040 MT

Xe nng cc loi 15 1045 MT

Xe nng ng rthng container

60 1,540 MT

Tu lai 18 425 HP2400 HP

u ko 32 Withtrailer

( Ngun: http:// csg.com.vn)

2.1.2.4. Hng ho thng qua:

Theo s liu thng k th cng Si Gn l mt trong nhng cng c khi

lng hng ho thng qua ln nht qua cc nm. Nhng xu hng nhng nmgn y, hng cp cng di dng cc l hng ri ngy mttng thm.y l

mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra n tc ti cng Si Gn (Bi v, cng phi

mt nhiu thi gian thng quan cc l hng ri).


32/77


Bng 5: Sn lng hng ho thng qua

Sn

lng

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 3/2009

Tng

sn

lng

12,077,0

00 MT

10,888,8

06 MT

10,533,5

24 MT

10,

744,

131

MT

11,127,0

00 MT

13,618,0

00 MT

13,165,9

33 MT

Nhp4,812,00

0 MT

5,047,74

0 MT

4,630,25

4 MT

4,964,7

31 MT

6,286,00

0 MT

7,307,00

0 MT

5,413,00

0 MT

Xut2,916,00

0 MT

2,018,12

2 MT

2,255,62

0 MT

2,548,7

95 MT

2,016,00

0 MT

2,114,00

0 MT

2,845,00

0 MT

Ni a4,349,00

0 MT

3,822,94

4 MT

3,647,65

0 MT

3,230,

605

MT

2,825,00

0 MT

4,197,00

0 MT

4,908,00

0 MT

Contai

ner

295,000

Teus

329,532

Teus

300,291

TEUs

284,50

6 TEUs

220,569

TEUs

350,418

TEUs

510,496

TEUs

S tu

n1,881 1,773 1,732 1,843 1,905 2,004 1,819

( Ngun: http:/csg.com.vn)2.1.2.5. nh gi v thun li v kh khn ca cng Si Gn

a, Thun li

Cng Si Gn, ca khu quan trng hng u pha Nam. C v tr c bitquan trng trong vic xut nhp khu hng ca khu vc pha nam. L cu ni

chuyn ti hng Vit Nam ra th gii, nhp thit b thit yu v phc v cho sn

xut,pht trin knh t x hi, pngnhu cu ngi tiu dng trong nc.


33/77


V tr a l.

- Cng Si Gn tip gip vi ng Nguyn Tt Thnh qun 4, y l

mt trong nhng khu vc c kinh t pht trin nht Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Do

, lu lng hng ho vo khu vc ny kh nhiu. y l mt trong nhng

li th ca Cng. Bn cnh , chiu di t cng l mt th mnh ca cng Si

Gn. Tu vo nhp hng, n hng thun tin. Mt ngy hng trm chic xe ra

vo cng vn chuyn hng ha. Cng, to iu kin thun li cho vic trung

chuyn hng ha m ra bn cng nm bn a im khc nhau, n cc

phng tin ch hng ho xut nhp khu cng cng nhn vo lm vic.

- Cng ny nm v tr rch Tu H ra sng Si Gn, rt thun li cho

tu ghe bc hng t Ch Ln ch n. Thy trnh t Vng Tu n cng ch mt

khong 4-5 ting ng h, cng khng b ph bn, dng chy ca sng Si Gn

v sng ng Nai khng mnh, trn thc t c lp vi sng Mkng v ch

thy lu. Lung lch vo cng su v rng, tu trng ti ln c th vo tn cng.

- Cng Si Gn cn c th m rng v pha h lu sng Si Gn, c nhng

vng thng vi bin, thun li cho pht trin thng mi, c trin vng thu htmt s tu t Singapore i Java (Indonesia) hay Hng Kng qua li ngoi khi.

-Nu so snh v v tr th chc chn trong khu vc ng Nam v ng

, Cng Si Gn s hon ton c th cnh tranh vi cng Hng Kng v cng

Singapore, m cn c cc cng khc nh Busan ca Hn Quc, Thng Hi ca

Trung Quc, Cao Hng (Kaohsiung) v Keelung ca i Loan, Klang v

Tanjung Pelepas ca Malaysia, Laem Chabang ca Thi Lan. y u l cc

cng trung chuyn container hng u khu vc vi lng container thng qua rt

ln, v l cc cng m cc hng tu uy tn la chn trung chuyn hng ha.

Trang thit b v c s h tng


34/77


-Nu so snhvi cc cng khc trong khu vc th trang thit b v c s

h tng khng phi l mt li th ca Cng Si Gn. Tuy nhin, so vi cc cc

cng trong nc th y r rng l mt th mnh ca Cng ny.

- Vi nhng s liu trn y, th Cng Si Gn ang s hu nhng phng

tin h tr cc loi c nh gi l hin i v phong ph nht hin nay trong

c nc

- Hng nm, ban qun l lun quan tm u t vn mua thm cc trang

thit b tin tin m cc cng bin trn th gii ang p s dng.

- Vi tng din tch khong 500, 000 m2 th Cng Si Gn c nh gi

l mt trong nhng cng ln nht Vit Nam. iu ny to thun li cho cc ch

hng v cng lm hng nhanh hn.

i ng nhn vin.

Ngoi v tr a l, kh nng cnh tranh ca cng cn bao gm mt s yu

t khc nh nng sut v cht lng xp d, c s vt cht, kh nng kt ni ca

cng vi vng hu phng, cc dch v i km, quy trnh hot ng, gi c...

Cc cng Klang, Tanjung Pelepas v Laem Chabang khng c c kh nnglm hng hiu qu v kh nng kt ni vo cc tuyn hng hi quc t nh

Singapore, nn cnh tranh trong vai tr cng u mi trung chuyn cho khu

vc ng Nam , h ch trng u t vo din tch khai thc cng v gi nhn

cng r. Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca ngun nhn lc nn Cng Si Gn

cho rng y s l phng thc cnh tranh m Cng s p dng.

b,Kh khn.

Bn cnh nhng thun li trn, Cng Si Gn cng phi i mt vi

nhng kh khn nht nh.

V tr a l.


35/77


Tuy Cng Si Gn nm trong mt v tr kh thun li nhng chnh iu

ny cng v hnh chung gy ra nhiu kh khn cho hot ng lm hng ca

Cng.Nm trong khu vc pht trin nht c nc, vi lng hng ho ra vo tp

np. Tuy nhin, h thng giao thng khu vc ny li c quy hoch khng

ng b v hp l. Chnh iu ny to ra tnh trng ch tc giao thng dn

n ng container trong khu vc Cng.

Trong tnh hnh , cc bin php phi p dng l tng cng lc lng

gii quyt ch tc ng giao thng sau cng nng cao tc rt hng ra khi

cng, y mnh vic gii ta hng bng phng tin vn ti ng sng. Hai

bin php cui cng cng c cc chuyn gia lu l y nhanh tin xy

dng cng mi song song vi vic xy dng h thng ng b phc v cho vn

chuyn thng qua cngng thi gin thi gian di di cng Si Gn gim p

lc cho Cng tip tc m bo duy tr nng lc tip nhn hng thng qua trong

hon cnh yu cu hng thng qua cng tng t bin nh hin nay.

Tuy nhin vic ny s khng th hon tt trong mt smmt chiu, y l

mt d n cn nhiu thi gian thc hin. ng ni hn, thc hin quyt nhdi di, cng Si Gn khng th tip tc u t nng cp, i mi trang thit b

bc xp, ci to h thng kho bi nng cao nng lc tip nhn hng ha.

Trong khi , do nhng bin ng ca th trng, khi lng v chng loi hng

ha i hi c thng qua cng trong thi gian gn y khng nhng khng

gim m ngc li cn gia tng vt xa cc d tnh thng thng lm cho Cng

khng kp xoay s. Bn cnh , Cng li phi i mt vi vn gii quyt mt

bng xy dng Cng song song mi.

i ng nhn vin


36/77


Tuy Cng Si Gn ang s hu mt s lng ln nhn vin. Tuy nhin,

trnh nghip v ca nhiu ngi vn cha thc s p ng yu cu. Qu trnh

xl rm r v chm chp lm chm tin gii phng hng.

Khng ch nh vy, m tnh trng tiu cc vn ang tn ti v tr thnh

mt trong nhng vn nn nguy him nht hin nay. Dng nh t lt l cng

vic c cc ch hng xem l khng th thiu v l mt bc trong qu trnh

lm hng. iu ny nh mt nim tin i vi cc doanh nghip, c bit l

cc doanh nghip nc ngoi. Qua , nh hng nghim trng n hnh nh v

mi quan h lm n gia cc doanh nghip trong nc v cc doanh nghip nc

ngoi.

Ngoi ra, khi cc ch hng mun xut khu hay nhp khu hng ho u

phi thc hin rt nhiu th tc hnh chnh rm r. iu ny, tiu tn kh nhiu

thi gian v tin bc ca cc doanh nghip. Mc d, c nhiu kin ngh

c a ln ban qun l Cng, nhng dng nh tnh trng ny khng nhng

khng thuyn gim m cn tng ln nhanh chng. Nguyn nhn c a ra c

th l do cp trn v cp di khng thng nht hoc chnh ban qun l cngkhng thc s mun thc hin mt cuc ci t thc s trong ni b ca mnh v

hot ng thng quan hng ho.

Gi lm hng

Theo nh gi ca cc ch hng th cc ph ( THD) m Cng Si Gn thu

ca h vn t hn nhiu so vi cc cng trong khu vc. Trong khi, cc cng

nc ngoi vn ang p dng bin php cc hp l li ko v gi chn

khch hng th Cng Si Gn vn khng c nhng hnh ng c th i vi vn

ny. Hin nay, Cng Si Gn vn p dng biu gi nh sau:

- Cc Ngoi (Thu bng ngoi t ) p dng cho cc dch v cung cp cho

cc tu nc ngoi hoc cc ch hng l cc Cng ty nc ngoi, hng ha xut


37/77


nhp khu cn c theo biu cc i ngoi km theo Quyt nh s

61/2003/Q-BTC ngy 25/04/2003.

- Cc ni : ( thu bng ni t) p dng cho cc ch hng , khch hng

trong nc,hng ha vn chuyn ni a cn c theo biu cc km theo

Quyt nh s 227/CSG.TTKT ngy 01/04/2001 ca Tng Gim c Cng Si

Gn.

Vic cng b v thu Cng ph cn c theo hai biu cc trn c thc

hin n nh v c khch hng trong v ngoi nc chp nhn. Tuy nhin,

cng ang gp kin vi cc B ngnh lin quan v thc hin vic iu chnh

gi cc ni v cc ngoi theo hng tin ti p dng 1 gi chung thng nht.

Nhng, vic iu chnh ny gp nhiu kh khn t pha khch hng trong nc

do cc ni phi iu chnh tng nn cng i hi mt qu trnh v thi gian

nht nh.

2.1.3. Cng Hi Phng

Cng Hi Phng c hnh thnh t nm 1876. Tri qua 123 nm tn ti

v pht trin, Cng Hi Phng lun lun ng vai tr l Ca khu giao luquan trng nht ca pha Bc t nc. Hng ho xut nhp khu ca mi by

tnh pha Bc v hng ho qu cnh ca Bc Lo v Nam Trung Quc thng

qua cng Hi Phng n vi th trng cc nc v ngc li.

2.1.3.1. V tr a l.

Cng Hi Phng l cng c lu lng hng thng qua ln nht pha bc

Vit Nam c h thng thit b hin i v c s h tng y an ton, ph hp

vi cc phng thc vn ti, thng mi quc t. Cng Hi Phng gm ba cng:

Cng chnh, Cng Cha V v Cng nh V.

- V tr: 2052N-10641E

- V tr hoa tiu:2040N-10651E


38/77


- Lung tu: Di 20 hi l

Lung vo cng.

- Lung vo cng t Bn Bnh n phao s 0:30.2 km.

- su lung: t im n hoa tiu n khu vc

Cng nh V: -7.3 m, t Cng nh V n khu vc XNXD Hong Diu v

Cha V: -5.5m.

- Ch thy triu: nht triu . Chnh lch bnh qun: 2.5m.

- C tu ln nht tip nhn c: 40.000 DWT.

Hnh 4: S lung vo cng:


39/77


Bng 6: V tr ca Cng Hi Phng so vi mt s cng bin trong khu vc:

Cng Hi L Cng Hi l

Nng 320 Klang 1.528

Si Gn 799 Penang 1.73

Zhang Ziang 200 Busan 1.749

Hongkong 500 Vladivostok 2.114

Manila 885 Kobe 2.141

KaoShiung 940 Tokyo 2.349

Bangkok 1.39 Sydney 5.56

(Ngun: http://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Position.aspx)

2.1.3.3 C s h tng, trang thit b.

- H thng kho bi.

H thng kho bi Cng Hi Phng xy dng theo tiu chun cht lng cao,

c chia theo tng khu vc chuyn dng ph hp vi iu kin bo qun, xp

d, vn chuyn tng loi hng ho.

Bng 7: H thng kho bi ca cng Hi PhngLoi kho/bi S lng Din tch(m2) Ghi ch

Kho CFS 2 6.498 Phc v khai

thc hng l

container

Kho hng bch ho 10 30.052 Cc loi hng

hoBi Container 3 343.565

Bi hng bch ho 20 141.455

( Ngun:http://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Storage.aspx)
http://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Storage.aspxhttp://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Storage.aspxhttp://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Storage.aspxhttp://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Storage.aspx


40/77


Bng 8: Trang thit b

Trang

thit b

Sc

nng/cng

sut

Ton

cng

XNXD

HongDiu

XNXD

ChaV

XNXD

v Vn

ti

thy

XNXD

v VT

Bch

ng

XNXD

TnCng

Cn trc

chn 5-40 tn 33 26 5 2

Cn cu

ni10-85 tn 2 2

Cn trc

bnh lp25-70 tn 10 6 3 1

Xe nng

hng3-45 tn 62 36 22 4

Cn in

t80 tn 4 3 1

Tu htr lai dt

515-3200CV

8 8

Cn cu

gin

(QC)

35,6 tn 6 6

Cn cu

gin bnhlp

(RTG)

35,6 tn 12 12

( Ngun :www.vinamarine.gov.vn/)
http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/


41/77


Bng 9:Thng k sn lng

Sn

lng

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 3/2009

Tng

sn

lng

10,518,000

MT

10,500,0

00

MT

10,511,0

00

MT

11,151,0

00

MT

12,300,5

68

MT

13,900,0

00

MT

Nhp5,401,000

MT

5,370,00

0

MT

5,370,00

0

MT

5,199,00

0

MT

6,218,24

8

MT

7,635,00

0

MT

Xut1,758,000

MT

1,800,00

0

MT

1,911,00

0

MT

2,825,00

0

MT

2,684,00

1

MT

3,231,00

1

MT

Ni a3,359,000

MT

3,300,00

0

MT

3,230,00

0

MT

3,127,00

0

MT

3,398,31

9

MT

3,103,00

0 MT

Contain

er

377,000

Teus

398,300

TEUs

424,128

TEUs

464,000

TEUs

683,689

TEUs

808,000

TEUs

S tu

n2,650 2,430 2,430 2,056 2,452 4,779

(Ngun: http:/haphongport.com.vn/)

2.1.3.4 nh gi thun li v kh khn ca Cng Hi Phng.a, Thun li.

V tr a l.


42/77


Cng Hi Phng c u th l nm ti mt trong nhng thnh ph trc

thuc Trung ng v l mt trong nhng th trng pht trin nht Vit Nam.

c bit, Cng Hi phng l u mi giao thng quan trng, l ca ng chnh ra

bin ca cc tnh pha Bc. Do , y l mt trong nhng tm im kinh t ca

nc ta, sn lng hng ho xut khu v nhp khu rt ln.

Cng Hi Phng c lung tu vo kh di v rng, chnh iu ny gim

c kh ln tnh trng n tc tu ( nh Cng Si Gn). Bn cnh , Cng Hi

Phng cn c mt thun li na l c nhiu cng thnh vin, cc cng thnh vin

ny khng cch xa nhau lm v u nm trn tuyn ng giao thng chnh ni

vi lung vo tu. cc cng thnh vin c xy dng cc im d hng.

To iu kin thng quan nhanh hng ho, gim tnh trng n tc

Cng Hi Phng gip vi mt s cng khc nh: Cng Vit Cch, Cng

on X v khu vc pht trin cng Lch Huyn. Chnh v vy, khi hng ho

c vn chuyn v vi s lng qu ln th cc ch hng cng c th d dng

vn chuyn hng ho ca mnh v lm th tc xut nhp khu ti cc cng ,

gim tnh trng qu ti cho Cng Hi Phng.Bn cnh , h thng ng b, ng st quanh khu vc cng cng

c b tr kh hp l, khng gy tnh trng ch tc giao thng dn n ng,

n tc container.

V qun l.

C th ni, y l mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca cng Hi Phng.

Ngoi trang thit b phong ph v tin tin th Cng Hi Phng cn to nn li

thcnh tranh nh h thng qun l chuyn nghip v hiu qu. in hnh l

vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong qu trnh qun l v thng quan hng.

- Tip nhn v lm ch h thng qun l bn container chuyn nghip,

hin i c u t theo d n nng cp ci to cng - giai on 2 ti x


43/77


nghip xp d Cha V, khai thc ti a h thng my tnh cm tay ngoi hin

trng phc v cng vic khai thc ti bi v cu tu gip cho vic giao nhn,

iu hnh, qun l ti hin trng c nhanh chng, nng cao cht lng dch

v, phc v khch hng.

- Nng cp, chng trnh trao i d liu EDI vi cc hng tu v cc

cng trong v ngoi nc, trao i thng tin vi cc c quan qun l nh nc

nh: Hi Quan, Cng v, Hoa tiu...nhm m rng phm vi ng dng cng ngh

thng tin

- Cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng, thng qua dch v nhn tin SMS.

- Cng u t xy dng c s h tng bng mt h thng mng xng

sng thng qua h thng mng cp quang v mng khng dy t tc cao,

xuyn sut trong phm vi ton cng, mt trung tm lu tr v x l d liu ln

vi nhiu my ch mnh. Bn cnh , cng u t, nghin cu, xy dng v

trin khai c hiu qu nhiu phn mm ng dng phc v cho vic qun l v

iu hnh sn xut nh: H thng thng tin qun l (MIS); h thng qun l ti

chnh; h thng qun l nhn s v tin lng; h thng trao i d liu in tEDI...

b,Kh khn

- Bn cnh nhng thun li th Cng Hi Phng vn cn gp phi nhiu

kh khn. y cng l mt trong nhng kh khn chung ca h thng cng bin

vit nam trong nhng nm va qua. l tnh trng tiu cc trong hi quan v

th tc hnh chnh qu rm r.

- Thm vo , trnh lm hng ca nhn vin trong cng v b phn

qun l, hnh chnh vn cn thp v cha chuyn nghip dn mt b my

hot ng tr tr v khng hiu qu.


44/77


- Mt khc, vic qun l v b tr lch lm vic cho cc l hng khng hp

l khin cho tu khng th tn dng c ht cng sut hot ng ca mnh.

2.2. Tnh trng v nguyn nhn n tc container ti cc cng bin caVit

Nam.

2.2.1. Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam.

Thc t, tnh trng n tc container cc bin Vit Nam xy ra kh

thng xuyn. V mt trong nhng im nng ca tnh trng ny l Cng Si

Gn v Cng Hi Phng

Trong nm 2008 tnh trng ng container ti cc cng ln ti con s

kinh hong. Ch yu l cc container ch hng thc phm ti sng v hng

ng lnh. Nhiu bn cng tr thnh nh kho cha container.

Vic tc nghn hng ha ti cc cng trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh

tr thnh chuyn xy rathng xuyn v l ni m nh ca cc doanh nghip.

Theo bo co ca Cng Si Gn, c hn 21.000 container hng ho loi 20 feet

li cng Ct Li. Cn ti cng VICT, c 12.000 container loi 20 feet ang nm

ch ch n nhn v. Ring mt hng thp, c khong 340.000 tn ang ti cccng khc thnh ph H Ch Minh..

Lng hng tn ng ti cc cng: Tn Cng, Ct Li, Si Gn, Bn Ngh

v VICT t 20 ngy tr ln t ti 592.403 tn v 17.616 TEU. Ch tnh ring

cng Ct Li c trn 50 ch hngc t 10 container tr ln tn ng ti bi

cng t 15 ngy tr ln; c 15 doanh nghip c s lng container ln tn ng

ti bi cng. c bit, c ch hng c trn 500 container thp ph liu tn ng.

Cn cng VICT, s lng container tn ng tai cng t 20 ngy tr ln l 859

container, ch yu l thp ph liu Ti cng Hi Phng, hng tn ng tnh

n 10/6/2008 ln n 171.000 tn v 15.000 TEU, gn gp 3 ln so vi cng k


45/77


nm 2007. Ring ti bn container Cha V, sc cha ca bi l 13.000 TE U,

ch p ng 50% s container tn ng.

Cng trong thi k ny th ti cng Hi Phng tnh trng tc nghn cng

ang c t vo tnh trng bo ng. Ngay c mt cng chuyn tip nhn

hng container ln nht Hi Phng nh Cha V ln u tin roi vo tnh t

hng thc phm ng lnh phi nm cht mt ch v nhiu ch hng khng n

lm th tc nhn hng. Ch trong khu vc chuyn xp hng ng lnh th c

khong 1000 container b tc nghn v cha th lm th tc thng quan. Trc

y mi ngy c vi chc container c thng quan, nhng thi gian qua con

s y gim xung ch cn 1/4, cn 3/4 th b ng.

Cu cng container VICT qun 7 thnh ph H Ch Minh c bnh qun

ch tip nhn cng lc c 3 tu, trong khi mi tun c khong 24 lt tu cp

cng b hng. Mt bng hn hp, cng buc phi xp 6 -7 tng container, nn

khi cn ly hng th phi o nhiu container, c doanh nghip phi i n 7 -8

ngy mi n lt. Nhiu doanh nghip cng cho bit, khi mun ly mt l hng

ra khi cng liphi h bi, nhiu ln di chuyn container t l ny qua l khc,tng ny qua tng khc.

C thi im ti cng Ct Li v Tn Cng c hng nghn container ang

b n tc. Theo hi quan cng, hng ha n tc ti cng Ct Li t sau Tt, c

bit l hng nhp chim n 80% dung lng bi

Ngy 6/5/2009, Cc Hi quan Hi Phng c bo co v s lng

container tht, ni tng ng lnh cha ti xut c sang nc th ba ang tn

ng ti cc cng thuc thnh ph Hi Phng. Theo , Hi quan Hi Phng cho

bit trn ton b cc cng thuc thnh ph Hi Phng hin c 1.738 container

tht, ni tng ng lnh gm c loi nhp tiu th ni a v tm nhp ti xut,

trong ch yu l hng tm nhp ch ti xut.


46/77


Ngoi ra ti Mng Ci cng ang b n trn 200 container tht ng lnh

ch xut khu sang Trung Quc. V nguyn nhn ca tnh trng tn ng cc

container tht ng lnh ca khu Mng Ci c gii thch l do i tc nc

ngoi khng thu xp c vic tip nhn hng nn doanh nghip trong nc

khng th giao hng.

Ti cng Cha V (Hi Phng) c xem l cng tn nhiu hng nht,

hin cn gn 700 container c t ri rc trong cng. C thi im s hng b

n ln n 1.000 container buc cng phi ngng tip nhn mt hng ny. T

khi hng nhp v, cng Cha V phi vn chuyn cc container ny n khu vc

R (chuyn dng cho hng ng lnh) v ph cn ba trm in m bo

in nng bo qun hng ha.

Cng trong giai on ny ti cc cng Hi Phng nh nh V tn khong 250

container hng, cng Nam Hi tn ng hn 200 container, cng Green Port gn

200 container, cng on X cn trn 100 container.

Vi biu mc lu kho bi 2 USD/gi nh hin nay, ch tnh ring cng

nh V mi ngy cc ch hng phi chi ph 12.000 USD. Nu tnh tng cng1.738 container cn tn ng ti Hi Phng, mi ngy cc ch hng thit hi

khong 1,4 t ng.

Tn ng hng ln, chi ph bo qun khng l nh vy nhng cc cng ty

qun l cng u khng c cch no gii quyt bi l ch hng lin tc xin gia

hn lu kho bi.

2.2.2. Nguyn nhn.

2.2.2.1 .H thng giao thng.

Qua s v v tr a l ca cc cng th chng ta c th thy mt trong

nhng nguyn nhn dn ti tnh trng n tc container nhiu nh vy l do vic

b tr khng hp l h thng giao thng ng b, ng st v ng sng.


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Tnh trng n tc giao thng nghim trng ang din ra trn a bnthnh

ph.Trc y, mt xe container chy c 3 chuyn mi ngy, nhng hin nay,

mi ngy xe ch chy c mt chuyn. Kh khn cng thm chng cht vi cc

cng VICT, Lotus... t khi c ch trng cm xe trng ti qu 25 tn qua cu

Tn Thun.

2. 2.2.2. Nng sut xp d khng cao

Mt thc t trnh chuyn mn ca cc nhn vin ti cc cng v cht

lng ca cc phng tin xp d container l khng cao. C hai yu t ny

lm chm tin thng quan hng ho trong cc container trong khi nhng l

hng khc vn ang cp cng ngy cng nhiu.

2.2.2.3. Th tc hnh chnh rm r.

Theo nh gi ca nhiu chuyn gia th mt ch hng mun lm th tc

xut khu, nhp khu cho hng ca mnh th phi lm kh nhiu th tc rm r,

tn km thi gian v chi ph. Vn cn xy ra tnh trng hch dch ca nhn vin

ti cc cng

Mt nguyn nhn khc l m s cng v hng ho, tu, container nhngcng khc nhau l khng ging nhau. C nhng thi im hng ti cng Si Gn

hay Cng Hi Phng qu nhiu, ch hng mun vn chuyn hng sang cc cng

khc nhng li vng phi vn m s.

2.2.2.4. Yu t lin quan n doanh nghipv th trng.

Thi im cc container b tc nhiu nht l trong nm 2008. C 2 nguyn

nhn xut pht t cc doanh nghip nh sau:

Th nht, do u nm t sut USD/VND thp, ccdoanh nghip ua nhau

nhp hng, khin lng hng ha tng t bin. Bn thng u nm, lng hng

ha xut nhp khu qua cng Ct Li tng 21% so vi cng k nm 2007, trong

hng nhp khu tng trn 43%.
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Ti cng Si Gn lng hng ho v cng t u nm n nay tng

khong 40% so vi cng k nm ngoi. Lng hng ha tng t bin ny

vt qu nng lc ca cc phngtin vn chuyn, bc d container ti cng.

Nm 2008 c xem l nm m Vit Nam c t l nhp siu k lc. Chnh

v vy, hng ho ng lot v. Trong khi , hnh thc thanh ton ch yu l

L/C tr chm, cc doanh nghip mun nhn hng phi thanh ton tin trc khi

lm th tc thng quan. Do thiu vn, khng th chi tr cho cc doanh nghip

nc ngoi, cc ch hng mun ko di thi gian, khng chu lm th tc thng

quan cho hng. iu ny lm cho cc container b cht ng ti cc cng ngy

cng nhiu thm.

Hin tng qu ti ti cc cng c ngnh cnh bo t trc, v c s

h tng, bn bi, cu tu cc cng hin nay khng p ng nhu cu xut nhp

khu hng ho.

Th hai, l do nhiu doanh nghip khng c tin gii phng hng ha.

Chnh sch tht cht tin t cangn hng ang gy nhiu kh khn v vn cho

cc doanh nghip. Bn cnh li c nhiu kin cho rng, nhiu doanh nghipang c tnh chy , gm gi hng ha ti cng ch tng gi trong thi gian

ti.

2.2.2.5. Nguyn nhn do mt hng

Tnh trng tc nghn container xy ra nhiu nht ti cng Si Gn, theo

ban qun l ca cng th c nhng nguyn nhn mt phn l do cc l hng ch

yu l khng c ng gi v cc ch hng th mun lm th tc ng gi ngay

ti kho hoc bi container. iu ny lm gim tc xp d v gy ra tnh trng

n tc ti cng Si Gn.

2.2.2.6. Hn ch v mt bng.
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Do din tch cc Cng l khng ln. Ngay c cng c xem l ln nht

Vit Nam cng ch gii hn 500.000 m2, do , kho bi dng cha container

b hn ch. Cc container phi xp chng ln nhau cao n my trm mt. Khi

mun lm th tc cho mt l hng no li phi mt thi gian li cc

container ra.

2.2.2.7. Do h thng php lut.

Hin nay, tt c cc doanh nghip ch container hng t Hi Phng v H

Ni v ngc li u ang b bp cht bi mt loi giy php ca B Giao thng

vn ti - giy php lu hnh c bit. Giy php ny (do Khu Qun l ng b

II, Cc ng b VN cp) ch yu cho php trng ti ca xe ch container ch

vn vn mc 16-18 tn, trong khi theo tiu chun chung container 40 feet trng

ti ca hng c th vt trn 30 tn. Trong khi , trn tuyn ng t Hi

Phng v H Ni (trn 100 cy s) m phi dng ti7 ln. Vi s kim tra cht

nh vy, c ti 95% xe ch container b pht. V dn n kt qu l container

b n tc ngy cng nhiu hn.

Vic chuyn ch hng container ca hang b kt l do nhng quy nhthiu cp nht ca B Giao thng Vn ti. C th, quc l 5 c xp l

ng cp 1 ng bng, khng hn ch ti trng, nhng cc quy nh hin hnh

ca B ny li khng ch tng trng ti (c xe, hng v v container) cho xe

container loi 40 feet khng vt qu 30 tn, xe 20 feet khng vt qu 27 tn.

Trong khi hnh thc chuyn ch container ang pht trin tng ngy, th quy

nh ny cho n nay, B Giao thng trong nhiu nm vn khng ch mt mc

trng ti nh nh th. V vy ci gc ca vn xe ch container qu ti hin

nay l B Giao thng Vn ti phi sm iu chnh nhng bt hp l trn.

Ngoi ra cn mt s nguyn nhn khc gy nn tnh trng n tc container

ti cc cng bin Vit Nam. Thc t c nhiu ch hng c tnh gi mo giy t


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thc hin hnh vi gian ln thng mi nn trong khi lm th tc thng quan

khng pngy chng t cn thit. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi bn

khng giao h s, chng t hp l cho ngi mua lm th tc nhn hng.

Hay l vic cc l hng khng png cc iu kin v tiu chun k thut

ca cc nc xut khu, nhp khu.... Mt l do khc l do nhng tiu cc trong

b my qun l. Trong khi Cng Si Gn c mc cc cao nhng hng ho vn

v, m cc cng th khng c hng, liu tnh trng ny c chang yu t

tiu cc trong ? Chnh nhngiu ny khin cho nhiu l hng phi nm

cng hng thng tri m vn cha th thng quan. Thc t ny, gy ra tnh trng

nhiu l hng khng th xut cng, cn c nhng l hng th mun vo cng li

khng c mt bng. Do , n tc container cng cng l mt tt yu.

2.2.3. Nhng thit hi do n tc container gy ra.

2.2.3.1. i vi doanh nghip

Thc t, s lng hng ho b kt li cc container ch yu l cc mt

hng ti sng v ng lnh. Do container b tc nghn qu lu nn nhiu l

hng b hng hon ton. Nhiu doanh nghip t b hng buc ban qun l cccng phi quyt nh tiu hu. Vic tiu hu ny tiu tn ca doanh nghip hng

chc t ng, cn nh nc th mt ph tiu hu v tht thu thu. Bn cnh ,

vic tiu hu cng gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng nh n cuc sng ca

nhn dn

Nhiu l hng b ng trong cc container thi gian di tiu tn ca

cc doanh nghip mt khon tin khng l tr ph tc nghn v ph lu kho,

lu bi. Nhiu cng ng lot thng bo biu ph tc nghn cao ngt ngng.

Chng hn nh cng Si Gn: 50 la M/container loi 20 feet v 100 la

M/container loi 40 feet.


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Thc t, nhng thng u nm 2009 tnh hnh tc nghn dn c ci

thin nhng mt s cng vn thu ph tc nghn ht sc v l.

Mt thit hi ln nht m doanh nghip phi hng chu l vic n tc

container dn ti gii phng hng bnh tr. iu s lm cho vica hng

ho ra th trng b chm li. Nhiu khi doanh nghip s mt chi kinh doanh

v gy thit hi c v vt cht v uy tn ca mnh.

2.2.3.2. i vi x hi

Vic cc l hng b ng trong cc container lm chm vic a hng

vo th trng trong nc, nh hng nhiu n vic tiu dng ca nhn dn, c

nhng thi im hng ho trn th trng khan him, iu ny y gi c ln

cao. V chnh ngi tiu dng l ngi phi hng chu hu qu nhiu nht.

Vic n tc container khng ch xy ra cc cng m cn din ra trn cc

tuyn ng giao thng khc. Dn n tnh trng n tc giao thng trong cc

tuyn ng chnh trn cc tuyn ng c container i qua. Bn cnh , trong

thi gian gn y bo ng tnh trng container chen chc lt nga v gy ra

nhiu v tai nn ht sc nghim trng. Vic cc ch hng t b cc l hng hngv li nhun thu li khng b p chi ph. Vic tiu hu khin nh nc tht

thu thu. Bn cnh , vic tiu hu cng gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng

nh n cuc sng ca nhn dn

2.2.3.3. i vi cng.

Vn n tc container khng ch gy ra thit hi cho cc doanh nghip

v x hi m n cn gin tip nh hng ti hot ng v doanh thu v cng. C

nhng ch hng tr hon hay t b hng khin cc cng phi mt thm chi ph

qun l v tiu hu i vi l hng hng. Trong khi , khon ph m h thu

thm li gp phi s phn i t pha cc doanh nghip v nh nc, do , chi

ph pht sinh lm gim doanh thu v li nhun c cng.


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Chng 3: Mt s gii php nhm khc phc tnh trng n tc

container ti cngbin Vit Nam

3.1. D bo xu th vn chuyn hng ho bng container.

3.1.1 C s l lun.

Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu vn chuyn bng ng bin khng

ngng tng ln, trong , vn chuyn bng phng thc container bnh qun

chim 72%. Tri qua thi k i khng hong kinh t ton cu th cc nn kinh

t s dn hi phc v tng trng tr li. Do , thng mi s tip tc pht

trin, m thng mi lun gn lin vi tc tng trng ca vn chuyn bng

container. Chnh v vy, theo d on th nhng nm tip theo nhu cu vn

chuyn bng container l rt ln.

Thc t, nhng li ch m container mang li l khng th ph nhn.

Trong nhng nm gn y, ch hng rt chung phng thc chuyn ch ny.

Nh nc tp trung u t mi v quy hoch li cc cng container trong c 3

min Bc, Trung v Nam. Bn cnh cc cng thuc s hu Nh nc th Vit

Nam cng xut hin nhiu cng t nhn, cc cng ny cng mnh dn hn

trong vic u t v p dng mc cc hp l cnh tranh vi cc cng nc

ngoi.

Cc chuyn gia d bo rng nn kinh t M s bt u phc hi vo nm

2009 v s pht trin mc trung bnh trong sut mi nm ti vi tc

khong 2.7%/nm.V trong 10 nm ti Chu vn tip tc l ng lc tngtrng vi tc 4.4%. Vi cc d on ny, d on rng tc tng

trng container s tng trng mc 6.9% trong mi nm ti. Theo quy

hoch cng bin n nm 2010 th s lng hng ho thng qua bng container


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d kin t 230-250 triu tn, tng gp 200% so vi trc v n nm 2020 t

500-550 triu tn. i vi cng bin nhm 5 ca vng kinh t trng im pha

Nam, trong khu vc cng bin thnh ph H Ch Minh c cp nht li d

bo lng hng ha tng ng vi thct v nhu cu pht trin s t 100 triu

tn, tng 200% so vi qui hoch c.

Quy hoch cng bin n nm 2020, c Chnh ph ph duyt vo nm

1999, d bo nhu cu hng ha thng qua cng vo nm 2003 l 106 triu tn,

n nm 2010 t 200 triu tn v nm 2020 l 336 triu tn. Xu hng pht

trin ca th trng vn ti bin Vit Nam, s qu ti ca h thng cng, c bit

l cng container, vng kinh t trng im pha Nam ang thu ht nhiu cng

ty kinh doanh cng bin nc ngoi. Hip hi Cng bin Vit Nam cho bit, n

nm 2009-2010 s c tm cng container do nc ngoi u t c a vo

khai thc. Ti lc , tng nng lc xp d container s t 16 triu TEU (TEU

= container 20 feet), tng gp ba ln hin nay. Phn ln cc cng container mi

l tnh B Ra - Vng Tu. Nh vy, tnh trng cng qu ti vng kinh t

trng im pha Nam c th s sm c gii quyt, nhng vn tc nghngiao thng ng b th cha bit n bao gi mi ht. Hip hi Cng bin Vit

Nam d bo, vi cc cng mi ang xy dng Ci Mp, Th Vi, nhu cu vn

chuyn container gia TPHCM v Vng Tu vo nm 2010 s trn 5 triu TEU.

Trn c s l lun ny, chng ta hon ton c th lc quan vo tc tng

trng vn chuyn hng ho bng phng thc container trong nhng nm ti

Vit Nam v trn ton th gii.

3.1.2 C s thc tin

Theo s liu thng k ca Portcoast, lng hng ha xut nhp khu tng

mnh tt c cng bin TP.HCM, nht l container. C th Tn Cng nm 2000

xp d 411.627 container, n nm 2007 tng ln 1,84 triu container (tng


55/77


bnh qun 28,4%/nm). Cng Si Gn bc xp t 237.331 container tng ln

385.311 container, cng VICT t 122.650 ln 572.045 container, cng Phc

Long ICD t 68.421 container ln 221.119 container... Su cng bin ln khu

vc TP.HCM xp d 960.029 container (nm 2000) v tng ln 3,271 triu

container (nm 2007). V d, sn lng hng ho vn chuyn bng container ti

cng Hi Phng trong giai on 1996 2000:

Hnh 5: Thng k hng ho vn chuyn bng container qua cng Hi Phng

( Ngun: http://haiphongport.com.vn)

Nm 2008 c nh gi l nm kh kh khn i vi tt c cc ngnh

kinh t, trong c vn ti bin. Tc tng trng ca nn kinh t ton cu

nm2008 mc 2.6%, gim so vi 3.7% nm 2007. Tuy nhin, container qua

cng Hi Phng vn lin tc tng v t 790,000 TEU. Trong nm 2008, ti cng

Hi Phng v cc cng bin khc vn xy ra tnh trng qu ti.


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. Trong nhng thng u nm 2009 nn kinh tton cu bt u hi phc

chm mc 2.8%. c bit kinh t M c mc tng trng 0.8% nm 2008 so

vi 2.2% nm 2007. M y l mt trong nhng i tc ln ca Vit Nam. Do

, nhu cu hng ho xut nhp khu chc chn tng ln. Thng mi quc t

lun lun c mi quan h t l thun vi nhu cu vn chuyn container. Thc t

nhu cu vn chuyn container d kin tng trng mc 9.1% nm 2008 so vi

10.4% nm 2007 v phc hi nh vo nm nhng thng u nm 2009 vi tc

tng trng khong 9.9%.

Lng hng ha xut, nhp khu qua h thng cng bin Vit Nam

tng mnh k t sau khi Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO. Theo Hip hi

Cng bin Vit Nam, nm 2008 lng hng ha thng qua bng container t

trn 170 triu tn, tng 20% so vi nm trc v ln u tin lng hng xut

khu vt hn 2 triu tn so vi hng nhp khu.

Su thng u nm nay, d kinh t trong nc gp nhiu kh khn, nhng

hng xut nhp khu bng ng bin vn tng ti 22%, t 101 triu tn trong

ch yu l bng container.Nh vy, qua cc l lun trn chng ta c th thy l lng hng ho vn

chuyn bng container lin tc tng qua cc nm. Theo d bo ca cc hng tu

quc t, trong nhng nm ti nhu cu vn ti hng ha bng container Vit

Nam cn tip tc tng vi mc bnh qun 25%/nm. y l mc tng rt cao so

vi tc tng bnh qun 13%/nm ca giai on 2001-2006.

3.2. nh hng pht trin vn ti container Vit Nam.

i vi vn ti hng ho bng container th mt trong nhng yu t quyt

nh n hiu qu xp d l kt cu h thng cng bin v nhng dch v vn ti

bin v cng ngh xp dcontainer. Do , chng ti xin c php a ra nh


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hng i vi ba lnh vc ny. y cng l mt trong nhng gii php, mc tiu

nhm gim tnh trng n tc container cc cng, bn, bi container Vit Nam.

3.2.1nh hng pht trin cng bin.

Nhm p ng yu cu cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc, h

thng cng bin Vit Nam c chnh ph quy hoch pht trin tng th trn c

s p dng cc tin b khoa hc cng ngh hng hi v quy m, trang thit b,

dy chuyn cng ngh, h thng qun l, h thng xp d c th tng bc

a nc ta hi nhp v sc cnh tranh trong hot ng cng bin vi cc

nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Trong nhng thi im kh khn nh hin

nay, nh hng v s quan tm u t, u tin pht trin l nhn t quan trng

gip nng cao nng sut xp d v gim tnh trng n tc container.

Mc tiu chung vi cng bin l xy dng v pht trin h thng cng bin

Vit Nam theo mt quy hoch tng th v thng nht trn quy m c nc hnh

thnh nhng trung tm kt ni c s h tng v giao thng vn ti ti cc khu

vc c bit l cc vng kinh t trng im, ng thi to nhng y mi giao

lu kinh t trng im gia trong nc v nc ngoi.C th nh sau:

3.2.1.1 Giai on n nm 2010.

H thng cng bin Vit Nam c xc nh l phi bo m thng qua

ton b 100 % lng hng ho xut khu v nhp khu v ng bin theo yu

cu tng trng ca nn kinh t t nc, d kin t khong 200 triu tn/ nm

vo thi im 2010.

Nhm tng cng hiu qu v nng lc hot ng ca h thng cng bin

trong tin trnh n nh v pht trin kinh t t nc, ngy 12/10/1999 Th

tng chnh ph ph duyt quyt nh s 202/1999/Q -TTg ph duyn quy


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hoch tng th pht trin cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2010 vi nh hng nh

sau.

- Ci to nng cp v hin i hocc cng bin Vit Nam hin c tim

nng nhm khai thc cc iu kin t nhin sn c, nhm pht trin hp l, khai

tc c hiu qu h thng cng.

- Tp trung xy dng mt s cng tng hp gi vai tr ch o cc vng

kinh t trng im cho cc tu c trng ti ln( 30.000 DWT). Ch trng ti cc

cng bin hoc khu bn chuyn dngcho hng container, hng ri, hng lng v

cng trung chuyn quc t.

- Xy dng c trng im mt s cng cc a phng trn c s cn

nhc k lng hiu qu u t, chc nng v quy m thch hp vi mc pht

trin kinh t ca a phng v kh nng huy ng vn.

- Cng vi vic pht trin cc cng cn ch pht trin ng b cc dch

v hnghi v cc c s h tng lin quan nhm nng cao nng lc phc v v

hiu qu u t cng.

- Trong vic u t pht trin cng nh khai thc cc cng bin cn phihp cht ch giac cc yu cu pht trin kinh t v quc phng.

3.2.1.2. Giai on 2010 2020.

Trong chin lc pht trin h thng cng bin n nm 2020, cng bin

tip tc c hon thnh vic m rng, nng cp cc cng tng hp quc gia

chnh, xy dng cc cng nc su 3 khu vc kinh t trng im, pht trin

cng trung chuyn quc t, tip nhn tu c trng ti ln, p ng nhu cu vn

ti quc gia.

Mc tiu i vi c s h tng cng bin l tng tng chiu di cu tu cc

cng tng hp ln 48000 50000 m, nng cp 6000 m cu tu, xy dng mi

26000 m cu cng, trong bao gm 3 cng nc su 3 khu vc tip nhn


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c tu 50000 80000 DWT, 1 cng trung chuyn quc t tip nhn c tu

40006000 TEU, tt c c

[yrc]-mot so giai phap nham khac phuc tinh trang un tac container tai cang bien vn

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