y%s ,xldfõ wohdmk m¾fhaik iÕrdj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/art/som slj 2012.pdf1 y%s ,xldfõ wohdmk...

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Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk m¾fhaIK iÕrdj

WmfoaYl uKav,h

uydpd¾h ví,sõ' tï' wfír;ak nKavdr wOHCI ckrd,a - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

iyldr wOHCI ckrd,a ^m¾fhaIK ie,iqï iy ixj¾Ok mSGh&

ixialdrl

ví,sõ' fla' Ysrdks mqIamud,d

ixialdrl iudf,dapk uKav,h

uydpd¾h iaj¾Kd chùr uydpd¾h pJød .=Kj¾Okuydpd¾h ví' Ô' l=,r;ak uydpd¾h kdro j¾KiQßhuydpd¾h tia' úodkm;srK uydpd¾h udß fmf¾rduydpd¾h iqfka;%d lreKdr;ak wdpd¾h tia' î' talkdhlwdpd¾h wdkkao chj¾Ok wdpd¾h YsfrdaKsld lreKdkdhlwdpd¾h tï' î' talkdhl wdpd¾h tia' ã' fla' úfÊiqkaor

uydpd¾h pkaøodi jkaks.u

mQ¾j ixialdrljre

wurd mSßiatï' ù' ú;dkm;srKtï' ta' mS' uqKisxy

t,a' ta' ã' lreKdodi

Y%S ,xld wOHdmk m¾fhaIK iÕrdj, cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska jd¾Isl jm< lrkq ,efí.

fï iÕrdfõ we;=<;a jkafka ta ta ,sms iïmdolhkaf.a iajdëk woyia ñi cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha woyia fkd jk nj lreKdfjka i,lkak.

ixialdrlf.a wjirhla ke;s j iÕrdfõ m< jk ,sms kej; m< fkd l< hq;= h.

,sms fyda iÕrdj ms<sn| woyia fhduq l< hq;= ,smskhixialdrl,

Y%SS ,xld wOHdmk m¾fhaIK iÕrdj,

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j,

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh, uyr.uÿrl:kh (- 0094-011-7601601 È.=j (- 737

*elaia (-0117601778 úoaHq;a ;emE, (- [email protected]

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khISSN - 2279-3216

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Y%S ,xld

wOHdmk m¾fhaIK i`.rdj

j¾Ih 2012" 13 jk fj`Mu

m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u

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,sms iïmdolfhda

1' iqñ;a mrdl%ujxY - wOHdmkm;s WmdêOdßfhlsiyldr wOHdmk wOHlaIol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;[email protected]

2' fla' Ô' tia' fla' fmf¾rd - wOHdmkm;s WmdêOdßfhlsm%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odßf;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;[email protected]

3' tï'ta' ta' ifrdacskS vhia - wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s WmdêOdßkshlswOHCIie,iqï fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;[email protected]

4' tka' ã' Èidkdhl - mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daudOdßkshlsjHdmD;s ks,Odßksm¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khdiasdissa@ nie.lk

5' wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=- wOHdmk o¾YkiQÍ WmdêOdßfhlswOHCIm¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khtuwakku@ gmail.com

6' ví' tï' iS' úchfldaka - wOHdmkm;s WmdêOdßfhls.=re uOHia:dkdêm;s.=re uOHia:dkh" ksljeráhchandanawijayakoontc@ gmail.com

7' tÉ' tï' iS' tï' ls;=,afodr - mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daudOdßkshls.=re WmfoaYsld ^isxy,&wOHdmk l,dmh" fokqjr

8' ã' fyÜáf.a - mdYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daudOdßkshlsjHdmD;s ks,Odßksm¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khdilhanibirder@ yahoo.com

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Y%S ,xld

wOHdmk m¾fhaIK iÕrdj

j¾Ih 2012" 13 jk fj¿u

mgqk

msgqj

m¾fhaIK ,sms mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh iy

ta ms<sn| j úÿy,am;sjreka iy wOHdmk ks,OdÍkauqyqK § we;s .eg¨

iqñ;a mrdl%ujxY 01

5-E wdlD;shg wkqj l%shdldrlï uQ,sl bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%ufõofha —lKavdhï .fõIKh i|ydWmfoia˜ mshjr ioyd l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lrl%shd;aul lsÍfï § u;= jk .eg¨

fla' Ô' tia' fla' fmf¾rd iy

tï' ta' ta' ifrdacskS vhia 26

Y%S ,xldfõ úIhud,d øjHj, wdmod l<ukdlrKixl,amj, isria ifudaOdkh ^N+f.da, úoHdj"Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh$mqrjeiswOHdmk yd m%cd md,kh iy úoHdj&

tka'ã' Èidkdhl iy f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= 45

isks÷ myiska rYañ úysok jkakshg mEhQ weÿre i|

ví,sõ' tï' iS' úchfldaka 80

.=rejrhd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh Ndú;hgfhduq l< wdldrh

tÉ' tï' iS' tï' ls;=,afodr iy ã' fyÜáf.a 101

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ksnkaOk idrdxY kj fhdjqka úfha miqjk <uqka ish Èú

kid .ekSug fhduqùu flfrys n,mdkfya;= ms<sn| úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhkhla

ã' tï' m%ikak l=udr Èidkdhl 122

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk wjYH;d i|ydw'fmd'i' ^idukH fm<&.Ks;h m%Yak m;%fhawod<;ajh ms<sn| wOHhkhla

ví,sõ' whs' Ô' r;akdhl 125

w'fmd'i ^id'fm<& isiqkaf.a /lshd wNs,dIiy nyqúO nqoaê kHdh w;r ixikaokd;aulwOHhkhla

wd¾' tÉ' tï' wkqr nKavdr fyar;a 127

.%ka: iudf,dapk ,d,kS fla' rUqlaje,a,

ta' tï' ã' ví,sõ' .=K;s,l

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK kHdh yd jHydrl¾;D m%ldYkhls

uydpd¾h uxcq,d ú;dkm;srK 130

.=KYS, wUj;a;

È.du~q¨ .=re.S;h

ks¾u,d ouhka;s chisxy 133

m%ixid l¨fldaÜfÜf.a

mqxÑ orejkag mska;+r l:d fmd;a

wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= 136

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mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh iy

ta ms<sn| j úÿy,am;sjreka iy wOHdmk ks,OdÍka

uqyqK § we;s .eg¨

iqñ;a mrdl%ujxY

idrdxYh

2010 j¾Ifha isg rcfha ish¨ mdi,aj, ls%hd;aul lrk ,o

mdif,a .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigykska

mdif,a ;sridr meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi ;SrK .ekSfï n,;,

mdi, fj; mjrd §ug wfmaËd lrk ,§¡ mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk

ol=Kq m<df;a mdi,aj, ls%hd;aul ùfï iajNdjh" Bg n,md we;s idOl"

uqyqK § we;s .eg¨ wOHhkh lsÍu iy id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍug

fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu m¾fhaIK wruqKq úh' úia;rd;aul ióCIK

l%ufõoh Ndú; lrk ,o w;r ol=Kq m<df;a wOHdmk l,dm myl

ir, wyUq ksheÈ l%ufhka f;dard .;a mdi,a 120la ksheÈh úh'

jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh my< uÜgul mj;sk w;r thg úÿy,am;s

iïnkaO idOl fyda wdh;ksl idOl fkdn,md hs¡ uQ,Huh ÿIalr;d yd

foudmshka f.a wjOdkh m%udKj;a fkdùu o .eg¨ h' .eg¨ u.yrjd

.ekSug ÿ¾j, ld¾hidOkhla iys; mdi,a i|yd m%;sld¾h l%shdud¾.

.ekSu" ÿIalr mdi,a i|yd uQ,H m%odk ,nd §u" hym;a jHjydrhka

ms<sn| j w;aoelSï yqjudrej iy ish¨ md¾Yj oekqj;a lsÍu o wjYH

fõ'

uQ,sl mo ( mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk" ld¾hidOkh" úÿy,am;sjre"

wOHdmk ks,OdÍka" mdif,a .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh

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ye|skaùu

Y%S ,xldfõ j¾;udk mdi,a moaO;shg ì%;dkH hg;a úð; iuh olajdÈfjk §¾> b;sydihla we;;a (Ruberu, 1962)¡ tu moaO;sfha l<ukdlrKyd wOHdmk jHjydr ms<sn| .eg¨ mj;S (NEREC, 2004)¡ tajd kï n,;,mejÍï ÿ¾j,;d" iyNd.s;aj ;SrK .ekSfï ÿ¾j,;d" kqiqÿiaika ;k;=re oeÍu"úÿy,am;s f;dard .;a .=rejrekag muKla ijka §u" wêl YsIH ixLHdj iys;mka;s ldur" iïm;a ys.h" .=rejrekaf.a fkdmeñKSu yd m%udo ùu" YsIHhkaf.afkdmeñKSu" weo ye<Su yd tlu mka;sfha kej; /£u" YsIHhkaf.a ÿ¾j,idOkh" kshdukh yd wëCIKfha ÿ¾j,;d" .=rejrekaf.a j. ùfï ÿ¾j,;d"fouõmshkaf.a ilS%h iyNd.s;ajfha ÿ¾j,;d" úÿy,am;s" .=rejreka" YsIHhkayd fouõmshka w;r hym;a iïnkaO;d f.dv ke.Su ms<sn| .eg¨" fiñkabf.k .kakd yd ÿ¾j, YsIHhka i|yd m%;sld¾h b.ekaùfï l%u fkdue;s ùu"úfYaI wjYH;d we;s <uhska ms<sn| olajk wjOdkh m%udKj;a fkdùu" mdi,aj,ld, igyka ksis mßos l%shd;aul fkdùu" .=rejrekaf.a ld¾h idOkh we.hSfïÿ¾j,;d" mdi,aj, úIh ks¾foaY l,g fõ,djg iïmQ¾K fkdlsÍu" mdi,amokï lr.;a we.hSï ÿ¾j,;d" kQ;k b.ekaùfï l%u Ndú;fha wm%udKj;anj hs¡

;j o" Y%S ,xldj 1970 oYlfha isg wOHdmkh úuOH.; lsÍu ie,lshhq;= f,i isÿ lrk ,o kuq;a mdi, ;u iajdëk;ajh mj;ajd .kakd w;r;=ru tys ld¾h uKav,hg ;uka ;=< mj;akd úNjH;djka m%;HCI lr .ksñkamdif,a ish¨ wxYhka yS .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh by< kexùu msKsi tuúNjH;djka Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug ud¾f.damfoaY iemhSu i|yd iqúfYaI f,iwdh;k.; jQ iydhs; wëCIK mámdáhla (Institutionalize a significant

supportive supervisory scheme) ia:dms; ù fkdue; (Perera 1997). tneúka

mdi,g wdila; jQ jD;a;Sh iydhs; moaO;shl (Coherent professional support

system) wjYH;djla mj;S¡ tjeks iydhla iys; j mdi, wNHka;rfhau Wla;.eg¨ úi|d .ekSfuka mdi,a l<ukdlrKh Yla;su;a lr mdif,ka .=Kd;aulwOHdmkhla iemhsh yels w;r ta i|yd mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrKh (School-

based management) y÷kajd Èh hq;== úh (Caldwell, 1990).

mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrKh hkq ;SrK .ekSfï wêldß n,h uOHuwêldßfhka mdi, fj; ,nd §u hs¡ tkï mdi, iïnkaOj uOH.; j ;SrKhlrkq ,nk b,lal" m%;sm;a;s" úIhud,d m%ñ;Ska iy j.ùï jHqyuh rduqjwe;=<; l%shd;aul ùfï oS Bg iïnkaO iqúfYaIs lreKq .ek ;SrK .ekSfïwêldßh iy j.lSu" mdi,a uÜgu fj; l%udkql+, f,i úuOH.; lsrSu hs

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(Caldwell, 2005). fuu jevigyfkka mdi," uOHh f,i kdNs.; lrk ,ol<ukdlrK wdlD;shla bÈßm;a lr we;¡ tkï uOH.; ndysr wêldßhl isgmdi, olajd wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh úuOH.; lsÍu hs¡ wOHhk lghq;="uQ,H lghq;= iy msßia l<ukdlrKh hk ld¾hhka mdi,a lñgq u.ska bgqlsÍu ksid mdi,g iajdëk;ajhla ysñùula f,i ye¢kaúh yels h¡ mdi,amdol l<ukdlrKfhka úÿy,am;sjrekag" .=rejrekag" YsIHhkag" foudmshkagiy mdi,a m%cdjg mdif,a wOHdmk l%shdj,shg wod< j n,;, mejÍfukamdi,a YsIHhkag jvd M,odhS bf.kqï jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh lsÍug wfmaCIdflßK¡

mdif,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk jHjydr ms<sn| .eg¨ úi|d mdif,a.=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd jQ mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï kshdukjevigyk 2006 j¾Ifha isg 2009 j¾Ih olajd Y%S ,xldfõ f;dard .;a wOHdmkl,dm lsysmhl l%shd;aul lrk ,§¡ ol=Kq m<df;a 2006 j¾Ifha isgwïn,kaf.dv wOHdmk l,dmfha o" 2007 j¾Ifha isg ;x.,a, wOHdmk l,dmfhao" 2008 j¾Ifha isg wl=/iai iy yïnkaf;dg wOHdmk l,dm iy 2009j¾Ifha isg uq,áhk wOHdmk l,dmfha o kshduk uÜgñka jevigykl%shd;aul lrk ,§' 2010 j¾Ifha isg fuu jevigyk Èjhsfka ish¨ mdi,aj,gjHdma; lrk ,§¡ ^wOHdmk wud;HdxYh 2010&¡ ta wkqj jevigyk l%shd;aulfkdjq ol=Kq m<df;a .d,a," we,amsáh" Wvq.u" ud;r" fudrjl iy j,iauq,a,hk wOHdmk l,dmj, 2011 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul lrk ,§¡ fuujevigyfkka wOHdmk moaO;sh kÕd isgqùfï uQ,sl tallh f,i mdi,y÷kdf.k we;¡ tneúka mdif,a ;sridr meje;au msKsi ;SrK .ekSfï n,hmdi,g mjrdoSug wfmaCId flßK¡ mdi,g ;u fufyjr" oelau" b,lal iym%uqL;d ;SrKh lr ta i|yd wjYH uQ,H" fN!;sl iy udkj iïm;a imhd.ekSug hï hï iSudjkag hg;aj wêldß;ajh iy ;SrK .ekSfï n,;,

mjrk ,§¡

flfia jqj o iEu mdi,lu jevigyk wfmaCIs; mßÈ l%shd;aul ùfkdue;s w;r óg iïnkaO úúO md¾Yj ta ms<sn| j úúO .eg¨ bosßm;a lrwe;¡ jevigyfka ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh mdif,a .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh jeä ÈhqKqlsÍu i|yd fnfyúka bjy,a fõ (The World Bank, 2011). tneúka jevigyfkaukd l%shdldß;ajh i|yd úÿy,am;sjreka iy l,dm ksfhdað;hka uqyqK §we;s .eg¨ ms<sn| wOHhkh lr tajd úi£ug fhdackd bosßm;a lsÍu m¾fhaIKwNsm%dh úh¡

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idys;H úu¾Ykh

jevigyfka úldYh" wfmaCId iy n,mEu

oekg jir 30l g muK fmr isg mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrKh TiafÜ%,shdj"lekvdj" BY%dh,h iy wefußld tlai;a ckmoh jeks rgj,g y÷kajd § we;¡wju msßjehla hgf;a wOHdmkh i|yd rcfha jeh lsÍï fhdod .ekSu fya;=fjkajvd;a ld¾hCIu njla we;sùu" j.ùu ;yjqreùu iy bf.kqï M, by< kexùumsKsi fiajd,dNSka n,j;aùu hk fya;= jevigyk ckm%sh ùug n,md we;¡fiajd,dNSka fj; n,h ,nd §u u.ska l%ufhka jvd fyd| mdi,al<ukdlrKhlska tu fiajd,dNSka f.a oekqj;a nj by< kexùu iy Tjqkaf.a

wjYH;dj,g m%;spdÍùu u.ska isiqka i|yd jvd fyd| iy bf.kqug ufydamldÍjk bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh ù we; (Education Human Development Network,

2007). fuu jevigyk" iajhx md,s; mdi,a (Self governing schools), iajhxl<ukdlrK mdi,a (Self managing schools), ia:dk$fCI;% mdol l<ukdlrKh(Field based management) mdi,a iún,lrKh (School empowerment) mdi,alrd n,h úuOH.;lrKh (School decentralization) hkqfjka úúO rgj, Ndú;jk w;r Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk Programme on School

Improvement f,i y÷kajhs ^.uf.a" 2009&' jevigykska ,eìh yels m%;s,dNjkafka ie,lsh hq;= ;rï uq,Huh fyda wfkl=;a wdldr fhojqï iy iïm;am%udKhla foudmshka f.ka ,nd .; yelsùu" iEu mdi,la úiskau ;u wjYH;dfyd¢ka y÷kd f.k ;SrK .kakd neúka iïm;a M,odhS f,i Ndú;ùu" jvdld¾hCIu yd úksúo Ndjfhka hq;= j iïm;a Ndú;fha m%;sM,hla f,i jvd.=Kd;aul núka hqla; wOHdmkhla ,nd §ug yelsùu" m%cdj l<ukdlrKhgiïnkaO ùu fya;=fjka jvd újD; yd iqyoYS,S mdi,a mßirhla we;s ùu" ;SrK.ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § m%foaYfha ish¨ md¾Yjlrejkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh by< hdu"

jvd Ydia;%Sh iïnkaO;d fj; keUqreùu iy fiajd ;Dma;sh by<hdu" isiqkakej; /£ isàfï wkqmd;h iy weoye,Sfï wkqmd;h wju ùu" l%ufhka jvdfyd| bf.kqï M, ,eîfuka YsIH ld¾hiOkh by< hdu" wdh;khka ysiajdëk;ajh iy j. ùu ixj¾Okh" m%foaYfha wjYH;dj,g m%;spdÍùu iyfuu ish¨u wruqKq bgq ùu u.ska wOHdmkfha iuia; ld¾hidOkh by<hdufõ (Education Human Development Network, 2007).

mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrKfhka úúO wxY hgf;a mdif,a jeä ÈhqKqjlawe;s l< yels wkaou 1 jk rEmfhka ksrEmKh fõ¡

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mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrKh

úuOH.; lsÍu iajdëk;ajh iyfhda.s;ajh ie,iqï iy

we.hSï

úIhud,d l<ukdlrKh

uq,H $ fN!;sl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

mdi,a hymd,kh

Ø bf.kqï ixialD;sh Ø lS¾;sh

Ø ysñldß;ajh ms<sn| yeÕSu Ø Okd;aul udkj in|;d

Ø by< uÜgfï wOHdmk m%dma;ska Ø kùlrKh

1 jk rEmh - mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrK wdlD;sh

^uq,dY%h : Pushpanadham & Khirwadkar, 2003)

jevigyfka wfmaCIdjka bf.kqu ms<sn| mxpdi% kHdhfhka bÈßm;a lrwe; (Cheong, 2003). ta wkqj mdi, ;=< l%fudamdhsl iy mßkduK kdhl;ajhlaiy nyq uÜgï iajhx l<ukdlrK jHqyhka we;s lsÍug;a tu.ska bf.kqïb.ekaùï l%shdj,shg wod<j ;dCIK iy oekqï f.dv kexùug;a iyNd.s;ajiy iyfhda.s;d cd,hka iy nyq uÜgï YsIH bf.kqï ixialD;shla we;slsÍug;a wfmaCId flf¾¡ by; wfmaCIdjka bgq ùfuka YsIH bf.kqï iym%dma;Ska ys by< kexùula wfmaCId flf¾¡

jevigyk iïnkaO j ish¨ md¾Yjhkaf.a oekqj;aùula olakg ,eîu"mdi,a ixj¾Okhg m%cd odhl;ajhla olakg ,eîu" Yla;su;a m%cd iïnkaO;djlaf.dvke.Su olakg we;¡ wdh;ksl Odß;dj ixj¾Okh ùu" ld¾hidOk m%ñ;Skays meyeÈ,s j¾Okhla olakg ,eîu" iïm;a l<ukdlrKhg fhduq ùu" mdi,ms<sn| j md¾Yjlrejka ;=< Okd;aul wdl,am olakg ,eîu hk mdi,aixj¾Okh i|yd fndfyda Yla;Ska iy wjia:d we;s nj;a kj m%jK;d iym%Yia; jHjydr y÷kd.; yels hs ^l¡w¡ld¡" yÕ=rkafl;" 2010&¡

jevigyfka j;auka ;;a;ajh jkafka ta ms<sn| j mdi,a oekqj;a ù we;sw;r mdi,a ie,iqïlrKh" úIhud,d l<ukdlrKh" wOHdmk l<ukdlrKl=i,;d" udkj iy fN!;sl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh" jevigyfka wruqKq iyM,hka ms<sn| mqyqKq ùï ,nd we;¡ tfia jqjo mdif,a ish¨ md¾Yjhkag

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jevigyfka ixl,amh ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOhla ,eî fkdue;s w;r jevigykms<sn| mKsjqvh tys md¾Yjlrejka fj; mQ¾K jYfhka <Õd ù fkdue;¡tfiau YsIHhdf.a mQ¾K ixj¾Okh i|yd ie,eiaula mdi, i;=j fkdue;sw;r ie,iqïlrK l%shdj,sfha § mdif,a ish¨ md¾Yjlrejka f.a iyNd.s;ajhwju uÜgul mj;S¡ mdif,a oelau iy wruqKq ;SrKh lsÍfï§ 2006 j¾Ifhaisg 2009 j¾Ih olajd ld,h ;=< jeä ÈhqKqjla olakg ,efnk w;r f;dr;=re/ia lsÍu" úúO uq,dY% u.ska mdi, ixj¾Okhg wruqo,a ,nd .ekSu" .=rejrekagj.lSï mejÍu wd§ lreKqj,ska o úÿy,am;s N+ñldj 2006 j¾Ifha isg 2009j¾Ih olajd ld,h ;=< jeä ÈhqKqjla olakg ,efí¡ mdi,a ixj¾Ok lñgqfõiy mdi,a l<ukdlrK lKavdhfï /iaùï meje;aùfï oS tajdfha idudðlhskaiyNd.s lrjd .ekSfï § úÿy,am;s úúO ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK fok nj olajdwe;¡ flfia jqjo mdi,a kÕdisgqùfï jevigyk u.ska mdif,a iduqysll%shdldrlï fukau iyNd.s;aj ;SrK .ekSfï ixialD;sh o j¾Okh ù we;sw;r úÿy,am;s iy ld¾h uKav,h w;r ikaksfõokh iy wfkHdkH wjfndaOho jeä ù we;¡ YsIH ixj¾Okfha § úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a" .=re Nj;=kaf.a iyfouõmshkaf.a jeä wjOdkh fhduqj we;af;a m%isoaO úNd.j,ska iu;aùu flfrysjk w;r YsIHhkaf.a l=i,;d iy wdl,am ixj¾Okhg odhl jk úIh iu.dól%shdldrlï flfrys m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq ù fkdue;s nj o wkdjrKhù we;¡ tfiau YsIHhkaf.a mQ¾K j¾Okhla we;s lsÍug iy Tjqkaf.a nyq úObf.kqï wjYH;d ;Dma; lsÍug wjYH ks¾udKYS,S l%shdldrlï wju uÜgulmj;S¡ mdi,a msßhf;ys isÿ lr we;s fN!;sl ixj¾Okhka u.ska m%cd iyNd.s;ajh;yjqre flfrk w;r m%cdfõ wjYH;d mdi, u.ska wjfndaO lr .;a nj fydatajd wduka;%Kh l< njg idCIs fkdue;¡ mdi, kÕd isgqùfï jevigyku.ska úÿy,am;sjreka iún, .ekaù we;s nj fmkakqï lrk nj;a Tjqka ;ukaf.al<ukdlrK l=i,;d by< kxjd f.k we;s nj;a úfYaIfhkau mdi,aie,iqïlrKfha § fï nj oelsh yelsh¡ úÿy,am;sjreka úiska ;u .=reuKav,h osYdNsuqL lr we;s w;r mdi,a ixj¾Okhg wjYH wruqo,a /ia lsÍfï§ iy tajd úhoï lsÍfï § iajdëk;ajhla ,eî we; (Gunasekara, et al, 2010).

jevigyk we.hSu

mdi,a mdol ie,iqïlrKh" mdi,a l<ukdlrK yd ixúOdkh" iïm;al<ukdlrKh" kdhl;aj .;s ,CIK" uq,H l<ukdlrKh" mdi,a m%cdiïnkaO;d" YsIH l<ukdlrKh" ld¾huKav, l<ukdlrKh" mdi,ajd;djrKh iy bf.kqï M, hk fCI;% oyh Tiafia jevigyk we.hSu

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i|yd fhdackd lr we; ^l=,r;ak" 2008&' tfiau isiqkag m%;s,dN ,efnk mßosmdif,a ixj¾Okh ie,iqï lsÍfï § woyia m%ldY lsÍu" wOHdmksl ixl,amjHjydrhka njg mßj¾;kfha § úYaf,aIKd;aul Ñka;khg fhduq lsÍu i|ydiydh ,nd .ekSu" ish¨ md¾Yjhkaf.a woyia ie,ls,a,g .ekSu msKsim%cd;ka;%jd§ m%fõYhla f;dard .ekSu" ld¾hhka ixj¾Okh i|yd ;SrK.ekSfï§ iy fjkialï wdrïN lsÍfï § iaÓridr ùu" rdcldßh bgqlsÍfï §wdo¾Yj;a f,i fiajh bgq lsÍu" iydhlhka" foudmshka iy m%cd idudðlhkaiu. hym;a wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla f.dv kexùu" .=rejreka ld¾hCIuj tlgjevlsÍu i|yd l%ufõohla fhdod ;sîu" mdi,g iïnkaO ish¨ md¾Yjhkaiu. iyfhda.fhka iduqyslj l%shd lsÍu" YsIHhkaf.a .=Kd;aul nj ixj¾OkhmsKsi mdi,a wOHdmk l%shdj,sh l<ukdlrK i|yd fhdað; wdlD;sh l%shd;aullsÍfïoS ish¨ .=rejreka Èßu;a lsÍu" YsIHhkaf.a" .=rejekaf.a iy úÿy,am;sf.abf.kqï l%shdj,s ixj¾Okhg WmldÍ jk mßmd,k ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lr;sîu" mdif,a iïm;a fnod yeÍfï § ish¨ .=re Nj;=kaf.a úpdrj;anj iyiyNd.s;ajh Èßu;a lsÍu" iyNd.s;aj bf.kqï l%shdj,shla ixj¾Okh msKsim%cd idudðlhka Èßu;a lsÍu" mdi,a l%shdj,sh kshdukh iy miq úmru i|ydiyNd.s ùug ish¨ .=reNj;=ka Èßu;a lsÍu" l%shdldÍ ie,eiau h:dj;a lsÍumsKsi ;lafiare m%;sM, m%p,s; lsÍu iy Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu iy mdi,a uq,HmoaO;sh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu iy ú.Kkh i|yd ish¨ .=re Nj;=ka Èßu;a lsÍuhk ks¾Kdhl we.hSug fhdod .; yelsh (Nenyod, 2002). mdi,a kÕd isgqùfïjevigyk iïnkaO md¾Yjhka ys oekqj;a nj" mdi,a uÜgfï ie,iqïlrKh"mdif,a oelau iy wruqKq" úÿy,am;s N+ñldj" jevigyk l%shd;aul ùu" YsIHixj¾Okh" .=re ixj¾Okh" m%cd iïnkaO;d iún,.ekaùu iy iajdëk;ajhhk lreKq hgf;a jevigyfka n,mEu ms<sn| j olajd we; (Gunasekara, et

al, 2010).

ld¾h idOkh flfrys n,md yels idOl

mdi,l ld¾h idOkhg n,mdk idOl foj¾.hla m¾fhaIK idys;H;=<ska y÷kd.; yelsh¡ tkï mdif,a úÿy,am;s iïnkaO mqoa., idOl iymdi, iïnkaO wdh;ksl idOl hkqfjks¡ fCI;% mdol l<ukdlrK jevigykid¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úÿy,am;s N=ñldfõ we;s jeo.;a njm%udKj;a idCIs u.ska ;yjqre ù we; Richardson (2007). tfiau mdi,l ld¾hidOkh flfrys n,md yels úÿy,am;s iïnkaO mqoa., idOl (Individual

Factors) f,i úÿy,am;sf.a jhi (Ehiametalor, 1985), mqñ;sß nj (Eagly, Karau

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& Johnson, 1992), újdyl ;;ajh (Oplatka, 2001), wOHdmk uÜgu (Ehiametalor,

1985), iy /lshdfõ m<mqreoao (Heck, 1995), hk tajd y÷kd f.k we;¡mdi,l ld¾hidOkhg n,mdk wdh;ksl idOl (Institutional Factors) f,imdi,a j¾.h" mdif,a YsIH ixLHdj iy mdif,a msysàu (Perera, 2004; Stemple,

2004; Howley, 1994; Raywid, 1999; Sergiovanni, 1994), hk lreKq o y÷kdf.k we;¡

jevigyk l%shd;aulùfï § uqyqK md we;s ÿ¾j,;d iy .eg¨

fjk;a rgj, mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrK jevigyk wid¾:l;ajhgn,md we;s m%Odk fya;=j jkafka mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï ixl,amh jrojd f;areï

.ekSu;a mdif,a ish¨ .eg¨j,g tlu úi÷u fuh hhs i,ld lghq;= lsÍu hs^l=,r;ak" 2008&' tfiau by; i|yka wid¾:l jq mdi,aj, mdi,a l<ukdlrKhyd bf.kqï l%shdj,sh w;r lsisÿ iïnkaOhla fkd;sîu;a" bf.kqu b.ekaùïl%shdj,sfhys kjHlrKhla fkd;sîu;a tu mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjreka taldêm;swkaoñka l%shd lsÍu" fouõmshkaf.a yd ck iudcfha iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSugwiu;a ùu" mdi,aj, md¾Yjlrejka mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk fyda tysl%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| fkdoek isàu" bf.kqï l%shdj,sh fyda YsIHhkaf.a bf.kqïM, ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu hk fya;= o olajd we; ^l=,r;ak" 2008&'

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk wdrïNfha § úÿy,am;s mdif,a mj;skwe;eï .eg¨ y÷kd f.k we;;a tajd úi£fï l%fudamdhka y÷kd f.k fkdue;sùu" ld¾h uKav,fha ieÕjqK úNjH;djhka úÿy,am;s úiska y÷kd fkd.ekSuiy tajd mdif,a ixj¾Okhg fhdod fkd.ekSu" mdi,a ixj¾Okhg odhljkm%cdfõ mj;sk iïm;a iemhSfï úNjH;djhka ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu".;dkq.;sl b.ekaùfï l%u Ndú;h iy we;eï .=rejrekag m%udKj;a mßÈmqyqKqjla fkd,eîu" .=rejrekag jD;a;Sh lreKqj,§ ;u úÿy,am;s f.ka fydawfkla md¾Yjj,ska wju iydhla ,eîu" mdi,a l%shdldrlïj, § ie,iqïlrKh"ixúOdkh" fufyh ùu iy md,k l%shdj,s m%udKj;a mßÈ isÿ fkdùu ±laúhyelsh (Wijesundera, 2002).

jevigyk l%shd;aulùfï § uqyqK md we;s ÿ¾j,;d iy ;¾ck jkafkajevigyk ms<sn| j Bg wod< md¾Yj oekqj;a lsÍfï ÿIalr;d" jevigykms<sn|j jerÈ u; m%pdrhùu" uq,H l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| .eg¨ u;=ùu" mdif,aúúO jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd uqo,a fidhd .ekSfï ÿIalr;dj" mqoa.,wdl,am fjkia lsÍfï wmyiq;d" mdi,a fõ,dfjka miq fiajh lsÍug.=rejrekaf.a we;s fkdleue;a;" YsIHhka ;=< ;u mdi,a wOHdmkfha wjidkb,lalhka ms<sn| meyeÈ<s yeÕSula fkdue;sùu" ks,OdÍkaf.a lemùu m%udKj;a

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fkdùu" mdi,aj,g wjYH ;dCIK iyh ks,OdÍka f.ka mdi,aj,g fkd,eîu"nyq;rhla mdi,aj, wdÈ YsIH ix.ï l%shdldÍ fkdùu" <uqkaf.a wOHdmkhiïnkaO j foudmshkaf.a wjOdkh m%udKj;a fkdùu" m%foaYfha ck Ôú;hgwjYH uq,sl myiqlï W!K;dj" m%foaYfha ck;djf.a mj;sk oßø;djh iyfoudmshka úfoaY.; ùu fya;=fjka orejkaf.a wOHdmkh lvdlmam,a ùu"by< l<ukdldß;ajfhka jevigyfka l%shdldß;ajhg ,efnk iyh m%udKj;afkdùu" jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï oS mdi,a j¾.fha n,mEula olakg ,eîuhk lreKq ±laúh yelsh ^l¡w¡ld¡" yÕ=rkafl;" 2010&'

jevigyk id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jQ fhdackd

fjk;a rgj, jevigyka id¾:lj l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ,enq w;aoelSïf,i fuu l%shdj,sh id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul l< mdi,aj, l%shdldrlï ydl%shdj,s ms<sn| mqyqKqj ,nd oSfï § úIhud,d iy WmfoaYk l%shdj,sh ms<sn|jjeä wjOdkhla fhduq lr ;sîu" mdi,a md¾Yjlrejkag jevigyk ms<sn|jvd meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhla ,nd §u i|yd f;dr;=re cd,hla ks¾udKh lr;sîu" mdi,a wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd mdi,a ld¾h uKav,h Èß .ekaùfïl%u Ndú; lr ;sîu" úÿy,am;sjre n,h fnod yer ;sîu" bf.kqï l%shdj,shflfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sîu" .=rejrekaf.a iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSugl%shdlr ;sîu;a fuu mdi,a ixj¾Okh msKsi md¾Yjlrejkaf.a iyfhda.hiy Wmldrh ,nd .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re cd,hla f.dv k.d ;sîu;a hklreKq olajd we; ^l=,r;ak" 2008&'

tfia u The World Bank (2011) mdi,a kÕdisgqùfï jevigyk jHdma;lsÍu msKsi oekg mdi,a kÕdisgqùfï jevigyk hgf;a wdh;ksl jHqyhkamsysgqjd we;;a tys l%shdldrlï wvq uÜgulska isÿ jk mdi,aj, jevigyfkal%shdldß;ajh jvd;a Yla;su;a lsÍu wjYH fõ¡ fï i|yd tu mdi,aj, N+ñldiqúfYaIKh" Odß;d ixj¾Okh" wLKav mqoa., iy uq,Huh iydh ,nd §uhk lreKq iïnkaO j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h¡ yqÿ úuOH.; lsÍula fydan,h mejÍula fjkqjg ienE n,h fnod fjka lsÍula i|yd Odß;d ixj¾Okhl< hq;=h¡ fï i|yd mdi,a meñKSu jeks lreKq iïnkaO j .=rejreka m%foaYfhamdi,a m%cdjkag jvd;a j. jk mßÈ m%;sixialrKhla isÿ l< hq;=h¡ oekguOH.; f,i .=re Nj;=ka n|jd .ekSfï l%u fõoh fjkqjg l%ufhka mdi,auÜgu olajd n,h fnod fjka l< hq;= h¡ ksIaGdjla f,i n,h úuOH.;lsÍula fkdj bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu msKsi mdi,a uÜgfï;SrK .kq ,nkakkag jHjydr l< yels l%ufõohla f,i fhdod.; hq;=h¡

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ish¨ u j¾. iy m%udKj, mdi,aj,g WÑ; jk mßÈ mdi,a ixj¾Ok lñgqiy mdi,a l<ukdlrK lKavdhï msysgqúh yels jk mßÈ ta iïnkaO fr.=,diskej; iudf,dapkh l< hq;= h¡ md,kfha my< uÜgï iy by< uÜgïw;smsys; (Overlap) fkdjk mßÈ ld¾hhka tla tla uÜgïj, ld¾hhka meyeÈ<sf,i w¾: olajd n,.;= l< hq;=h¡ .=re WmfoaYl iy úÿy,am;s cd,h i|ydmqyqKq jevigyka isÿl< yels mßÈ l,dm ld¾hd,hka ys Odß;dj ixj¾Okhl< hq;=h¡ hy md,kfha § wjodkug md;% jq fldgia (Vulnerable groups)

w;ay< fkdyels neúka wjdisodhl iudc wd¾Ól m%foaYhka ys <uqka i|ydfiajh imhk mdi,a i|yd úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h (UNESCO,

2008). tjeks mdi,aj, m%udKh" uÜgu" úfYaI wjYH;d iys; isiqkag wOHdmkhiemhSfï wjYH;djh" msysàu iy mdi,a j¾.h hk lreKqj,g iß,k w;sf¾luq,H m%;smdokhka imhd osh hq;= h (Ross & Leva i , 1999). oekg iSudmkjd we;s foudmshka iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu i|yd .;sl jevigyka ilialsÍu msKsi mdi,aj,g iydh úh hq;= h¡ /iaùï i|yd foudmshkaf.a meñKSu"mdi,a lñgq i|yd iïnkaO ùug" iafõÉPd lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ùug fydafN!;sl ;;ajhka" iïm;a" fiajdjka" kv;a;= by< kexùug wjYH uq,H fydafjk;a odhl;ajhka ,nd oSu Èßu;a l< hq;= h¡ tu jevigyk ;=<ska orejkaf.abf.kqï yelshdjka j¾Okh i|yd ksfjia mßirfha úYd, n,mEula mj;sknj;a foudmshkag th fjkia lsÍfï úYd, n,hla mj;sk nj;a foudmshka;=< mj;sk wjfndaOh j¾Okh lsÍfuka orejkag hym;a bf.kqï w;aoelSïiemhSu i|yd ksfjia mßirh ilia lsÍu msKsi foudmshka ;=< úYajdih iyiM,;d yeÕSula j¾Okh lsÍu" orejkaf.a f.or jevj, § wka;¾ l%shdldÍúh hq;= wkaou orejkaf.a jhi yd yelshd uÜgu wkqj r|d mj;sk wkaou hkbf.kSfï § foudmshka úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= iqúfYaIs p¾hd meyeÈ<s lr§u hk lreKq fuu jevigykaj, § wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= h (Hoover –

Dempsey & Sandler, 1997). fuu jevigykaj,g iyNd.sjk foudmshka iywfkl=;a m%cdjka iu. iyNd.s fkdjk foudmshka iïnkaO l< yels wdldr.ek wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h¡ mqoa., cSú;fha M,odhS l%shdldß;ajhg w;HdjYHjk Ôú; ksmqK;d" uDÿ l=i,;d fyda idudkH l=i,;d" wka;¾ mqoa., in|;diy /lshd kshqla;sh fyda wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï ^ksoiqka - úfõpkd;aul iywNsidß Ñka;kh" .eg¨ úi£u" ks¾udKYS,S;ajh" m%;Hq;al%u Yla;sh" kdhl;ajh"j.lSu iy iduqysl l%shdldrlï& ixj¾Okh i|yd m%cd iyNd.s;ajh mq¿,a l<hq;=h¡ yqfola úIh ks¾foaY wdjrKhg iy isiqka úNd.j,g iqodkï lsÍu jeksl%shdldrlïj,g jvd m%cd l%shdldrlï wdY%s; w;aoelSï ;=<ska by; l=i,;dixj¾Okh jvd WÑ; iy wod< fõ¡ tfiau m%cd l%shdldrlï u.ska wfkla wh

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iuÕ iu.sfhka Ôj;aùug bf.kSu u.ska iudc tald.%;dj ixj¾Okh" nyqjd¾.sl" nyq wd.ñl iy nyq ixialD;sl iudchla i|yd wfkHdkH f.!rjhgwjia:dj ie,fia (Ministry of Education, 2004). wruqKq msysgqjd .ekSu" YsIHidOkh we.hSu" id¾:l;ajh iy;sl lsÍu msKsi w;HdjYH bf.kqï w;aoelSï;SrKh" bf.kqï M, ñkqu iy fouõmshkag jd¾;d lsÍu msKsi mdi,aj,giydh wjYH fõ (Caldwell, 2005). fuu l%shdldrlï hgf;a .=rejrekaf.aNdú;h i|yd m%udKsl o;a; mdol ixj¾Okh iy mj;ajd .ekSu i|ydmdi,aj,g iydhùug wfmaCId flf¾¡ mdi,a ;u l%shdldrlï ms<sn| jd¾Isljd¾;djla bÈßm;a l< hq;= w;r tu.ska foudmshkag iy m%cdjg j.úh hq;= h¡fuhg iïu; mÍCIK u.ska YsIH idOkh uekSfuka ,nd .kakd o;a; owe;=<;a úh hq;= h¡

mdi,aj,g wdrïNl uq,H m%odkhka (Seeds Grant) ,nd oSu i|yd mdi,af;dard .ekSfï § meyeÈ<s ks¾Kdhl mokï lr .ekSu jeo.;a jk nj;a fïms<sn| j úÿy,am;sjreka iy ksfhdacH úÿy,am;sjreka ;j ÿrg;a iún, .ekaúhhq;=h¡ tfiau úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=reNj;=ka oekqj;a lsÍu wLKavj isÿlsÍu"mdi,a mdol .=re ixj¾Ok (School Based Teacher Development) (SBTD)

jevuq̈ meje;aùu" m%cdfjka mdi,g muKla fkdj mdif,ka m%cdjg o m%;s,dNw;ajk whqßka jevigyk m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu" m%cd iïnkaO;d o;a; moaO;shlaia:dms; lr mj;ajd f.k hdu" iqNm;kakka f.a mqoa., iy ixúOdk cd,hlaj¾Okh lr .ekSu" by< l<ukdldß;ajfha iydh j¾Okh lsÍu iyiqidOHlrK N+ñld iún, .ekaùu" wdh;ksl Odß;dj ;jÿrg;a j¾OkhlsÍu" Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqïlrKh ;j ÿrg;a n,.ekaùu" wjYH;d mokïlr f.k iïm;a fnod yeÍu isÿlsÍu" wNsfhda. iy u;jdo i|yd m%Yia;úi÷ï (Optimum solutions) fiùu u.ska jevigyk ;j ÿrg;a m%cdj ;=<gf.k hdu" jevigyk ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh msKsi 3 j¾.fha mdi,a i|yd

úfYaI iyhla ,nd§u" wdrïNl uq,H m%odk (Seeds Grant) wjYH;d y÷kdf.k;j ÿrg;a ,nd§u" jevigyk iïnkaO ksrka;r m%.;s iudf,dapkhla isÿlsÍuiy m%Yia; jHjydr (Best Practices) m%p,s; lsÍfï hdka;%Khka y÷kajd§uhk fhdackd bosßm;a lr we;¡

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m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

m¾fhaIKfha mrud¾: jQfha mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk ol=Kq m<df;amdi,aj, l%shd;aulùfï iajNdjh wOHhkh lsÍu" tys l%shdldß;ajh i|ydn,md we;s idOl wOHhkh lsÍu" tu jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï §úÿy,am;sjreka iy l,dm ksfhdað;hka uqyqK § we;s .eg¨ iqúfYaI j wOHhkhlsÍu iy tu jevigyk id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fhdackdj,shlabosßm;a lsÍu hs¡

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh" Bg n,mdk idOl iytys§ u;=ù we;s .eg¨ hk lreKq úu¾Ykd;aul j wOHhkh lrk ,§¡ ta

i|yd m%udKd;aul m¾fhaIK m%fõYh (Quantitative Research Paradigm) hgf;aúia;rd;aul ióCIK (Descriptive survey design) l%ufõoh Ndú; lrk ,§¡úia;rd;aul ióCIK hkq wOHhkh lrkq ,nk úIhfha fyda ud;Dldfõmj;akd ;;ajh ms<sn| o;a; /ia lr wOHhkh lsÍu hs¡ lsishï isÿùulmj;akd ;;ajh iy Bg n,mdk fya;= fidhd .ekSug fhdod .efka¡ iqúfYaI jfuu m¾fhaIKfhka ol=Kq m<df;a mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfkald¾hidOk uÜgï y÷kd .ekSu i|yd fuu l%ufõoh fhdod .ekSu fhda.Húh¡

ix.ykh jQfha mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk ol=Kq m<df;a kshdukuÜgñka l%shd;aul jq wOHdmk l,dm 5 g wh;a mdi,a h¡ ksheÈfha m%udKh120la jq w;r tla tla l,dmfha we;s mdi,a ixLHdj wkqj ksheÈfha m%udKhiudkqmd;slj fjka lrk ,§¡ ksheÈ mdi,a f;aÍu i|yd ir, wyUq ksheÈl%uh Ndú; lrk ,§¡

1 jk j.=j ( ix.ykh iy ksheÈh

wOHdmk l,dmh mdi,a ixLHdj

ix.ykh ksheosh

1' wïn,kaf.dv 83 21

2' ;x.,a, 104 26

3' wl=/iai 81 20

4' yïnkaf;dg 120 30

5' uq,áhk 93 23

tl;=j 481 120

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18

m¾fhaIKfha m<uq mshjr mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh;lafiare lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq wxY f,i úIhud,d l<ukdlrKh" úIh iu.dól<ukdlrKh"YsIH iqNidOkh" .=re iqNidOkh" udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh"idudkH l<ukdlrKh" fN!;sl iïm;a yd mdi,a msßh; l<ukdlrKh iymdi,a m%cd iïnkaO;d l<ukdlrKh hk wxY m¾fhaIK idys;H wdY%fhkay÷kd .kakd ,§¡ fojkqj Bg n,mE yels idOl ta weiqßka u y÷kd .kakd,§¡ ta wkqj iajdh;a; úp,Hh f,i úÿy,am;s iïnkaO mqoa., idOl iywdh;ksl idOl o" mrdh;a; úp,Hh f,i mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfkald¾hidOkh o fhdod f.k iajdh;a; úp,Hh wkqj mrdh;a; úp,Hhfhafjfiis fjkila we;s njg Wml,amkh lrk ,§¡ ta wkqj m¾fhaIK msßie,iquf.dv kxjk ,§¡

wod< ixl,am iy f;dr;=re wOHhkh lsÍfuka m¾fhaIK WmlrKf.dvkxjk ,§¡ m<uq WmlrKh f,i mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjreka i|ydm%Yakdj,shla ,nd fok ,§¡ fojk WmlrKh f,i mdi,a kÕd isgqùfïjevigyk hgf;a tla tla mdi, i|yd m;alr we;s wOHdmk ld¾hd,hShksfhdað;hd u.ska o;a; /ialsÍu i|yd msßlaiqï m;%sldjla (checklist) Ndú;lrk ,§¡ úÿy,am;s m%Yakdj,sfha m<uq jk fldgiska úÿy,am;sf.a jhi"mqñ;sßnj" ,nd we;s by<u wOHdmk iqÿiqlu" úÿy,am;sjrfhl= f,i fiajdld,h iy újdyl ;;ajh hk lreKq ms<sn|j o" fojk fldgi u.ska mdi,ame;slv tkï mdi,a j¾.h" mdif,a YsIH ixLHdj" mdif,a msysàu o f;jkfldgi mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk ms<sn| úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a woyia iyisõ jk fldgi mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï § TjqkauqyqK fok .eg¨ iïnkaO f;dr;=re úuik ,§¡ fojk WmlrKh jk mdi,akÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka wOHdmk ld¾hd,hSh ksfhdað;hd fj; ,nd fok,o msßlaiqï m;%sldfjka mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh

úIhud,d l<ukdlrKh" úIh iu.dó l<ukdlrKh" YsIH iqNidOkh" .=reiqNidOkh" udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh" idudkH l<ukdlrKh" fN!;sliïm;a yd mdi,a msßh; l<ukdlrKh iy mdi,a m%cd iïnkaO;dl<ukdlrKh hk wxY 8 la hgf;a ;lafiare lrk ,§¡ tfia u tys fuuWmlrKfha m<uqjk fldgfia iEu whs;uhla i|ydu ,slÜf.a mxp úOmßudKh (Likert’s 1-to-5 rating scale) fhdod .kakd ,§ (Likert, 1932). tlatla ñkqug wod< w¾:h my; oelafõ¡ 1 - l%shdldrlu wju ld¾hidOkhlaw;alr f.k we; ^20]olajd&¡ 2 - l%shdldrlu ;rul ld¾hidOkhla w;alrf.k we; ^21-40]&¡ 3 - l%shdldrlu uOHu uÜgfï ld¾hidOkhla w;alrf.k we; ^41-60]&' 4 - l%shdldrlu fyd| ld¾h idOkhla w;alr f.k we;

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19

^61-80]&¡ 5 - l%shdldrlu b;d fyd| ld¾hidOkhla w;alr f.k we; ^81-100]&' ;jo tys fojk fldgiska mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aullsÍfï § wOHdmk ld¾hd,hSh ksfhdað;hka uqyqK fok .eg¨ iïnkaO f;dr;=reúuik ,§¡ bka wk;=rej mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï oSúÿy,am;sg iy l,dm ld¾hd, ksfhdað;hdg n,mdk .eg¨ m%uqL;dj wkqjf;dr;=re úuik ,§¡

o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd idOl úYaf,aIK (Factor Analysis) l%ufõohNdú; lrk ,§¡ idOl úYaf,aIKh iajdh;a; úp,H mrdihla uekSu yrydhï fohla úia;r lsÍug W;aidy lrk úg fhdod .kakd ,o úp,Hh w;=ßkafjfiis úp,Hh ;SrKhg iy ;ks úp,Hhla f,i taldnoaO lsÍug WmldÍfõ¡ tfiau th idOl wkdjrKhg fyda l,ams; mÍCIdjg fhdod .; yelsh¡fuh ixLHdk l%u Ys,amhla jk w;r fuys wruqK jkafka ixlS¾K o;a;lÜg,hla ^l,ams; fyda ksÍCIKh l< fkd yels úp,Hhka& .eí jk mßÈúp,Hhka l=vd ixLHdjla u.ska ksrEmKh lsÍu jk w;r fuh idOl fydaffki¾.sl úp,Hhka (Latent Variables) f,i ye|skafõ¡ tu.ska úp,Hhkaw;r mj;akd wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj biau;= lr .; yelsh¡ tneúka mdi,a kÕdisgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkhg n,mdk idOl úu¾Ykh i|yd fuul%ufõoh jvd fhda.H nj i|yka l< yelsh (Sewell, 2007).

o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd mß.Kl fhojqï uDÿldx.hla (Computer

application software) Wmfhda.S lr f.k ixLHd;h" m%;sY;h" uOHkHh iyiïu; wm.ukh hk úia;rd;aul ixLHdk l%u Ndú;fhka mqoa., idOl iywdh;ksl idOl ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd;a tu idOlhka f.a n,mEuúYaf,aIKh i|yd t - mÍCId (t-test) iy F mÍCId (one-way ANOVA) fhdod.kakd ,§' fjfiis fjki mÍCId lrk ,oafoa wju fjfiis fjki (Least

Significant Difference) (L.S.D.) iuÕ post-hoc mÍCId u.sks¡ mdi,a kÕd isgqùfïjevigyfka ld¾hidOkfha id¾:l;ajh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd fniaÜf.aks¾Kdhl fhdod .kakd ,§ ^Best, 1977&' tys § ld¾hidOkfha uOHkHh w.hwkqj my; mßÈ uÜgï mylg fjka lrk ,§' tkï b;d wvq ld¾hidOkuÜgu ̂ 1'00-1'80&" wvq ld¾hidOk uÜgu ̂ 1'81-2'60&" uOHu ld¾hidOk uÜgu^2'61-3'40&" fyd| ld¾hidOk uÜgu ^3'41- 4'20& iy b;d fyd| ld¾hidOkuÜgu ^4'21-5'00& hkqfjks.

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï § úÿy,am;sg iyl,dm ld¾hd, ksfhdað;hdg n,mdk .eg¨ úia;rd;aul ixLHdk l%uNdú;fhka m%uqL;d.; lrk ,§¡

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20

o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu iy idlÉPdj

ksheosfha mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh ^2 jk j.=j&wkqj tla tla wxY hgf;a ,nd we;s id¾:l;ajh m<uq wxY yh hgf;a uOHuuÜgfï jk w;r fN!;sl iïm;a" mdi,a msßh; l<ukdlrKh iy mdi,am%cd iïnkaO;d l<ukdlrKh hk wxY fyd| uÜgfï ld¾hidOkhla we;¡

2 jk j.=j ( - tla tla wxY hgf;a mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka

ld¾hidOkh

(n = 120)

tla tla wxY hgf;a ld¾hidOkh uOHkHh iïu; ld¾hidOkfha

wm.ukh id¾:l;ajh

1' úIhud,d l<ukdlrKh 3'12 0'745 uOHu

2' úIh iu.dó l<ukdlrKh 3'39 0'834 uOHu

3' YsIH iqNidOkh 3'16 0'850 uOHu

4' .=re iqNidOkh 3'06 0'960 uOHu

5' udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh 3'34 0'941 uOHu

6' idudkH l<ukdlrKh 3'28 0'976 uOHu

7' fN!;sl iïm;a yd mdi,a msßh;

l<ukdlrKh 3'60 0'816 fyd|

8' mdi,a m%cd iïnkaO;d l<ukdlrKh 3'47 0'803 fyd|

iuia; idudkHh 3'30 0'757 uOHu

úÿy,am;sf.a iaj ixcdkkh wkqj mdi,a k.d isgqùfï jevigyfkald¾hidOkh ̂ 3 jk j.=j& meyeÈ,s lrkafka Wmfhda.S lr .;a ish¨ ks¾Kdhlhgf;a wvq uÜgfï ld¾hidOkhla olajd we;s nj hs¡

15

21

3 jk j.=j ( úÿy,am;sf.a iaj ixcdkkh wkqj jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh

(n = 120)

ks¾Kdhlh uOHkHh iïu; ld¾hidOkfha

wm.ukh id¾:l;ajh

1. mdif,a wNHka;r l%shdj,s i|yd

jeä kuHYS,S njla ,eîu 2'34 0'815 wvq

2' mdi,a l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh ;=<

mdroDIHNdjh jeä ùu 2'23 0'727 wvq

3' mdi,a m%cdfõ wjYH;dj,g mdi,

jvd ixfõ§ ùu 2'38 0'801 wvq

4' mdi,a l%shdldß;ajfhaoS m%cd

iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSu jeä ùu 2'46 0'888 wvq

5' mdi, i;= iïm;a Ndú;fha ld¾hCIu

nj yd M,odhS nj jeä ùu 2'35 0'774 wvq

6' isiq isiqúhkag .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla

,nd oSfï wjia:d mq`M,a ùu 2'36 0'786 wvq

iuia; idudkHh 2'35 0'635 wvq

úÿy,am;s iïnkaO mqoa., idOl úúO;ajh hgf;a úÿy,am;sjrhdf.ajhi" mqñ;sß nj" újdyl ;;ajh" wOHdmk uÜgu iy m<mqreoao mdi,akÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkhg isÿjk n,mEu ̂ 4 jk j.=j&

T iy F mßCId u.ska úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§¡ tu idOl wkqj mdi,akÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkfha fjfiis fjkila fkdue;snj meyeÈ,s fõ¡

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22

4 jk j.=j ( mqoa., idOl úúO;ajh u.ska ld¾hidOkhg we;sjk n,mEu

(n = 120)

mqoa., idOl n uOHkHh iïu; T / F p-value

wm.ukh

jhi ^wjq& 45 fyda Bg wvq 20 3'67 0'686 2'133 0'100

46 - 50 30 3'29 0'686

51 - 55 33 3'24 0'674

55 g jeä 37 3'16 0'809

mqñ;sß mqreI 92 3'34 0'804 3'110 0'080

Ndjh ia;S% 28 3'34 0'804

újdyl wújdyl iy 9 3'64 0'765 0'013 0'910

;;ajh fjk;a

újdyl 111 3'64 0'753

wOHdmk w'fmd'i'

uÜgu ^W'fm< fyda 36 3'23 0'770 0'397 0'810

id'fm<&

m%:u Wmdêh 52 3'36 0'743

mYapd;a Wmdêh 30 3'31 0'794

úÿy,am;s 5 fyda Bg wvq 80 3'39 0'700 1'775 0'156

m<mqreoao 6 - 10 14 3'39 0'871

^wjq& 11 - 15 20 3'19 0'734

15 g jeä 6 2'76 1'124

mdif,a wdh;ksl idOl hgf;a mdif,a j¾.h" mdif,a YsIH ixLHdjiy mdif,a msysàu" mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkhgisÿjk n,mEu ^5 jk j.=j& úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§¡ tu idOl wkqj mdi,akÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkfha fjfiis fjkila fkdue;snj meyeÈ,s fõ¡

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23

5 jk j.=j ( wdh;ksl idOl úúO;ajh u.ska ld¾hidOkhg we;sjk n,mEu

(n = 120)

wdh;ksl idOl n uOHkHh iïu; T / F p-value

wm.ukh

mdi,a 1AB 10 3'14 0'457 0'700 0'554

j¾.h 1C 35 3'29 0'779

2 j¾.h 61 3'38 0'809

3 j¾.h 14 3'10 0'631

mdif,a 200 g wvq 65 3'20 0'822 1'034 0'380

YsIH 200 isg 500 olajd 36 3'46 0'689

ixLHdj 501 isg 1"000 olajd 8 3'46 0'689

1"000 g jeä 11 3'24 0'566

mdif,a uy k.r iNd

msysàu fyda k.r iNd 8 3'42 1'247 3'553 0'062

iSudj ;=<

m%dfoaYSh iNd 112 3'29 0'718

iSudj ;=<

úÿy,am;sjreka uqyqK fok .eg¨

úÿy,am;sjreka f.ka nyq;rhla ^24'2]la& m<uq m%uqL;dj f,i i|ykalr we;af;a mdi,a jHdmD;s i|yd uqo,a fidhd .ekSfï ÿIalr;dj jk w;r18'3]la i|yka lr we;af;a m%foaYfha ckÔú;hg wjYH uq,sl myiqlï W!k;djhs¡ ksheÈfha 15]la ne.ska fojk m%uqL;dj f,i i|yka lr we;af;a <uhskaf.a wOHdmkh iïnkaO j foudmshka f.a wjOdkh m%udKj;a fkdùu iym%foaYfha ck;djf.a mj;sk oßø;dj hs¡ ms<sfj,ska 14'2]la iy 12'5]la f;jkm%uqL;dj f,i i|yka lr we;af;a l%shdldÍ wdÈ YsIH ix.ï fkdue;sùu iymdi,a wOHdmkh flfrys YsIHhkaf.a Wkkaÿj m%udKj;a fkdùu hs¡ isõjkm%uqL;dj ie,ls,a,g .;a úg fmkS hkafka ksheÈfhka 15'0]la olajd we;af;afoudmshkaf.a lemùu m%udKj;a fkdùu .eg¨jla nj hs ¡ 11'6]la miajkm%uqL;dj f,i i|yka lr we;af;a m%foaYfha ck;djf.a mj;sk oßø;dj TjqkauqyqK fok .eg¨jla nj hs¡

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24

fï wkqj mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï §úÿy,am;sjreka uqyqK fok .eg¨ jkafka mdi,a jHdmD;s i|yd uqo,a fidhd.ekSfï ÿIalr;dj" m%foaYfha ckÔú;hg wjYH uq,sl myiqlï W!K;dj"<uqkaf.a wOHdmkh iïnkaO j foudmshkaf.a wjOdkh m%udKj;a fkdùu"m%foaYfha ck;djf.a mj;sk oßø;dj" l%shdldÍ wdÈ YsIH ix.ï fkdue;sùu"mdi,a wOHdmkh flfrys YsIHhkaf.a Wkkaÿj m%udKj;a fkdùu iyfoudmshkaf.a lemùu m%udKj;a fkdùu hs¡

wOHdmk ld¾hd,hSh ksfhdað;hka uqyqK fok .eg¨

wOHdmk ks,OdÍka iy .=re WmfoaYljreka f.ka nyq;rhla ^26'7]la&m<uq m%uqL;dj f,i i|yka lr we;af;a m%foaYfha ck;djf.a mj;sk oßø;djhs¡ ksheÈfha 21'7]la fojk m%uqL;dj f,i i|yka lr we;af;a m%foaYfhackÔú;hg wjYH uq,sl myiqlï W!k;dj hs¡ 12'5]la ne.ska f;jk m%uqL;djf,i i|yka lr we;af;a foudmshka we;=̈ m%cdfõ fkdoekqj;a nj iy l%shdldÍwdÈ YsIH ix.ï fkdue;sùu hs¡ isõjk m%uqL;dj ie,ls,a,g .;a úg fmkShkafka wOHdmk ld¾hd,hSh ksfhdað;hka f.ka 15'8]la olajd we;af;a mqoa.,wdl,am fjkia lsÍu .eg¨jla nj;a 14'2]la foudmshka we;=¨ m%cdfõ iydhmdi,g fkd,eîu .eg¨jla nj;a olajd we;¡ miajk m%uqL;dj f,i 12'5] lai|yka lr we;af;a mdi,a ixj¾Ok lñgq oekqj;a fkd ùu Tjqka uqyqK fok.eg¨jla nj hs¡

fï wkqj mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wOHdmkld¾hd,hSh ksfhdað;hka uqyqK fok m%Odk .eg¨ f,i m%foaYfha ck;djf.amj;sk oßø;dj" m%foaYfha ckÔú;hg wjYH uq,sl myiqlï W!k;dj" foudmshkawe;=¨ m%cdfõ fkdoekqj;a nj" l%shdldÍ wdÈ YsIH ix.ï fkdue;sùu" mqoa.,wdl,am fjkia lsÍfï wmyiq;d" foudmshka we;=¨ m%cdfõ iydh mdi,gfkd,eîu iy mdi,a ixj¾Ok lñgq oekqj;a fkdùu hk tajd fõ¡

19

25

ks.uk iy fhdackd

wOHdmk ld¾hd,hSh ksfhdað;hka lrkq ,enq fuu ;lafiarefõ m%;sM,wkqj mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkh uOHu uÜgfï

mj;S¡

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk iïnkaOj úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a iajixcdkkhka wkqj mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkh wvquÜgfï mj;S¡

úÿy,am;sf.a jhi" mqñ;sß nj" újdyl ;;ajh" wOHdmk uÜgu iy/lshdfõ m<mqreoao hk úÿy,am;s iïnkaO mqoa., idOl úúO;ajh wkqjmdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkfha fjfiis fjkilafkdue;s neúka tajd jevigyfka iuia; ld¾hidOkhg n,mEula fkdue;¡

tfiau mdi,a j¾.h" mdif,a YsIH ixLHdj iy mdif,a msysàu hkwdh;ksl idOl úúO;ajh wkqj mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka iuia;ld¾hidOkfha fjfiis fjkila fkdue;s neúka tajd jevigyfka iuia;ld¾hidOkhg n,mEula fkdue;¡

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ol=Kq m<df;a mdi,aj,mdi,a jHdmD;s i|yd uqo,a fidhd .ekSfï ÿIalr;dj" m%foaYfha ckÔú;hgwjYH uq,sl myiqlï W!k;dj" <uhskaf.a wOHdmkh iïnkaO j foudmshkaf.awjOdkh wvqlu" m%foaYfha ck;djf.a mj;sk oßø;dj" l%shdldÍ wdÈ YsIHix.ï fkdue;sùu" mdi,a wOHdmkh flfrys YsIHhkaf.a Wkkaÿj wvqlu iyfoudmshkaf.a lemùu wvqlu hk .eg¨j,g úÿy,am;sjreka uqyqK md we;¡

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï § m%foaYfha ck;djf.amj;sk oßø;dj" m%foaYfha ckÔú;hg wjYH uq,sl myiqlï W!k;dj" foudmshkawe;=¨ m%cdfõ fkdoekqj;a nj" l%shdldÍ wdÈ YsIH ix.ï fkdue;sùu" mqoa.,wdl,am fjkia lsÍfï wmyiq;d" foudmshka we;=¨ m%cdfõ iydh mdi,gfkd,eîu iy mdi,a ixj¾Ok lñgq oekqj;a fkdùu hk .eg¨j,g wOHdmkld¾hd,hSh ksfhdað;hka uqyqK md we;¡

hf:dala; j t<eô ks.ukj,g wkqj iuia;hla f,i n,k l, ol=Kqm<df;a mdi,aj, mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh uOHu fydaBg my< uÜgfï mj;S¡ mdi,aj, Woa.; ù we;s .eg¨ fndfydauhlau mdi,al<ukdlrKh Yla;su;a lsÍu u.ska mdi, wNHka;rfhau úi£fuka mdi,u.ska .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla iemhsh yels h¡ tneúka ta i|yd mdi,a kÕd

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isgqùfï jevigyfka ld¾hidOkh by< kexúh hq;= h¡ ta i|yd my; i|ykafhdackd bÈßm;a l< yels h¡

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka l%shdldß;ajh ksrka;r wëCIKhg,la l< hq;= w;r jdßlj m%.;s iudf,dapkhg Ndckh l< hq;= h¡ tu.skaÿ¾j, ld¾h idOkhla iys; mdi,a y÷kd f.k tajd i|yd m%;sld¾h l%shdud¾..; hq;= h¡ úfYaIfhkau ta i|yd mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk hgf;amsysgqjd we;s mdi,a ixj¾Ok lñgqj, l,dm ksfhdað;hka jYfhka lghq;=lrk wOHdmk ks,OdÍkaf.a iy .=re WmfoaYljrekaf.a iqidOHlrK N+ñldjYla;su;a lsÍu i|yd läkñka Odß;d ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h¡

mdi,a ixj¾Okh i|yd rdcH wruqo,a muKla fkdj rdcH fkdjkixúOdkj," fm!oa.,sl wxYfha" wdÈ YsIHhkaf.a iy iqNm;kakka f.a odhl;ajh,nd .ekSu i|yd úÿy,am;sjreka Èß.ekaúh hq;= h¡ ta i|yd mdi,a jHdmD;sfhdackd ilia lr wod< wxYhka fj; bÈßm;a lr idlÉPd lr Tjqkaf.aodhl;ajh ,nd .ekSug úÿy,am;sjrekag u.fmkaùug mdi,a ixj¾Ok lñgqj,l,dm ksfhdað;hka lghq;= l< hq;= h¡ Bg wu;rj ÿIalr m%foaYj, msysámdi,aj, jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jd¾Isl j uq,H m%odkhla ,nd Èhhq;= h¡

mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyfka by< ld¾h idOkh i|yd mdi,aixj¾Ok lñgqj, odhl;ajh ;SrKd;aul neúka ta whf.a iyNd.s;ajh by<kexùu msKsi jevigyk ms<sn| ksrka;r Tjqka oekqj;a l< hq;= w;r úfYaIfhkajevigyfka hym;a jHjydrhka ms<sn|j w;aoelSï yqjudre lr .ekSugfm<Uúh hq;= h¡

úÿy,am;sjreka" .=reNj;=ka" foudmshka we;=¨ m%cdj hk jevigykiïnkaO ish¨ md¾Yjhka jevigyk ms<sn| j Okd;aul wdl,am b;d jeo.;ajk neúka tu ish¨ fokdf.a wdl,am ixj¾Ok jevigyka ixúOdkh l<hq;= h¡

bf.kqu iïnkaO j orejka fm<Uùug mdif,a § fukau ksfjia mßirho b;d jeo.;a jk neúka ta ms<sn|j foudmshka f.a wjfndaOh iy wjOdkhfhduq l< hq;= h¡ úfYaIfhkau ;u orejkag bf.kqï w;aoelSï iemhSug ;uksfjia mßirh ilia lr .ekSug iy tys § foudmshka ueosy;a úh hq;= wkaoums<sn| j mdi, u.ska foudmshka oekqj;a l< hq;= h¡

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wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' ̂ 2010&¡ mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk 2010$28 pl%f,aLh

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h, yÕ=rkafl; ̂ 2010&¡ yÕ=rkafl; wOHdmk l,dmfhal%shd;aul jk mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï jevigyk ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su iytys m%Yia; jHjydr y÷kd.ekSu ^wm%ldYs;&

l=,r;ak" ví¡ Ô¡ ̂ 2008&¡ mdi,a kÕd isgqùfï md¾Yjlrejkaf.a w;afmd;( mdi,ays iqidOHlrK jevigyk id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Ndú;hgmyiq iajhx wOHhk fudähq,h" oaú;Shsl wOHdmk kùlrK jHdmD;sh II,n;a;ruq,a,( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

.uf.a" ã¡ à¡ ^2009&¡ mdi,a kÕd isgqùu i|yd úl,am udj;la" mdi,a mdoll<ukdlrKh' mßj¾;kh Wmd,s pkaøisß uqKisxy" lsßwe,a,( wOHdmkjD;a;Sh ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok flakaøh

Best, J. W. (1977). Research in education. 3rd edition, England: Cliffs, New

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Caldwell B. (1990). School-based decision-making and management:

International Developments, In School-based decision-making and

management. Judith D. Chapman (ed.), Hampshire, The Falmer press.

Caldwell, B. J. (2005). School-based management. Brussels: International

Academy of Education Paris: International Institute for Educational

Planning. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/iiep

Cheong, C. Y. (2003). Students’ continuousl improvement should be the core

target of SBM and educational reform: The third international forum on

education reform: School- Based Management. Office of the education

council, Bangkok, (8-11 September 2003), p 3-5.

Eagly, A. H., Karau, S. J., & Johnson, B. T. (1992). Gender and leadership

style among school principals: A meta-analysis. Educational Administration

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Education Human Development Network (2007) Guiding principles for

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(Autumn, 1985), pp.566-574 Negro education stable retrieved from http:/

/www.jstor.org/stable/2294717 Accessed: 01/09/2009

Gunasekara, T. A. R. J., et.al. (2010). Impact evaluation of Programme for

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involved in their children’s education? Review of educational research,

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Battaramulla

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5-E wdlD;shg wkqj l%shdldrlï uQ,sl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï

l%ufõofha —lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia˜

mshjr i|yd l%shdldrlï ie,iqïlr

l%shd;aul lsÍfï § u;=jk .eg¨ ms<sn| wOHhkhla

fla' Ô'tia' fla' fmf¾rd iy tï' ta' ta' ifrdaðkS vhia

idrdxYh

j¾I 2007 isg l%shd;aul mdi,a úIhud,d ixfYdaOkfha bf.kqï

- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj,g keUqre jQ 5-E wdlD;shg

wkqj isÿ fõ' fuu wOHhkfha m¾fhaIK .eg¨j jQfha 5-E wdlD;sfha

tla wx.hlaa jk lKavdhï .fõIKh l%shd;aaul lsÍfï § fl;rï

M,odhS f,i th isÿ fõ o hkakhs' wOHhkh i|yd f;dard.kq ,enqfõ

fld<U Èia;%slalfha w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYhl msysá úÿy,l 10 jk

fY%aKsfha isiqka msßila yd úIh Ndr .=re;=ñhhs' fuys § isÿl< .=Kd;aaul

m¾fhaIKfha § lKavdhï .fõIKh mshjr ls%hd;aul ùug wod<

.fõIK WmfoiA ie,iqï lsÍu iy .=re N+ñldj iïnkaO újdodmkak

lreKq lsysmhla u;=lr .ekSug yels úh'

uQ,sl mo ( iudc ks¾udKjd§ bf.kqu" 5 - E wdlD;sh" lKavdhï

.fõIKh" ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj

ye¢kaùu

YS% ,xld mdi,a wOHdmk moaO;sfha 2007 isg l%shd;aaul jk" l%shdldrlïkeUqre bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõohg mokï ù we;af;a iudc ks¾udKjd§iqiudo¾Yh fõ' fï wkqj iudc ks¾udKjd§ bf.kqu hkq iduqyslj ydiudc.;j w¾:dkaú;j oekqu f.dvke.Su fõ (Vygostky, 1978). fuhskawjOdrKh jkafka bf.kqï l%shdj,sh yqfola ;ks mqoa.,fhla ;=< f.dv kef.kM,hla jk oekqï iïNdrhla fkdj iudc l%shdj,shl M,hla nj h' fuhisiqka iudcuh wka;¾l%shdjlska ,nd.kakd ixj¾Ok uÜgula jk w;r Tjqkayqfol,dj w;am;a lr .kakd m%cdkk yelshdj blaujd hkakla fõ' ta wkqjbf.kqu ndysr n,fõ.j,ska yeisrfjk wl%Sh l%shdj,shla fkdj isiqjdf.awNHka;rfhka u;=jk l%shdj,shla f,i meyeÈ,s flfrhs (McMahon, 1997).

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úf.dials (1978) f.a jdofha ;j;a me;slvla jkafka isiqjl=f.a m%cdkk úNjhr|d mj;skafka Tyqf.a Wmß ixj¾Ok l,dmh (Zone of Proximal Development)

u; nj h' tfyhska .=rejrfhl=f.a u. fmkaùu yd iujhia idudðlhkaiu. tlaj bf.kqfuys fh§fuka fuu l%shdj,sh jvd;a fmdaIKh fõ'

by; iqiudo¾Yhg wkqj bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh f,i f;dardf.k we;af;a 5-E wdlD;sh fõ' fuh oekg l%shd;aul ksmqK;d mdolúIhud,dfõ bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ie,iqï lsÍug fhdod.; yelswdlD;shla f,i i,lkq ,efí (.sksf.a" 2008).

oekg mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul jk ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfõ

ksmqK;djla iukaú; ù we;af;a K,A,S,P f,i ye¢kafjk uQ,sldx. y;frks'KASP wdlD;shg wkqj (K – oekqu" A - wdl,am, S - l=i,;d iy P- mßphka)ksmqK;djhla hkq “oekqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d iy hym;a wka;¾mqoa., yelshdjkatalrdYS ù f.dvkef.k Ôjk mqreoaols'” ^.sksf.a" 2008&

m¾fhaIK .eg¨j

fuu wOHhkh w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'& f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok úIhks¾foaYfha uDÿldx. Ndú;h bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § 5-E wdlD;shgwkqj lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia mshjr l%shd;aul lsÍfï § u;=jk.eg¨ úu¾Ykh lr tajdg úi÷ï ,nd Èh yels wdldrh úuid ne,Su h'

wOHhkfha wruqKq

w'fmd'i' ^id' fm'& f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok úIh ks¾foaYfha

• lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsÍfï §u;= jk .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu

• Wmfoia i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï ilia lsÍfï § u;=jk .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu

• fuu l%shdj,sh ;=< .=re N+ñldj iqidOHlrKfha § u;=jk .eg¨ y÷kd.ekSu

• by; .eg¨j,g úi÷ï bÈßm;a lrñka M,odhs l%shd;aul lsÍula i|ydfhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu'

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m¾fhaIKfha jeo.;alu

wOHhkfha wkdjrK jeo.;a jk md¾Yj lsysmhls' bf.kqï b.ekaùïl%uh wkq.ukh lrk .=rejrekg m%dfhda.slj u;=jk .eg¨ ms<sn|j bÕs ,nd.ekSug o" úIhud,d ixj¾Okfhys fhfokakkayg u. fmkaùula f,i o"Ydia;%Sh me;slvlska fuu wkdjrK jeo.;a fõ' wkdjrK u.ska fuul%shdj,shg l=uk wdldrfhka myiqlï yd iyfhda.h ,ndÈh hq;= o hkwjfndaOh wOHdmk mßmd,lhskag ,efnkq we;' oekg 5E wdlD;shg wkqjflfrk l%shdj,sh ms<sn| .eUqßka m¾fhaIK mj;ajd fkdue;s neúka tfialghq;= lsÍug wfmalaId lrk m¾fhaIlhskayg o fuu wkdjrK werUqïwjia:djla imhkq we;'

kHdhd;aul moku

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djl bf.kqï M, m%ldY jkqfha ksmqK;d f,ih' m%Odk ksmqK;djla ksmqK;d uÜgï f,i ye¢kafjk Wm ksmqK;d lsysmhlgúYaf,aIKh lrkq ,efí' fuu tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgulg isiqka ,Õdùuisÿjkafka .fõIKd;aul lKavdhï l%shdldrlula u.sks' fuu l%shdldrlïie,iqï lr we;af;a 5-E wdlD;shg wkqj h' l%shdldrlfuys m%Odk wx. jkqfhalKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia" .=Kd;aul fhojqï iy we.hSï ks¾Kdhlfõ ^.sksf.a" 2008). 5-E wdlD;shg wkqj l%shdldrlu isÿjkqfha m%fõYh".fõIKh" újrKh" úia;drKh iy we.hSu jYfhka mshjr mylsks (BSCS,

2006).

m%fõY mshjfrys § isiqka Tjqkg imhd § we;s .fõIK ld¾hhg fhduqlsÍuflfrhs' tys § wjOdkh .ekSu" fmr oekqu isys lr .ekSug wOdr ùu iy.fõIK ld¾hhg Wkkaÿ lr,Su isÿfõ' m%fõY mshjfrys iajNdjh .=reflakaøSh fõ' B<Õ mshjfrys § isiqka lKavdhïj,g fjkalr .fõIKd;aulld¾hh mejfrhs' isiqka tys fhfok úg§ újrK mshjfrys fldgila o fuhgiu.dój isÿfõ' .fõIK ld¾hfha § isiqka t,fUk ks.ukj,g ;¾ldkql+,fya;= Tjqka úiska ,nd§u újrKh f,i ye|skafõ' .fõIK ld¾hh wjidkfha§ isiqka lKavdhu ne.ska mka;sh bÈßhg meñK w;am;a lr.;a m%;sM, iy,nd.;a w;aoelSï bÈßm;aa lsÍu isÿfõ' úia;drKfha b;sß fldgi fuys §isÿflfrhs (Bybee et.al, undated). b;sßj we;s mshjr jk we.hSu wÈhr foll§ isÿ fõ' .fõIKh isÿjk úg tu ld¾hh idOkhg msájy,la jk whqßkaiy ksmqK;d uÜgug fl;rï ,Õd jQfha o hkak ks¾Kh lsÍfï m%fndAOd;aulwe.hSï jYfhks ^.sksf.a" 2008&'

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wOHhkfha wjOdkh fhduq ù we;af;a lKavdhï .fõIK ld¾hh fld;rïid¾:l f,i ta i|yd ie,iqï l< l%shdldrlu ;=< isÿfõ o hkak úuidne,Sug h' bf.kqula hkq talñ;shla we;s lrk iy Ñka;kh mq`M,a lrkl%shdldrluls' hula úuiqulg ,lalsÍula l%shdldrlï mdol bf.kqulgmdol úh yels w;r úIh wka;¾.;h .eg¨j fyda úuiqu jgd úiqrejdfnodyeßh yelsh (Churchill, 2003). 5-E wdlD;sfha .fõIK mshjf¾ § fïi|yd wjia:dj imhd we;' úIh lreKq iu. wka;¾l%shd lsÍu i|yd .=Kd;aulfhojqï fhdackdlr we; ^.sksf.a" 2008&' 5-E wdlD;sfha jeo.;a ,laIKhlajkqfha úIh wka;¾.;h iy isiqka f.a wjYH;d i,ls,a,g f.k isiqkg.e<fmk mßÈ bf.kqï - b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh ks¾udKh l< yels jk fiakuHYS,Sùuhs (Rochman, 2010)'

lKavdhï.;j bf.kqï - b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sfha fh§fï § isiqjl= f.aiajhxmd,kh b;d jeo.;a ufkdaúoHd;aul" WmfoaYd;aul iy YslaIKfõ§ld¾hNdrhla bgq lr fohs. iajhxmd,s; bf.kqu w¾: olajd we;af;a il%Sh iyks¾udKjd§ l%shdj,shla f,i h (Casella & Fasaro, 1995)' tneúka.=rejrhl=f.a iDcq ueÈy;aùu iSud lr we;s 5-E wdlD;sfhys fuh ie,lsh hq;=lreKls' ta wkqj lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia ilia lsÍfï § ukdmq¾j ie,iqïlrKh iy bf.kqï wysu;d¾: OQrdj,shla njg jHqy.; lr tawkqj fhda.H iy m%udKj;a .=Kd;aaul fhojqï iemhSu wjYH fõ (Pintrich,

2005 as cited by Shunk,2005&' isiqka ;=< ufkda wdlD;s (Mental Models) idod.ekSug myiqjk mßÈ lKavdhï l%shldrlï ilia úh hq;= h' ufkda wdlD;siúia;rd;aul fyda mqfrdal:k oekqu blaujd .sh Wiia l=i,;d ksfhdackhlrk jHqyhka fõ (Jonnasen, Undated). tu.ska ndysßka w;am;a lr .kakdoekqu isiqjd ;=< wNHka;rlrKh ùu isÿ fõ' ufkda wdlD;shla hkq ialsudjla;=< .nvd ù we;s oekqu" thg wod< l%shdj,s iuÕ tlg noaO ùu ksid we;s jQ

jHqyhla fõ' fuu jHqy.;ùu oekqu Ndú; lr .eg¨ úi|Su fyda fjk;aks¾udKYS,S ld¾hhkays fh§ug msájy,la fõ (Merrill, undated).

bf.kqï udrejla iys;j bf.kqug ufkda wdlD;s f.dvke.Su bjy,afõ' fuhg wOdr jk mßÈ .fõIK Wmfoia ;=< wjYH fuj,ï bÈßm;a lsÍuo tajd Ndú;hg wjia:d iemhSu o isÿ úh hq;= h (Churchill, 2003)' by;lreKq ie,ls,a,g .;a úg l%shdldrlula ie,iqï lsßfï § ksmqK;d uÜÜuu.ska ks¾foaY lrkq ,nk ksmqK;dj fyd|ska wOHhkh lr th idlaId;a lr.ekSug bjy,ajk mßÈ .eg¨j ks¾udKh lr .; hq;= fõ'

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l%shdldrlul úIh wka;¾.;h iy isiqka w;r wka;¾l%shdjla we;s lsÍugie,eiaùfuka isiqkaf.a Ñka;kh iy bf.kqu ifudaOdks; lsÍu isÿ l< yelsh' fï i|yd úIh wka;¾.;fhys mj;sk wka;#iïnkaO;d, wka;¾ iïnkaO;d.fõIKh iy Èß.kajkiq¨ uÕ fmkaùï b;d jeo.;a fõ' isiqyq ishbf.kqï b,lal ;uka úiska u ks¾udKh lr f.k miqj Tjqkaf.a m%cdkkuhfm<Uùu iy p¾hdj ;uka úiska ks.ukh lr md,kh lsÍug jEhï lr;s'fuu ld¾hh bf.kqï b,lal iy ikao¾Nuh ,laIK u.ska ksYaph jk w;rtu.ska isiqkayg uÕ fmkaùula o ,ndfohs (Churchill, 2003)'

m%fõYfuka ie,iqï lrk ,o" Wm ld¾hhka iys; Wmfoia u.ska isiqkair, oekqfuka ixlS¾K oekqu olajd o" my< uÜÜfï Ñka;k l=i,;d isgby< uÜÜfï l=i,;d jk ksÍlaIK" iïmÍlaIK" idukHlrKhka iyks¾udKYS,S f,i .eg¨ úi|Su wd§ by< m%cdkk yelshdjka olajd o f.khdyelsh (Churchill, 2003). fuys § ld,h jeo.;a iSudldÍ idOlhla jk w;rl%shdldrlu i|yd jk Wmfoia iy fhdod .kakd .=Kd;aaul fhojqï ld,idOlh m%Yia; f,i fhdod.ekSug bjy,a úh hq;= h' tfia u isiqka Èß.kajkwdldrfha o úh hq;= h (Rochman, 2010)'

by; wdldrfha bf.kqï M,hla wfmalaIdfjka l%shdldrlula ie,iqïlsÍfï § isiqkg iemfhk Wmfoia isiqjd f.a wêm%cdkk iy Ñ;a;fõ.S p¾hdflaj, iy iduQysl uÜgïj, § il%Sh jk mßÈ iy ta l%shdj,sh isiqjdgl<ukdlrKh lr.; yelsjk mßÈ ilia úh hq;= h (Zimmerman & Schunk,

1998)' fkd tfia kï isiqka l%shdldrlfuys fh§ isák úg § .=rejrhd,ndfok m%;sfmdaIKh fyda bÈßfmdaIKh u.ska W!kmQrKh úh hq;= h (Pintrich,

2005 as cited by Shunk, 2005 )'

5-E wdlD;sh hgf;a isiqka lKavdhïj,g mejfrk ld¾h wiudk jkw;r tl u .eg¨jl úúO me;slvj,a f,i fuu .eg¨ ks¾udKh fõ' fuys§ uQ,sl úIh lreKq iudk jk w;r tl u .eg¨jla úúO ikao¾N ;=<u;=lr f.k wjfndaO lr .ekSug bv m%ia:d ,nd§u fuys wruqK fõ ̂ .sksf.a"2008&' .fõIK ld¾hh ;=< m%cdkk .egqï we;sjk mßÈ tajd ie,iqï l<úgisiqka ;=< m%n, ialSudjka f.dv kef.ahehs n,fmdfrd;a;= fõ (Hassain et. al.,

2011).

ksmqK;djla mQ¾K jYfhka ixj¾Okh lr.ekSug mqqoa.,fhl=g §¾>ld,hla .;jk w;r mdi,a úIhud,dfjka isiqjl= hï ÿrlg f.k wjq;a thÔjk mqreoaola njg m;aùug wjYH moku iy uQ,sl úNj;d u;=lr .ekSugwOdr jk bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr§u l%shdldrlï keUqre bf.kqï

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l%ufõofhka u;=lr fokq ,efí ̂.sksf.a" 2008&' isiqka .fõIKd;aul ld¾hfhysksu.akj isákd úg .=rejrhd iqiOHldrlhl= f.a N+ñldj rÕ olajhs' isiqkgwjYH jk wu;r u. fmkaùu, Tjqka t<fUk w;rueÈ m%;sM,j, ;d¾lslNdjhúuiSu" fhda.H m%;sfmdaIKh iy bÈßfmdaIKh ,nd§u .=rejrhd f.a ld¾hNdrhgwh;afõ (Lertwanasiriwan, 2009)' fuu ueÈy;aùu u.ska isiqjdf.a Wmßixj¾Ok l,dmh (Vygostky, 1978) mq¿,a l< yels jkq we;'

.fõIK ld¾hfha § lKavdhïj, idudðlhskaf.a úúO olaI;dixl,kfhka fhdað; ld¾hh id¾:lj ksu lsÍu wfmalaId flfrk w;rfuhg wdOdrjk kdhl;ajh idudðlhskaf.ka u;=jkakla ñi m;a lsÍulafkdfõ ^.sksf.a" 2008&'

l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd wod< úIh lreKq ms<sn| wod< uÜgfïyi, oekqula iy bf.kqïM, ,nd.ekSu ;yjqre flfrk Ys,amSh l%u ms<sn|ukd l=i,;djhla iy m<mqreoaola wjYH fõ' tjeks l=i,;d we;s mqoa.,fhl=w;ska ksu jQ j o l%shdldrlfuys M,odhs;djfha ;lafiarejla ,nd .ekSug thlafIa;% mÍlaIdjlg ,lal< hq;= fõ' fuys § ,efnk m%;sfmdaIKh u.skal%shdldrlu ixfYdaOkh lr iqir lsÍu u.ska wod< l%shdldrlu jvd;a id¾:ltlla njg m;a lr .; yels h' flfia fj;;a m¾fhaIK u.ska ,efnkf;dr;=rej,g wkqj 5-E wdlD;shg wkqj ie,iqï lrk ,o úuiqï mdolbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (Inquiry-based learning) iïm%odhl .=re flakaøshl%uj,g jvd id¾:l nj fmkSf.dia we; (Hussain et. al., 2011; Arafat, 2008).

by; oelajQ kHdhd;aul lreKq u; mokï ù lKavdhï .fõIKh u.skaúi|Sug bÈßm;a flfrk .eg¨j ks¾udKh lsÍug my; oelafjk l%ufõohNdú; l< yels h' lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia ks¾udKh lsÍfï § thgn,mdk idOl iy l%shdj,sh wxl 1 rEmfhka oelafõ'

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1 jk rEmh ( lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia ks¾udKfha § thg n,mdk idOl

lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia m%Odk wx.h f,i we;s l%shdldrlulaks¾udKh lsÍfï § thg msúish yels wdldr lsysmhla ;sìh yels h'ksmqK;djfhka ksmqK;d uÜgu (1) o, ksmqK;d uÜgfuka úIh wka;¾.;h o(6) ks¾Kh lr .;a miqj, wfhl=g we.hSï ks¾Kdhl uq,ska u o (3) lKavdhï.fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia miqj (4) o ks¾udKh l< yels fõ' fkd tfia kïfï ms<sfj< udre jk fia o, tkï lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia uq,skaiy B<`.g we.hSï ks¾Kdhl l< yels h' ;j o fuu wx. fol w;r foda,khfjñka o tu l%shdj,sh ksud l< yels h' lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoiaie,iqï lsÍu i|yd wka;¾.;h o Ndú; fõ' l=uk wdldrfha .=Kd;aulfhojqï Ndú; l< hq;= o hkak iy m%fõYh isÿ l< hq;= wdldrh ;SrKh

jkafka lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia ie,iqu u; mokïùfuks'.=Kd;aul fhojqï ks¾Kh lsÍu ioyd m%fõYh o ie,ls,a,g .efkhs. lKavdhï.fõIKhg Wmfoia u; mokïj wjidk yqjd oelaùïj,g o" m%fõYh u;mokïj wdrïNl yqjd oelaùïj,g o t<fUhs' l=uk m%fõYhla Ndú; lrf.dv ke.=j o úi£ug we;s .eg¨j f.dv ke.sh hq;= jkafka th úi|Sugfm,Uùula isiqjd ;=< we;sjk mßÈ h' fm,Uùu we;sùug n,mdk idOly;rla Keller (1983& úiska olajd we;' tkï wjOdkh" wod<;ajh" wd;auúYajdih iy wd;au ;Dma;sh jYfhks' ta wkqj .eg¨j isiqjdf.a wjOdkhweo.kakd jQ" Tyqg ióm iy wod< jkakla úh hq;= h' .eg¨j jHQy.; lr;sìh hq;af;a th úi£ug yels nj isiqjd ;=< úYajdihla f.dvkef.k mßÈ h'

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wjidkfha § .eg¨j úi£fuka isiqjd ;Dma;shg m;a úh hq;= h' fuys §id¾:l;ajh i|yd jeämqr u odhl jkqfha isiqjd f.a yelshdj kï Tyq jvd;aa;Dma;shg m;aa fõ'

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh iy o;a; úYaf,aIKh

fuu m¾fhaIKfhaa uQ,sl wruqK jQfha 5-E wdlD;sh Ndú;fhka wOHhkfmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^id'fm'& mka;shl f;dr;=re ;dlaIK úIhfhys m%dfhda.slúIh fldgila b.ekaùfï§ 5-E wdlD;sh wkqj lKavdhï .fõIK ld¾hfhysisiqka fh§ isák úg isiqkg yd .=rejrhdg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk .eg¨ ms<sn|

wOHhkhla lr ta i|yd ms<s.; yels úiÿï fhdackd lsÍuhs' fuu m¾fhaIKhwdrïN lrk úg YS% ,xld mdi,a moaO;sfha 5-E wdlD;shg wkqj ks¾ñ;l%shdldrlï keUqre bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh wdrïNù .;j ;snqfka jirlamuKs' tneúka fï iïnkaOj m%udKj;a m¾fhaIK isÿlr fkd ;snqKq neúkaiy m%udKd;aul m¾fhaIK lsÍug ;rï iqúfYaI jQ újdo u;=ù fkd;snqKqneúkA" .=Kd;aul m¾fhaIK msúiqu f;dard .kakd ,§'

m¾fhaIKfha § m¾fhaIlhd iy .=re;=ñh tlaj tlsfkldf.a iyfhda.hmokï lr .ksñka ie,iqï lsÍu" l%shd;aul lsÍu" ksÍlaIKh lsÍu iym%;Hdjf,dalk lrk ,§' m%;Hjf,dalkfha § u;=jQ lreKq mokï lr f.kie,iqï ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fyda Bg miq t<fUk mshjr ishqï f,i iqir lsÍulrk ,§'

m¾fhaIKfha iyNd.Sjkakka f,i f;dard.kq ,enqfõ fld<U Èia;%slalfhaw¾O kd.ßl m%foaYhl msysá úoHd,hl oyjk fY%aKsfha isiqka msßila yd úIhNdr .=re;=ñhhs' oi jk fY%aKsfha mka;s folla fï i|yd fhdod .;a w;r tlamka;shl isiqyq 16la o wfkla isiqyq 14la o isáh y' ta i—yd f;dr;=re;dlaIK úIhfhys “me;=reïm;aj, .Kkh lsÍï” (Calculations in

Spreadsheets& iy “bf,lafg%dksl bÈßm;a lsÍï” (Electronic Presenations)

úIh fldgia f,i f;dard .ekqKs' ksheÈh f;dard .ekSfï moku jQfha jvd;aÿIalr fkdjk jvd;a myiqlï fkdue;sjQ uOHia: uÜgfï mdi,la ùu h'tfia ksheÈhla f;dard .ekSfuka wka;.dóùfuka úh yels n,mEï wjulr.ksñka" l%ufõofha ;dlaIKsl iajNdjh u; u;=jk .eg¨ ms<sn| wOHhkfhafh§ug wjia:djla ,efí' Bg wu;rj" fuu úIh f;dard .ekSug fya;=j jQfhalKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu hk

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mshjr il%Shj fhfok wjia:djla f,i mß.Kl wdY%s; l%shdldrlï iys;úIh fldgia ie,lsh yels ùu;a, úIh b.ekajQ .=re;=ñh úIh iïnkaOfhkaWmdêOdßKshla ùu;a" fuu úIh bf.k.kakd isiqka ixLHdj úYd, fkdùuiy úIh lafIa;%h m¾fhaIlhdf.a lafIa;%hg wod<ùu;a h'

o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%uh jQfha ksÍlaIK" lafIa;% igyka" iïuqL idlÉPdiy .=re;=ñhg iy isiqkg tl ne.ska jQ m%Yakdj,s folls' wOHhkh isÿ l<udi y;rl ld,h ;=< mka;sldur b.ekaùï ;=kla ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§' Bgwu;rj wod< .=re;=ñh iu. jrlg mehlg wdikak ld,hla fhdod .ksñkawjia:d myl § iïuqL idlÉcd mj;a jk ,§'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùfï l% shdj,sh isÿjQfha mß.Kl 20la iukaú;úoHd.drhl h' isiqka hq.,h ne.ska tla mß.Klhlg fhduq lr ;snqKs'fuhg jvd úYd, lKavdhï ;ekSu fï ld¾hhfha § m%dfhda.sl fkd ùufuhg fya;=j fõ'

.=re;=ñh mqyqKq fyda wOHdmk ämaf,daud ,dNskshla fkdjQ w;r b.ekaùfïm,mqreoao jir follg jeä fkd ùh' .=re;=ñh 5-E wdlD;sh y÷kajd§ui|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,o iïuka;%K follg iyNd.Sù ;snqK o ta ms<sn|j mQ¾K wjfndaOhla ,nd fkd ;snqKs' tneúka wdlD;shms<sn| ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lsÍug m¾fhaIlg isÿ úh' Ndú; lsÍug wfmalaIdl< l%shdldrlï yhla ^me;=reïm;a i|yd y;rla iy bf,lafg%dksl bÈßm;alsÍï i|yd folla& m¾fhaIl úiska ks¾udKh lr .=re;=ñh iu. idlÉPdlr wod< mßÈ ixfYdaOkh lrk ,§'

fuu isiqka me;=reïm;a úIh fldgfiys uq,a mdvu óg fmr mdif,a §yodrd ;snqKs' me;=reïm;aa wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍï i|yd iudk n/;s .KkhlsÍï iys; úúO ikao¾N y;rl fhfok l%shdldrlï y;rla ie,iqï lrk,§' .=Kd;aul fhojqï f,i fhdod.kq ,enqfõ mß.Kl oDvdx." uDÿldx.iy me;=reïm;a uDÿldx.h Ndú; lsÍug Wmfoia f,i ie,iqï l< ;sr igykaiys; fuj,ï jÜfgdare (Menus) .e,Sï igyka h'

úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< me;=reïm;a mdvfï isiqkayg fhduql< .eg¨j,iajNdjh jQfha tl;=j yd idudkHh i|yd iQ;% Ndú;h" tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu".=K lsÍu yd fn§u wvx.= jQ j.=.; o;a; f;dr;=rej,g yerùu h' Bgwu;rj me;=reïm;aa iQ;% msgm;aa lsÍu i|yd jQ Wml%uh fhdod.ekSu o wfmalaIdlrk ,§'

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me;=reï m;a mdvu i|yd l%shdldrlï y;rla ms<sfh, lr ;snQ kuq;aisiqka hq., ixLHdj Bg jvd jeä úh' t neúka lsisu hdno lKavdhï follgiudk l%shdldrlï fkd ,efnk mßÈ isiqka ld¾hhg fhduq lrjk ,§'

bf,lafg%dksl bÈßm;a lsÍï i|yd Ndú; lrk uDÿldx.fha fuj,ïjÜfgdare (Menus) fhdod.kakd wdldrh úoyd oelafjk ;sr igyka iuÕnoaO jq Wmfoia m;%sld" mß.Kl oDvdx." uDÿldx. iy l,ska ms<sfh, lr.kakd,o wdo¾Y lod oelaula .=Kd;aul fhojqï f,i bf,lafg%dksl bÈßm;a lsÍïmdvug fhdod .kakd ,§' fuys § isiqkg mejreKq ld¾hh jQfha uq,ska uwdo¾Y lod oelau ksÍlaIKh lr tys ie,iqu lvodishl igyka lsÍu h'lodj, wvx.= Yío iy iÔùlrK wdÈh;a tys wvx.= l< hq;= nj wjOdrKhlrk ,§' B,`.g tla tla hq.,hg ßis mßÈ ud;Dldjla f;dardf.k wjujYfhka lod mylska iukaú; lod oelaula i|yd ie,iqula lvodishl igykal< hq;= úh' ld¾hh i|yd fjka l< ld,h úkdä 80la úh' fuys B<`.l%shdldrlu jQfha fuu ie,iqu wod< uDÿldx.h Ndú;lr lod oelaula njgm;a lsrSu h' Bg fjkal< ld,h úkdä 80 úh'

o;a; /ia lsÍu yd úYaaf,aIKh

me;=reï m;a Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍu uq,ska u wOHhkh l< mka;shgwod< jQ l%shdldrlu úh' m%fõY mshjf¾ § me;=reï m;aa uDÿldx.h wdrïNlsÍu" fma,s" ;Sre" fldaI iy tajdfha ,smsk iy o;a; we;=<;a lsÍu jeks fmroekqu isysm;a lr fok ,§'

lKavdhï folla me;=reïm;a fldaI uqo,a tallj,ska yev.ekaùug W;aidyl< kuq;a th wkjYH fohla jQ neúka .=re;=ñh úiska th j<lajk ,§'lKavdhï folla l%shdldrlfuys w;rux j isákq olakd ,§' .=re;=ñh ueÈy;aùfuka Tjqka kshu u.g fhduq úh' ;j;a lKavdhï folla iQ;% msgm;aa lsÍufjkqjg Fill Handle Ndú; lrkq olakd ,§' uq, § th Copy-Paste u.ska l<hq;= úh' tla lKavdhula iQ;%j, idudkH jryka fjkqjg y;/ia jrykafh§u ksid .eg¨jlg uqyqK § isáh § .=re;=ñh úiska ksjerÈ lrk ,§'

tla hq.,hla ,sÅ; Wmfoia ms<smÈkq fjkqjg wi,ajdiS hq.,hlska Woõb,a,d isáhy' .=re;=ñh tfia fkdlrk f,i Wmfoia § wjYH uÕ fmkaùu,nd ÿkakd h' hq., ;=klg .Ks; iQ;% ms<sfh, lr .ekSu W.yg jQfhka.=re;=ñhg tajd ,nd §ug isÿ úh'

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iuyr hq.,a iuÕ .=re;=ñh jeä ld,hla .; l< neúka Woõ wjYH jQwfkla isiqkayg ta i|yd fndfyda fõ,djla ld¾hh kj;ajd n,d isàug isÿúh'hq., folla ld¾hh m;%sldfõ we;s mßÈ o;a; we;=< ;a lr fkd ;snqKs' ;j;ahq.,hla SUM iQ;%h fjkqjg “ +” Ndú; lr .Kkh lsÍug W;aidy ord;snqKs' ld¾hh ksud l< isiqka f.a idOkh .=re;=ñh we.ehSug Ndckh lrkqolakd ,§'

tla lKavdhula úkdä 30ka muK ish ld¾hh ksu l< neúka tuisiqkg ;j;a .eg¨jla mejÍug isÿúh' isiqka WfoHda.fhka ld¾hfha ksr;jisákq ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§' .=re;=ñh isiqka w;r ießirñka wjYH u. fmkaùï,nd fokq olakd ,§' ta w;r u m¾fhaIK wjYH;d wkqj weh lafIa;% fmd;ligyka ;nkq o ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§'

l%shdj,sh mqrd u .=re;=ñh ld¾h nyq,j isákq olakd ,§' kshñ; ld,hgúkdä 15 muK l,ska ish¨ u isiqka ish ld¾hh ksud l< y' úia;drKmshjrg isiqka ish¨ fokd u iyNd.SjQ kuq;a id¾:l uÜgula fmkajQfha hq.,afolla muKs' úoHd.drfha l¨ ,E,a,la fkd ;snqKq neúka äuhs lvodis Ndú;lr iuia;h f.dv ke.Sug wjia:djla fkd ùh'

mdvu wjidkfha § .=re;=ñh iu. idlÉPdjla mj;ajk ,§' tys § wehwjOdrKh l< lreKla jQfha .Kkh lsÍu i|yd wjYH iQ;% isiqkg ,nd Èhhq;= nj h' ta wkqj wod< l%shdldrlu ixfYdaOkh lrk ,§' B<Õ isiqkalKavdhug ,nd ÿkafka fuu ixfYdaê; l%shdldrlu h'

me;=reïm;a wdY%fhka .Kkh lsÍfï l%shdldrlu mjrk ,o fojklKavdhu wOHhkh l< wjia:dfõ § o m%fõY mshjr óg fmr wjia:dfõ §fuka úh' lKavdhï .fõIK mshjf¾ § isiqka § we;s Wmfoia uekeúkawOHhkh l< hq;= nj o" Woõ i|yd wi,ajdiSka iu. iïnkaO fkd ù ;ud jwu;k f,i o .=re;=ñh wjOdrKh l<d h' ta wkqj mdvfï § isiqkawi,ajdiSkaf.ka Woõ b,a,Su isÿ fkd ùh' fuu isiqka l,ska lKavdhug jvd;rula ukao.dó jQ kuq;a kshñ; ld,h ;=< ld¾hh ksudlr ;snqKs' .KkhlsÍug wjYH iQ;% imhd ;snqKq neúka wod< .eg¨ úi|Su uq,a lKavdhug jvdmyiq jQ njla fmkqks' uDÿldx.h yeisrùfï § iuyr isiqkg .eg¨ u;=jQw;r .=re;=ñh wjYH ueÈy;aaùu u.ska isiqka tajdhska uqod.kakd ,§' lKavdhï;=klg .eg¨j úi|Sug iDcq j u Wmfoia §ug isÿ ú h' fmrfia u" l%shdj,shmqrd u .=re;=ñh ld¾h nyq, j isákq olakd ,§' fuu isiqka lKavdhug o.=re;=ñh f.a ld,h iudldrj fn§ fkd .sh nj ksÍlaIKh úh'

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ld,h yriaùu ksid 5-E wdlD;sfha B<Õ mshjr jQ úia;drKh i|yd ishw;aoelSï bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj WodjQfha lKavdhï follg muKs' flfiafj;;a fuu mshjr m¾fhaIKfha jia;= úIhg wod< fkd jQ neúka fuuwjia:dj ms<sn| o;a; /ialr .ekSu isÿ fkd ùh'

bf,lafg%dksl bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%shdldrlfuys m<uq fldgi jQ lodie,iqïlrKh isiqka wmyiqjla fkdue;sj lrk ,§' wdo¾Y lod oelaul%shd;aul lr tys ie,iqu lvodisj, igyka lsÍu id¾:lj lr ;snqKs' Yíoiy iÔùlrK ms<sn| igyka o ie,iqug we;=<;a l< hq;= njg hq., y;rlg.=re;=ñh Wmfoia fok ,§' B<.g, isiqka f;dard .;a ud;Dld wkqjbf,lafg%dksl bÈßm;a lsÍu ie,iqïlsÍfï § joka yd rem we;=<;a lsÍu ms<sn|igyka id¾:lj ksud lr ;snqK o Yío yd iÔùlrK ms<sn| j i|yka lr;snqfka hq., folla muKs' úia;drK mshjr i|yd ish w;aoelSï bÈßm;alsÍug lKavdhï yhlg wjia:dj ,enqKq kuq;a lKavdhï follg ld,hyriaùu ksid bÈßm;a lsÍu l< fkd yels úh' bÈßm;a lsÍu óg fmr mdvfï§ isÿ l< bÈßm;a lsÍug jvd ;rula id¾:l jQ kuq;a äuhs lvodis Ndú;lriuia;h f.dvke.Sug wjYH myiqlï m¾fhaIKd.drfhys fkd ùh' tfia ufuu ld¾hfha § .=re;=ñh f.a ueÈy;aùu i;gqodhl uÜgul fkd ùh' flfiakuq;a fuu mshjr m¾fhaIKfha jia;= úIh fkdjQ neúka fï ms<sn|j o;a;/ia lsÍu fkd lrk ,§'

m¾fhaIl iy .=re;=ñh tlaj isiqkaf.a lod ie,iqï wOHhkh lr tajdg.e<fmk mßÈ .=Kd;aul fhojqï jYfhka jQ uq, § ilik ,o Wmfoia m;%sldixfYdaOkh lrk ,§' by; l%shdldrlfuys fhÿkq isiqka iyNd.S jQ B<Õmdvu jQfha ie,iqï lrk ,o lod mß.Kl uDÿldx.h Ndú;fhkabf,lafg%dksl lod oelaula njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu h' fuu l%shdldrlfuys §

tla .=Kd;aul fhojqula jQfha wod< ld¾hhg wkqj uDÿldx.h Ndú;h ms<snoWmfoia ud,djls'

l%shdldrlug wod< m%fõY mshjf¾ § .=re;=ñh joka ieliqï uDÿldx.hwdOdr lrf.k tys Wmfoia jÜfgdare (Menu) Ndú;h isys lr fok ,§' fuuuDÿldx.h isiqka l,ska mdvïj, § bf.kf.k we;' bf,lafg%dkslbÈßm;alsÍï i|yd Ndú; lrk uDÿldx.fha (MicroSoft PowerPoint) WmfoiajÜfgdare o óg yqre nj fuys § isiqkg okajk ,§'

l%shdldrlfuys fh§ isá tla lKavdhula ish fmr ie,iqï Ndú; fkdlriDcqj u lod ks¾udKh lsÍug W;aidy lsÍfï § .=re;=ñh ueÈy;aù tfia fkdlrk f,i Wmfoia fok ,§' ;j;a tla hq.,hla Wmfoia m;%sldj wkq.ukh

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lsÍug wmyiq nj mjiñka .=re;=ñhf.ka Rcqj u Wmfoia m;k ,§' fuys §weh Tjqkg wdrïNl Wmfoia ,nd § t;eka isg m;%sldj wkq.ukh lsÍug Èß.kajk ,§'

tla hq.,hla yer wfkla ish¨ u hq.,a joka yd rEmj,g Yío iyiÔùlrK we;=<;a lsÍu id¾:lj ksudlr ;snqKs' tla hq.,hla Èial;hl(Diskette) msgm;a lrf.k meñKs rEm lod i|yd Ndú; lrk ,§' fïhq.,h wod< úIh fldgia mQ¾jfhka mdi,ska msg; § yodrd ;snqK nj fy<súh' kshñ; ld,hg fmr ks¾udKh wjika l< isiqka Wmfoia m;%sldj msgm;al< y' ish¨ u isiqka ks¾udKh wjika lrk úg b;sßù ;snqKq ld,h úia;drKmshjr i|yd m%udKj;a fkd jQ neúka tu mshjr w;yer ouk ,§'

l%shdldrlu isÿlrk wjia:dfõ § .=re;=ñh úiska igyka ;nk ,olafIa;% fmd; úuid ne,Sfï § my; ioyka lreKq wkdjrKh úh' tla hq.,hlgmuKla Wmfoia m;%sldfõ Wmfoia wkq.ukh lsÍug wmyiq úh' ;j;a hq.,a;=klA Wmfoia m;%sldfõ rEmuh Wmfoia úYd,lr oelaùu ;j;a Wmfoilaf,i jerÈ f,i w¾: l:kh lrf.k ;snqKs' tla hq.,hlg lodj,g Yíowe;=,a lsÍug wmyiq úh' isiqkg wjYH jQ iuyr Wmfoia" m;%sldfõ fkd;snqKq neúka tajd wdo¾Ykh lsÍug isÿúh' fmrfia u" l%shdj,sh mqrd u.=re;=ñh ld¾h nyq, j isákq olakd ,§'

fuu kj 5-E wlD;shg wod< .fõIK mshjr ms<sn| wdl,am m%;spdrwkdjrKh lr .ekSug m%Yak wglska iukaú; jQ m%Yakdj,shla ish¨ u isiqkg,nd fok ,§' Bg m%;spdr olajk ,oafoa 16lA muKs' fuu ld,h ;=< j¾Iwjidk mÍlaIK meje;aùu fuhg fya;=j úh'

m%;spdr úYaf,aIKhg wkqj .=Kd;aul fhojqï f,i Ndú; l< m;%sldj,Wmfoia b;d meyeÈ,s nj 34]la ms<s.;a w;r 66]la lshd isáfha meyeÈ,s nj h'75]la mjid isáfha l%shdldrlï i|yd .=re;=ñhf.a Wmfoia o wjYH nj h'25]la tfia wkjYH nj m%ldY lr ;snqKs' Wmfoia m;%sldj, joka yd rEm hkfol u wjYH nj 100]la ms<sf.k ;snqKs' fuu kj l%uh idïm%odhsl l%uhgjvd wdl¾YkSh nj 100]fokd ms<sf.k ;snqKs' flfia fj;;a bf.kqï fõ.hiïnkaOfhka kj l%uh iïm%odhsl l%uhg jvd fõ.j;a nj ms<sf.k ;snqfKa88]la muKs' b;sß 12]la woyi jQfha fõ. w;r fjkila fkd oekqK nj h'

l%shdldrlu wrïN lsÍug fmr ish i.hd iu. idlÉPd l< nj ms<sf.k;snqfKa 31]la muKs' isiqkaf.ka 94]la lshd isáfha Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;aigyka f,i <Õ ;nd .ekSug bv Èh hq;= nj h' lsis u isiqjl= ksoyia woyiam%ldY lr fkd ;snqKs'

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.=re;=ñh iu. mj;aajk ,o w¾O jHqy.; iïuqL idlÉPdfjka my;i|yka lreKq fy<súh' E-5 wdlD;sh hgf;a l%shdldrlula imhk neúkab.ekaùu i|yd fmr iQodkï ld¾h Ndrh wvqjk kuq;a mka;sldurh ;=<ld¾h Ndrh idïm%odhl l%uhg idfmalaIj jeä fõ' Wmfoia m;%sldfõ i|ykau. fmkaùu isiqkg wjfndaO lr .ekSug yels jQ njg wE iEySulg m;aùwe;' isiqkaf.ka 80]la muK fuu kj l%uhg ukdm nj wehg ye`.S f.diawe;' wehf.a ;lafiarejg wkqj kj yd fmr l%uh ixikaokd;aulj i,ldne,Sfï § isiqkaf.a bf.k .ekSfï fõ.fhys lemS fmfkk fjkila olakg,eî ke;' lKavdhï .fõIK ld¾hfha § 30]l isiqyq wi,ajdiSka f.a Woõb,a,d we;' Wmfoia m;%sldj, rEm igyka w;=<;a lsÍu jeä lsÍu u.skatajdfha meyeÈ,s nj wksjd¾hfhka u isÿ fkd jk w;r rEm igyka m%Yia;uÜgul ;nd .ksñka joka iu. ukd iunr;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu u.ska jvdmeyeÈ,s" Ndú; iqñ;=re (User Friendly) iy M,odhS Wmfoia m;%sldjla ks¾udKhl< yels nj wef.a woyihs'

tfia u hï ;ks ld¾hhla i|yd jk Wmfoia ;ks msgqjla ;=< r|jd .;yels kï isiqkaf.a ld¾hh jvd myiqlr fok nj wehf.a úYajdihhs' kjl%ufha Okd;aul ,laIK ;snqK o úIh wka;¾.;h wdjrKh lsÍug iïm%odhsll%uhg jvd jeä ld,hla .;ùu wjdishla f,i weh olshs'

ks.uk iy fhdackd

isiqka idïm%odhsl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõofha isg ks¾udKjd§l%ufõohg udreùug wdrïNfha § wjiaÓ;shla oelajqjo l%ufhka Tjqka Bgwkq.;ùu wOHhkfha § olakg ,enqKs' l%shdldrlï Rcqj u mejÍu fjkqjgth jHqy.;lr §u u.ska isiqkg ukd uÕ fmkaùula l< yels kuq;a iSudjblaujd tfia l<fyd;a th ks¾udKjd§ o¾Ykhg mgyeksùug bv we;'.fõIK Wmfoia m%udKj;a" ir," m%n, iy Rcq fkd jk f,i ilia úh hq;=h' .=Kd;aul fhojqï f,i fhfok Wmfoia m;%sldj, tla ld¾hhla i|ydWmfoia ^Wod( uDÿldx. fukq wkql%u& ;ks msgqjla ;=< /|ùu u.ska isiqkaf.awjOdkh ì£ hdu wju lsÍu u.ska m%cdkk wêNdrh wju l< yels h (Sweller,

1999&' tu.ska fõ.j;a iy myiq wjfndaO lr .ekSulg rel=,la ,efí' flfiafj;;a .fõIK Wmfoia m%udKj;a fkd ùu" isiqka h<s h<s;a .=rejrhdf.kaWmfoia b,a,Sug fya;= fõ' th bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh kej;;a .=reflakaøSh iïm%odhS l%uhg ;,a¨ùug fya;=jls' wfkla w;g iEu lKavdhulawi,g u f.dia tfia Woõ lsÍug m%udKj;a ld,hla .=rejrhdg fkd ,efnk

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neúka isiqkaf.ka fldgilg widOdrKhla ùug o bv we;' .=rejrhd tfiaieug idOdrKh bgq lsÍug W;aidy oeÍfuka Tyq fnfyúka fjfyig m;aùTyqf.a M,ohS;djh my< jeàug o bv we;' fuu ÿ¾úmdl j<lajd .ekSui|yd meyeos,s iy ;¾ldkql+,j fm, .eiqKq .fõIK Wmfoia isiqkg ,ndosh hq;= h' isiqka wkjYH f,i wi,ajdiSkaf.ka Woõ me;Su je<elaùug hdnolKavdhï follg iudk ld¾hhka mejÍu fkd l< hq;= h'

5-E l%uh hgf;a jeo.;a u iSudldß idOlh jkqfha ld,hhs' fuh ukdf,i l<ukdlrKh fkd l< fyd;a isÿjk ld, ydksh kshñ; ld, iSudj;=< úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lsÍug ndOdjla úh yels h' fuh o .fõIKWmfoia weiqßka weu;sh hq;= lreKls'

idïm%odhsl .=re flakaøSh l%ufha § mdvula wjika jkúg wdjrKh l<úIh fldgig wod<j igykla isiqkaf.a fmd;aj, /|ùug .=rejrhd j. n,d.kakd kuq;a kj l%ufha § tjeks fohla isÿjk wdldrh Rcqj u meyeÈ,sfkdfõ' úia;drK mshjfrys § äuhs lvodisj, f.dvkef.k lreKq" msgm;alr.ekSu u.ska igyklg iudk fohla isiqkg ,efnk nj Wml,amkhflfrhs ^.sksf.a" 2008&'

úia;drK mshjr m%udKj;a f,i isÿùug fndfydaúg ld,h yriafõ';jo" .=rejrhd fld;rï ÿrg fuu ld¾hh i|yd ksmqK;djla we;s mqoa.,fhlao hkak jeo.;a idOlhls' tneúka igyka isiqkg ,eîug úl,am ud¾.hla"5-E l%uh wka;¾.;jk f,i wdlD;sh ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= nj wkdjrKhúh'

isiqka ;ksj u fyda wu;r mka;sj,g iyNd.S ùfuka úIh oekqu idïm%odhsl.=re flakaøSh l%uhg ,nd f.k we;s wjia:djl .fõIK l%uh ta whg M,odhSfkdjk kSri w;aoelSula úh yels h' tu isiqka mka;sfhys isàu mka;sl<ukdlrKhg o ndOdjla úh yels h' tjeks ;;ajhla Wodù u je<elaùugtu isiqkg .e<fmk jvd;a wysfhda.d;aul l%shdldrlï iQodkïj ;sìh hq;= h'

.=rejrhdf.a iqidOHlrK N+ñldj t;rï myiqfjka rÕ oelaúh yelstlla fkd fõ' fï i|yd YslaIK úoHdj ms<sn| m%udKj;a oekqula o" bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| ukd mßphla o wjYH fõ' .=rejrhl=g idïm%odhslbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufhka ñ§ kj l%uhg mßj¾;kh ùug idOdrK ld,hlawjYH fõ' fuh läkï lsÍug fyd¢ka ixúOdkh l< jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okjevuq¿ w;HdjYH fõ' fuu lreKq ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= wjOdkhla fhduqfkdjqkfyd;a kj l%uh wjq,a iy.;" fjfyildÍ yd ld,h wmf;a hjk

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l%shdj,shlg ;=vqfokakla f,i ie,lSug .=rejrhd fm<fUkq we;' th 5-E

wdlD;sh flfrys ksfIaOd;aul n,mEula we;s lsÍug fya;= fõ'

Ndú;hg .kakd l%shdldrlï m%ùk wOHdmk{hskaf.a ueÈy;aùulg hg;ajilialr lafIa;% mÍlaIdjlg ,laù m%ñ;slrKhlg ,lajQ miq moaO;shg ksoyialsÍu u.ska ld¾hh jvd M,odhS l< yels h' tfia u" úIhud,dfõ wvx.= jkl%shdldrlï wod< ixo¾Nhg .e<fmk f,i úlrKh lsÍfï whs;sh o .=rejrhdg,nd Èh hq;= h'

wOHhkfha iSud

“lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia” mshjr i|yd l%shdldrlïie,iqïlr l%shd;aul lsÍfï § u;=jk .eg¨ ms<sn| wOHhkh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,o ikao¾Nh wkqj iSud u;=ùu wfmalaId l< hq;= fõ' fuys § isiqkaixLHdj" .=rejrhd fuu kj l%uhg olajk wjiaÓ;sh" wod< úIh fldgi"isiqkaf.a iudc iy wd¾Ól miqìu wd§ idOl wkqj, u;=jk .eg¨j, iajNdjhúúOdldr ùug bv ;sfí' tneúka jvd fyd| m%;Hjf,dalkhla fuu .eg¨iïnkaOj ,ndf.k jvd M,odhS úi÷ï fhdackd lsÍug kï by; oelajQ idOlo wu;ñka m¾fhaIKh l< hq;= fõ'

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wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

.sksf.a" whs' t,a' ^2008&' ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj iy l%shdldrlï ie,iqï'mdÿlal( wOHdmk jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok flakaøh'

Arafat, M. Y. (2008).The Implementation of Instructional Teaching Model 5 E

(Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate): A Classroom Action

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Conference Program. http://www.gcbe.us/2008_OBEC/data/

Muhammad%20Yasser%20Arafat.doc

BSCS:Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. (2006). The BSCS 5E

Instructional Model: Origins, Effectiveness, and Applications. Colorado

Springs, CO: BSCS. http://www.bscs.org/pdf/5EExecutivesummary.pdf

Bybee et.al. (Undated). The BSCS 5E Instructional Model: Origins,

Effectiveness, and Applications. http://www.bscs.org/pdf/

bscs5eexecsummary.pdf.

Casella, F. & Fasano, M. (1995). Analysis and development of self-regulated

learning factors in e-learning systems. hrrp:www'fisica.uniud.it/URDF/

mptl14/ftp/full_text/TI_95Casella.pdf

Churchill, D. (2003). Effective design principles for activity-based learning:

the crucial role of ‘learning objects’ in science and engineering education.

Paper presented at the Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore. http://

www.learnerstogether.net/PDF/Effective-Design-Principles.pdf.

Hussain, S., Anwar, S. et. al. (2011). Effect of peer group activity-based learning

on Students’ academic achievement in physics at secondary level.

International Journal Of Academic Research Vol. 3. No.1. January, 2011,

Part III. www.ijar.lit.az

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Jonassen, H. D. (undated). Operationalizing Mental Models: Strategies for

Assessing Mental Models to Support Meaningful Learning and Design

Supportive Learning Environments. Instructional Systems, Pennsylvania

State University. http://www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Keller, J. M. (1983). Motivational design on instruction. In C.M. Reigeluth

Instructional design theories and models; an overview of their current status,

Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum

Latief, M. A. (2009). Classroom Action Research in Language Learning.

University of Pittsburgh, State University of Malang. http://sastra.um.ac.id/

wp-content/uploads/2009/12/CAR_A.doc

Lertwanasiriwan, C. (2009). The effects of a technology-enhanced inquiry

Instructional model on students’ understanding of science in Thailand. Ph.D.

Thesis. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2009/lertwanasiriwanc79440/

lertwanasiriwanc79440.pdf

McMahon, M. (1997, December). Social Constructivism and the World Wide

Web - A Paradigm for Learning. Paper presented at the ASCILITE

conference. Perth, Australia. http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/

perth97/papers/Mcmahon/Mcmahon.html

Merrill, M. D. (undated). Knowledge Objects and Mental Models. Department

of Instructional Technology, Utah State University. http://

www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.5113[1]. pdf

Rochman, M. (2010). The Implementation of the 5E Model Stageto Build

Students’ Vocabulary. SKRIPSI Jurusan Pendidikan Luar Sekolah -

Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan UM. http://karya-ilmiah.um.ac.id/index.php/

PLS/article/view/6270

Shunk, D. H. 2005. Self-Regulated Learning: The Educational Legacy of Paul

R. Pintrich’. Educational Psychologist, 40: 2, 85 — 94 http://dx.doi.org/

10.1207/s15326985ep4002_3

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Sweller, J. (1999). Instructional Design in Technical Areas. Victoria, Australia:

The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Zimmerman B. J., Schunk, D. H. (1998). Self-regulated Learning and Academic

Achievement: Theoretical Perspectives

http: /books.google. lkbooks?id=fg8AvuEVAigC&pg=PA151&lpg=

PA151&dq=Zimmerman+B.J.+(1998),+Developing+self-

regulation+cycles+of+academic+regulation:+an+analysis+of+exemplary+

instructional &source=bl&ots=jnp2zlZ-v2&sig=sgxuCWT5D6zcJd_

B57bhSYzdz2I &hl=en#v=onepage&q=Zimmerman %20B.J.%20(1998) %2C

%20Developing%20self-

regulation%20cycles%20of %20academic %20regulation%3A %20an

%20analysis %20of% 20exemplary %20 instructional&f=false

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Y%S ,xldfõ úIhud,d øjHj, wdmod l<ukdlrK

ixl,amj, isria ifudaOdkh

^N+f.da, úµdj" Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh$

mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh iy úµdj&

tka' ã' Èidkdhl iy f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=

idrdxYh

úµdj" N+f.da, úµdj" Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh iy

mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh hk 6 - 11 jk fY%aKs úIhud,d

øjHj, wka;¾.; wdmod l<ukdlrK fCIa;%hg wod< ixl,am y÷kd

.ekSfï wruqKq jQfha" 6-11 fY%aKs fm<fmdf;a iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

ix.%yj, wka;¾.; wdmod l<ukdlrKh lafIa;%hg wod< ixl,am

y÷kd .ekSu" tu ixl,amj, isria ifudaOdkh úu¾Ykh lsÍu" isxy,

yd fou< udOH úIhud,d øjHj, wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am bÈßm;a

lsÍfï § fjkila we;a±hs úu¾Ykh lsÍu iy úIhud,d m%;sixialrKj,

§ wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am wka;¾.; l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| fhdackd

bÈßm;a lsÍu h' isxy, yd fou< udOH fm< fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

ix.%yj, wka;¾.;fha ikaOdrh úYaf,aIKfhka t<eô ks.uk wkqj"

wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amh m%udKj;a j ta ta fY%aKshg we;=<;a lr

we;' ish¨ fY%aKsj, fm<fmd;a yd .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, wdmod

l<ukdlrK ixl,am isria j ifudaOdkh ù we;' ish¨ úIhj, isxy,

yd fou< udOH fm<fmd;a yd .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, fjkialï

mj;S' tajd ksjerÈ lsÍu wjYHh h'

uQ,sl mo ( wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am" úIhud,d øjHh" isria

ifudaOdkh" fm< fmd;" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y

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51

ye|skaùu

udkjhdf.a wdrïNfha isg u iajdNdúl wdmod mej;s w;r" ta ms<sn| jñksidg wjfndaOhla we;s jQfha l%ufhka mßirhg wkqj¾;kh fjñka Ôj;aùfï § h' wdmodj,g f.dÿre fkd ù isàug" udkjhd fkdfhl=;a l%fudamdhwkq.ukh lr we;' úµdfõ ÈhqKq ùu;a iu`. u wdmod y÷kd .ekSu jvd;amyiq ù we;' udkjhdf.a wdrïNl wjêhg jvd miq.sh oYl lsysmfha f,dalhmqrd úúO iajNdjfha wdmod ms<sn| j ksrka;rfhka u f;dr;=re jd¾;d ù;sfí' fï iajdNdúl wdmod mDÓú wNHka;rfha we;s jk laIKsl fjkia ùïksid o N+f.da,Sh msysàu yd widudkH foaY.=Ksl yeisÍï rgd ksid o we;s fõ'ta wkqj iajdNdúl mßirfha fjkia ùfuka ,efnkakd jQ úkdYldÍ m%;sM,hiajdNdúl wdmod fõ' mßirhg wkqj¾;kh ùu iy th ;u wjYH;d bgq lr.ekSug fjkia lsÍug hdfï § ñksidf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh ksid wdmod we;s fõ'

wdmodj, wdldr y;rls' fN!;sl iïNjhlska hq;a wdmod ^N+ñlïmd".sksl÷" iqkdñ" kdhhEï" fjr< Ldokh" .s,d neiSu&" ld,.=Ksl iïNjhlskahq;a wdmod ^iev l=Kdgq" c, .e,Sï" ksh`." .sks&" ffcùh iïNjhlska hq;awdmod ^jix.;" mdßfmdaIs; wdl%uK" uyd mßudk j| ùu&" iudc iïNjhlskahq;a wdmod ^hqoaOh" ;%ia;jdoh" irKd.;hka" k.r .sks" f.dvke`.s,s lvdjeàï& jYfhks' isõ wdldr jQ wdmod we;s ùfï ud¾. o y;rls' iajNdjO¾umdol - Nature - Based ̂ N+ñlïmd" ksh`." c, .e,Sï" jdiq<s&" m%pKav;ajh mdol- Violence - Based ̂ hqoaOh" ikakoaO wr.,h" ldhsl m%ydr wd§&" mßydks mdol- Deterioration - Based ^mdßißl ydksh" fi!LH wOHdmkh yd fjk;a iudcwxYj, msßySu&" ld¾ólrKh jQ iudÔh mdol - Industrialized Society - Based

^.skak" jdhQ ldkaÿ ùï" ridhk øjH bysÍu& jYfhks' ̂ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"2008&

wdmod we;s ùfuka iEu jirl u ñksia Ôú; ì,sf.k foam<j,g ydksùu fya;=fldg f.k iEu rgla u wdmod l,a;shd y÷kd .ekSug;a tajd wjulr .ekSug;a tajdhska je<lSug;a wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' wdmod l,a ;shdy÷kd .ekSfï §" tajd we;s ùfï úúO ud¾. flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h'

iEu rglg u fmdÿ" iuyr úg fmdÿ fkd jk" úkdYldÍ wdmodj,m%;sM, y÷kd .ekSug;a" ydks wju lr .ekSug ±kqj;a ùu yd wOHdmkh ,nd§u;a wdmod l<ukdlrKh hs' wdmodjlska miq tu m%foaY h<s k`.d isgqùu" bÈlsÍu yd iqrlaIs; lsÍu o óg we;=<;a h'

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Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod

úúO ud¾.fhka we;s jk wdmod Y%S ,xldjg o wvq jeä jYfhka n,mdwe;' —Y%S ,xldj ksj¾;k l,dmfha msysgd we;s ksid;a ks;r ld,.=K wjmd;j,g,lajk fnx.d, fndlal wdY%s; j msysgd we;s ksid;a ksrka;rfhka iajdNdúlwdmodj,g ,la fõ' bkaÈhka id.rfha ks¾udKh jk N+ ;eáhl wdikakfhamsysgd we;s ksid" Y%S ,xldj N+ñlïmdj,g ,laúh yels h' uE; ld,fha wdmodnyq, l,dmhla f,i wdishdj y÷kdf.k ;sîfuka Y%S ,xldj o thg we;=<;afldg ±laùug isÿ fõ˜ ^wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2008( 161 jkmsgqj&'

YS% ,xldj uqyqK md we;s wdmod kï c, .e,Sï" jdiq<s" ksh`." kdhhdï ydfjr< Ldokhhs' m%n, n,mEula we;s fkd l< o 1614 isg Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñlïmdyg f.k we;s w;r bka ióm;u isoaêh 1993 § jd¾;d úh' fuhg w;sf¾l jY%S ,xldfõ fi!LH Wjÿre" fndajk frda. yd mßir ¥IK wdY%s; isoaêksrka;rfhka we;s fõ' tfia u miq.sh oYl ;=k we;=<; ñksia l%shdldrlïksid Woa.; jQ wdmod jk ikakoaO ke.sàï yd hqO .egqï o rgg n,md we;af;ah' ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 2008( 1 jk msgqj&'

fujeks fya;= ksid mdi,a úIhud,djg mßirfha we;s jk iajdNdúlixisoaëka ksid isÿjk n,mEï ms<sn| j we;=<;a lr" th N+f.da,Sh miqìñka oúµd;aul miqìulska o y÷kajd §u wjYH úh'

fujka miqìula mj;sk w;r;=r 2004'12'26 jk Èk Y%S ,xldjg b;d±ä j ydks isÿ jQ iqkdñ jHikfha § 40"000lg wêl msßilf.a Ôú; wysñúh' fN!;sl foam<j,g o úYd, jYfhka ydks isÿ úh' tÈk mdi,a ksjdvqÈkhla jQ neúka mdi,a orejkag yd .=rejrekag úYd, f,i ydks isÿ fkdjQw;r mdi,a f.dvke`.s,sj,g ydks isÿ úh' tfia u 2003 jif¾ ol=fKa we;sjQ .xj;=r ;¾ckfhka o Ôú; /ila wysñ úh' fuh Y%S ,xldjg wdmodl<ukdlrK jevms<sfj<l wjYH;dj ±kqKq wjia:djla úh' tu ld,SkwjYH;d mokï lr .ksñka 2005 j¾Ifha uehs ui 13 jk Èk wdmodl<ukdlrK mk; md¾,sfïka;=fõ § iïu; úh' tys iajNdúl yd iajdNdúlfkd jk úm;a 21la y÷kajd § we;s w;r ±kg rfgys mj;skakd jQ úm;afuka u wkd.;fha § rfÜ we;sùfï úNj;djlska hqla; jQ wdmod o we;=<;ah' tfia u wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dk msysgqjñka tys we;s wjYH;dj obiau;= lr we;'

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mdi,a wOHdmkh yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh

wdmodjlg ;=vq fokafka fkd ±kqj;alu yd tjeks wjia:djla y÷kd.ekSug wjYH uQ,sl ±kqula ke;s ksid h' r;akmqr" l`M;r yd fjk;a l÷lrm%foaYj, msysá mdi,aj,g kdh hdï yd c, .e,Sï ;¾ck we;' tfia u Y%S,xldfõ mdi,a iajdNdúl Wmøj fya;=fldg f.k wdmodj,g f.dÿre ùfïwjodkulska hqla; h' fujeks fkdfhl=;a fya;= idOl lrK fldg f.kmdi,a isiqka wdmod ms<sn| j ±kqj;a ùfï wjYH;djla we;s w;r u wdmodjl<ukdlrKh lr .; hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j o ±kqj;a ùu w;HjYH idOlhlaù we;'

wdmod ms<sn| j mdi,a úIhud,dfõ Bg wod< úIh u.ska mdi,a isiqka±kqj;a lr we;s w;r 2004 j¾Ifha we;s jQ iqkdñ jHikh;a iu`. u wdmod ydwdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j ±kqj;a ùfï wjYH;dj jeä úh' tfia ±kqj;al< yels jvd;a iqÿiq u yd myiq u ud¾.h jkafka mdi,a úIhud,djg wdmodj,gwod< ixl,am we;=<;a lsÍu yd tajd l<ukdlrKh lr .kakd wdldrh ms<sn|j ±kqj;a lsÍu h'

m¾fhaIKfha jeo.;alu

.=re úµd, yd cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSG úIh ks¾foaYhg wdmod yd wdmodl<ukdlrKh we;=<;a lsÍfuka fuka u" ta i|yd iïm;a lÜg, y÷kajd§fuka" wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùfï wjYH;dj biau;=fõ' tfia u mdi,a isiqka wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu" wjfndaOh,eîu fuka u m%dfhda.sl wjia:djl § l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh iïnkaO jwjfndaOh ,eîu o ld,Sk wjYH;djls' l=vd l, isg u isiqka wdmod ms<sn|±kqj;a lsÍu yd tajdhska je<lSu fuka u wdmodjlska miq j th l<ukdlrKhlr .ekSug wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd §u wOHdmkfhka úh hq;= ld¾hhls' Wla;wjYH;d bgq lrkq jia úIhud,dfõ fm< fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj,gwdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am we;=<;a lr ;sfí' tfia ,nk ±kqu úIhks¾foaYfha wka;¾.; ù we;s wdldrh y÷kd .ekSu fuka u fY%aKs wkqjifudaOdkh y÷kd .ekSu;a w;HjYH idOlhls' tfia y÷kd .ekSu i|yd6 - 11 fY%aKs úIhud,d øjHj, wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amj,g wod< lreKqj,úys§u m¾fhaIKd;aul j fidhd ne,Su ld,Sk wjYH;djla neúka fuum¾fhaIKh lsÍfï wjYH;dj mek ke.=Ks'

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idys;H úu¾Ykh

Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh úIhhg wod< 8 jk fY%aKsfhald,Sk .eg¨ mdvfï wdmod we;s jk nj" tajd l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï wjYH;djyd jeo.;alu fmkajd § we;af;a fufia h'

—jßka jr we;s jk iajdNdúl úm;a yd wk;=rej,g uqyqK mEugñksidg isÿ fõ' tu úm;aj,ska wdrlaId ùug;a" úm;aj,ska isÿjkydks wju lr .ekSug;a úm;g m;ajQjka flfrys hq;=lï yd j.lSïbgq lsÍug;a mqrjeishka jYfhka wmg yelshdj ;sìh hq;= h˜'

^wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2008 ( 125 jk msgqj&

.=re wOHdmkh yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh

wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhawdh;ksl ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j yd GIZ wdh;kh tl;=j —wdmod wdrlaIKwOHdmkh˜ hk uefhka .=re wOHdmk wdh;k i|yd iïm;a lÜg,hla y÷kajdfok ,§' tu`.ska Y%S ,xldfõ wdmodj, me;slv" tajdfhys m%;sM, ^mdi,aYsIHfhda yd .=rejre& wdmod wdrlaIK wOHdmkfha wjYH;dj yd wdmodl<ukdlrKfha wjYH;dj o biau;= lr we;' ;j o mdi,aj, wdmod iQodkfïjeo.;alu ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrñka wdmod wdrlaIK lñgq yd tajdfhysl%shdldÍ;ajh iïnkaO lreKq o f.k yer olajñka wdmod ixrlaIK wOHdmkfhawjYH;dj biau;= lr we;'

jD;a;Sh úIhh hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSG .=re isiqka i|yd wOHdmkjHjydr úIh ks¾foaYfha —yÈis yd wdmod wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK fohs˜hk ksmqK;dj hgf;a we;s —yÈis yd wdmod wjia:dj,g wod< wdrlaIK l%ul%shd;aul lrhs˜ hk ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a wdmod wdrlaIK wOHdmkfhyswjYH;dj" wdmod me;slv" úúO wdmod" wdmod l<ukdlrKh" wdmod j¾.yd tajd wju lsÍu hkd § lreKq Tiafia wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKhiïnkaO j bf.kqï - b.ekaùï w;a±lSï ,nd fohs' tfia u .=re YsIHhskaf.aiSudjdiS ld,fha § lrkq ,nk jHdmD;sj, § wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKhgwod< jHdmD;shla l< hq;= njg o wjOdrKh lr we;'

.=re úµd, i|yd 2009 j¾Ifha § y÷kajd ÿka úIh ks¾foaYfha wOHdmkuQ,O¾u iy mdi,a l<ukdlrK úIh ks¾foaYh hgf;a —mdi, yd iudch;=< yÈis yd wdmod wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK fohs˜ hk ksmqK;dfjka o—yÈis yd wdmod wjia:dj, wod< wdrlaIK l%u l%shd;aul lrhs˜ hk ksmqK;duÜgu Tiafia .=re YsIHhskag wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j mqyqKqj

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,nd fohs' tys § o úIh wka;¾.;h f,i wdmod wdrlaIK wOHdmkfhyswjYH;dj" tys me;slv" úúO wdmod j¾." wdmodj,g wod< uQ,sl ixl,am"wdmod l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh hkdÈh lKavdhï l%shdldrlï" idlÉPd"fmryqre hk l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrñka wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKhbf.kqï mqyqKqj i|yd wka;¾.; lr we;' —mdi, yd iudch ;=< wdmodl<ukdlrKhg wod< úúO jHdmD;s fufyhjhs˜ hk ksmqK;d uÜgu TiafiajHdmD;s ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

m¾fhaIK wkdjrK

wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| me;sreKq m¾fhaIK idys;Hhla Y%S ,xldfõfkdue;' úYaj úµd, mYapd;a Wmdê ksnkaOk i|yd fï ud;Dldjg Rcq jwod< jk fia tlÿ m¾fhaIK ksnkaOkhlaj;a lr ke;' cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kh" fï ms<sn| m¾fhaIK ;=kla lr we;s w;r hqksfi*a (UNICEF)

wOHhkhla o fõ'

bkaør;ak ^2006&' —iqkdñ jHikfha n,mEug ,la jQ mdi,a isiqkaf.ald¾h idOkh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha˜ ks.ukh jQfha"

• —iqkdñ jHikhg ,la jQ mdi,a isiqka yeufokdg u iudk whqßka tujHikh n,md ke;' n,mEu úúOdldr h' iqkdñ jHikfhka mdi,aisiqkaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a Ôú; yd ksjdi yd wfkl=;a fN!;sliïm;a o úkdY ù we;' iuyr isiqkaf.a uj" mshd fofokd u iqkdñjHikfhka wysñ ù we;s w;r ;j;a isiqkaf.a uj fyda mshd wysñ ùwe;' ;j;a isiqkaf.a mshd" wdÉÑ" ifydaor ifydaoßhka o wysñ ù we;'tfia u mÈxÑ ksji yd tys jQ ish¨ nvq ndysrdÈh o fmd;am;a" mdi,awe÷ï" im;a;= yd wOHdmk WmlrK o wysñ ù we;s isiqka fuka uksjdij,g ydks fkd jQ isiqyq o fï w;r fj;s ˜

• iqkdñ jHikhg ksid isÿ jQ Ôú; ydks foam< ydks Rcq yd f,i uisiqkaf.a wOHdmk lghq;=j,g n,md we;' {d;Skaf.a Ôú; wysñùfuka we;s jk ÿl" fõokdj" fYdalh ksid bf.kSug wjYH ;ekam;aukila ;nd .ekSu wmyiq h'

• mÈxÑ ksjdi wysñ ù mÈxÑ fjkia lrkakg isÿùfuka fjk;a mdi,lghdug isÿùu o" ÿr neyer isg mdi,g meñKSug isÿùu o isiqkaf.aidOk uÜgu wvq ùug n,md we;'

• iqkdñ jHikfhka miq foudmshka yd fiiq jeäysáhkag orejkaf.awOHdmkh .ek fidhd ne,Sug fkdyels ùu" jeäysáhkaf.a wjOdkh

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fhduq jQfha ksjila ;kd .ekSug fyda mß;Hd.hla ,nd .ekSug ñiorejkaf.a wOHdmkh .ek fkd fõ' tneúka iqkdñ jHikh n,mEisiqkaf.a wOHdmkh .ek mjqf,ka yd f.oßka iydh fkd,eî ;snqKqwh mfil isáh § fjk;a isiqkag fnod §u'

• iqkdñ jHikfhka mdi,a fm<fmd;a wysñ jQ orejkag udi .Kkdjla.; jk ;=re;a tajd ,nd §fï läkï jev ms<sfj<la fkdùu o tlSorejkaf.a ld¾h idOk uÜgu wvqùug n,md ;sfí'

• iqkdñ jHikh n,mE isiqkaf.a ld¾h idOkh kexùug yelshdj we;syd tu wjYH;dj wjfndaO lr.;a .=rejreka wjYH mdi,aj, fkdùu o lemS fmKqks' iqkdñ jHikhg n,mE mdi,a fndfyduhl tysfiajh l< .=rejre o tlS jHikhg ueÈ ù mSvd ú¢ wh fj;s' tneúkatlS .=rejre" ;ukaf.a ksji m%;sixialrKh .ek fyda ;ukag ,efnkmß;Hd. .ek fyda ie,ls,su;a jQjd ñi .=reN+ñldfõ ld¾hNdrh.ek Wkkaÿ fkd jQy' tneúka mdif,ka .=rejrekaf.ka iqkdñjHikhg ,la jQ mdi,a orejkaf.a idOk uÜgï kexùug úfYaIiydhla ,eî ke;'

• iqkdñ jHikhg ,la jQ mdi,a orejkaf.a m%Yak lshkakg" Bg ijkafok tu m%Yakj, ne?reïlï y÷kk YsIH WmfoaYlfhl= fndfydawjia:dj, fkd isàu o y÷kd .;a ;j;a h:d¾:hls'

• iqkdñ jHikh .ek fuka u fjk;a yÈis wdmod wjia:djka l%shdl<hq;= wdldrh yd bka miq j wkq.ukh l< hq;= jev ms<sfj<ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍfï mdi,a uÜgfï jev ms<sfj,la f.k fkd;snqKs'

bkaør;ak" ^2006& f.a m¾fhaIK wkdjrKj,ska biau;= jk jeo.;alreKla jkafka" iqkdñ jHikh .ek mdi,a m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍfï wjYH;djmj;sk nj h' ta i|yd úêu;a úIhud,d øjH Ndú;hg .ekSu fuka u mdif,awúêu;a l%shdldrlï o Ndú; l< yels h'

fidaudj;S" ^2007& kdhhEï" isiqkaf.a ukig yd wOHdmkhg n,mdkwdldrh weh úiska m¾fhaIKhg ,la l< —oDYHudk <uhdf.a woDYHudkle,UqK uki˜ hk l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfhka wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|isiqkag mQ¾K wjfndaOhla ,eîu yd yÈis jHikhl § l%shd l< hq;af;aflfia o hkak ms<sn| wjfndaO ùu hk jdis isiqka ,o nj olajd we;' l%shduQ,slm¾fhaIKfha § Ndú; l< fijKe,s wOHhkfhka (Shadow Study) fmdÿfõolakg ,enqKq p¾hd;aul ,laIK kï" l%shdYS,S Ndjh ySk ùu" wdfõ.slNdjh"wdl%uKldÍ .;sh" ;ks j isàug m%sh lsÍu" uqrKavq nj" fndre lSu"

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fidrlï lsÍu" wlSlrelu" ksYal%uKh ̂ miq neiSu&" lDDr nj iy m%;spdr fkd±laùu h'

u,a,jf.a" ^200& N+ñlïmd iy tys m%;sM, isiqkag m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSïfmkajd foñka tajd ;udf.a w;a±lSï njg m;a lr bka Ôú; yd foam, ydkswju lsÍug iQodkï jQ nj ±kqu wjfndaOh we;s wkd.; mrmqrla ìyslsÍuwruqKq fldg l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh lrk ,§'

—l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh ksid m¾fhaIKhg ,la jQ isiqka ;=< iqúfYaIm%.;shla ±lSug yels úh' wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amh Tjqkaf.aÔú;hg tla jqKs' iajdNdúl mßirhg wdorh lrk we,au jvd;aj¾Okh úh' ms<shï fh§fuka miq isiqkaf.a N+ñlïmd ms<sn| jwe;s ±kqu j¾Okh ù wjYH m%dma;s uÜgïj,g Tjqka <`.d ù ;snqKs'˜^u,a,jf.a" 2007 ( 34 msgqj&

ol=Kq wdishdfõ wjodkï iys; isiqka uqyqK fok wjodkï wjia:d wvqlsÍums<sn| j jQ hqksfi*a (UNICEF, 2009) wOHhkfhka Y%S ,xldj uqyqK fokiajdNdúl jHik yd iqkdñ n,mEfuka miq j we;s jQ ;;a;ajh u;= lr orejkamdi,ska .s,syS wjYH idOk uÜgï lrd <`.d ùug we;s fkdyelshdj ksidfndfyda orejka mdi,aj,ska .s,sfyk uÜgug m;a jQy' iqkdñh wd¾Ólhg owys;lr f,i n,mE w;r" úfYaIfhka u ëjr m%cdjg b;d wjdisodhl ;;a;aju;= úKs' jHikhg f.dÿre jQ m%cdjf.a mjq,aj, <uhska ;=< Ñ;a;fõ.S lïmkh(Trauma) ksid we;s jQ whym;a ;;a;aj meyeÈ,s j ±l .; yels úh' fndfydaisiqka iqkdñfhka miq kej; tu mdi,aj,g hdug ìh jQ nj iïuqL idlÉPdjgiïnkaO jQ úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=rejrekaf.ka m%ldY úKs' iqkdñ jHikfhkajir 4lg miq j mjd mdi,a isiqyq wia:dhS j (UnStable) isáhy'

Y%S ,xldjg n,mdk fjk;a iajdNdúl jHik kï fjr< Ldokh" m%dfoaYSh(Seasoíl) kshx ;;a;aj" kdhhEï" c, .e,Sï iy iq<siq<x fõ' fï ksid <uhskag;u ksfjia w; yer hdug isÿ fõ' Wla; ;;a;aj hgf;a iy ksfjiaj, we;sjk .egqï ksid <uhska ,sx.sl Wjÿre udkisl iy ldhsl Wjÿrej,ska wjodkïiys; (Vulnerable) ;;a;ajj,g uqyqK mEug isÿ ù ;sfí (Save the children,

2008 cited in UNICEF, 2009).

m¾fhaIK idys;Hh wkqj wdmod ms<sn| f.dv ke.=Kq m¾fhaIK idys;Hfhawdmod l<ukdlrKh hgf;a tk m%Odk iajdNdúl wdmod ;=kla jk" iqkdñjHikh" kdhhEï yd N+ñlïmd ms<sn| j muKla m¾fhaIK lr we;' tys §Wla; wdmod ksid jQ úkdYh" isiqkaf.a wOHdmkhg bka jQ n,mEu yd tajdms<sn| ±kqj;a ùfï we;s jeo.;alu u;= lr we;' tajd wkqj iy ñksial%shdldrlï mdol j iajdNdúl wdmod isÿ ùfï m%jK;dj jeäfjñka mj;S'

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ñksid u.ska ks¾udKh jk wdmod o rdYshls' fïjd ms<sn| j mdi,a isiqka±kqj;a ùu wjYH h' fï ±kqj;aNdjh i|yd ±kg l%shd;aul jk 6 - 11 fY%aKsúIhj,ska wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am u;= lr we;s wdldrh iy tysm%udKj;aNdjh ms<sn| j m¾fhaIK oDIaáfhka úuid ne,Su wjYH h' ta m¾fhaIKmoku u;" wkd.; úIhud,d øjH iïmdok lghq;=j, § wdmod l<ukdlrKixl,amj,g ,nd Èh hq;= wjOdrKh o ks.ukh l< yels h'

l%ufõoh

iqúfYaIS wruqKq

• yfha isg tfld<ia jk fY%aKs olajd jQ fm< fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yj, wka;¾.; wdmod l<ukdlrK lafIa;%hg wod< ixl,am y÷kd.ekSu'

• isxy, udOH yd fou< udOH 6-11 fY%aKs fm<fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yj, wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am bÈßm;a lsÍfï fjkila we;a ±hsúu¾Ykh lsÍu'

• bÈß úIhud,d m%;sixialrKj, 6 - 11 jk fY%aKs fm<fmd;a yd .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am wka;¾.; l< hq;=wdldrh ms<sn| j úIhud,d iïmdolhskag fhdackd lsÍu'

l%uh

ikaOdr úYaf,aIK m¾fhaIK l%uh Ndú; lrk ,§' úIhud,d øjHksheÈh ^isxy, yd fou< udOH& jQfha 6 - 11 jk fY%aKs fm<fmd;a yd .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, wka;¾.; hs' fïjdfha wka;¾.;h úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï§ ish¨ u ud;Dld iy tajdg wh;a wka;¾.;h" ikaOdr úYaf,aIKhg n÷kal< fyhska" ksheÈlrKhla isÿ fkd ùh'

m¾fhaIK l%shd ms<sfj< mshjr mylska hq;= úh

m¾fhaIKfha ÈYdk;sh idlÉPd lsÍu'

m¾fhaIKfha uq,a u mshjr f,i úoaj;a uKav,hla u.ska tys ÈYdk;shms<sn| j nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdjla meje;a úKs' fuh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfham¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha - wOHdmkm¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wxYfha ksfhdacH wOHlaIsldjla" wOHdmk m%ldYkfomd¾;fïka;=fõ ksfhdacH flduidßia jßhla" GIZ wdh;kfha WmfoaYljreka

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fofofkla úIh ;=k ksfhdackh jk mßÈ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úIhud,diïmdoljreka ;sfofkla" újD; úYajúµd,fha lÓldpd¾hjrfhla cd;slwOHdmk úµdmSG lÓldpd¾hjßhla" úÿy,am;skshla iy úY%dñl .=reWmfoaYsldjla iyNd.S jQy' fuu nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdfõ §" m¾fhaIKfhaiqúfYaIS wruqKq ;SrKh lrk ,§'

wdmodj$wdmod ixl,amh

Rcq j i|yka ùu wOHdydrfhka i|yka ùu

ñksid úiska iajNdjO¾u ñksid úiska iajNdjO¾uks¾ñ; wdmod mdol wdmod ks¾ñ; wdmod mdol wdmod

wdmodj, wdmod wdmodj, wdmod wdmodj, wdmod wdmodj, wdmodwdldr we;s ùfï wdldr we;s ùfï wdldr we;s ùfï wdldr we;s ùfïy;r ud¾. y;r ud¾. y;r ud¾. y;r ud¾.

1 jk rEmh ( wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am rduqj

wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am rduqj ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

úoaj;a uKav,fha nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdjlska iy GIZ wdh;kfhawkq.%yfhka cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2008& úiska iïmdokh l< wdmodwdrlaIK wOHdmkh .%ka:fhka bÈßm;a lr we;s wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amrduqj ie,ls,a,g .kssñka o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd my; i|yka ixl,am rduqjixj¾Okh lrk ,§'

j.= ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

úIhud,d øjHj, iy wdmod l<ukdlrKh hk jpk Rcqj u fhÿKqjdr .Kk" uq,ska igyka lrk ,§' wk;=re j úIhud,d øjHj, Wla;ixl,am wOHydrfhka u;= lr .; yels ia:dk yd lreKq y÷kd f.k tajd oj.= .; lrk ,§'

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wka;¾.;h úYaf,aIKh lsÍu

ta ta úIhhg wod< úIhud,d øjHj, ^fm<fmd; iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yj,& wka;¾.;h lshùfuka wk;=re j j.= wdOdr lr .ksñka isriaifudaOdkh wkqj wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amj, úys§u úYaf,aIKhflßKs' wk;=re j tajd úIhh wkqj fjka fjka j jd¾;d .; lrk ,§'

úIhud,d øjH udOH wkqj ^isxy," fou<& iei£u'

isxy, udOH úIhud,d øjHj, fY%aKs wkqj bÈßm;a lrk ,o wdmodl<ukdlrK ixl,amj, úys§u fou< udOH úIhud,d øjHj, ta whqßka ubÈßm;a lr ;sfí o hkak fou< fomd¾;fïka;=fõ úIhud,d iïmdoljrekaf.ayd úIh úfYaI{ iïm;a mqoa.,hkaf.a iydhfhka ii|d ne,sKs' ta wkqjmj;sk fjkialï yd fjkialï fkdue;s j bÈßm;a l< lreKq y÷kd .kakd,§'

o;a; úYaf,aIKh

N+f.da, úµdj" mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh iy úµdj hkúIhhkays 6-11 fY%aKs i|yd jQ fm<fmd;aj, yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj,wka;¾.;fhys wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ixl,amh ú.%y ù we;swdldrh yd fY%aKs wkqj ifudaOdkh ù we;s wdldrh" l%u y;rlska ú.%yflßKs'

m<uqjekak jQfha wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| Rcq j u fh§we;s wdldrh ú.%y lsÍuhs' tys § wdmod hk jpkhg iudk úkdYh" Wmøj"ydks" n,mEï jHikh" úm;a" wk;=re hk jpk wka;¾.;fhys fh§ we;swdldrh ú.%y flßKs'

fojkqj wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j wOHydrfhka .;yels lreKq ú.%y lrk ,§' tys § .xj;=r" ksh`." kdhhdï" iq<s iq<x" wl=Kq"l=Kdgq" iqkdñ" fjr< Ldokh" .sks l÷ msmsÍï" ysu jeis" ,eõ.sks" N+ñlïmd"´fidaka úhk" mdrcïnq, lsrK" mdkSh c, ys`.h" lfvd,dk Ydl" jix.;frda." i;a;aj Wjÿre" jk i;=ka j| ù hdu" hqouh ;;a;ajh" m%pKav;ajh";%ia;jdoh" lDIs ridhksl øjH" wmøjH wksis f,i neyer lsÍu hk lreKqTiafia" wdmod ms<sn| úia;r ù we;s wdldrfhka" tu wdmod l<ukdlrKh lr.ekSu ms<sn| lreKq bÈßm;a lr we;s wdldrh ú.%y flßKs'

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f;jkqj wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrK ms<sn| m%dfoaYSh ;;a;aj ú.%ylrk ,§' tys § tla tla wdmod ;;a;aj úfYaIfhka n,mdk m%foaY yd tys §ck;dj l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh úia;r ù we;a±hs úuid ne,sKs' wdmod we;sùfï úúO ud¾. jYfhka"

• iajNdj O¾uh mdol - N+ñlïmd" ksh`." c,.e,Sï" jdiq<s

• m%pKav;ajh mdol - hqoaOh" ikakoaO wr.,h

• mßydks mdol - mdßißl" fi!LH wOHdmk fjk;a iudc wxYj,msßySï

• ld¾ñlrKh jQ iudc mdol - .skak" jdhq ldkaÿ ùu

hk wx. m%foaY wkqj ú.%y lrk ,§'

isõjkq j isxy, yd fou< fm<fmd;a iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y fjkfjk u úYaf,aIKh lr NdId udOH fol wkqj mej;s fjkialï iqúfYaIS jy÷kd .kakd ,§'

fï l%u y;r ksrEmKh jk mßÈ ieliQ j.= ̂ 1" 2" 3" 4 jk j.=& wOHhkhlr ks.ukj,g t<efUk ,§' ^fï m¾fhaIK ,smsh i|yd WodyrK jYfhkaN+f.da, úµdj 10 jk fY%aKsfha fm<fmd; o" mqrjeis wOHdmk yd m%cd md,khúIhfha 8 jk fY%aKsfha fm<fmd; o" úµdj úIhfha 6 jk fY%aKsfha .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ms<sn| j.= o muKla bÈßm;a lrk ,§'&

N+f.da, úµdj - 10 jk fY%aKsh fm<fmd;

N+f.da, úµdj 10 jk fY%aKsh fm< fmdf;a mDÓúfha ixhq;sh" mDÓúfhajHQyh yd tys .;sl iajNdjh" mDÓúfha m%Odk fN!;sl ,laIK" Y%S ,xldfõfN!;sl ,laIK" f,dalfha m%Odk lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. j¾." Y%S ,xldfõm%Odk lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. j¾." f,dalfha úúO m%foaYj, wdÈjdis ck;dj;u mßir iu`. iqixfhda.S j Ôj;a jk whqre yd Y%S ,xldfõ wdÈ jdiS ck;djmdßißl fjkiaùïj,g wkqj¾;kh jk wdldrh hk mdvï wg Tiafia wdmodyd wdmod l<ukdlrKhg wod< lreKq Rcq j u bÈßm;a lr we; ^1 jkj.=j&' tys § ydks" úkdY ùu" ;¾ck" Wjÿre" wdmod" mSvd" n,mEï hk jpkRcq j u fhdod f.k we;' Bg WodyrK f,i —N+ñlïmdj,ska isÿjk ydkshN+ñlïmdfõ ;ru wkqj isÿ fõ' ñksia Ôú;j,g lrk ydksfha ;ru wkqjN+ñ lïmd j¾. lr we;˜' —iqkdñ ;rx. úkdYldÍ ;rx.hls˜' —iajdNdúljDlaI,;dj, meje;aug udkj l%shdldrlï u.ska t,a, ù we;s ;¾ck" lDIsWjÿre ksid Y%S ,xldfõ Ydl iïm; úkdY fõ˜' hk lreKq ±laúh yels h'^wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2006 ( 11" 20 iy 33 jk msgq&

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mDÓúfha we;s jdhqf.da,h" c, f.da,h" Ys,d f.da,h iy ffcjf.da,wdY%s; j isÿ jk úúO wdmod j¾." tajd we;s jk m%foaY" we;s jk wdldrh" bkaisÿ jk úkdYh hk lreKq" mDÓúfha ixhq;sh" mDÓúfha jHQyh yd tys .;sliajNdjh hk mdvï fol hgf;a úia;r ù we;' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk foaY.=Ksll,dm yd iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d l,dmj, isÿ jk wdmod ms<sn| j úia;rjkafka" jirlg Èk 30 - 60 olajd my; rg úh<s l,dmfha bfvdar ld,hlamj;S' Y%S ,xldfõ Ydl iïm; úkdY ùug fya;= ̂ lDó Wjÿr" l=Kdgq" iq<siq<x&";sß`.= j.dfõ .eg¨ hgf;a ^ksh`." jeys fkd ,eîu" lDó Wjÿr&" ù j.dfõ.eg¨ ^ksh`." .xj;=r&" hkqfjka muKla Y%S ,xldfõ fN!;sl ,laIK iy Y%S,xldfõ m%Odk lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. j¾. hk mdvï hgf;a i|yka ùwe; ^1 jk j.=j&'

tu mdvï wgg wu;r j" f,dalfha f;dard .;a ksIamdok l¾udka; lSmhl.;s ,laIK" Y%S ,xldfõ f;dard .;a ksIamdok l¾udka; lSmhl .;s ,laIK"lDIsld¾ñl rgl wd¾Ólh" ld¾ñl rgl wd¾Ólh yd iei£u hk mdvï ;=kTiafia wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j wOHydrfhka lreKq bÈßm;alr we; ^1 jk j.=j&'

Wod ( —wys;lr mdrcïnq, lsrK ´fidaka jdhq ia;rh u.ska Wrd .kshs'˜

—id.rfha N+ p,k we;s ùfuka iqkdñ ;rx. l%shd;aul ùu'˜

—.sksl÷ msmsÍ hdu ksid nrm;, ydks we;s fõ'˜

N+ñlïmd" iqkdñ" huy,a u.ska isÿ jk n,mEu" lfvd,dk Ydlj,g isÿjk ydks iajdNdúl Wjÿre ksid lDIsl¾uhg we;s jk n,mEu" 10 jk fY%aKsfhaN+f.da, úµd fm< fmdf;a úia;r ù we;' iajNdj O¾u mdol yd mßydksmdol wdmod .ek muKla fuys § wjOdrKh ù ;sîu wvq mdvqjls' ta ksidm%pKav;aj mdol iy ld¾ólrKh jQ iudch mdol wdmod .ek i|yka lsÍuwjYH fõ'

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1 jk j.=j ( 10 jk fY%aKsh" N+f.da, úµdj fm<fmdf;a wka;¾.; mdvïj,

wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j Rcqj yd wOHdydrfhka

lreKq bÈßm;a ù we;s wdldrh

wjOdrKh wdmod yd wdmod

jk l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKhg

wdldrh lreKq we;=<;a wod< lreKq

mdvï ud;Dld

Rcq j 1' mÓúfha ixhq;sh • wys;lr mdrcïnq, lsrK ´fidaka jdhq

ia:rh u.ska Wrd.kshs'

• ñksidf.a wys;lr n,mEï• iudcfha È.=ld,Sk meje;au i|yd ndOd

fhfohs'• f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu• ysu Èhùu• mdkSh c,h úkdY ùu

2' mDÓú jHQyh yd • id.rfha N+ p,k we;s ùfuka iqkdñtys .;sl iajNdjh ;rx. l%shd;aul ùu'

• ;eá udhsï m%foaYj, .sksl÷• ;eá .s,dneiSu ksid ,djd fmd<j

u;=msgg meñKSfuka .sksl÷ ks¾udKhjk nj

• mDÓú mDIaGfha we;s ;eá p,kh ùfukaN+ñ lïmd we;s fõ'

• f,dalfha ;eá udhsï l,dm ksrka;rN+ñlïmdj,g ,lajk m%foaY nj'

• N+ñ lïmdj,ska isÿjk ydksh N+ñlïmdfõ ;ru wkqj isÿ fõ'

• .sksl÷ msmsÍhdu ksid nrm;, ydks we;sfõ'

• ,djd .e,Sï" w`M me;sÍu" úYd, msmsÍï"uv .,d hdu" f.kao.ï" H, CO

2 jeks

jdhq j¾. msgùu" whsia Èhùu" l÷kdhhdu

• is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍu• N+ñlïmdfjka isÿúh yels ydks• ydks wju lsÍug .kakd l%shdud¾.

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mdvï ud;Dld

3' mDÓúfha m%Odk • jkdka;r fy<s lsÍu ksid ±kg f,dalfhafN!;sl ,CIK jkdka;r b;sßj we;af;a iSñ; m%foaY

lSmhl muKs

4' Y%S ,xldfõ • Y%S ,xldfõ Ydl iïm; úkdYhg fya;=(-fN!;sl ,CIK lDó Wjÿre" l=Kdgq".ia lemSu" .sks;eîu

• Ydl iïm;a ixrlaIK Wmdh ud¾.• jirlg Èk 30 - 60 olajd bfvdar

ld,hla mj;S'• .x.djl c,h msgdr .,d ta wjg /£u

ksid j.=re ìï we;s fõ

5' f,dalfha m%Odk • ;sß`.= j.dj wdY%s; .eg¨lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ • iajdNdúl Wjÿre ̂ksh`." jeis fkd,eîu&mßfNda. j¾. • ishqï mdßfNda.sl lDIsl¾ufha .eg¨

• c, ys`.h• iajdNdúl Wjÿre ^ksh`." .xj;=r&

6' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk • hemqï lDIsl¾uh wdY%s; iajdNdúl wdmodlDIsld¾ñl N+ñ ^.xj;=r" ksh`.&mßfNda. j¾. • ù j.dj wdY%s; .eg¨" iajdNdúl wdmod

^.xj;=r" ksh`.&• idïm%odhsl fyaka f.dú;efka uQ,sl

,CIKhla - fyaka ms<siaiSu'• fmd,a j.dj wdY%s; m,sfndaO yd lDó

Wjÿr

7' f,dalfha úúOm%foaYj, Ôj;ajk wdÈjdiSck;dj ;umßirh iu`.iqixfhda.Sj Ôj;ajk wdldrh

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mdvï ud;Dld

8' Y%S ,xldfõ Ôj;a • ydksjk wdÈjdiSck;dj mdßißlfjkiaùïj,gwkqj¾;kh jkwdldr

9' f,dalfha • f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeäùu ksid lD;%su frÈf;dard.;a Ndú;h wvq ùuksIamdok • lïy,aj,ska msglrk wmøjH ksid

mßir l¾udka; ¥IKh we;s fõlsysmhl • ;%ia;jdoh hqO lghq;= jeks fya;= ksid.;s ,laIK keõ úkdYhg m;a ùu

• úµq;a l¾udka;h wdY%s; .eg¨" hqO wúksmoùu ksid f,dal iduhg ndOd we;sùu

• mßir ¥IKh• .=jkahdkd l¾udka;h ksid mßir

¥IKh" Yío ¥IKh we;s fõ

10' Y%S ,xldfõ • Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; wdY%s; .eg¨f;dard.;a • mßir ¥IKh

l¾udka; lSmhl.;s,CIK

wOHydr 11' lDIsld¾ñl rgl • kHIaál n, W;amdokh flfrysfhka wd¾Ólh ld¾ñl n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd we; ^c¾uksfha

rgl wd¾Ólh yd wkd.; wjia:d&'iei£u

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mqrjeis wOHdmk yd m%cd md,kh 8 jk fY%aKsfha fm< fmd;

—Ôú;h iqnjd§ j olsuq'˜—Ñ;a;fõ. hym;a f,i yiqrejd .ksuq'˜ —wmm%foaYfha fmdÿ fiajd˜—m%cd;ka;%jd§ ck iudch˜hk ud;Dldj,ska wOHydrfhkawdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ud;Dldjg .e<fmk fia lreKq olajd we;'—Ôú;h iqnjd§ j olsuq˜ ud;Dldfõ tk is;sú,s ms<sn| úpdrYS,S ùuwkqud;Dldfjka úpdrYS,S j is;Sfï jeo.;alu u;= lr we;' tys § —mdi,afõ,dfõ uqyqÿ fjr<g .sh miq lKavdhfuka tla wfhla uqyqog ì,s˜ hk uehhgf;a mqj;am;l Wmqgkhla olajñka ;u is;sú,s wúpdrj;a j yeisrùfukawk;=rg ,la jQ mdi,a isiqjl= ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lr we;' —Ñ;a;fõ.hym;a f,i yiqrejd .ksuq'˜ ud;Dldfjka l=vd l, isg Ñ;a;fõ. hym;af,i yiqrejd .ekSfï jeo.;alu;a" udkisl mSvd M,odhS f,i yiqrejd .ekSfïl%uYs,am ms<sn|j;a isiqkaf.a jhia uÜgug WÑ; f,i idlÉPd lr ;sfí'

Wla; ud;Dldj,g idfmalaI j úia;rd;aul jYfhka —.egqï wju˜ lr.ksuq —ld,Sk .eg¨˜ hk ud;Dld foflka wdmod l<ukdlrKhg wod< lreKqRcq j idlÉPd lr ;sîu jeo.;a h' —.egqï wju lr .ksuq˜ ud;Dldfjka.egqï" .egqïj,g fya;=" yd .egqï ksrdlrK l%uYs,am ms<sn| j §¾> j lreKqbÈßm;a lr ;sfí' .egqï ms<sn| j úúO od¾Ykslhka m< l< u; o tysbÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

WodyrK ( —.egqula jkdys hï mqoa.,fhla fyda mqoa.,hka fyda mqoa.,hkalKavdhula ;ukag ,nd .; hq;= hehs is;k fohla ,nd.ekSu i|yd wfkld fyda wka ish¨ foa mrdch l< hq;=hehs is;Su ksid we;s jk ;;a;ajhls˜ - frdia iaáiakac¾

^wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2008 ( 36 jk msgqj&

l=vd l, isg u isiqkag .egqï" .egqïj,g fya;= yd tajd úi|d .ekSu i|ydúµd;aul l%uYs,am ms<sn| ksmqK;d ,nd §u WÑ; h'

—ld,Sk .eg¨˜ ud;Dldj iïmQ¾Kfhka u wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amidlÉPd lsÍu i|yd fjka lr ;sfí' isiqkaf.a fY%aKs uÜgug .e<fmk úIhwka;¾.;hla fuu.ska wdjrKh lr ;sîu jeo.;a h' isiqkaf.a ukigf.dapr jk whqßka ir, tfy;a is;a.kakd whqßka mdvu wdrïN lr ;sfí'

jßkajr we;s jk iajdNdúl úm;a yd wk;=rej,g uqyqKmEug ñksidg isÿ fõ' tu úm;aj,ska wdrCId ùug;a úm;aj,skaisÿjk ydks wju lr .ekSug;a" úm;g m;ajQjka flfrys hq;=lïyd j.lSu bgq lsÍug;a mqrjeishka jYfhka wmg yelshdj ;sìhhq;= h' ^wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2008 ( 125 jk msgqj&

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yh yd y; fY%aKsj, § fmdÿfõ l:d l< úm;a yd wdmod fuu ud;Dldfõ§ meyeÈ<s j fldgiaj,g fnod idlÉPd lr ;sîu jeo.;a h'

2 jk j.=j ( mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh 8 jk fY%aKsfha mdvïj,

wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am wvx.= ù we;s whqre

uq̀M mdvï ud;Dld iy ud;Dld mdvï ud;Dld yd wOHydrfhka

mdvï Rcq j i|yka jk wxlh i|yka jk lreKq

ud;Dld lreKq

.Kk

09 .egqï wju lr .ksuq 1 Ôú;h iqnjd§ j olsuq'

• .egqï ye¢kaùu • iqnjd§ is;=ú,s• úúO .egqï wjia:d • is;=ú,s ms<sn| úpdrYS,S ùu• .egqula j¾Okh jk • hym;a is;=ú,s ixj¾Okh

wdldrh lrk uQ,dY%• .egqï j,lajd .ekSfï

l%ufõo• .egqï ksrdlrKh lr

.ekSu i|yd j¾Okhl< hq;= l=i,;d yd.=Kdx.

09 • .egqï ksrdlrKh 2 Ñ;a;fõ. hym;a f,i yiqrejd

lsÍfï ir, l%u .ksuq'

• Ñ;a;fõ. yd ta wkqj we;sjk úúO m%;sl%shd yd yeisÍu

• Ñ;a;fõ.j, m%;sM,

• mqoa., w~onr" foam< úkdYÔú; ydks wd§ fndfydaúkdY

• udkisl mSvd M,odhSjyiqrejd .ekSfï l%u Ys,am

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uq`M mdvï ud;Dld iy ud;Dld mdvï ud;Dld yd wOHydrfhka

mdvï Rcq j i|yka jk wxlh i|yka jk lreKq

ud;Dld lreKq

.Kk

ld,Sk .eg¨ 6 - 7 wm m%foaYfha fmdÿ fiajd

• úm;a • fmdÿ fiajdiajdNdúl úm;a • fmdÿ fiajdj, uQ,sl ,CIKñksia l%shdldrlï ksid • fmdÿ fiajd yd iïnJOisÿ jk úm;a wdh;k yd ks,OdÍka

• iajdNdúl úm;a ksid c, iïmdok yd c,dmjdykwe;s jk ydks wju lr fiajdj.ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh úÿ,sn, iemhqul< hq;= l%shdud¾.$ fi!LH fiajdjwdrlaIdj i|yd l< rch u.ska imhk fjk;a fiajdhq;= foa • fmdÿ fiajd m%fhdackhg

• iajdNdúl úm;a wju .kakd mqrjeishka i;=lr .ekSu i|yd .; j.lSï yd hq;=lïyels l%shdud¾.

• úm;a isÿ jQ wjia:djl m%cd;ka;%jd§ ck iudch

l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh • m%cd;ka;%jd§ Ôjk l%uhl• ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid ,CIK

we;s jk úm;a" ßhÿrka • ;u mjq, yd mdi, ;=<w;ska isÿjk jerÈ" olakg ,efnk m%cd;ka;%ShmÈlhkaf.a ,CIKfkdie,ls,su;aNdjh"ud¾. wk;=re j<lajd.ekSu i|yd wkq.ukhl< hq;= l%shdud¾."ridhk øjH Ndú;hyd iïnJO wk;=re ydwk;=rla jQ úg .; hq;=l%shdud¾." ridhk øjHwdY%s; wk;=re j<lajd.ekSu i|yd .; yelsl%shdud¾.

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úµdj 6 jk fY%aKsh .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh m%dfoaYSh ;;a;aj

Y%S ,xldj uqyqK md we;s iajdNdúl wdmod jk .x j;=r" kdh hEï" iq<siq<x" úÿ,s wl=Kq" ksh`." iqkdñ hk wdmodj, úµd;aul moku wjfndaO lr.ekSug 6 jk fY%aKsfha YsIHhdg wjia:dj i,id § we;'

Wod ( • Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha m%Odk .x.d wdY%s; my;a ìï .xj;=rg iq,n j uqyqK mdk nj

• kef.kysr m<d; jeä jYfhka iq<s iq<x wjodkug ,la jknj

• Y%S ,xldj jfÜ u jdf.a uqyqÿnv m%foaY iqkdñ wdmodjg ,la jQnj fidhdf.k ;sfnk f;dr;=rej,g wkqj uykqjr" ud;f,a"kqjrt<sh" nÿ,a," r;akmqr" lE.,a," l`M;r" .d,a," ud;r iyyïnkaf;dg kdh hdfï wjodku we;s ia:dk nj

• kdhhEu m%Odk jYfhka u nEjqï iys; m%foaYj, isÿ jk nj

• Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmfha fndfyduhla m%foaYj,g udi ;=ky;rl kshx jljdkq ;sfnk nj mq;a;,u" wkqrdOmqr"fmdf<dkakrej" jjqkshdj" ukakdru" ls,sfkdÉÑh" hdmkh";%sl=Kdu,h" uvl,mqj" wïmdr" fudKrd.," uyshx.kh"yïnkaf;dg jdf.a m%foaYj, c, ys`.h ;sfnk njg tuiajdNdúl wdmodj, m%dfoaYSh ;;a;aj m%udKj;a j úia;r ùwe; ^3 jk j.=j&

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70

3 jk j.=j ( 6 jk fY%aKsh" úµdj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha wdmod yd

wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amj, m%dfoaYSh ;;a;aj

ksmqK;dj úia;r lr we;s m%dfoaYSh ;;a;ajh

Y%S ,xldj uqyqKmdk • we;eï iajdNdúl úm;a Y%S ,xldfõ iuyriajdNdúl úm;a yd tajd m%foaYj,g muKla iSudjk nj' ^msgq wxl 87&wdY%s; wjodkï ;;a;aj • Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha m%Odk .x`.d wdY%s;l<ukdlrKh i|yd my;a ìï .x j;=rg iq,n j uqyqK mdk nj'iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs ^msgq wxlh 88&

• uehs isg iema;eïn¾ olajd jk ksß; È.fudaiï iq<x iuh c, .e,Sï iq,N ld,jljdkq nj ^msgq wxl 88&

• Y%S ,xldfõ kef.kysr m<d; jeä jYfhkaiq<s iq<x wjodkug ,la jk nj'^msgq wxl 89&

• fjr<dY%s; c, .e,Sï ^msgq wxl 94&• Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha m%Odk .x.d jk

l`M" le<Ks" ks,aj,d yd .sx .`. hk .x`.dwdY%s; j c, .e,Sï fndfydu iq,n h' uehsisg iema;eïn¾ olajd jk ksß; È. fudaiïiq<x iufha f;;a l,dmhg yd uOH l÷lrfmfoiaj,g ,efnk wêl j¾Idj fya;=fjkqhsfuu .x.d msgdr .e,Su isÿ jkafka"

• iq<s l=Kdgq iu`. weo yef,k wêl j¾Idksid;a" wka;¾ fudaiï jeis ksid;a rfÜ úúOm%foaYj, yÈis .xj;=r ;;a;aj we;s jk njfidhd f.k ;sfnkjdiuyr ld,j, § ta jdf.a u iuyr m<d;aj,fndfyda úg ud ̂iq<s iq<x& ±l .; yels fjkjd'flfia jqK;a ud Y%S ,xldjg meñfKkafkawka;¾ fudaiï ld, jljdkq tkï wfm%a,a"uehs yd Tlaf;dan¾" fkdjeïn¾ hk ld,j,§ yd ksß;È. fudaiï yg .kakd ^uehs -iema;eïn¾& ;=< § h

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• Y%S ,xldjg jeämqr u ud meñfKkafkafnx.d, fndlafla isghs' tneúka ud ^iq<siq<x& fndfyda úg n,mdkafka rfÜ kef.kysrm<d;g hs ^msgq wxl 96&

• Y%S ,xldj jfÜ u jdf.a uqyqÿ nv m%foaYj,uyd úkdYhla isÿ ù we;s nj ^msgq wxl 98&

• m<d; u kdh hkjd Wv lef,a lkao Nd.hlaú;r lvdf.k jeá,d lvuKaäh;a tlal uhgfj,d

• fkdlvjd weo yef,k j¾Idj ksid Èjhsfkaiuyr m%foaYj, kdh hdï isÿfjñka mj;S

• Y%S ,xldfõ uOH l÷lrfha nyq, j olakg,efnk N+ Wmøjhla jk fuu kdh hdï u.skaúYd, ydks isÿjk w;r Èjhsfka N+ñm%udKfhka 30]l muK m%foaYhla kdh hEfïwjodkug f.dÿre ù we;' .fõIKj,g wkqjuykqjr" ud;f,a" kqjrt<sh" nÿ,a," r;akmqr"lE., a," l`M;r" .d, a," ud;r iyyïnkaf;dg hk Èia;%slalj, kdh hdfïwjodku we;s ia:dk y÷kd f.k we; ^msgqwxl 98&

• kdhhdï we;s ùug jvd;a u bv we;af;a nEjqïiys; m%foaYj, jqj o wLKav j jeis iys;

jljdkqj, § kdh hdï we;s úh yels h• tfyhska m%dfoaYSh jYfhka ixúOdkh fjñka

wjodkï ;;a;ajh wju lr .ekSug lghq;=lrk f,i uy ck;dj fj; ±kqï fokq ,efí

• kdh hdula f.dvìu muKla fkdj c,dYhlm;=f,a fyda uqyqÿ m;=f,a jqj;a nEjqula we;sia:dkhl § isÿ ùug bv ;sfnkjd

• 30 0g jvd jeä nEj qïj, lsi su ñksi al% shdldrlula lsÍu úµd;aul j wkqu;lrkak nE ^msgq wxl 101&

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• fï úh<s m<df;a fï ;rï c, ys̀.hla mj;skjlsh,d f.or § kï ys;,dj;a ;snqfKa keye

• Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmfha fndfydauhlam%foaYj,g udi ;=k y;r u kshx jljdkq;sfhkjd' idudkHfhka isxy, fou< w¨;awjqreoafoka miafi iema;eïn¾" Tlaf;dan¾ ú;rfjkl,a jeiai kE ;uhs' mq;a;,u" wkqrdOmqr"fmdf<dkakrej" jõkshdj" ukakdru"ls,sfkdÉÑh" hdmkh" ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvl,mqj"wïmdr" fudKrd.," uyshx.kh" yïnkaf;dgjdf.a m%foaYj,g ;uhs c,h fndfydu ys̀.

• Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmhg iy l÷lrhg wh;aN+ñ m%foaYh yereKq fldg b;sß úYd, m%foaYhu kshx wdmodjg ,la fjkjd fka o @

• l÷lf¾ jqK;a kef.kysr nEjqug jefgkjeiai fndfydu wvq hs

• wfma rfÜ iuyr m%foaYj,g ú;rla fï úÈhgoreKq ksh`. we;s fjkafk

• Y%S ,xldjg m%Odk jYfhka u jeis ,efnkafkafudaiï iq<x u.ska' f;;a l,dmhg iyl÷lrhg ksß; È. fudaiï jeis;a" úh<sl,dmhg Bidk È. fudaiï jeis;a ,efnk

nj ljqre;a okakd lreKla' úh<s l,dmhhkqfjka ku ,eî ;sfnkafk;a j¾Idj wvqúh<s foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh ksid hs' fuu miqìuksid úh<s l,dmh ksh`.hg f.dÿre ùfï bvlv jeä hs

• fï m<d;aj, ñksiqka c, iïmf;a w.hfyd¢ka u f;areï f.k ;sfnk njhs ugfmakafka ^msgq wxl 102" 103&

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isxy, yd fou< udOH úIhud,d øjH w;r fjkialï

N+f.da, úµdj 6 - 11 fY%aKs isxy, udOH fm< fmd;aj, wdmod yd wdmodl<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j i|yka ù we;s lreKq" fou< udOH fm< fmd;aj,i|yka ù we;s wdldrh úYaf,aIKfha § 6 jk iy 10 jk fY%aKsfha isxy,udOH fm< fmd;a iy fou< udOH fm< fmd;aj, we;s lreKq w;r fjkialïolakg ,enqKs' tfy;a 7" 8" 9" 11 fY%aKs fm< fmd;aj, lreKq w;r lsisÿfjkila olakg fkd ùh ^4 jk j.=j&'

4 jk j.=j( isxy, udOH N+f.da, úµd fm<fmd;aj, wdmod l<ukdlrKh

ms<sn| j olajd we;s lreKq fou< udOH fm<fmd;aj, we;=<;a ù

we;s wdldrh

isxy, udOH fm< fmd;aj, isxy, udOH fm< fmd;aj,g jvd fou<

wdmod yd wdmod fou< udOH fm<fmd;aj,

fY%aKsh l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| we;s fjki

lreKq wvx.= mdvï ud;Dld

6 ;u ksji iy • wdmod ms<sn| mska;+r § ta wdmod kïwdikak jgmsgdfõ lsÍug;a" l%shdldrlï folla weiqßkawka;¾ iïnJO;dj iajdNdúl wdmod ms<sn| mska;+r tla

/ia lsÍug yd wdmod kï lsÍug;a §we;

• wdmod ms<sn| woyilska u mdvuwdrïN ù we;' kuq;a isxy, udOHfm<fmdf;a we;af;a —iajdNdúlwdmodj,ska fíÍug ksji idod .kS˜hk woyi muKs

• msgq wxl 7" 8 ys ,xldfõ m%dfoaYShjYfhka we;sjk iajdNdúl wdmodms<sn| idlÉPdjla isxy, udOHfm<fmdf;a i|yka ù we;' úúOm%foaYj,g .uka lrk úg we;s jkiajdNdúl wdmodj,g uqyqK §fïyelshdj isiqka ;=< we;s ùug bv ;sfí'fujeks idlÉPdjla fou< udOH fm<fmdf;a ke;

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7 ;u ksji wjg • isxy, fm< fmdf;a msgq wxl 19" 20jgmsgdj hym;a j N+ñ ixrCIKh ms<sn| j úia;rd;auljmj;ajd .ekSu i|yka ù we;;a" fou< udOH fm<

fmdf;a th ke;• isxy, udOH fm< fmdf;a ksjdij,ska

neyer lrk wmøjH kï lr úia;rlr we;;a fou< udOH fm< fmdf;ath ke;

• m%;sYla;slrKh ms<sn| j i|yka ùwe;;a fou< udOH fm< fmdf;aúia;rd;aul j ke;

• c, ¥IKh yd thska jk m%;sM, isxy,udOH fm<fmdf;a i|yka jqj o fou<udOH fm< fmdf;a tf,i úia;r ùke;' ksis wdldrhg c, mßyrKhksid we;s jk úmdl muKla olajdwe;

10 Y%S ,xldj fjk;a • cmdkfha we;s jk iqkdñ" N+ñlïmd¥m;a iu`. iei£u yd iq<siq<x jeks iajdNdúl wdmod

ms<sn| fláfhka i|yka ù we;s lreKqfou< udOH fm< fmdf;a ke;

1'0 mDÓúfha ixhq;sh • jdhqf.da,fha ixhq;sfha jdhq j¾.j,ishhg .Kka isxy, udOH fmdf;a oYuiu`.;a ,shd we;;a" fou< udOH fmdf;aoYu ke;s j i|yka lr we;' ta ish¨jdhq j¾.j, tl;=j fou< udOHfmdf;a 100la jYfhka i|yka ù;snqK;a isxy, udOH fmdf;a tystl;=j 34] ls' ldnkavfhdlaihsâjdhqj 0'33]la f,i isxy, fm<fmdf;ai|yka jqj;a fou< udOH fm<fmdf;afjk u i|yka lr ke;

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2'0mDÓú jHQyh yd tys • mDÓú lfnd, úia;r lrk úg ls|d.;sl iajNdjh neiSï" bß ;e,Sï" N+ñlïmd" huy,a

.ek isxy, udOH fmdf;a i|yka jqjo fou< udOH fmdf;a i|yka ù ke;'N+ p,k ksid iqkdñ we;s jk nj oi|yka fkdfõ' .sks l÷ msmsÍfukaw`M ksl=;a jk nj fou< udOH fmdf;ai|yka jqj o isxy, udOH fmdf;a ke;

• .sks l÷ msmsÍïj,g WodyrK jYfhkams,smSkfha ufhdka .sks lkao olajdwe;;a th fou< udOH fmdf;a ke;';eá udhsï ms<sn| olajd we;s is;shïj,fjkila we;

• N+ñlïmd iEfok wdldrh úia;r lr;snqK o" Bg wod< is;shï" rEm igykayd j.=j fou< udOH fmdf;a ke;'

• iqkdñ ms<sn| úia;rh o ke;' § we;sl%shdldrlï o fjkia h

• .sks l÷ we;s m%foaY ,l=Kq l< is;shulaisxy, udOH fmdf;a we;;a" fou<udOH fmdf;a ke;' ta fjkqjg we;af;a.sksl÷ we;s jk wdldrh ±lafjk rEmigykls' .sks lkaol PdhdrEmhlaisxy, udOH fmdf;a muKla we;

• f,dalfha .sks l÷ we;s jk m%foaYfou< udOH fmdf;a kï lr m%udKhlaolajd we;;a" isxy, udOH fmdf;am%udKhla olajd ke;

• isxy, udOH fmdf;a we;s N+ñlïmd"huy,a ms<sn| l%shdldrlu fou<fmdf;a fjkia h

4'0 Y%S ,xldfõ fN!;sl • ov ksid fjr< Ldokh isÿ fkdjk nj ,CIK isxy, udOH fmdf;a we;;a fou<

udOH fmdf;a ke;

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5'0 f,dalfha m%Odk • úia;D; jdKsc lDIsl¾uh wdY%s; lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ .eg¨j, ksh`.h" lDó Wjÿre fou< mßfNda. j¾. udOH fmdf;a ke;

• ishqï mdßfNda.sl lDIsl¾ufha .eg¨j,g fou< udOH fmdf;a lDó Wjÿrei|yka jqj;a isxy, udOH fmdf;a ke;

• i;aj md,kfha .eg¨ fou< udOHfmdf;a ke;

7'0 f,dalfha f;dard.;a • hlv yd jdfka l¾udka; wdY%s; j ksIamdok l¾udka; mßir ¥IKh isÿùu fou< udOH lsysmhl .;s ,CIK fmdf;a i|yka ke;

• mßir ys;ldó jdyk ksmoùu hklreKq o ke;

• keõ l¾udka;h wdY%s; .eg¨j,g ohqoaO ksid keõ úkdY jk nj i|ykaù we;;a" ;%ia;jdoh hk jpkh fou<udOH fmdf;a ke;' hqo keõ" hqoWmlrK yohs hk jdlHh o ke;'ñihs, ksmoùu" hqo wú ksmoùu" mßir¥IKh hk woyi o ke;'

• .=jka wk;=re .ek i|yka ù ke;

8'0 Y%S ,xldfõ f;dard.;a • mßir ¥IKh hk lreK ke; l¾udka; lSmhl .;s ,CIK

10'0 f,dalfha úúO • ñksiqka Ôj;ajk mßirfha iajNdjh m%foaYj, Ôj;a jk hgf;a lDó Wjÿre .ek i|yka j wdÈjdiS ck;dj ;u ;snqK;a" isxy, udOH fmdf;a i|yka mßirh iu`. j,a w,s" jHd>%" Wr. i;=ka ms<sn| j iqixfhda. j Ôj;a fou< udOH fmdf;a i|yka ù ke; jk wdldrh

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ks.uk iy fhdackd

ks.uk

N+f.da, úµdj isxy, udOH úIhud,d øjH

• N+f.da, úµd 6 - 11 jk fY%aKs isxy, udOH fm< fmd;a yd .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj," wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am ms<sn| lreKq 6"7" 9" 10" 11 fY%aKsj, § muKla l%udkql+, j we;=<;a j we;;a 8 jkfY%aKsfha § l%ñl;dj ì£ we;' 8 jk fY%aKsfha § fm< fmdf;a we;=<;amdvï y;frys u wdmod l<ukdlrKhg wod< lreKq jdlHhlskamuKla ±laùfuka fuka u" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha ksmqK;d uÜgïfolla hgf;a wOHydrfhka § we;s lreKq wksl=;a fY%aKsj,g idfmalaIj wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am biau;= lr fmkaùug m%udKj;ake;'

• iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l< iajNdjO¾u mdol wdmod yd mßydks mdolwdmod .ek muKla jeä wjOdkdkhla fhduq ù we;'

• N+f.da, úµd 6-11 fY%aKs fm< fmd;aj, yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj,wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| m%dfoaYSh ;;a;aj o m%udKj;a j fmkakqïlr we;'

N+f.da, úµdj fou< udOH fm<fmd;a

• N+f.da, úµd 6 jk fY%aKsfha fou< udOH fm<fmdf;a m<uq jk mdvfïwdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh iïnkaO lreKq mska;+r yd l%shdldrlïu.ska wdrïN jQj o isxy, udOH fm<fmdf;a ta lsisjla i|yka ke;'

• isxy, udOH 6 jk fY%aKsfha fm<fmdf;a msgq wxl 7" 8 ys we;s wdmodms<sn| idlÉPd iy 19" 20 msgqj, we;s N+ñ ixrlaIKh ms<sn| úia;r oY%S ,xldj fjk;a ¥m;a iu`. iei£u hk ud;Dldfõ we;s iajdNdúlwdmod kï lsÍu o fou< udOH fmdf;a i|yka ù ke;'

• N+f.da, úµdj 7" 8" 9" 11 hk fY%aKsj, isxy, udOH fm<fmd;aj,wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh iïnkaO lreKq fou< udOHfm<fmd;aj, o ta wdldrfhka u bÈßm;a lr we;'

• fjr< Ldokh" úia;D; jdksc lDIsl¾udka;h" i;a;aj md,kh wdY%s;.eg¨" hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h wdY%s; mßir ¥IKh" hqoaO yd

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;%ia;jdoh ksid keõ úkdY ùu" ñksiqka Ôj;a jk mßirfha iajNdjhhgf;a i|yka lDó Wjÿre" j,a w,s" jHd>%" Wr. i;=ka ms<sn| 10 jkfY%aKsfha isxy, udOH fm<fmdf;a i|yka lreKq fou< udOHfm<fmdf;a i|yka ù ke;'

• oy jk fY%aKsfha jdhqf.da,fha ixhq;sh ±lafjk igyfka o jdhqj,m%udK ms<sn| j isxy, udOH fm<fmd; iy fou< udOH fm<fmd;w;r fjkialï we;'

• oy jk fY%aKsfha mDÓú lfnd, úia;r lsÍfï § N+ñlïmd" huy,a"iqkdñ .ek isxy, udOH fm<fmdf;a i|yka lreKq yd WodyrK

fou< udOH fm< fmdf;a i|yka ù ke;s w;r is;shïj, o fjkialïwe;'

N+f.da, úµdj fou< udOH .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y

• N+f.da, úµdj 6" 7" 8" 9 fY%aKs isxy, udOH yd fou< udOH .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, we;=<;a lr we;s wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKhiïnkaO lreKqj, lsisÿ fjkila ke;'

• oy jk fY%aKsfha isxy, udOH fmdf;a 70 jk msgqfõ we;s .sksl÷msmsÍfï rEmigyk fou< udOH fmdf;a iqkdñ hkqfjka jerÈhg i|ykaù ;sfí'

• N+f.da, úµdj 11 jk fY%aKsfha isxy, udOH .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha34 iy 37 jk msgqj, olajd we;s ck úkdYh yd c, mßfNdackhhgf;a we;s lreKq fou< udOH .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha i|yka ùke;'

• tfld,ia jk fY%aKsfha ñksia l%shdldrlïj, n,mEula fkdue;s j isÿjk iajdNdúl wdmod md,kh l< fkdyels nj isxy, udOH .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha i|yka jqj o" fou< udOH fmdf;a md,kh l<yels nj i|yka ùfuka jerÈ woyila § we;'

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Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh

• isiqkaf.a jhia uÜgug .e<fmk wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,am ikaOdrhlao" ksmqK;d o" WÑ; l%shdldrlï o" 6 - 9 jk fY%aKs úIhud,d øjHj,skabÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

• hym;a mqrjeishl= i;= .=Kdx. ud;Dldfjys mßir ¥IKh wju lr.kakd l%u ms<sn| 6 jk fY%aKsfha fm<fmdf;a we;=<;a lreKq m%udKj;afkd fõ'

• yh jk fY%aKsfha fm<fmdf;a —iydkqN+;sh˜" —ixfõ§ ùu˜ hk jpkfY%aKsfha isiqkaf.a uÜgug fkd.e<fma'

• ku jk fY%aKsfha § yh jk fY%aKsfha isg tk Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeiswOHdmkh hk yr úIhh wjika jk ksid fmr fY%aKsj, § idlÉPdfkd l< ±kg jHik uÜgug m;afjñka mj;sk frda. ms<sn| j idlÉPdlsÍu wjYH h'

• w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd. wNsuqL úIhud,dj wkqj" fmr fY%aKsj,gidfmalaI j" 10 jk fY%aKsfha úIhud,d øjHj,ska" wdmod l<ukdlrKixl,am wvq m%udKhlska idlÉPd ù we;' tfy;a idlÉPd l< lreKqWÑ; h'

• isxy, udOH 6-11 fY%aKs úIhud,d øjHj,ska" wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amYsIH uÜgug .e<fmk f,i ir, nfõ isg l%ufhka ixlS¾K;ajhghk whqßka ie,iqï lr bÈßm;a lr ;sîu Okd;aul ,laIKhls'

• Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh iy mqrjeis wOHdmk yd m%cdmd,kh ̂ 6-11 fY%aKs& isxy, udOH fm<fmd;a yd fou< udOH fm<fmd;aw;r úIu;d mj;S' isxy, udOH fm< fmd;aj,g idfmalaI j fou<udOH fm<fmd;a úIh wka;¾.;j, lreKq wvqfjka ±laùu fyda lreKquq`Mukska u fkd±laùu olakg ,efí' tu.ska ,nd fok mKsúvhfou< udOH isiqkag .,d fkdhdu wvqjls' tu W!k;d ksjerÈ lsÍuwjYH fõ'

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úµdj

• yfha isg kuh fY%aKsh olajd wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrK ixl,amwjfndaO lr .ekSug myiq jk wdldrfhka wkqYS¾I Tiafia ir, j ydmeyeÈ,s j lreKq bÈßm;a lr ;sîu' ta ta jhia iSudfõ isiqkag tuixl,am idOkfha § ^.%yKh lr .ekSfï §& myiqjla fõ'

• oyh" tfld,y fY%aKs w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd. mdol úIhud,dfõúIhud,d øjHj, fmr fY%aKsj, fuka wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKhiïnkaO ixl,am Rcqj u we;=<;a jQ ud;Dldjla$ud;Dld ke;' tfy;awdmod we;s ùfï ud¾. jk iajNdjO¾u mdol" mßydks mdol yd

ld¾ólrKh jQ iudÔh mdol wdmod ms<sn| j o" wdmodj, iïNjh wkqjld,.=Ksl iïNjhlska hq;a wdmod yd ffcùh iïNjhlska hq;a wdmodms<sn| j o wOHydrfhka lreKq bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r tu bÈßm;a l<lreKq YsIH uÜgug m%udKj;a h'

• yh jk fY%aKsfha isg ku jk fY%aKsh olajd fm<fmd;a wka;¾.;j,skaiajdNdúl wdmodj,g wod< m%dfoaYSh ;;a;aj" ta ta m%foaYj,g n,mdkwdldrh ms<sn| j WodyrK foñka idlÉPd lr ;sîu jeo.;a h'

• úIhud,d øjHj, wjYH wjia:dj, §" lreKq ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi;a"YsIH wjOdkh Èkd .ekSu i|yd;a mska;+r" j.= rEm igyka WÑ; mßÈNdú; lr ;sîu iqÿiq h'

úµdj fou< udOH fm<fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y

• yh jk fY%aKsfha fou< udOH .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha mdIdKÔ¾Khg wod< j bÈßm;a lr we;s lreKqj,g wu;r j" isxy, udOH.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha Bg wod< lreKq folla jeämqr i|yka ùwe;'

• y;" tfld,y fY%aKs olajd" fou< udOH .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj,wka;¾.; wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKhg wod< lreKqj, fjkilake;'

• fou< udOH 8 jk fY%aKsfha fm< fmdf;a iq<s iq<x wdmodjg wod<lreKq ±laùfï §" Tn okakjd o" f,i igyka jQ fldgqjl 2008 j¾Ifhañhkaudrfhka yud.sh ;¾lSia iq<s iq<`.ska ,laIhl msßila ñh .sh nji|yka h' tu lreKq isxy, udOH fm<fmdf;ys ke;'

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• ku jk fY%aKsfha 8 jk mdvfï — Tn okakjd o@˜ hgf;a úia;r jk.d¨ m%foaYfha <uhs fofofkla iqkdñhg yiq j .idf.k hk úgksjfia isá n,af,la Tjqka weo f.k tafï isoaêh isxy, udOHfm<fmdf;a we;=<;a j ke;'

• oy jk fY%aKsfha úµdj ;=ka jk mdvfï m%Ndixiaf,aIK l%shdj,shhgf;a fou< udOH fm<fmdf;a m%Ndixiaf,aIKfha w;=re M,hla f,iTlaiscka jdhqj msgjk nj;a" fuu Tlaiscka" ´fidaka jdhqj njg m;aùfï § ´fidaka ia;rh ks¾udKhg odhl jk nj;a" ´fidaka ia;rhmdrcïnq, lsrK mDÓúhg meñKSu j,lk nj;a olajd we;' isxy,udOH fm<fmdf;a Wla; lreKq ke;'

• fou< udOH fm<fmdf;ys" iajikfha § yd oykfha § ldnkavfhdlaihsâjdhqj úYd, m%udKhla tl;= jk nj olajd ;snqK o 10 jk fY%aKsfhaisxy, udOH fm<fmdf;ys fuu lreKq olajd ke;'

• 1951 g fmr uÿre u¾okhg DDT fh¥ nj;a" uÿrejka thg m%;sfrdaë jQnj;a" fuu DDT wdydr odu Èf.a isrere.; jk nj;a fou< udOHfm< fmdf;a olajd ;snqK o" th isxy, udOH fm<fmd;g we;=<;a jke;'

fhdackd

N+f.da, úµdj isxy, udOH úIhud,d øjH

• m%pKav;aj mdol yd ld¾ólrKh jQ iudch mdol wdmod .ek o 6 - 11fY%aKs úIhud,d øjHj,ska wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h'

• yh jk fY%aKsh úIhud,d øjHj,ska ;u ksji yd jg msgdfõ wdmod ydwdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j;a 7 jk fY%aKsfha § Y%S ,xldjg n,mdkiajdNdúl wdmod ms<sn|j;a úia;r we;s ksid" 8 jk fY%aKsfha § Y%S,xldjg n,mdk úúO wdmod flfrys n,mEï lrk wdishd;sl l,dmj,wdmod yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j iqúfYaIS j úia;r úh hq;=h'

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N+f.da, úµdj fou< udOH úIhud,d øjH

• isxy, udOH fm<fmd;aj, yd fou< udOH fm<fmd;aj, wka;¾.;lreKq is;shï yd rEm igyka tl iudk j ;sìh hq;= w;r ixialdrluKav,h tfia ;sfnk njg iy;sl úh hq;= h'

• isxy, udOH .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, we;s lreKq fou< udOHhgmßj¾;kh lsÍfï § ta wdldrfhka u mßj¾;kh lsÍu yd ixialdrluKav,h úiska kej; ii|d ne,sh hq;= h'

N+f.da, úµdj fou< udOH úIhud,d øjH

• isxy, udOH fm<fmd;aj, yd fou< udOH fm<fmd;aj, wka;¾.;lreKq is;shï yd rEm igyka tl iudk j ;sìh hq;= w;r ixialdrluKav,h tfia ;sfnk njg iy;sl úh hq;= h'

• isxy, udOH .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, we;s lreKq fou< udOHhgmßj¾;kh lsÍfï § ta wdldrfhka u mßj¾;kh lsÍu yd ixialdrluKav,h úiska kej; ii|d ne,sh hq;= h'

Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh" mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh

• mßir ¥IKh wju lr .kakd l%u ms<sn| 6 jk fY%aKsfha fm<fmdf;yslreKq m%udKj;a j bÈßm;a jkafka kï WÑ; h'

• 6 jk fY%aKsfha § ;dlaIKsl fhÿïj, w¾: ir, j meyeÈ,s l< hq;= h'

• 9 jk fY% aKsfha —wdmod l<ukdlrKh lruq˜ hk ud;Dldfõwka;¾.;fhka ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; wdmod u;aøjH Wjÿr" taâia Wjÿrhk lreKq ms<sn| m%udKj;a lreKq bÈßm;a l< hq;= h'

• iajdNdúl wdmod hgf;a tk fndafjk frda. hgf;a § fvx.= Wjÿr ms<sn|±ä wjOdrKhlska lreKq idlÉPd úh hq;= h'

• whym;a Ôjk rgdj yd wdydr rgdj ksid Èhjeähdj $ uOqfïyh"fldf,iagfrda,a" wï, ms;a; frda.h" wêl reêr mSvkh hk frda.ks¾udKh ùu ms<sn| j wjOdrKh l< hq;= h'

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úµdj

• úµdj 6 - 9 fm<fmd;aj, we;=<;a iajNdúl wdmod j¾. yhg wu;r j"N+ñlïmd" fjr<dY%s; Wjÿre" jix.;" fjr< Ldokh" k.r .sks yd ,eõ.sks hk iajdNdúl wdmod iïnkaO wjfndaOhla 9" 10 fyda 11 jk fY%aKsfha§ ,nd §u iqÿiq h'

• yh isg kuh olajd jQ fm<fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, we;=<;aiajdNdúl wdmodj,g wu;r j 10 yd 11 jk fY%aKsj, ñksid úiska isÿl< yels wdmod ;;a;aj ms<sn| lreKq wOHdydrfhka we;=<;a h' úµdúIhh wka;¾.;fha mj;sk fuu wdmod ;;a;aj biau;= jk whqßkab.ekaùu ms<sn| .=re mqyqKq jevigykaj, §" .=rejrekag u`. fmkaùuwjYH fõ'

• isxy, yd fou< fm<fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, W!k;diïmQ¾K lsÍu wjYH h' isxy, yd fou< NdId ms<sn| m%ùKhkaf.kaieÿï ,;a úoaj;a uKav,hla u.ska udOH fofla fm<fmd;a ii|ñkaksjerÈ l< hq;= h'

ia;=;sh ( uQ,H wdOdr iemhQ GTZ wdhkhg" iïm;a odhl;ajh iemhQwd¾'wd¾' rK;=x." tia'ta' iqis,dj;S" ví,sõ'ã' ohdj;S" ù' úch,CIaó"fla' ;judks;dika iy mS' Ix.rodia hk uy;au uy;aókag

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wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j' ^2007&' úoHdj 6 jk fY%aKsh .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh' n;a;ruq,a, ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j' ^2008&' N+f.da, úµdj 11 jk fY%aKshfm<fmd;' n;a;ruq,a,( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j' ̂ 2008&' Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh8 jk fY%aKsh fm<fmd;' n;a;ruq,a, ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j' ^2006&' N+f.da, úµdj 10 jk fY%aKshfm<fmd;' n;a;ruq,a, ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

bkaør;ak" fla' ^2006&' iqkdñ jHikfha n,mEug ,la jQ mdi,a isiqkaf.ald¾h idOk jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï ld¾huQ,sl m¾fhaIK wOHhkhla' cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK m%odkhls' uyr.u ( m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okfomd¾;fïka;=j'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' ^2008&' wdmod wdrlaIK wOHdmkh ( .=re wOHdmkwdh;k i|yd iïm;a lÜg,h ' uyr.u ( wdh;ksl ixj¾Okfomd¾;fïka;=j'

u,a,jf.a" jhs' ̂ 2007&' ±ä i;aldr tallh' l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK yd m%;HfõlaIKjHjydr mokñka wOHdmk jD;a;slhkaf.a ks¾udKd;aul N+ñldj ixj¾OkhlsÍfï l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ud,dj" uyr.u ( m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okfomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

fidaudj;S" à' tï' ^2007&' oDYHudk <uhdf.a woYHudk le<UqKq uki'l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK yd m%;HfõlaIK jHjydr mokñka wOHdmkjD;a;slhkaf.a ks¾udKd;aul N+ñldj ixj¾Okh lsÍfï l%shduQ,slm¾fhaIK ud,dj" uyr.u ( m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh'

Centre for International Education and Research (CIER), School of Education

University of Birmingham, UK and UNICEF Regional office for South

Asia (2009). Education in Emergencies in South Asia Reducing the Risk

Facing Vulnerable Children. South Asia (UNICEF)

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isks÷ myiska rYañ úysok jkakshg mEhQ weÿre i|

ví' tï' iS' úchfldaka

idrdxYh

jhU m<df;a ksljeráh wOHdmk l,dmfha mdi,a 155la bf.kqu

,nk isiq orejka 41188la yd wl=re lrùfï ksr; .=rejreka 3102ls¡

^2010 mdi,a iólaIK jd¾;dj&' fuu .=re msßi i|yd jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok

wjia:d ie,iSfï ksrka;r W;aidyhl fhfok ksljeráh .=re

uOHia:dkh" 2011 § l,dmfhka f;dard .;a .=rejreka 38la yd .=re

WmfoaYljreka fofokl=f.ka iukaú; 40l lKavdhula l%%shduQ,sl

m¾fhaIKlrKh ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr,Su;a tys kshqla; lrùu;a

msKsi l%%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla osh;a lrk ,§¡ .=rejreka yd .=re

WmfoAYljreka 250l msrsila w;ßka f;dard .;a l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK

ms<sn| wvq wjfndaOhlska hq;= 40l lKavdhula wod< ld¾hh ms<sn| j

by< uÜgfï oekqj;a lsÍï o u. fmkaùï o iys; j jirla mqrd

m¾fhaIKj, ksr; lrjk ,§¡ jir wjidkfha § l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK

ms<sn| j oeä fm,Uùulska m¾fhaIKfha ksr; ù jd¾;d ,shQ msßi 15ls¡

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| j oek .ekSfï ienE wjYH;djfhka u

lghq;= l< fuu msßif.a m¾fhaIK jd¾;d uqøKh lr —br t<sh isks÷hs̃

kñka m¾fhaIK jd¾;d ix.%yhla o t<soelaùug yels ùu uf.a

m¾fhaIKh úêu;a f,i wjika lrkakg ,eîula f,i o i,lñ¡

uQ,sl mo ( jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok wjia:d" l%%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK" l%%shduQ,sl

m¾fhaIKlrKh" .=re uOHia:dkh" u. fmkaùu

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yeoskaùu

1987 j¾Ifha § mj;ajk ,o úoHd - .Ks; .=rejreka n|jd .ekSfï ;r.

úNd.fhka idu¾:Hh ,en rcfha mdi,l úoHd-.Ks; Wm.=rejrhl= f,i

jD;a;sh wdrïN lr wk;=re j 1990 jif¾ oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úoHd-

.Ks; ÿria: .=re mqyqKqj;a 1993 jif¾ § YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,fha

úoHdfõ§ ^.Ks;& wNHka;r Wmdêh;a iïmQ¾K lf<ñ¡ 2000 jif¾ §

wOHdmkm;s Wmdêh fld<U iriúfha wNHka;r YsIHhl= f,i iïmQ¾K lf<ñ'

ta w;r;=r § l<ukdlrKh ms<sno ämaf,daudjla o isú,a bxðfkare úoHdj"

ie,iqï we£u yd m%udK .ekSu ms<sno ämaf,daudjla o iïmQ¾K lf<ñ¡ 2003

j¾Ifha § wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha .=re wOHdmk yd .=re ia:dmk jHdmD;sfhka

(TETD) YS% ,xldfõ f;dard .;a úoHd .=rejreka lKavdhula i|yd tlai;a

rdcOdkshg wOHhk YsIH;ajhla msßkuk ,o w;r tu iïuqL mÍlaIKfhka

Wmßu ,l=Kq ,nd m%:uhd f,i f;aÍm;a ùug o ug wjia:djla ,enqKq fyhska

2003 § tlai;a rdcOdksfha ,kavka úYaj úoHd,hg wkqnoaê; j b.ekaùu

ms<sn| j fláld,Sk mqyqKqjla ,nd.ekSug o yels úh'

2003 jif¾ isg 2009 jir olajd l=reKE., .=re uOHia:dkfha

l<ukdlre jYfhka" jhU m<d;a wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a ks¾foaYh u; .=re

wOHdmk m%Odk flduidßiajrhd úiska ud m;a lrk ,§¡ 2009 jif¾ § YS%

,xld .=re wOHdmk{ fiajfha 111 mka;sfha ks,Odßhl= f,i f;aÍ m;aùfuka

miq flá l,la mq,;sismqr cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i;a

ksljeráh .=re uOHia:dkfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i;a fiajh l< w;r oekg

ksljeráh .=re uOHia:dkfha l<ukdlre jYfhka fiajh lrñ¡

.eg¨j y÷kd .ekSu

Wm.=rejrhl= " mY apd; a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,d aud mdGud,d

lÓldpd¾hjrhl=" wOHdmk úoHdmSG lÓldpd¾hjrhl= iy .=re uOHia:dk

l<ukdlrejl= f,i fiajh lsÍfuka bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ;=< .=re

isiq fomsßi u uqyqKq fok .eg¨ ms<sn| j 25 jirl fiajdld,fha § w;aoelSï

rdYshla ,nd .; yels úh' uf.a ksÍlaIKj,g wkqj fuu .eg¨ úi£u

i|yd .=rejreka —;u ;u keK muKska˜ úúO m%fõY wkq.ukh l< o tajdfha

§ m¾fhaIKd;aul iajNdjhla oelSu wmyiq h¡

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—.=rejrhd m¾fhaIlhl= úh hq;= h˜ hkqfjka m%ldY flfr;;a j¾;udk

mdi,a moaO;sfha .=rejreka iïnkaO j §¾> f,i lreKq fidhd n,k úg

m%Odk jYfhka .eg¨ folla biau;== fõ'

• .=rejreka j¾;udkfha § bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ;=< m¾fhaIlhskaf,i lghq;= lrkq ,nhs o@

• tfia m¾fhaIlhska f,i lghq;= lrhs kï Tjqkaf.a w;aoelSï lafIa;%hgodhl lr .kq ,nkafka flfia o@

fuu .eg¨ mokï lr .ksñka .=rejreka iuÕ idlÉPd l< wjia:dj,§ .=rejrekaf.ka jeä fokl=f.a woyi jQfha ;uka úIh ks¾foaYhg wod<fldgia b.ekaùu iy mdif,ka mejfrk fjk;a ld¾hhka ls%hd;aul lsÍuyer m¾fhaIK ld¾hfha fkdfhfok njhs¡ iuyr .=rejreka m%ldY lf<a;uka m¾fhaIKd;aul f,i bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha ksr; jqj o tajdjd¾;d fkd lrk njhs¡ flfia jqj o bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfhys ksr;jk w;r;=r § u ;ukag u;=jk .eg¨ m¾fhaIKd;aul j úi£fukam¾fhaIKj, fhÈh yels nj .=rejrekag mejiQ úg Tjqka fndfyda fofkla tams<sn| ;u fkdoekqj;a nj m%ldY l<y¡ ta wkqj meyeÈ,s jQfha —.=rejrhdm¾fhaIlhl= úh hq;= h˜ hk m%ldYh › ,xldfõ miqìfu ys yqfola fmd;m;g iy foaYkj,g muKla iSud ù we;s njhs¡

tneúka .=rejreka m¾fhaIK i|yd fhduq fkd ùu hk .eg¨ j mokïlr .ksñka .=rejreka m¾fhaIK i|yd fhduq lsÍfï wruqK bgq lr .ekSui|yd ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla lsÍu uf.a wruqK úh¡ fuys § uúiska l,dmfha.=rejreka lKavdhula ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK i|yd fhduq lrk ,o w;r tu.ska.=rejreka ksrka;rfhka m¾fhaIK ld¾hfhys ksr; jkakka njg m;alsÍui|yd jevigykla ilia lrk ,§¡ fuu.ska —.=rejrhd ksrka;rm¾fhaIlfhls” h" hkak m%dfhda.sl h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍu;a th ksljeráhwOHdmk l,dmfha mdi,a ixialD;sfha tla wx.hla njg m;a lsÍu;a uf.aW;aidyh úh¡

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh i|yd jhU m<d;g wh;a l=reKE., Èia;s%lalfhaksljeráh wOHdmk l,dmfhka f;dard .kakd ,o .=rejreka iy .=reWmfoaYljrekaf.ka 40 fokl= fhdojd .kakd ,§'

m¾fhaIKh lrk w;r;=r l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK .ek uf.a oekqu jeälr .ekSu o wjYH hhs ye`.sKs‘ fï ksid l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK .ek jeäÿrg;a lreKq fidhd ne¨fjñ‘

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m¾fhaIK idys;Hfhka

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYfha wruqK yqfola oekqu Wmojd,Sug jvdjHjydrh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu nj t,shÜ ̂ 1991& mjihs' tfy;a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKm%fõYh ms<sn| YS% ,dxlsl .=rejrhd i;= w;aoelSï b;du;a w,am ùu ksid ;uN+ñldj ;=< uqyqK fok .eg¨ úi|d .ksñka wOHdmk moaO;sfha ÈhqKqj i|ydfuu m¾fhaIK m%fõYh fhdod .ekSug W;aidy oefrkqfha b;du;a iq¿fjks¡tfy;a uf.a wjOdkhg fhduq jQ tlai;a rdcOdksfha .=rejrekaf.ka nyq;rhbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh Wfoid ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj,fhfok nj ud tys l< ixpdrfha § iqúfYaIS j wjOdkhg fhduq jQ lreKls¡ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| fjk;a rgj, w;aoelSï wfímd, ^2009& fufiafmkajd § we;¡

—ÈhqKq wOHdmk moaO;s mj;akd rgj,a wOHdmkh tu;;a;ajhg Tijd f.k we;af;a tu .=rejreka ls%hduQ,sl l%u Ys,amwkq.ukh lrñka bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ;=< kj m%jK;dcks; lr .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,isks¡ cmdkh tjeks rgls¡ tys.=rejreka w;ßka 80] lg jvd ̂ b;sßh kjl .=rejreka h¡& lsishïwdldrhl l%shduQ,sl wOHhk u.ska ;u b.ekaùï lghq;=ixj¾Okh msKsi iajhx odhl;ajh ,nd .kakd nj wikakg,efí¡ tu m%;sM, tu .=rejrekaf.a fiajd ;Dma;shg bjy,a jkw;r <uhskaf.a wOHdmk ixj¾Okhg;a wjidk jYfhka cd;slixj¾Okhg;a odhl;ajh ,nd foñka f,dj uq,a fmf<a by< urgj,a w;r lrg lr keÕS isàug cmdkhg Yla;shla úh˜^wfímd," 2009( 17 jk msgqj&'

ÈhqKq wOHdmk moaO;s mj;sk rgj,a ;u wOHdmk ixj¾Okh" cd;slixj¾Okh Wfoid mdi, ;=< ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK bjy,a lr .kq ,enqj o YS%,xldfõ wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< tjeks ;;a;ajhla f.dv ke.S fkdue;¡ ixj¾ê;rgj,a wkqlrKh lrñka tu rgj, m%;sm;a;s YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmk moaO;sh;=< ls%hd;aul lsÍug fndfyda úg W;aidy oerej o by;ska i|yka l< wkaofïidOkSh ,laIK wfma .=rejreka fj; <Õd lrùug wm fuf;la wiu;a ùwe;¡ 21 jk ishjfia § iqmsß orejl= mdif,ka ìys lsÍug lghq;= lrk njm%ldY jqj o tu orejd mdif,a § uqyqK fok .eg¨ úi|d,Sug ÈhqKq rgj,awkq.ukh lrkq ,nk “ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK” jeks m%fõY wfmka ;jÿrg;awE;a ù ;sîu ms<sn| j wmf.a oeä wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h¡

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ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK mdi,a moaO;sfh ys b;d myiqfjka ls%hd;aul l<yels ksid .=rejreka m¾fhaIlhska njg m;a lsÍu i|yd fhda.H m¾fhaIKl%ufõoh f,i w;sYhska .e<fmk nj meyeÈ,s h¡ fldä;=jlal= ^1996& úêu;awOHdmk m¾fhaIK iy ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ii|ñka —idudkHfhka oeämsßie,iqula yd úYaf,aIKhla Ndú; fkdjk ksid tu lafIa;% ms<sn| wjYHjkafka iSñ; mqyqKqjls¡ .=rejrhdf.a m¾fhaIK l=i,;d my< uÜgul jqj;aWmfoaYlhl=f.a iydfhka fyd| ld¾h uQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla l< yels h¡˜ f,im¾fhaIK ms<sn| j mQ¾j w;aoelSï fkdue;s wdOqkslhskag jqj o ls%hduQ,slm¾fhaIKj, fhÈh yels nj fmkajd fohs¡ tfy;a ;u Wiia wOHdmklghq;=j, § l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| j kHdhsl j bf.k .;a;;a m%dfhda.slj mdif,a § th l%shd;aul lsÍug m¾fhaIK ud;Dldjla fidhd .ekSug fkdyelsùu fndfyda .=rejreka uqyqK fok wmyiq;djhls¡

m¾fhaIK i|yd WÑ; .eg¨jla fidhd .ekSug o úi÷ï fmkajd fokfldä;=jlal= ̂ 1996& —m¾fhaIlhdj m%Yakhlg ueÈ lrk fyda Tyqf.a b.ekaùfïld¾hlaIu;djg ndOd lrk .eg¨jla mdi,a mßirh ;=<ska u y÷kd .ekSu˜m¾fhaIK .eg¨jla imhd .ekSfï fyd| u l%ufõoh nj mjihs¡ ta Tiafiaisÿ lrkq ,nk m¾fhaIK l%shdoduh mka;s ldurfha bf.kqï - b.ekaùïl%shdj,sfha ixj¾Okh Wfoid bjy,a jk wdldrh o —m¾fhaIK lrk .=rejrekaf.a mka;sj,g hqyq j Ndú;hg .; yels h¡ tu.ska mka;s ldurfha ia:sr jQjeä ÈhqKqjla isÿ fõ˜ f,iska olajd,hs¡

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYh YsIHhdg muKla fkd j .=rejrhdf.ab.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh i|yd o fnfyúka odhl fjhs¡ tfyhska mdi,amoaO;shg fuu l%shdoduh jeo.;a jk wdldrh .ek woyia olajk wfímd,^2009& .=rejrhd ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, kshe<Sfuka ,efnk m%;s,dN fufiaolajhs¡

• wod< úIhh ms<sn| .=rejrhdg oekg we;s oekqug kj oekqu tl;=lr .; yels fõ

• mdif,a fyda mka;s ldurfha u;= jk .eg¨ uÕ fkdyer tajdg úi÷ïfiùfï .=rejrhdf.a j.lSu yd hq;=lu ksjeros j bgq l< yels fõ

• wOHdmk jHjidhlhska jk .=rejreka ieneúka u mka;s ldurh ydmdi, iïnkaO úfYaI{hska njg m;a fjhs

ta wkqj ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK mdif,a mka;s ldurfha mj;sk .eg¨úi|d,Sug b;d u fhda.H l%uhla nj meyeÈ,s fõ¡ isOQ ̂1987) g wkqj" ls%hduQ,slm¾fhaIKj, § m¾fhaIlhd wdikakfha mj;sk iq`M mßudK ksheÈ u.ska

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jvd;a wdikak j .eg¨ úi£u b,lal fldg .kq ,nhs¡ jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhi|yd ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK fhdod .ekSu fnfyúka m%;sM,odhl nj jhsÜfyâ^1987& fmkajd § we;¡ YsIH .eg¨ úi£u fuka u .=rejrhdf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhhk wruqKq fol u tljr b;d myiqfjka bgq jk ksid ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKm%fõYh u.ska bf.kqï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<g b;dblaukska u y÷kajd §fï m%fhdackj;a nj meyeÈ,s h¡ ´kE u rgl wOHdmkls%hdj,sh r|d mj;sk l=¿Kq y;r jk YsIHhd" .=rejrhd" wOHdmk mßmd,khyd foudmshka hk j¾. y;rg u tlfia m%;s,dN w;ajk fyhska ls%hduQ,slm¾fhaIK ixialD;shla mdif,a we;s jkafka kï ta Tiafia .eg¨ i|yd,efnk úi÷ï jvd;a úoHd;aul jkq we;¡

wfímd, ^2009 & m¾fhaIK m%fõYh wOHdmk lafIa;%hg jeo.;ajkwdldrh jeäÿrg;a olajd we;af;a fufia h(

• .=rejreka ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj,g yqremqreÿ lsÍfuka mdi,aj,b.ekaùï .eg¨ wju lr .; yels h'

• wOHdmk{hskaf.a fyda wOHdmk ks,OdÍkaf.a mßmd,k .eg¨ wjujkq we;'

• wOHdmk .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh Wfoid rcfha úhou wvq fõ'

• .=rejrekaf.a ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%;sM, id¾:l ùfuka ,efnkjdish Rcqj u YsIH mrmqrg w;ajkq we;'

• tu.ska isiqkaf.a foudmshka ;Dma;shg m;ajk w;r mdi, yd wOHdmkhms<sn| úYajdih we;s lr .kshs'

› ,dxlsl mdi,a moaO;shg ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj,ska ,eìh yels m%;s,dNms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sfï § rUqlaje,a, yd .=K;s,l ^2011& olajd we;s woyiajeo.;a fjhs¡

—ls%hduQ, m¾fhaIKfha § oekqu yd l%shdldß;ajh w;r wksjd¾hiïnkaO;djla mj;sk fyhska oekqfuka fufyhjkq ,nk l%shdldß;ajh okej; kj oekqug fya;=ldrl jk nj˜ iy —ls%hduQ, m¾fhaIK oekqu W;amdokhjkafka m¾fhaIK wjia:dj ixj¾Okd;aul j fjkia lsÍug m%dfhda.sl jl%shd;aul ùfï § fyhska" tu oekqu jHjydrfhka m%;HlaI jQ oekqula njgm;a jk nj˜ Tjqka ish lD;sfhys uekúka ú.%y lr we;¡

tfuka u —ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKlrKfha § m¾fhaIKhla lsÍu fuka utys wkdjrK l%shd;aul lsÍula o jk fyhska th kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.slixfõoS;dj, ixl,khla ˜ nj f,duelaia ^1994& fmkajd § we;¡

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iuia;hla f,i ie,l+ úg .eg¨jla úi|d .ekSu i|yd ls%hduQ,slm¾fhaIK m%fõYfha jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrk rUqlaje,a, yd .=K;s,l^2011& —ls%hduQ, m¾fhaIKj, iajNdjh jkafka oekg mj;sk ;;a;aajh wjfndaOlr .ksñka ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okd;aul j fjkia l< hq;= wdldrh flfia oehsm%;HdfõlaIKh lrñka fiùuhs¡˜ f,i mji;s'

tfuka u isOQ ^1997& g wkqj ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, ksr; ùfï §ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq y;rls¡

• m¾fhaIK .eg¨jla f;dard .ekSfï Wkkaÿj

• m¾fhaIK lsÍfï fm!oa.,sl yelshdj

• m¾fhaIK .eg¨fõ jákdlu

• o;a; ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj

.=rejrhl= ;udf.a b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l j bgqlrhs kï Tyqwksjd¾hfhka u fyd| ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl ksr;jkakl= njg we;scd;Hka;r ms<s.eksu ms<sn| j woyia olajk .=Kfialr ̂ 1997& —fldf<dïìhdiriúhg wkqnoaê; .=re úÿyf,a, fydriaudka ,skalka wdh;kfha m¾fhaIKlKavdhula —iEu .=rejrhl= u m%n, m¾fhaIlfhls˜hs mjihs¡ .eg¨jla y÷kd.ekSu, Wml,ams;hla f.dvk.d .ekSu" w;ayod ne,Su yd ,efnk m%;sM,idudkHlrKh lsÍu" jeks l%shd ud¾." b.ekaùfï § fuka u m¾fhaIKhkays§ o Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,nk tl fia jeo.;a mshjr lSmhla neõ" Tjqyq jeäÿrg;afmkajd fo;s¡ tfy;a .=rejre fï njla fkdoks;s¡ ;uka m¾fhaIlhka ù we;snjla o fkdoks;s¡ b.ekaùu ukd j ixúOdkh fldg tys Wmßu M,h idlaId;alr .;a úg" tu l%shdud¾.h jqj" fndfyda ÿrg m¾fhaIKhlg iu fõ¡ fïo¾Ykh u; uf.a m¾fhaIKfha wruqKq f.dv ke.=fjñ'

wruqKq (

1' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYh ms<sn| j ksljeráh wOHdmk l,dmfha.=reNj;=ka oekqj;a lsÍu

2' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYh Tiafia l,dmfha mdi,aj, mj;skwOHdmksl .eg¨ úi£u i|yd .=re uOHia:dkfha u.fmkaùu ,nd§u

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m¾fhaIK wÈhr iy l%shdj,sh

—.=rejrhd m¾fhaIlfhls h˜ hk m%ldYh Tiafia is;sú,s fhduq lsÍfï§ .=rejreka ienE m¾fhaIlhska njg m;a l< hq;= h hkak ls%hd;aul lrkafkaflfia o hk .eg¨jg úi÷ï fiùug ug isÿ úh¡ l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKlsÍu i|yd .=rejreka fhduq lrùfuka tu .eg¨jg úi÷ï fidhd .; yelsh hk woyi ud ;=< we;s úh¡ fï .eg¨j Tiafia mßl,amkfha fhfok úgyeÕS .sh lreKla jQfha yqfola m¾fhaIK lsÍfuka muKla mdi,a moaO;shg,efnk odhl;ajh b;d w,am njhs¡ Bg fya;=j jkafka YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmkhgiïnkaO úúO wdh;k u.ska úúO uÜgñka m¾fhaIK jd¾;d t<solajd ;snqKo tajdfha i|yka ks.uk yd fhdackd wOHdmk moaO;shg .e<mSula lrfkdue;s nj fndfyda fokl=f.a woyi ùu h¡ m¾fhaIK iy .=rejrhd hkud;Dldj ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lsÍfï § ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| j wjOdkhfhduq l< hq;= nj ug yeÕsKss¡ tu m¾fhaIK m%fõYh .=rejrhdg y÷kajd§fuka Tyq ksrka;rfhka m¾fhaIKfhys fhfok ienE m¾fhaIlhl= njgm;a l< yels fõ¡ tu.ska bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha mj;sk .eg¨ úi£ui|yd m%dfhda.slj ueÈy;aùug o yels fõ¡

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK i|yd .=rejreka fhduq lsÍu ms<sn| is;d ne,Sfï §my; i|yka .eg¨ úi|d .ekSu uf.a m<uq wNsfhda.h úh¡

• ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sno .=rejrhd ;=< wjfndaOhla ;sfí o@

• Tjqka ;=< tn÷ wjfndaOhla ;sfí kï Tjqka fuu m¾fhaIKh i|ydfhduq lr .kafka flfia o@

• l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkdue;s .=rejrekag tuwjfndaOh ,nd fokafka flfia o@

• iuia; wOHdmk l,dmh u mdol lrf.k l%shd;aul lrkq ,nkfuu m¾fhaIKfha § u;=jk mßmd,k yd uQ,H .eg¨ úi|d .kafkaflfia o@

fï wkqj fuys i|yka m<uq m%Yakhg ,o ms<s;=re jQfha .=rejrekajeäfokl= ;=< ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkdue;snjhs¡ .=re uOHia:dkfha mej;s fiajdia: ieis oyhlg iyNd.S jQ .=rejre250 fokl= iu." l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla we;s lÓldpd¾hjrekaisjq fokl= iïuqL idlÉPdfõ fhfok ,o w;r Tjqkaf.ka 170la ^68%la&ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhlaa fkd;snQ msßila f,igjd¾;d jqKs¡

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iïuqL idlÉPdj i|yd .=rejreka f;dard .ekSfï § tla ieishlska.=rejreka 25 fokl= ne.ska meñKSfï f,aLk mokï lr f.k wyUq f,i .=remsßi f;dard .kakd ,§' tfia f;dard .;a tla tla .=rejrhd iu. úkdä 15ne.ska lÓldpd¾hjreka isjq fokd iïuqL idlÉPdfõ fhfok ,§'

ta wkqj iïuqL idlÉPdfõ fhÿKq" ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| j meyeÈ,swjfndaOhlaa fkd;snq msßila f,ig jd¾;d jQ 170ka" iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jQ.=rejreka yd .=re WmfoAYljreka lKavdhula m¾fhaIKh i|yd f;dard .;sñ¡tfuka u fuu ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh i|yd m¾fhaIlhska f;dard .ekSfï §by; lreKqj, fojk lreK flfrys o oeä wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug ie,ls,su;aùñ¡ wod< .=rejreka iy .=re WmfoaYljreka ms<sn| j ;SrKh lsÍfuka miqjmy; i|yka wdldrfhka ueosy;aùñ¡

fuys uq,a wÈhr i|yd .=rejreka 38la yd .=re WmfoaYljreka fofokl=wh;a jQy¡ fuu msßi f;dard .ekSfï § wod< .=rejre m¾fhaIK l%shdj,shgiyNd.S ùu iïnkaOfhka Tjqka fiajh lrk mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a o.=re WmfoaYljrekag wod<j fldÜGdi wOHdmk wOHlaIjrekaf.a o ks¾foaYh,nd .ekSug ie,ls,su;a jQfha ls%hdoduh w;rueo lvdjeàu j<lajd .ekSui|yd h¡ m¾fhaIK lKavdhu i|yd .=rejreka f;dard .ekSfï § ks¾Kdhllsysmhla ie,ls,a,g .kakd ,§¡

• mdi, ;=< bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § fuka u ls%hdldÍ f,iúIh iu.dó yd úIh ndysr ls%hdldrlï i|yd odhl ùu'

• m¾fhaIK ld,h ;=< § úÿy,am;sjrhdf.a iyfhda.h ,eîu'

• úÿy,am;sjrhdf.a Okd;aul wdl,amh

tfuka u .=re wOHdmk jevuq¿ i|yd jhU m<d;a wOHdmkfomd¾;fïka;=fjka .=re uOHia:dk fj; ,nd fok m%;smdokj,ska iyNd.Sjk ish¨ fokdg tla Èk jevuq¿jlg wjYH uqo, o l,dm wOHdmkwOHCIjrhd u.ska fjka lrjd .;sñ¡ ta wkqj ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKlrKhy÷kajd §u ms<sn| j m%foaYfha .=rejreka w;r ckms%h j isák jhU cd;slwOHdmk úoHdmSGfha Wm mSGdêm;sjrhdg ̂ wOHhk& m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,sh ms<sn|m¾fhaIK lKavdhug y÷kajd §ug werhqï lf<ñ¡ fuu jevuq¿j, §ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK y÷kajd §u, wfkl=;a m¾fhaIK yd ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKw;r fjkialï" ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl mshjr iy ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj,jdis" m¾fhaIK l%shdoduh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd m%;HfõlaIK cZk,hlamj;ajdf.k hdfuka ,efnk myiqj yd m%;HfõlaIK cZk,hla ,sùfï

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l%ufõoh" hk ud;Dld idlÉPd lrk ,§¡ ld¾hfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| jiyNd.S jkakkag fuka u l,dmfha mdi,a moaO;shg weÕùu i|yd wdrïNljevuq¿j ;rul úfYaI;ajhla iys; j weröñ¡ l,dm wOHdmk wOHCIjrhdiy wOHdmk ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHCIjßh wdrïNlwjia:djg iyNd.S jQy¡ m¾fhaIK ls%hdoduh wjidkh f;la m¾fhaIKh;=< /£ isàfï jeo.;alu wjOdrKh l< Tjqyq" ksljeráh .=re uOHia:dkhu.ska flfrk fuu m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,sh i|yd l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,fhaWmßu iyfhda.h ,nd fok nj o m%ldY l<y¡ oekqj;a lsÍfï jevuq¿wjidkfha § iyNd.S jQ .=rejrekaf.a ,sÅ; m%;spdr wkqj ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKm%fõYh ms<sn| Okd;aul wdl,amuh fjkila isÿ ù we;s nj meyeÈ,s úh'jevuq¿ wjidkfha § Tjqka úiska ,sÅ; j fok ,o m%;spdrj, iuia; woyimy; f,i leá lr oelaúh yels h¡

• ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sfhka mdif,a wOHdmk uÜgu by< kexúhyels jkq we;

• ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK hkq b;d myiq fuka u b;du;a wdidfjka l<yels wOHdmk m¾fhaIK úfYaIhls

• W.kajk úIhhka weiqßka ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl ksr; ùug ud;=< oeä Wkkaÿjla cks; ù we;

• oekg jir 20l muK fiajd ld,hla iïmQ¾K lr ;snqK o fïm¾fhaIK l%uh ms<sn| j wm ;=< oekqula fkd;sìKs¡ ta i|ydwjia:djla ,enqfKa fuu jevuq¿fjks

• mdif,a we;s .eg¨ fndfydauhla úi|d .ekSu i|yd ls%hduQ,slm¾fhaIK l%uh iqÿiq h

• ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK lsÍu ms<sn| j ish¨ u .=rejrekag mqyqKqjla,nd Èh hq;= h¡ ta i|yd iyfhda.h fok f,i úÿy,am;sjreka oekqïj;al< hq;= h

miqj .=rejrekaf.a ffoksl ls%hdj,sh fj; jeämqr u n,mEï we;s lr;sfnk lafIa;%h y÷kd f.k th mdol lr .;a ls%hduq,sl m¾fhaIK i|ydTjqka ls%hdldÍ ùug fhduq lf<ñ¡ ffoksl mka;sldur l%shdj,shg wod< jfouila ;siafia ,shk ,o m%;HfõlaIK cZk, igyka weiqßka m<uq jis;ska ie,iqï lrk ,o m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,sh msgq lsysmhl ,sùu u.skam¾fhaIK fhdackdjla njg m;a lr .ekSug u. fmkaùñ¡ ta wkqj fok ,o

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wdlD;shg wkqj ilia lrk ,o m¾fhaIK fhdackd .=re uOHia:dkh fj;Ndr .kakd ,o w;r ta wjia:dfõ § tu m¾fhaIlhska iuÕ m¾fhaIK .eg¨jyd Bg ueÈy;a úh yels wdldrh ms<sn| j idlÉPd lr m¾fhaIKfha bÈßlghq;= ms<sn| ;j ÿrg;a oekqj;a lrk ,§¡ fuys § m¾fhaIlhska 28 fokl=;u .eg¨j yd wruqKq iqúfYaI j olajd ;snqKs¡ tfy;a 12 fokl=g ta ms<sn|j ;j ÿrg;a u. fmkaùug isÿ úh¡ wk;=re j m¾fhaIK fhdackdfõ i|ykalr we;s mßÈ m¾fhaIK mshjr yd u;=úh yels .eg¨ ms<sn| j wod<m¾fhaIlhd iuÕ ;jÿrg;a idlÉPd lr wjYH u.fmkaùï lf<ñ¡ fïjk úg Tjqka ;u m%;HfõlaIK cZk,h ,sùu wrUd ;sîu" tu f;dr;=reWmfhda.S lr .ksñka Tjqkaf.a l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ud;Dldj fuka um¾fhaIKh fhduq úh hq;= ÈYdj o f;dard .ekSug iydh ùfï ld¾hhg jvdmyiqjla úh'

fuys § ;u mka;s ldur l%shdj,sh ms<sn|j È.ska È.g u m%;HfõlaIKcZk,fha igyka ;nk ,o uqia,sï mdi,l fiajh l< uqia,sï cd;sl .=reuy;añhl" ta Tiafia u ksrjq,aj ;ud ta jk úg uqyqK § isá m%n, .eg¨fjka lr .ekSug iu;a jQjd h' wehg .eg¨jla ù ;snqfka weh W.kajkq,nk zueyqïZ úIhg wod<j mka;shg .e<fmk fõ.fhka isiqka ;+< ksmqK;dixj¾Okh fkdù ;sîu h' .eg¨jg úi÷ï fiùu i|yd ud úiska wehgfok ,o uQ,sl Wmfoi jQfha wod< ld,Éfþoh wdrïNfha isg wjidkholajd mka;s ldurfha bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn|j wLKavjm%;HfõlaIK igyka ;nd .kakd f,i h' i;s lsysmhlg miqj wehf.aigyka mÍlaId l<úg ye.=Kq lreKla jQfha weh fhdod.;a b.ekaùï ffY,sh"isiq ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh fkdùu flfrys n,md we;s njhs' úúO ueyqï l%ums<sn|j isiqkag lshd §fï § weh úiska wkq.ukh lr ;snqfka m%Odk jYfhkau foaYk l%uh yd wdo¾Ykhs' tu wjia:dj, § wehg we;sjQ ndOdjka ms<sn|jfou< niska ;enQ cZk, igykl isxy, mßj¾;kh fufia h'

—' ' ' wä 100x20 f.dvke.s,af,ys kjh yd oyh mka;s yhla jQw;r tu mka;s tlsfklska fjka lr ;snqfka ke;' tla mka;shl.=rejrhl= fkdue;s jqjfyd;a wfkla mka;s myg u ndOd jkwhqßka tu mka;sfha <uqka l<yldÍ f,i yeiqreky' ud —10 ta˜mka;shg b.ekaùug .sh fndfyda wjia:dj, § fomi mka;sfol ;=kl u .=rejreka fkdù h' ug b.ekaùug isÿjQfha oeäf.daIdj ueo h' mka;sfha isiqka bosrsmsgg ù" ueyqï l%uhla y÷kajdfoñka frÈ lene,a,l th uid fmkajqj;a msgqmi u isá isiqkagth fmkqfka o hkak fyda ud lshQ foa weiqfka o hkak ieliys;h' ' '˜

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È.ska È.g u isÿjQ fuu isoaë oduh ms<sn|j weh iu. meje;ajQ §¾>idlÉcd jgj,ska miqj wehf.a u uqúka —mka;sfha <uqka ñÿf,a .ila hggf.k f.dia rjqulg isgqjd iEu <ufhla <.g u hñka ueyqu iEu <uhl=gu fmkajñka" meyeÈ,s lrñka" b.ekajqjfyd;a iuyrúg wfmalaIs; ksmqK;dolajd <uqkag <.d lrùu myiq jkq we;s˜ hkak msgúh' ta wkqj miqod mgkau weh wod< fjkialï lrñka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ld¾hfha id¾:l;ajh,`.d lr .ekSfï m%h;akh werUqjd h'

;j;a .=reuy;añhlf.a m%h;akh jQfha ovínr .;s ,laIK fmka jQorejl= mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg wkq.; lr .ekSu h' tai|yd iq¿ o~qjï l%u yd ìh .ekaùï weh úiska uq, § wkq.ukh lrk ,ol%ufõoh nj ,shd ;snQ m%;HfõlaIK igykaj,ska meyeÈ,s úh' tfy;a thid¾:l ù fkd;snqKq nj o È.ska È.g u ,shk ,o tu m%;HfõlaIK igykaj,ska fmkqks' ta wkqj weh" m¾fhaIsldj jYfhka wod< YsIHhd yuqfõ ;uyeisÍï rgdj fjkia lr f.k ;snqKs' th id¾:l Wml%uhla nj ;yjqrelrf.k o ;snqKs'

fï wdldrhg m¾fhaIlhka úiska ie,iqï lrk ,o m¾fhaIKls%hdj,sfha ixfYdaOk úh hq;= hehs yefÕk wxY ms<sn| j ;jÿrg;a .eUqrgu idlÉPd lr m¾fhaIlhdf.a tlÕ;ajh o iys; j WÑ; mßÈ ixfYdaOkhlf<ñ¡

ta wkqj lKavdhfï ish¨ fokd u ;udf.a tÈfkod ls%hdj,shg wod< ju;= j ;snQ m%%n, u .eg¨j úif|k wdldrfha ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla werUQy¡ffoksl j m%;HfõCIK cZk,h ,shñka kej; kej;;a th úuiñkawkq.ukh l< ksjerÈ ls%hdud¾. ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lr .ksñka wkq.ukhl< jerÈ ls%hdud¾. ixfYdaOkh lrñka Wmfoia wjYH wjia:dj, § .=reuOHia:dkfha Wmldr ,nd .ksñka m¾fhaIlfhda wLKavj u ;u ;ukaf.als%hdoduh bÈßhg u f.k .shy¡

40 fokl=f.ka hq;a lKavdhula f,i m¾fhaIK jev ms<sfj, werUqjo úêu;a f,i m¾fhaIK fhdackdj ,shd .=re uOHia:dkh fj; Ndr §wjika lsÍfï wjia:dj jk úg th 26la olajd wvq úh¡ úúO fm!oa.,slndOl" ia:dk udre ,eîu" mdif,a W.kajk úIh udre ùu fuka u m¾fhaIKl%shdoduh bÈßhg l%shd;aul lr f.k hdfï § Tjqkg u;= jQ úi|d.; fkdyelsjQ .eg¨ o Bg n,mdk ,o fya;= w;r úh¡ tfy;a b;sß jQ 26 fokd ;ul%s%hdj,sh bÈßhg f.k .shy¡

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m¾fhaIK l%shdoduh l%shd;aul lsÍfï § m¾fhaIlg úi|d .ekSug wmyiqjQ .eg¨ fya;=fjka m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sfhka wE;a jQ tla .=rejßhla úh'i;shlg Èkla fyda folla muKla mdi,a tk 10 fY%aKsfha YsIHhl= wLKavjmdi,g f.kajd .ekSu i|yd m¾fhaIKhla Èh;a l< wfhls' weh yd l<iïuqL idlÉPdj, § wkdjrKh jQfha wef.a m¾fhaIKh w;ru. w;ayeroeóug orejd mdi,a f.kajd .ekSu iïnkaO j w;=re m%Yak /ila mek ke.Sufya;= jQ nj h' mqoa.,slj tu isiqjd iu. tlaù wod< .eg¨j i|yd úi÷ï,nd.; yels jqj;a t;ekska Tíng u;= jQ .eg¨ i|yd wehf.a uÜgfukaúi÷ï imhd .ekSu wiSre ùu Bg fya;= jQ nj h' tu YsIHhd" mdi,a fkdmeñKsÈkj, § fjk;a whl= iu. frÈ fj<|du msKsi zfmd< rjqfïZ .sh wfhl= úh'th kj;d YsIHhd kej; mdi,a taug mgka .;a miq Tyqf.a jHdmdßl i.hdwmyiq;djhg m;a ù we;' tfyhska mdi,a fkdf.dia jHdmdrh i|ydmeñfKkakehs ks;r ks;r Tyqg n,mEï t,a, jkakg úh' tfia u TjqkaYsIHhdf.a mjqf,a i;sfha úhou fidhd .ekSug o fjk;a u.la fkdùu.eg¨jla njg m;a ù we;' tfyhska mdi,a fkdf.dia kej; jHdmdrh i|ydfhduq ùfï m%jK;djhla YsIHhd fj;ska m%ldY ù we;' fuu wNsfhda. yuqfõm¾fhaIlhd ish W;aidyh w;yer oud ;snqKs' m¾fhaIKh o t;ekska k;r ù;snqKs' i;s lsysmhlska f;dr;=re jd¾;d fkd ùu ksid m¾fhaIlhd ms<sn|jfidhd n,k úg § ;u m¾fhaIK l%shdoduh iïmq¾Kfhka kj;ajd ;snQfyhska kej;;a ta i|yd fhduq lrjd .ekSu wmyiq úh'

udi yhl muK ld,hla bl=;a jk úg lKavdhu ;jÿrg;a wvq ù 19fokl= muKla b;sß ù isáh;a tu msßi id¾:l f,i ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl<y¡ b;sß j ;snqfKa jd¾;dj ,sùu muKs¡

jd¾;dj ,sùfï § idudkH jYfhka jd¾;djl wvx.= úh hq;= lreKq

ms<sn| j Tjqka j oekqj;a l<d ñi" lsishï ksYaÑ; wdlD;shlg wkqj th ,shùugwoyia fkdlf<ñ¡ ta wkqj m¾fhaIKfha § ;ud wkq.ukh l< ls%hdoduhksoyfia Tjqka úiska ,shkq ,eî h¡ m¾fhaIKfha úúO wjia:dj, § iuyrekaúiska fmr idys;H úu¾Ykhla lr ta weiqßka ;u m¾fhaIKh i|yd hï hïwoyia yd u. fmkaùï ,nd f.k ;snqKs¡ Tjqyq mßYS,kh lrk ,o .%ka:kdu o ;u jd¾;dfõ w.g tl;= l<y¡ flfia fj;;a jd¾;dj ,shd wjidklr .; yels jQfha 15 fokl=g muKs¡ úúO ndOl ksid isjq fokl=g ;uld¾hh w;ru. keje;aùug isÿ úh¡ ta wkqj tla tla úIh lafIa;%j,gwod< j ksu lrk ,o m¾fhaIK my; mßÈ úh'

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j.=j 1 ( úIh lafIa;%j,g wkqj ksu lrk ,o m¾fhaIK

úIh lafIa;%h m¾fhaIK ixLHdj

1' isxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis NdId ixj¾Okh 072' kdgH yd rx. l,dj$ix.S;h 023' úfYaI wOHdmkh 014' WmfoaYkh yd ud¾f.damfoaYkh 015' úoHdj 016' mqia;ld, ixj¾Okh 017' .Ks;h 018' ;dlaIK l=i,;d ixj¾Okh ^ueyqï& 01

úfYaI wOHdmkh yd mqia;ld, ixj¾Okhg wod< m¾fhaIK yer wfkl=;am¾fhaIlhska ;u m¾fhaIKh ls%hd;aul lrk ,oafoa mka;s ldurhl isiqkai|yd jk w;r ta wkqj fuu iuia; ls%hdoduhka yryd iDcq m%;s,dN ,enQ wjuisiqka ixLHdj 350 ls¡ mdi,a 13l g wh;a jQ isiqka 350la iïnkaOfhka meje;swOHhk .eg¨ ksrdlrKh ùu tu isiqkaf.a fuka u mdi,aj, wOHhk uÜguby< ke.Sug fya;= jQ nj meyeÈ,s h' úfYaI wOHdmkhg wod< m¾fhaIKhu.ska isiqka fofokl= m%;s,dN ,enQ y¡ mqia;ld, ixj¾Okhg wod< m¾fhaIKhi|yd m¾fhaIlhd mdol lr .;af;a .=re uOHia:dk mqia;ld,hhs¡ m¾fhaIKhwjidk jk úg idudðl;ajh ,enQ mdGlhska .Kk 212 isg 287 olajd 75lskaby< .sfha h¡ ffokslj mqia;ld,h mßYS,kh i|yd meñfKkakkaf.a idudkHw.h ;=k isg y; olajd j¾Okh úh¡ tfuka u ish¨ mqia;ld, fmd;a äùoYu l%uhg wkqj j¾.SlrKh lr úfYaIfhka ie,iqï lrk ,o j¾K fla;l%uhlg we;=<;a lrkq ,eî h¡ tia my l%ufõoh iuia; mqia;ld,hg wdfoaYlr ;snqKs¡

mqia;ld,h wdrïN lrk ,o Èkj, mgka u tys idudðl;ajh ,nd isái;s follg jrla muK mqia;ld,hg meñKSu mqreoaola lr .;a mdGl.=rejrhl= m¾fhaIK l%shdoduh ksid fjkia jQ mqia;ld,hg meñK thmßyrKh lsÍfuka miq mjid we;af;a —biair ug wjYH fmd; fydhd .kakiEfyk ld,hla jeh jqkd' ta;a oeka blaukg u wjYH fmd; fidhd .;yelshs' m;a;r ál n,kak;a ld,h b;sß jqKd'˜ hkqfjks' ld¾h uKav,hys`.ùu ksid fmr § mqia;ld,h újD;j ;nk ,oafoa mdGlhl= meñKs úg §

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muKla jqj;a ffokslj mqia;ld,hg meñfKk mdGl ixLHdj y; olajdby< ke.Su fya;=fjka ksrka;rj mqia;ld,h újD;j ;eîug isÿ ùu ;j;ajeä msßilg mqia;ld,h mßyrKhg wjia:dj újr ùuls'

rx. l,dj úIhg wod< j m¾fhaIKh lrk ,oafoa .=re uy;añhlúisks¡ <uqkaf.a bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍfï wNs,dYfhka wehBg fm,Uqkq w;r wjidkfha § id¾:l m%;sM, ,enqjd h¡ weh mejiQfha—wmrdfo fuÉpr ld,hla <uhskag o~qjï lr, fï .eg¨j úi|kak yeÿfõ¡fuÉpr fIdala úosyg úi|.kak mq¿jkalu ;sfhoaos̃ hkqfjka oelajQ woyiaj,skath jvd;a ;yjqre úh' kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIh b.ekaùfï § weh jvd;aixfõ§ jQjd h' weh u mejiQ mßÈ —fcdaka g ,;ska b.ekaùug fmr fcdaka.ek bf.kSug˜ weh fm<Uqkdh' tu mdif,a rx. l,dj úIh yodrK—fcdaka,d˜ f.a iajNdjh tu úIh W.kajk .=rejßh úiska uekúka wjfndaOlrf.k isá neúka tu —fcdaka,d˜ g b.ekaùu wehg myiq úh' tfuka u tayd iu.dój tu úIh mdif,a isiqka w;r w;sYhska ckm%sh úh' úIh ydne÷kq .=rejßho ta iudkj u mdi, ;=< ckm%sh pß;hla njg m;a jQjd h' —uuúIh W.kajkafk yßu wdYdfjka" bf.kSug ÿ¾j,;d fmkajk ´kE u<ufhlaj f;areï wrf.k" thdg b.ekaúh yels l%uh ug oeka f;areï.kak mq¿jka lsh,d ysf;kjd˜ hehs tu .=rejßh ud iu. mejiQfha uydpd¾hfydjd¾â .dâk¾ bÈßm;a l< nyqúO nqoaê kHdh isysm;a lrjñks'

l,ska i|yka lrk ,o mßÈ ueyqï úIhg wod< j m¾fhaIKh lrk,o .=re uy;añh tu úIhh yeoErE 10 jk fYa%Ksfha isiqúhka mka;shg.e<fmk úIh oekqfuka f;dr jQ fyhska kshñ; úIh fldgia bÈßhg lrf.khdu uy;a wiSre nj ffokslj u úÿy,am;sjrhdg meñKs,s l< nj weh umejiqjd h¡ tfy;a úl,amhla kqÿgq weh ta iïnkaO j ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhg

fhduq jQjd h¡ m¾fhaIK ls%hdoduh wjidkfha úYsIag m%;sM, ,enQ orejkams<sn| i;=gg m;a weh levqKq isxyf,ka ud iu. mejiqfõ —m<la ke;sjevla lrkjd lshk yeÕSu ksid ug /lshdj tmd fj,hs ;snqfKa¡ ta;a fïw;aoelSu yß u úYsIag hs' <uhs ueyqï bf.k .;a;d jf.a u uu;a W.kajkyeá bf.k .;a;d˜ hkqfjks¡ id¾:l j m¾fhaIK ksu l< 15fokd ufujeks Wodk jdlHh ud iuÕ mejiQ y¡ tajd weiSfuka W;aidyh M,ord;sfíZhk wysxil wdvïnrh yd mS%;sh ud is; ;=< cks; úh¡

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ueÈy;aùfï m%;sM, .ek m%;HfõlaIKh

m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj ,sùfuka miqj wjika m¾fhaIlhska 15fokd .=reuOHia:dkh fj; le|jd Tjqkaf.a m¾fhaIK ms<sn| bÈßm;a lsÍï i|yd wjia:d,nd fok ,§¡ fï i|yd iyNd.S jQ ish¨ u m¾fhaIlhskaf.a woyi jQfhafuu ls%hdj,sfhka ;u .=re N+ñldfõ fuf;la w;afkdú¢ w;aoelSula ,eîug;ukag yels jQ nj h'

b.ekaùug fmr <uhdf.A bf.kqï ffY,sh y÷kd .kafka flfia o?

tla tla <uhdg iqúfYaI jQ b.ekaùï l%u Ndú; lr b.ekaúh hq;af;a flfiao? ÿla-fõokd-o~qjï iys; mka;shlg jvd i;=g iskyj mß;Hd.h msß

mka;sldurfhka fld;rï udkisl iykhla .=rejrhdg w;ajkafka o hkak.ek .=re m¾fhaIlfhda ksr;=rej woyia oelajQ y¡ ;u jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlïimqrd .ekSu i|yd jir ;=kla ;siafia .=re mqyqKq mdGud,djla yeoEÍfuka,o oekqug fjkia jQ kj oekqula jirla mqrd iajhx fm<Uùu u; l< fuum¾fhaIKfhys i;H f,i u fh§fuka ,o nj isxy, NdIdjg wod<m¾fhaIKhl fhÿkq .=re WmfoaYljrhl= m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj t<soelaùfïW;aijfha § mejiS h¡ tfia u m¾fhaIKh w;r;=r ;j ;j;a .eg¨ u;= jQnj;a tajd úi£u i|yd o bÈßfha § ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK i|yd ;j ;j;afhduq ùug ;uka fm,UqqKq nj;a Tjqka jeä fofkl=f.a woyi úh¡

ta w;r —m¾fhaIKh wdrïN l,dg miafi ys;mq ke;s ;rï wNsfhda.u;=jqkd' w¿;a jev kj;aj,d fjkod úÈhg u W.kakf.k ysáh kï fyd|hslsh, ys;=kq jdr wkka;hs' ta;a uq,ska lrmq yeu fjkilska u id¾:l m%;sM,,efnkak mgka.;a;g miafi ;j ;j;a id¾:l m%;sM, ,nkak wjYH fjkialïlrkakuhs ys;=fk' ta ksid l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK lshkafk .eg¨ úi|f.kW.kajkak u. fmkajk l%uhl=;a fjkj lsh,hs ug ysf;kafk˜ hehsm¾fhaIKh w;r u. keje;aùug ;SrKh lr ;snQ tfy;a miqj kej; l%shd;auljQ .=rejßhlf.a m%ldYhls'

m¾fhaIK ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigykg le|ùï ,sms ,o wjia:dfõ§ fï i|yd iyNd.S ùu w;sf¾l nrla lrg .ekSula hehs is;=j o m¾fhaIKwjia:dfõ § ;uka úYd, jD;a;Sh ;Dma;shla w;a ú¢ nj;a .eg¨ iys; orejkatu ;;a;ajhkaf.ka uqojd,Ssug mshjr .ekSfuka tu orejka iuÕ iómin|;djla f.dvkÕd .ekSug wjia:dj ,o nj;a fun÷ w;aoelSula ish¨.=rejrekag ,nd §u b;du;a M,odhl nj;a Tjqka ish¨ fokdf.a iuia; woyiúh¡

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l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;d 15u" .=re uOHia:dk ld¾h uKav,h úiskaÈjd ? fkdn,d uy;a fjfyila f.k mß.Klfhka uqøKh lrk ,o w;rwjidkfha § th msgq 259lska iukaú; iqúYd, .%ka:hla úh¡ —br t<shisks÷hs˜ kñka th kï lrk ,§¡ ta ms<sn| fmd;g fmrjokla ,shQ l,dmfhawOHdmk ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ksfhdacH wOHlaIjßh mjid ;snqfKa fufia h (

—y| t<sh ieneúka u fi!uHhs¡ y| nenf<k úg ta .ekw.hkakg" .eos meos ,shkakg" jkkakg" .hkakg" rplhka orislhka o fndfyda h¡ tfy;a y| nenf<kafka br t<sh u;ska njwms ila iqola fia oksuq¡ orejka y| jeks h¡ .=rejreka br jeks h¡br t<sh y|g jefgkakd fia .=rejrekaf.a ohdnß; jQ f<ka.;= jQiqúfYaI ueÈy;aùï úúO bf.kqï ÿIalr;d we;s orejkag wjYH ufõ¡ tkï br t<sh r¿ fkdù ishque<s jQ isks÷ jQ ;rug y|g tamyi oefka¡ úlis; fõ¡ nenf<a¡˜

m¾fhaIK jd¾;d tl;=j ÿgq l,dm wOHdmk wOHlaI jrhd uy;a Woaoduhgm;a j —wOHdmksl jYfhka id¾:l;ajhg m;a jk fndfyda orejka iïnkaO jTjqkaf.a .=rejreka úiska fujeks m¾fhaIK Èh;a lr wkdjrKh lrkq ,enQm%;sM,j,g wkqj lghq;= lrk nj fmfka¡ tfy;a mka;s ldurhla ;=< §ffoksl j isÿ jk fujeks fndfyda m¾fhaIK" jd¾;d jYfhka t<s oelafjkafkake;¡ tajd .=rejrhdf.a is; ;=< ie,iqï ù m%dfhda.sl j l%shd;aul ù id¾:lm%;sM, w;a lr .;a;;a lrk ,o tu ld¾h ms<sn| j" ,sÅ; idlaIs iemfhkafkake;¡ ienE .=rejrhd ieu úg u m¾fhaIlfhla úh hq;= h hkak ikd:lrñka fuu m¾fhaIK ixialD;sh ksljeráh l,dmh ;=< ;j ;j;a j¾Okhfõjdhs m;ñ˜ f,i ;u igyk ;nk ,§¡

wOHdmk m¾fhaIKlrKfha ;DK uQ, ;,h jk mdi, iu. tla j.=re uOHia:dkh l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK weröu ms<sn| j ;u i;=g m< l<cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaI wdpd¾hf.dâúka fldä;=jlal= uy;d —…wOHdmk jYfhka úúO úIh f;aud mokïlrf.k" isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis udOH ;=ku ,shejqKq ,smsj,ska iu,xlD; —brt<sh isks÷hs˜ hkq" wOHdmk l,dmhl .=rejrekaf.a yo .eiau o .=re jD;a;Shslp¾hd rgdj, úúO;d o mdif,a l%shdldß;ajh o y÷kd .ekSu i|yd jkuy.= uQ,dY%hla o fõ…˜hs lshñka imhk ,o fmrjok oelaúh yels h' bkafkdkej;=k t;=ud tu l%shdj,shg iqN m;ñka m¾fhaIlhska i|yd j;a msgm;laiemhSug uQ,H Yla;shla fkd;snQ .=re uOHia:dkhg Yla;sh ,nd foñkam¾fhaIK jd¾;d tl;=j msgm;a 15la Pdhd msgm;a lr ,nd fok ,§¡

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wjidkfha § tla jirl wm%;sy; jEhu u,a M, .kajñka 2012 ckjdß30 jk osk jhU m<d;a wOHdmk wOHlaI;=udf.a iy wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha.=re wOHdmk wOHlaI;=ñhf.a m%Odk;ajfhka m¾fhaIK lD;sh t<soelaùfïufyda;aijhla meje;aùug o m¾fhaIlhska i|yd jákd we.hSï iy;slhlamsßkeóug o wmg yels úh¡

.=rejreka mka;s ldurh ;=< uqyqK fok .eg¨ úi|d .ekSugm¾fhaIK i|yd fhduq fkdùu yd .eg¨j mokï lr .ksñka .=rejrekaienE m¾fhaIlhska njg m;a l< hq;= h hk wruqK uQ,sl lr f.k udúiska ls%hd;aul lrk ,o fuu m¾fhaIKh i|yd ueÈy;a ùu ms<sn|m%;HfõlaIKh lsÍfï § ud ,o w;aoelSï /ils¡ m<uq j ueosy;aùu jYfhkalrk ,o ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍfï jevuq¿j i|yd .=rejreka38la yd .=re WmfoaYljreka fofokl= iyNd.S jqj o wjika jYfhka m¾fhaIKjd¾;d bÈßm;a lr ;snqfKa 15 fokl= muKs¡ tu jevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.S jQmsßi yd ii|k l< jd¾;d bÈßm;a l< m%udKh wvq jqj o ta i|yd n,mdk,oafoa tu .=rejreka m¾fhaIK i|yd wleue;s ùu fkd j fjk;a ndysridOl h' flfia jqj o tu m¾fhaIK jd¾;d bÈßm;a l< m¾fhaIlhska 15fokd tu ld¾hfhys kshqla; ùfuka ,nd .kakd ,o w;aoelSï ms<sn| júuiQ úg Tjqka ish¨ fokdf.a u woyi jQfha mka;s ldurh ;=< u;= jk.eg¨ úi|d §u i|yd ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK uyÕ= w;aje,la jk nj ydkej; kej;;a m¾fhaIK ld¾hfhys kshqla; ùug fm,Uùula we;s jQ njlah¡ fuu m%ldY ud Èß.kajkiq¿ jQ w;r bÈß ld,fha § o fuu ld¾hfhyskshe<sh hq;= njg wêIaGdkhla ud ;=< we;s úh¡ ;j o fuu m¾fhaIK jd¾;dw;=ßka m¾fhaIK jd¾;d folla uqia,sï .=re uy;aóka fofokl= úiska fou<udOHfhka o tlla oaùNdId úoHdj .=re uy;añhl úiska bx.S%is udOHfhka obÈßm;a lr ;sîu i;=gg lreKla úh¡ .=rejreka jeä fokl= ;=< ls%hduQ,sl

m¾fhaIKh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkd;snqK o fuu m¾fhaIKj, M,odhS njwjfndaO jQ úg .=rejreka ;=< iajhx fm<Uùula we;s jk whqre ug fmkqKs¡Bg fya;= jQfha .=rejrekag ;uka úiska óg fmr úi|d .ekSug wmyiq .eg¨úi|d .ekSug yelshdjla fuu.ska ,eîu h¡ ta wkqj mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< oekgúoHdudk jk .eg¨ /ila úi|d .ekSu i|yd ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK fhdod.; yels nj ug fmkqKs¡

iEu .=rejrhl= i|yd u l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn|j ukd oekqula,nd§fuka Tyqf.a b.ekaùï l%shdoduh Yla;su;a jkjd fuka u YsIHhdf.ame;af;ka o Wmßu idOdrKhla bgq fõ¡ tfyhska mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< .=rejreka

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l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, ksr; ùu wksjd¾h lsÍu mdi,a wOHdmk l%shdj,sfhaM,odhS;dj by< hdug fya;= jkq we;¡ tla .=rejrhl= jirl § wju jYfhkal%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK follj;a ksr; jqj fyd;a jirl § mdi,a moaO;sfhau;= j we;s .eg¨ wju ;rñka 320000 la muK úi|d,Sug lghq;= lrkq we;¡tmuKla fkd j tu .eg¨ úi£fuka ienE m¾fhaIlhl= njg o m;a jkqwe;¡

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, kshe<Su ms<sn| ksmqK;dj YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u .=rejrekg w;alr Èhhq;= w;r ta i|yd .=re uOHia:dkj, iïm;aodhl;ajh,nd .; yels h¡ ta wkqj .=re uOHia:dk o oekg jvd ilS%h f,i fuujevigykg odhl lr .ekSug wjYH jev ms<sfj, ielish hq;= h¡ tfukau úIh Ndr iyldr wOHCIjre iy .=re WmfoaYljrekaf.a iyNd.s;ajh ofï i|yd ,nd .; hq;= w;r ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIlhska f,i Tjqka o iyNd.Slrjd .; hq;= h¡

ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh wdrïNfha § th .=re uOHia:dkfhka flfrkidudkH jevigykla f,i i,ld wdrïN l< o m¾fhaIKh lr f.k hdfï§ yd bka miq j ,o m%;spdr wkqj th b;d by< uÜgfï ms<s.ekSug ,la úh¡l,dm uÜgfï isg cd;sl uÜgu olajd fï i|yd ,o wkq.%yj,ska ta njmeyeÈ,s úh¡

• m¾fhaIK i|yd odhl jQ ish¨ m¾fhaIl m¾fhaIsldjka m<d;awOHdmk wOHCIf.a yd l,dm wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a w;aik iys;iy;sl m;a ,nd .ekSug l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,fha wkq.%yh ,eìK

• m¾fhaIKhg we;=<;a mdi,a uÜgfuka lrk ,o m¾fhaIK jd¾;dt<soelaùfï W;aijhla l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h u.ska ixúOdkhlsÍu¡ tu W;aijh i|yd m<d;a wOHdmk wOHCI;=ud" wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha .=re wOHdmk wOHCI mqIamd o is,ajd uy;añh we;=¿ks<OdÍka msßila iyNd.S jQy

• m¾fhaIl m¾fhaIsldjka i|yd iy;sl m;a ,nd§u

• .=re uOHia:dk u.ska fuu l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh fufyhùfïjeo.;alu yd ksljeráh .=re uOHia:dkh tu l%shdj,sfha § bÈßfhkau isàu ms<sn| j wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha .=re wOHdmk wOHCI mqIamdo is,ajd uy;añh úiska úfYaI foaYkhla mj;ajk ,§

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• m¾fhaIK tl;=j msgm;a 15la uqøKh i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfham¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wkq.%yh ,nd fok ,§

• cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=júiska ixúOdkh flfrk jd¾Isl m¾fhaIK iïuka;%Kfha § fuuls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd o wjia:djla ,eìK

• ksljeráh .=re uOHia:dkh u.ska bÈßfha § ls%hd;aul flfrkls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIK i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIKfomd¾;fïka;=fõ u. fmkaùu ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjia:dj ie,isK

m¾fhaIKh i|yd iyNd.S jQ m¾fhaIlhskaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh i|ydw;aje,la ùug;a l,dmfha m¾fhaIK ixialD;shla wdrïN lsÍfï m%fõYhlaùug;a" tu.ska l,dmfha wOHdmk .eg¨ hï ;rulg fyda úi|d,Sug odhl;ajhoeÍug yels ùu;a ksljeráh .=re uOHia:dkh ,o ch.%yKhla f,i ie,lshyels h¡

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wfímd," wd¾' ^2009 ud¾;=&' wOHdmkh 42' mdGud,d yodrk .=rejrekaf.aksnkaOk ,sùfï wjYH;djh i|yd ld¾h uQ, m¾fhaIK fhdod .; yelswdldrh ̂ ms 17-24&" YS% ,xld cd;sl wOHdmk ix.uh" wOHdmk msGh" fld<UúYaj úoHd,h'

wfímd,' wd¾' ^2009&' o;a; /ialsÍfï WmlrK" fldÜgdj: idr m%ldYk'

fldä;=jlal=, Ô' ^1996& ld¾huQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYh' kqf.af.dv: iqfkrm%ldYlfhda'

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h' ^2010&' mdi,a mdol iólaIK jd¾;dj' ksljeráh(l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h'

.=Kfialr" hQ' ^1997&' .=rejreka m¾fhaIlhska f,i' l,f.äfyak: l¾;Dm%ldYk'

rTqlaje,a," tï' t,a' fla' " .=K;s,l" tï' ã' ví,sõ' ̂ 2011&' l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKkHdh yd jHjydr' uyr.u( l¾;D m%ldYk'

Elliot. J. (1987). Action Research for Educational Change. Milton Keynes:

Open University.

Lomax. P. (1994). Action Research for Managing Change. London: SAGE.

Sidhu. K. S. (1987). Methodology of Research in Education. New Delhi:

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.=rejrhd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh Ndú;hgfhduq l< wdldrh

tÉ' tï' iS' tï' ls;=,afodr iy ã' fyÜáf.a

idrdxYh

uOHu m<df;a isxy, úIh Ndr .=re WmfoaYsldjl jYfhka 2007

j¾Ifha 6 jk fY%aKsj, l%shd;aul jQ kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, § 5E

ixl,amhg wkqj ilia l< mdvï ie,iqï y÷kajd ÿka kuq;a ta uÕska

YsIHhka" wjYH ksmqK;d uÜgï lrd <Õd fkdùug ;snQ ndOd ug .eg¨jla

úh' m%;sixialrK ìï uÜgfuka l%shd;aul jkafka mdi,a moaO;sfha

.=rejreka uÕska ksid" m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍug kï cd;sl wOHdmk

wdh;kh ie,iqï l< úIh ud,dj ms<sn| .=reuy;au uy;aóka iún,

.ekaúh hq;= h' tfy;a kj m%;sixialrKj,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ksmqK;d

yd ksmqK;d uÜgï o wod< lr f.k cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska ilia

l< .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh mdi,a moaO;shg fkd ,eîu;a fY%aKsj,g

fm< fmd;a ilia l< wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ f,aLk uvq,a,

ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgu flfrys ie,ls,a,la fkd oelaùu;a ksid .eg¨

we;s úh' fï ksid ud m%;HfõlaIKh lf<a .=re Nj;=ka kej;-kej;

hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;= nj hs' ta i|yd iqúfYaIs Wmdhud¾. y÷kd .ekSug

W;aidy lf<ñ' fï i|yd l,dmfha f;dard .;a mdi,l mdvï ;=kla

ksßlaIKh lsÍfï § i;shlg tall igyka ,shk .=re;=ñh l%shdldÍ mdvï

,sùug iún, .ekaùu wjYH nj m%;HfõlaIKh lr ta i|yd mQ¾j iy miq

m¾fhaIK wka;¾.; w¾O iïmÍlaIK m¾fhaIK mßie,iqu Ndú; lr

ueÈy;a ùñ' ueÈy;a ùu ksid .=rejßhf.a ie,iqï yd tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu

ixj¾Okh úh' .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha mdvïj,g úl,am f,i o

Ndú; l< yels mßÈ .=re;=ñh iuÕ ilia l< l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqï

l,dmfha wfkl=;a .=re Nj;=kag ,nd §u o uf.a wfmalaIdj fõ'

m¾fhaIKfhka uu o ksjerÈ j l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqï ,sùug bf.k

.;sñ' ta i|yd fhdod .; yels myiq l%uYs,am" mdi,a mßirhg fhda.H mßÈ

ilia lr .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd .;sñ' m¾fhaIKfhka ug ,enqKq m%Odk u

m%;sM,h jkafka l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhla lrkafka flfia o hkak wjfndaO

ùu h'

uQ,sl mo ( .=rejrhd" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh" l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKh"

l%shdldÍ mdvï ,sùu" ksmqK;d uÜgï

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ud .ek hula

ud;f,a Èia;%slalfha lkka.uqj lksIaG úoHd,fhka wOHdmkfha w;afmd;a ;enq ug fo jeks fY%aKsfha wOHdmkh ,eîug isÿ jQfha" úÿy,am;sjrhl=jQ uf.a mshdg ,enqKq ia:dk udrej ksid ldYHm rc oji hlv ,nd .;am%foaYfha we;s w,fld,jej lksIaG úoHd,fhks' w;sYhska ÿIalr mdi, .%dñhm%foaYhl jQ w;r b;d w,xldr jkhlska jg úh' <ud úfha fndfyda w;a±lSï,nd .ekSug fï mdi, ug Wmldß úh' tl u f.dvke.s,a,lska iukaú; jQmdi,g wlalr myl N+ñhla wh;a úh' uf.a mshd yd uj muKla .=rejrekaf,i lghq;= l< mdif,a uq¿ YsIH ixLHdj ;sia yhla úh' m<uq jk fY%aKsfhaisg wg jk fY%aKsh olajd mka;s meje;ajQ fï mdif,ka y;r jk fY%aKsfha §ug iuq.ekSug isÿ úh' uf.a mshd bf.kqu ,enQ uy$kq.fj, uOH uydúoHd,hg wkqnoaê; uy$kq.fj, nd,sld úoHd,hg we;=<;a jQfha uOH uydúoHd, flfrys mshd ;=< jQ Nla;Hdorh ksid u h'

l=vd l, isg u l%shdYs,S YsIHdjla jQ uu úoHd,hSh fn!oaO yd idys;Hiñ;sj, ks,Odß uKav,fha o l%Svd lKavdhïj, o lghq;= lf<ñ' úoHd,hShYsIH kdhsldjl o ùñ' 1984 j¾Ih jk úg fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,hShWmdêh o ,nd .;a w;r tu j¾Ifha u mej;s ;r. úNd.hlska iu;a ù .=rejD;a;shg we;=<;a ùñ'

uf.a uq,a u m;a ùu fmdf<dkakrej Èia;%slalfha we,yer k.rhgwdikakfha ,.a., m,af,a.u uyd ud¾.h wdikakfha msysá w;r.,a,Ej uydúoHd,hg ,enqKs' m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg tfldf<dia jk fY%aKsh olajdmka;s meje;ajQ mdif,a uq¿ YsIH ixLHdj 763la úh' .=re uKav,fha idudðlixLHdj 18la úh' ug Ndr jQfha m<uq jk fY%aKsh hs' mdif,a f.dvke.s,sfolla úh' fï ksid u ,S isgqjd we¨ñkshï ;yvqj,ska wdjrKh lrk ,of.dvke.s,a,l o mka;s meje;aúKs' ,S nvq m%udKj;a fkd ùu ksid u m<uqjk fY%aKsfha YsIH YsIHdjka 74fokd u wl=re lrjQfha ìu b|f.k u h' fuh;rula ud is; i,s; lrjq isoaêhla jqj;a orejka lghq;= lf<a b;d u i;=áks'm<uq jk fY%aKsfha b.ekaùug yqrejla ,nd fkd ;snqKq ug ta i|yd .=reyrelï ,nd ÿkafka uf.a uj hs' weh o ta jk úg m%d:ñl mqyqKq .=reuy;añhla jQjd h' kjd;eka .ekSug iqÿiq ksjila mjd uf.a uq,a m;aùu ,enQmdi, wdikakfha fkd ùu uf.a ÿIalr fiajh ;j;a ÿIalr ùug fya;= úh'

újdyfhka yd m%:u orejd ,eîfuka miq 1989 ckjdß udifha § ÿIalrfiajh wjika lsÍfuka miqj uf.a .ï m%foaYh jk ix>rdcmqr uqreoafoKshlksIaG úoHd,hg ia:dk udrejla ,eìKs' fï mdi, uf.a Èúfha úfYaI; u

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108

mdi, jQfha uf.a mshd tu mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud ùu;a uj m<uq jk fY%aKshNdr .=reuy;añh ùu;a ksid u h' uf.a mshd m%;sm;a;s .rel kS;Hdkql+, j ujev lrk úÿy,am;sjrhl= ùu ksid u mdi, fjkqfjka ±ä lemùulska lghq;=lsÍug wmg isÿ úh'

iajdñmqreIhdf.a ia:dk udrej ksid Tyqf.a .u jk ms<su;,dfõmdi,lg meñKsfha 1990 ckjdß udi fha § h' uf.a yelshdjka y÷kd.;aúÿy,am;s;=ud" mdif,a jd¾Isl ie,eiau" ld,igyk ilia lsÍfï lñgqj,guf.a ku o fhdackd lrk ,§' thska ,enq mkakrh wo olajd uf.a Èúh ch.ekSug bjy,a jQ nj lsj hq;= u h' 1993 j¾Ih jk úg mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmkämaf,daud,dNskshl ùñ' mdi,g l%Svd Ndr wdpd¾hjrhl= fkd ùu ksid jd¾Islu,, l%Svd W;aijh ixúOdkh lsÍug o isÿ úh' l%Svd f,alï f,i lghq;=lsßfuka uf.a ixúOdk Yla;sh;a yelshdj;a j¾Okh úh' l,dmfha NdId ;r.ixúOdkfha §;a tu ;r. úksYaph lsÍfï §;a" m%Yak m;% ilia lsÍfï §;aiyNd.S jQfhñ' uf.a olaI;d y÷kd.;a isxy, .=re WmfoaYljßh;a ixj¾OkwOHdmk wOHlaI;a ta lghq;= i|yd udj iyNd.s lr .;a y' .=re WmfoaYlld¾hNdrh jgyd .ekSug ug yels jQfha fï jljdkqfõ § h'

1999 j¾Ih jk úg wOHdmk moaO;sfha wvqjla j mej;s" YsIHhskaf.aksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu yd idrO¾u f.dv ke.Su i|yd jQ Ôjk ksmqK;dúIhh wOHdmk moaO;shg y÷kajd fok ,§' fï úIhh 1999 j¾Ifha 9 jkfY%aKshg y÷kajd §ug kshñ; j ;snq w;r tu l%shdj,sh mdi,a moaO;sfhal%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH iïm;a mqoa.,hka f;dard .ekSfï § uf.a ku o fhdackdúKs' miq j .=re WmfoaYljßhla ùñ' 2000 j¾Ih jk úg fokqjr l,dmfhaisxy, úIhh Ndr .=re WmfoaYljßh úY%du hdu ksid isxy, úIhfha jevwdjrKh flf<ñ' tjla mgka isxy, yd Ôjk ksmqK;d úIhj, mqyqKqùï

,nñka" .=rejreka mqyqKq lrñka l,dmfha lghq;= lrk ,§'

ud fiajh lrk l,dmh fld<U-uykqjr uyd ud¾.hg iudka;r jÈfjk fld<U-kqjr ÿïßh ud¾.h fomi fokqjr wOHdmk l,dmhg wh;aiY%Sl N+ñ Nd.hl úys§fha h' “fokqjr fofla .yla hg bmÿK;a jdikdjla”hk ixl,amh w;S;fha isg mej; wdfha fuys jQ iY%Sl N+ñh yd hym;a foaY.=Ksl;;a;ajh ksid h' l÷ nEjqïj,ska iukaú; b;d ruKsh N+ñNd.hla jk fuysf;a yd ñY% fnda. i|yd jvd m%isoaO h'

fokqjr l,dmhg wh;a Wvqkqjr-hákqjr fldÜGdij, ck.ykfhka82]la isxy, jk w;r 17]la uqia,sï o 1]la fou< cd;slfhda o fj;s' l,dmfha

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109

isxy, udOH mdi,a ixLHdj 71 ls' mdi,a 7la 1AB jQ w;r 1C mdi,a 14la o"2 j¾.fha mdi,a 31la o" 3 j¾.fha mdi,a 18la úh' mdi,aj,ska 3la cd;sl mdi,ajQ w;r 4la kfjdaoHd mdi,a úh' l,dmfha fou< udOH mdi,a 17 úh'

.eg¨j

wjqreÿ wglg jrla mdi,a úIh ks¾foaY hdj;ald,sk ùfï Y%S ,xldfõúIhud,d m%;sm;a;sh wkqj" 2007 j¾Ifha isg wdrïN lrk ,o wOHdmkm%;sixialrK" cd;sl wruqKq 8la mokï lrf.k l%shd;aul lsÍug wfmalaIs;úh'

fuf;la mej;s úIh ks¾foaYj, hï úIhhlg wod< úIh ud;DldrdYshla o" ta ta úIh ud;Dldjg wod< úIh lreKq o olakg ,enqKq w;r.=rejrhd úIh lreKq b.ekaù h' fuhska" fndfyda úIh lreKq okakd isiqmsßila ìys úh' tfy;a kj úIhud,d m%;sixialrK wkqj ta ta úIhh hgf;aisiqka w;am;a lr .; hq;= ksmqK;d ks¾foaY flßKs' kj m%fõYfhka úIhlreKq ms<sn| kHdhd;aul ±kqfuka Tíng .sh m%dfhda.sl wxYhg keUqreksmqK;dj,ska msß isiq msßila ìys lsÍu wfmalaId flßKs' .fõIKh mokïlr f.k isiq ksmqK;d f.dv ke.Sug yels jk mßÈ bf.kqï-b.ekaùïl%shdldrlï ie,iqï flßKs'

ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkfha § YsIH ld¾hh m%n, ia:dkhla .kakdw;r" mka;sfha iEu <uhl= u ta ta ksmqK;d j iïnkaO j wvq ;rñka wdikakm%ùK;djg fyda f.k taug ueÈy;a jk iïm;a odhlhl=f.a ;;a;ajhg .=rejrhdm;a úh' Tyqf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha bf.kqug wjYH WmlrK yd wfkl=;amyiqlï iys; bf.kqï mßirhla ie,iqï lsÍu iy isiqka bf.k .kakdwhqre ióm j ksÍlaIKh lsÍu h' YsIH yelshd yd fkdyelshd y÷kd f.kwjYH bÈßfmdaIK yd m%;sfmdaIK ,nd foñka isiqkaf.a bf.kqu m%j¾OkhlsÍu yd mka;s ldurfhka neyer j bf.kqï b.ekaùï §¾> lsÍu i|yd iqÿiqWmlrK ilia lsÍu o .=re ld¾h jQ w;r th mßKduk .=re N=ñldj f,iye¢kaúKs' fuys § .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha y÷kajd ÿka" úIhud,djl%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels l%shdldrlï ika;;sh u.ska mdvïie,iqï flßKs' mdvul m%:u mshjr iïnkaO lr .ekSfï mshjr jQ w;rfojeks mshjr .fõIKh úh' ;=ka jeks mshjr isiq wkdjrK meyeÈ,s lsÍu h^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 2007&'

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110

wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, wfmalaId bgq lr .ekSug kï tys o¾Ykhwvx.= ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh w;HjYH fuj,uls' ksmqK;d lSmhlg wod<ksmqK;d uÜgï wdY%fhka fuys mdvï ie,iqï flßKs' fï ms<sn| j fokqjrl,dmfha .=rejreka ±kqj;a lf<a 2006 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § h' fuys §wdo¾Y mdvï ie,iqï Pdhd msgm;a lr .=rejrekag ,nd ÿksñ' 6 jk fY%aKshgwod< fm< fmd; fï jk úg;a ,eî ;snqKq neúka tu fmd; o mqyqKq ieishgfhdod .eksKs' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhhgiïnkaO iïm;a mqoa.,hl= o l,dmfha mqyqKq lsÍfï ieisj,g iyNd.s lr .;aw;r ,eî ;snqKq .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha fldgia Pdhd msgm;a lr .ekSug.=rejrekag wjia:dj i,id fok ,§'

2007 j¾Ifha ckjdß udifha isg l,dmfha lKavdhï wëlaIKj,giyNd.s ùfï § yd iydh b.ekaùug iyNd.s ùfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khwfmalaId lrk uÜgñka .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh Ndú;hg fkd .kakd njug wjfndaO úh' fï ms<sn| j ud m¾fhaIKd;aul j lreKq fiùug ydms<shï fhÈug wfmalaId lf<a .=re WmfoaYljrhl= jYfhka fuh uf.a rdcldßhfuka u ud úiska bgq l< hq;= N+ñldjla o jk ksid h' fï ld,h jk úguOHu m<d;g 6 jk yd 10 jk fY%aKs i|yd kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ,eî;sìKs' thska 6 jk fY%aKs i|yd fokqjr l,dmfha mdi,a 51la i|yd ,eì;snqfKa fmd;a 23ls' úÿy,am;s /iaùfï § fï fmd;a fnod ÿka mdi,a kdudj,shmßlaId lsÍfuka wk;=re j 6 jk fY%aKsh i|yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhfkd ,enqKq mdi,la uf.a m¾fhaIKh i|yd f;dard .;sñ' tl mdi,l uf.aueÈy;a ùu mokï lr f.k wksl=;a .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y fkd ,enqKqmdi,aj,g o ueÈy;a úh yels wdldrh .ek woyia u;= lr .ekSug wfmalaIdflf<ñ' ta i|yd ud fhdod .;a m¾fhaIK wruqKq ó<Õg úia;r lrñ'

ud f.dvkÕd .;a wruqKq jQfha"

• wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sj,ska wfmalaIs; mßÈ .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh Ndú;jkafka ± hs mÍlaId lsÍu iy ta moku u; .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhke;s .=rejßhf.a mdvï ie,iqï yd tajd l%shd;aul lsÍfï rgd fidhdne,Su'

• .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh fkd ,efnk .=rejrekag .=re WmfoaYsldjlf,i ,nd Èh yels iyk fidhd ne,Su'

• .=re rgd jeä ÈhqKq l< yels l%u y÷kajd §u yd .=re WmfoaYljrhl=f,i Ndú; l< hq;= Wmdh ud¾. y÷kd .ekSu'

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111

• .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha mdvï .S;" lú" l%Svd rÕmEu iuÕ ifudaOdklr mdvï igyka kej; ixj¾Okh lsÍu iy

• .=re WmfoaYl N+ñldj yd th l%shd;aul jk wOHdmk miq;,h ms<sn|úl,am fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu

hk l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhlg WÑ; jk mßÈ b,lal f.dv kÕd .;sñ'

m¾fhaIK mßY%h

w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYhl 1C j¾.fha ñY% mdi,ls' mdi, wdikakfha uuykqjr l,dmhg wh;a uyd úoHd,hla yd kfjdaoHd jHdmD;sh hgf;aixj¾Okh lrk uOH uyd úoHd,hla jQ w;r wjg m%cdjf.a wdl,amj,gwkqj ÿmam;a foudmshkaf.a orejka bf.kqu ,nk mdi,la úh' YsIH ixLHdj242ka tl ÿ YsIHhl=f.a foudmshl= fyda rcfha fiajfha fkdfhÿK nj f,aLkmßlaId lsÍfuka wjfndaO úh' iEu j¾Ihl u 5 jk fY%aKsfha YsIH;ajúNd.h yd w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.fhka iu;a jQ YsIH YsIHdfjda k.rfhamdi,a lrd we§ h;s' W!k idu¾:Hh iys; j b;sß jk YsIHhskaf.ka w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& mka;s mj;ajd l,dmfha by< m%;sM, m%;sY;hla fmkaùug o mdi,iu;a úh'

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m¾fhaIK l%uh

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK o¾Ykh mokï lr f.k uf.a m¾fhaIKh my;i|yka wÈhr iy l%shdldrlï mshjr wkqj l%shd;aul lrk ,§'

1 jk j.=j ( m¾fhaIKh wÈhr iy l%shdldrlï mshjr

wÈhr l%shdldrlï mshjr

1' .eg¨j ú.%y lsÍu l,dmhg .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh fkd,enqKq

mdi,a ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Su

2' m¾fhaIKh i|yd mdi,la yhjk fY%aKsfha .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

f;dard .ekSu ix.%yh fkd,enqKq mdi,la f;dard .ekSu

3' m¾fhaIK wdpdrO¾u ;SrKh úÿy,am;sksh yd .=rejßh iu`. idlÉPd

lsÍu lsÍu yd leue;a; ,nd .ekSu

4' .=rejßhf.a mdvï ksßCIKh f;dard.;a mdi,a .=rejßhf.a yhjk

lsÍu fY%aKsh isxy, mdvï ;=kla ksÍCIKh

lsÍu yd W!k;d y÷kd .ekSu

^ksÍCIK wjêh&

5' m¾fhaIKh i|yd l%shdldÍ .=rejßh iu`. tl;= ù mdvï ie,iqï

mdvï ie,iqï ilia lsÍfuka y;rla ilia lsÍu yd wehf.a

.=re WmfoaYl f,i ueÈy;a ùu iyfhda.fhka mdvï l%shd;aul lsÍu'

^ueÈy;a ùfï wjêh&

6' .=re fjkialï y÷kd .ekSu mdvïj, § ,efnk YsIH m%;spdr igyka

lr .ekSu'

7' .=rejßhf.a iajdëk mdvï .=rejßh ;ks j ie,iqï l< mdvï folla

ie,iqu we.hqu l%shd;aul lsÍu iy ta mdvï ksÍlaIKlsÍu'

isõjk wÈhf¾ .=rejßh fmka jQ W!k;d

miajk mshjf¾ uf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka

u`. yeÍ we;s ±hs y;ajk mshjf¾ §

;lafiare lsÍu'

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fï wÈhr wkqj l%shd;aul jQ uf.a m¾fhaIKfha wdlD;sh my; i|ykamßÈ úh'

2 jk j.=j ( m¾fhaIK wdlD;sh

fmr mÍlaIKh ueÈy;aùu miq mÍlaIKh

.=re mdvï ;=kla .=rejrhd yd .=re .=rejrhd ;ks j mdvï

ksÍlaIKh lsÍu' WmfoaYl tl;=j mdvï folla ie,iqï lr

y;rla ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsÍu

l%shd;aul lsÍu

.=rejßhf.a .=re WmfoaYl .=rejßhf.a

fmr ;;a;ajh ueÈy;a ùu miq ;;a;ajh

• ie,iqu wiïmQ¾K ùu • ie,iqïj, W!k;d • y÷kajd ÿka wdlD;shg

fmkajd §u wkqj ie,iqï ilia

lr we;

• l%uj;a ke;s tall • ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d • ta i|yd ks¾udKd;aul

igykla ,sùu uÜgï fhdod .kakd wx. fhdod f.k we;

wdldrh idlÉPd lsÍu

• ie,iqfï ksmqK;d yd • mdvïj,g iïnkaO lr • l%shdldÍ mdvula

ksmqK;d uÜgï i|yka .ekSfï yd .fõIKh l%shd;aul lrhs

fkd lsÍu i|yd lú fhdod .ekSug

idlÉPd lsÍu

• fm< fmd;g wkqj • mdvï y;r iyNd.S;aj • ;lafiare lsÍu Ndú;

mdvï wjika lsÍu bf.kqu wkqj l%shd;aul lrhs

lsÍu

fï wkqj l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK mokñka mQ¾j yd miq mÍlaIK wka;¾.;w¾O iïmÍlaIK msßie,iqula Ndú; lf<ñ'

m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sfha § ksÍlaIK o;a; /ia lsÍfï m%Odk l%uYs,amh u;mokï ù ud /ia l< o;a; Èk fmd;la fia Ndú; l< m%;HfõlaIK i`.rdfõigyka lr .;sñ'

.=rejßh ilia l< mdvï ie,iqï yd YsIH wNHdi fmd;a Pdhd msgm;afldg tl;= lrk ,§' .=rejßh iu`. l< wúêu;a idlÉPd u.ska o;a; ,nd

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.;sñ' ksÍlaIK yd ,sÅ; uQ,dY% u.ska ,nd .;a o;a; l;ka;rhl iajrEmfhkaf.dkq lsÍu i|yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh l< w;r uf.a m%;HfõlaIK o mokïlr f.k ks.uk yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lf<ñ'

o;a; ú.%yh yd idlÉPdj" l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha mshjr wkqj.=rejßhf.a mdvï ksÍlaIKfhka .eg¨j úYaf,aIKh lr .ekSu

2007 j¾Ifha cQks udifha 4 jk Èk m¾fhaIKhg wod< f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug yd mdvï ksÍlaIKh lsÍug m%:ufhka u mdi,g .sfhñ' f;dard .;a6 jk fY%aKsfha .=rejßh iu`. l< l;dny uf.a Èk fmdf;a igyka jQfha

my; mßÈ h'

wfka uevï wmg 6 jk fY%aKsfha fmd; kï ,enqfKa kE' ta;a uu

okak úÈyg i;s igykhs mdvï igykhs" ,sh,d ;shkjd' fm<

fmd;g uQ,sl;ajh §,d fmdf;a ms<sfj<g mdvï ál lrf.k hkjd'

^Èk fmd; 68 jk msgqj&'

.=rejßh mdvïj,g iQodkï jk wdldrh wOHhkh lsÍug ug is;=Ks'weh tall igykla iy l%shdldÍ ie,iqula ilia lr ;snqKs' tall igyka"my; i|yka f,i ,sùu kj m%;sixialrK wkqj wjYH fkd ù h' tfy;a.=re;=ñh ,shd ;snqfKa fuf,i h'

3 jk j.=j ( .=re;=ñh ,shd ;snqKq tall igyk

tall igyk

wkq fY%aKsh tallh mdvu wruqKq .=re l%shd we.hSu

wxlh

1 6 úYdLdg ,sms 1' ksjerÈj ,smshla ,sùfï mka;sh ,smsh

,shqula ,sùu yelshdj ,nhs' lKavdhï we.hSu

2' ksjerÈ j ,smshl lrwdlD;sh kï lrhs' ,smshla

3' ksjerÈ j ,smshla ,sùug,shhs Wmfoia

§u

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115

weh tu fY%aKshg wod< j l%shdldrlï ie,iqu ilia lr ;snqfKa my;i|yka mßÈ h'

6 fY%aKsh

6'0 Ôjk wjYH;d i|yd m%dfhda.sl f,aLkfha fhfohs'

ksjerÈ NdId Ndú;fhka ,shqula ,shuq'

6'1'1 fm!oa.,sl ,smsfha wdlD;sh m%o¾Ykh lsÍuta wkqj isiqka iu`. my; ±lafjk lreKqidlÉPd lsÍu1 fm!oa.,sl ,sms" rdcldß ,sms" jHdmdßl ,sms"

tlsfklg fjkia wdlD;shla .kakd nj2 fm!oa.,sl ,smshlg muKla ,sÅ; ni fuka u

lÓl nio Ndú; l< yels nj ^ñks;a;= 15&

6'1'2 isiqka lKavdhï lsÍuwod< mejreï m;%sld fnod §uwjYH Wmfoia yd u`.fmkaùï lsÍu

6'1'3 tla tla lKavdhu tl ,smsh ne.ska bÈßm;a lsÍuisiqkaf.ka tu ,smsj, wka;¾.;h .ek woyia úuiSu

6'1'4 my; i|yka lreKq iudf,dapkh lsÍu1' ikaksfõok udOHhla f,i ,smshl we;s jeo.;alu2' fþo fn§fï l%uj;a nj3' ksjerÈ ,smskh ,súh hq;= nj4' iqÿiq mßÈ wjidkh fhÈh hq;= nj

we.hSï ks¾Kdhl

• fm!oa.,sl ,smshl ksjerÈ wdlD;sh ,shhs

• wjYH f;audjg lreKq .<md ,shhs

• b;d ixhufhka ,shhs

• tlsfkld w;r iqyo;dj j¾Okh lr .kshs

mejreï

I. lKavdhfï ish¨ fokd fjk fjk u ,sms ,shkak

II. lKavdhfï f;dard.;a ,smshla bÈßm;a lrkak'

weh ,shQ l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqñka" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha isxy,fomd¾;fïka;=j y÷kajd § we;s .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha i|yka ksmqK;d .=rejßholajd ;snqK nj fmkqK o" ksjerÈ wdlD;sh u Ndú; fkd lsÍu m%Odkfjkialula úh' weh ,shk ,o l%shdldÍ ie,iqu" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

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6 jk fY%aKsfha .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha we;s l%shdldrlï ie,iqu ̂ 12 - 14jk msgq& iu`. ixikaokh lsÍfï § .=rejßhf.a l%shdldrlu i|yd ld,h ofjka lr fkd ;snqKq nj ksÍlaIKh lf<ñ' YsIHhska .fõIKhg fhduq fkdlsÍfï wvq j o mdvï ie,iqfï olakg ,enqKs' mka;sh lKavdhï fkd l<w;r <ud fïij, YsIHfhda ;ks ;ks j jdä ù isáhy' ta ksid isiqka w;rwoyia yqjudre fkd ù h' fï wkqj wef.a mdvï ie,iqïlrKfha l%uj;a njlafkd ù h'

wehf.a ;j;a fujeks mdvï ;=kla u ksÍlaIKhg ug yels úh' .=reuy;añh kj m%;sixialrKj,g wod< l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqulg wkqj kshñ;mdvï fkd lrk nj mdvï ;=k ksÍlaIKfhka ug wjfndaO úh' ta ms<sn| j.=rejßh iu`. idlÉPd lf<ñ' kj l%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jkafka .fõIKhguQ,sl;ajh ,nd ÿka bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõohls' tla tla ksmqK;d ydksmqK;d uÜgïj,g YsIHhd fufyhúh yels jkafka l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqula,shd th mka;s ldurfha l%shd;aul lsÍfuks'

ueÈy;aùu

.=rejßhf.a mdvï ie,iqïlrKfha W!k;d u`. yrjd .ekSug" wehiu`. mdvï ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsÍug ;SrKh lf<ñ' kj m%;sixialrK.ek .=rejßhg ,eî ;snqfKa Èkl ±kqj;a lsÍula muKs' th kj m%;sixialrK.ek .eUqre ±kqula yd Ndú;hg m%udKj;a fkd ù h' ta ksid .=rejßhf.aYlH;d k.d isgqùu i|yd kj m%;sixialrK wkqj mdvï ie,iqï l< hq;=whqre .ek weh ±kqj;a lsÍu uf.a wruqK úh' fï mdvï ie,iqï lsÍugwehg ld,h fhdod .ekSug isÿ j ;snqfKa mdi,a fõ,dfjka miq j h' thgfya;=j .=rejßhg 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd u isxy, úIhhb.ekaùug isÿ ù ;sîuhs' mdvug wod< l%shdldÍ ie,iqu ilia lsÍu ms<sn|j .=rejßh iu`. idlÉPd lr wef.a wjOdkh fhduq lf<ñ' .=rejßh iu`.tl;=j orejkag yqre mqreÿ ldjH fldgia lsysmhla fhdodf.k mdvu ie,iqïlf<ñ' tys§ 5E l%uh wkqj .=rejßh yd uu o mdvu ie,iqï lr l%shd;aullf<uq' wm fofokd tla j ilia l< l%shdldÍ ie,iqu i|yd orejkag ióm.S; fldgia fhdod .;sñ' ta ksid .S; fldgia uq`M mdvu i|yd u fhdod.kakd ,§' m<uq jk mdvfï § l%shd;aul jQ iyNd.S;aj bf.kqï mshjrmy; ±lafõ'

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iïnkaO lr .ekSu

lúh úYd,kh lrk ,o m;%sldj l`M,E,af,a t,a,d .S;fha fldgia wmstla j .dhkd lf<uq'

iuka msÉp u,a bysreKq - ks,a ;Kfld< msÜgkshlajf.hs wyi wkak n,kq - fldÉpr ,iaik o ?guf.a iqr;,a wlaldf.a - udf,a uq;= weg jdf.afï jefgkafka msks ìxÿ - youq tlla ta jdf.a

lú .dhkfhka miq .=rejßh —kdu mo W.ksuq˜ hehs l`M,E,af,a ,shqjdh'

wms fï .S; fldgiaj, ;sfhk kdu mo y÷kd .ksuq'

kdu mohla hkq l=ula o lsh,d ±k .ksuq ^<uhs yßu m%fndaOj;a&

uevï wms okakjd YsIHhska oy fofkl= muK w; Tijdf.k we;'

yd lshkakflda ßúIdka

hï fohla" hï ;ekla" hï flfkla ye¢kaùug lshk ku' ;j;a yßhg lSfjd;a

nqoaêl(- hï flfkla hï fohla hï ;ekla y÷kajkak fhdok moh kdu mohs'

yßhg yß'

yd ±ka yefudau ,iaik wl=frka kdu mo y÷kaj,d ,shd .kak'

blauKska <uhs ;ukaf.a fmd; fmr<f.k ,shkakg mgka .;ay' wmskej; riúkaokhg;a tlal .S; fldgia .dhkd lruq'

.S; .dhkfhka miq"

—wms ±ka Thd,dg jev mjrkjd'biair fj,d u fï lúfha ;shk kdu mo ,shkak'˜ lúfha we;s kdu mofjka lr YsIHhka ;u fmd;aj, tajd igyka lr .;ay ^1 jk rEmh&'

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1 jk rEmh ( YsIH YsIHhdjka kdu mo fjka lr ,shQ wdldrh

.fõIKh

wk;=re j mejreï m;a fjka fjka j lKavdhï folg fnod fok ,§'m<uq jk lKavdhug ,nd ÿka mejreu fufia úh'

• my; i|yka mµ fldgfia m%dKjdÖ yd wm%dKjdÖ kdu mo fjka lrkak'tu jpk fhdod jdlH ,shkak'

wkak n,ka bÈlv <`.fldlal= ?k jf.a weú;amqxÑ ÿfõ kqU hk fldgiqÿ mdáka biafldaf,g

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• my; i|yka mµ fldgfia we;s tal jpk iy nyq jpk kdu mo fjkalr ,shkak' tu jpk fhdod jdlH ,shkak'

frdai .fia u,a msmqKufld;rï yev ±hs n,kak

2 jk rEmh ( m<uq lKavdhfï m%;spdr

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fojk lKavdhug ,nd ÿka mejreu my; ±lafõ'

• my; i|yka fþofha ia;%S ,sx." mqreI ,sx." kmqxil ,sx. kdu mo fjkalr ,shkak'

wE; jkdka;rh wi, ksjil we;s l< kmqre isxy fèkqj uqjd±l W! miq mi mkakd .sfha h' ksjfia we;s l< n,a,d ydksji ysñ .eyeKsh ta foi n,d isáfha jej wi, isg h'

• my; i|yka i¾j kdu mo Ndú; lr jdlH ,shkak'

Tn" kqU" wms" uu" W!" weh

3 jk rEmh ( fojk lKavdhfï m%;spdr

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<uhs lKavdhï f,i i;=áka ;u lghq;= bgq lr;s' <uhs ;=<

jQ iyfhda.h ksid u ±kqu yqjudre jQ njla wmg meyeÈ,s úh'

fuu mdvfuka YsIHhska l%shdldÍ ùu ms<sn| j uf.a is;g we;s

jQfha ±ä i;=gls'

Èkfmdf;a msgq wxl

76

wkdjrK meyeÈ<s lsÍu

fï wkqj <uhska ,shQ oE 4 jk rEmfha ±lafõ' kshqla; ùfï § ud .=rejßhiu`. ueÈy;a jQ whqre o thska ksrEmKh fõ'

4 jk rEmh ( YsIHhka mejreug ms<s;=re iemhQ wdldrh

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;jÿrg;a kdu mo ms<sn| ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd iudf,dapkfha § l%shdldrlui|yd jpk" mska;+r iys; ldâ m;a yd jpk ,shQ ldâm;a lKavdhï follg,nd §ug iQodkï lf<uq' mdvfï b;sß fldgi fjk;a Èkl lrkakg wmsl;sld lr .;af;uq' tu fldgi l%shd;aul jQfha 2007'07'04 Èk iyNd.S;ajmdvfï § h' tys l%shdj,sh my; ±lafõ'

• lKavdhï w;r ±kqu yqjudre lr .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka iudf,dapk idlÉPdjl ksr; jkak'

• kdu mo my; i|yka m%fNao wkqj jdlHj, w¾:j;a j fhÈh hq;= nj

• m%dKjdÖ - wm%dKjdÖ kdu mo

• tljpk - nyq jpk kdu mo

• ia;%S ,sx. - kmqxil ,sx. kdu mo

• i¾j kdu mo

• Wla; kdu mo - wkqla; kdu mo

• mejrefuys I jk fldgfia kdu mo" m%dKjdÖ kdu mo" wm%dKjdÖ

kdu mo jYfhka ye¢kafjk nj'

• mejrefuys II jk fldgfia kdu mdo" tal jpk" nyq jpk jYfhka

±laúh yels nj

• III jk fldgfia kdu mo" ia;%S ,sx." mqreI ,sx. yd kmqxil ,sx.

jYfhka fjka l< yels nj

• IV jk fldgfia kdu mo" i¾j kdu mo jk w;r tajd tal jpk nyq

jpk jYfhka jdlHj, fhfok nj

• V jk fldgi Wla; kdu mo - wkqla; kdu mo jYfhka ye¢kafjknj

YsIHhkaf.a l%shdldÍ nj" fmr mdvïj,g jvd fï Èk fofla bf.kqï -b.ekaùï ld¾hfha § ksÍCIKh lrk ,§' 6 jk fY%aKsfha orejkaf.a nqoaêuÜgug f.dapr jk .S; fldgia fhdod .kq ,enQfha" rij;a nj u.ska jHdlrKorejkag .%yKh lsÍfï wruqKsks' mejrefï § o fuu l%uh u wkq.ukhflßKs'

—wkak n,ka b¢lv <`. - fldlal= ?k jf.a weú;a ˜ iy—mqxÑ ÿfõ kqU hk fldg - iqÿ mdáka biafldaf,g˜

hk .S; fldgiaj, m%dKjdÖ wm%dKjdÖ jpk f;dard jdlH ,sùug fhduq lrk,§' tjeks fldgia ksid YsIHfhda jvd l%shdldÍ j ;u lghq;=j, ksr; jQy'mdvu ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsÍfï §" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha Wmfoia"

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wfma mdi,g .e<fmk f,i" ks¾udKd;aul j fjkia lr .;suq' 6 jkfY%aKsfha mdvï l%shdldrlï ie,eiafï —kdu mo W.ksuq˜ mdvfï mejreui|yd we;af;a jpk iuQyhls'

my; i|yka m%dKjdÖ yd wm%dKjdÖ kdu mo iqÿiq mßÈ Ndú; lrñka

jdlH ne.ska ,shkak'

n,a,d" ñksid" w,shd" .i" fïih

Wmqgkh - 6 jk fY%aKsh .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 68 jk msgqj

YsIHhskag by;ska ±lajQ .S; LKav fldgia § tys m%dKjdÖ wm%dKjdÖjpk f;dard jdlH ks¾udKh lsÍug §u jvd ks¾udKYS,S nj wmg ye`.=Ks'tal jpk" nyq jpk f;aÍu i|yd o fuf,i u lú fldgia wms fhdod .;suq'

6 jk fY%aKsfha"

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha msgq wxl 68 ys olajd we;af;a

my; i|yka tal jpk" nyq jpk kdu mo iqÿiq mßÈ fhdod .ksñka

jdlHj, fhdokak'

w;=" fmd;" <uhs" .ia" '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

tfy;a wm fhdod .;af;a"

frdai .fia u,a msmqKdu - fld;rï yev ±hs n,kaklrU .fya f.ä yeÿku - fld;rï yev ±hs n,kak

hk .S; LKavh hs' lKavdhfï tlsfkldf.ka úuiñka i;=áka kdu mobf.k .;a wdldrh foi n,d isá .=re;=ñhf.a woyia uf.a Èk fmdf;a ,shejqfKamy; i|yka mßÈ h'

uevï YsIHfhda yß u l%shdldÍ fkao@

ta jf.a u yßu i;=áka

wr mka;sfha o`. u <uhd ;d, ;sh ;sh isxÿ uquqKkjd

uevïg fmakjd o @

fï úÈyg yeuod u W.kajkak ;sfhkjd kï

<uhskq;a fyd|g bf.k .kSú

^Èk fmd; 76 jk msgqj&

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mdvu b;d u l%shdldÍ úh' tfy;a úkdä 80lg mdvu ie,iqï l< oYsIHhkaf.a nqoaê uÜgu wkqj mdvu wjika lsÍug úkdä 120l ld,hla.; úh' fï wkqj ie,eiaula ilia l< o Èjhsfka iEu mdi,lg u thtl fia Ndú; l< fkdyels nj wjfndaO úh' ta wkqj .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yfha i|yka l%shdldÍ ie,iqu mdi,g WÑ; mßÈ ilia lr .ekSugWmfoia ÿksñ'

.=rejßh uf.a ueÈy;a ùug fmr l< mdvïj,g jvd fuu l%shdldÍmdvï ie,iqu u.ska YsIHhka l%shdldÍ lsÍug yels úh' iEu úg u mka;sldurfha § isÿ jkafka fm< fmdf;a § we;s fldgi wjika lsÍug wod<ye¢kaùula lsÍfuka jHdlrK fldgia o wjika lsÍuls' úIh ks¾foaYyd fm< fmd;aj, mdvï bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ld¾hhg fhdod .ekSug fujekswjia:d Wod lr .; yels h' fuu mdvfï § jHdlrK fjka lr b.ekaúKs'

iïnkaO lr .ekSfï mshjf¾ isg kdu mo hkak l=ula ±hs fidhd ±k.;af;a YsIHhka úiska u h' thska OdrKh jk m%udKh jeä h' tfuka u;ud u fidhd ,shd .kakd ksid o YsIHhskaf.a l%shdldÍ njla fmkakqïflßKs' ;udg fkdf;afrk mdvï fldgia lKavdhï w;r mj;ajk idlÉPdu.ska ;yjqre lr .ekSug o wjia:dj ,eìKs' mdvu w;r;=r YsIHfhda.fõIKfha fhÿKy' mdvu i|yd .S; fldgia fhdod .ekSu ksid o YsIHfhdai;=áka .S .hñka .fõIKfha fhÿK y'

ud iu`. l< iyNd.S;aj b.ekaùfuka .=rejßh fjkia jQ whqrems<sn| we.hqula

fuf;la úia;r l< mdvu fuka u" .=rejßh iu`." ;j;a mdvï y;rlaie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsÍfuka" mqreÿ ù isá mdvï ie,iqï lsÍfï yd thl%shd;aul lsÍfï ms<sfj;" kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska wfmaalIs; wruqKqwkqj fjkia lr .=rejßh ksis ud¾.hg .ekSug W;aidy .;sñ' thska uf.a.=re WmfoaYl N+ñldfõ j.lSula bgq flreKq nj ug ye`.=Ks' uf.a ueÈy;aùu fld;rï M,odhS ± hs msßlaiSu i|yd i;s y;rlg miq j f; jk mdi,ajdrfha § wef.a mdvï folla ksÍlaIKh lf<ñ'

—wms lú ,shuq˜ jeks l%shdldrlï isxy, NdIdj úIhhg b;d jeo.;ajkafka orejkaf.a ks¾udKd;aul yelshd m%o¾Ykh jk ksid h'

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NdIdj" bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha tla wfmalaIdjla jkafka Ñka;khmqnqÿjd,Suhs' ,sùu" lshùu fuka u ;u olaI;d m%o¾Ykh l< yels l%uhls'ldjH ks¾udKh" ;uka ;=< mj;akd úfõo nqoaêh ksid m%o¾Ykh lsÍug;aks¾udK Yla;sh m%o¾Ykhg;a fï mdvï bjy,a úh' .=re;=ñhf.a ueÈy;a ùuksid YsIHhka ;ks ;ks j mo wuqKñka lú ks¾udKh lsÍug W;aidy .;a y'úúO ud;Dld f;dard f.k ;d, ;nd .ekSug W;aidy l< y' we;eï YsIHhka,shk ,o mo fma<s /f.k .=rejßh <`.g meñK wjYH Wmfoia .kakd ,§'iEu YsIHhl= ;=< u hï lsis uÜgul lú is;sú,s ;snqKs' wksla YsIHhskaf.aks¾udK lshjñka ri ú¢kakg;a" jvd fyd| ks¾udKhla lsÍug w;a±lSï ,nd.kakg;a th bjy,a úh'

.=rejßh fujeks l%shdldÍ ie,iqï ilia lr l%shd;aul lsÍu;a" ie,iqïilia lsÍug wjYH ±kqu ,nd ;sîu;a i;=gg lreKls' l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqïi|yd E

5 l%uh u fhdod f.k ;sîu;a YsIHhka mdvug iïnkaO lr .ekSfï

mshjf¾ § 6 jk fY%aKsfha YsIHhkag b;d ir, iqÿiq lú folla fhdodf.k;snqKq ksid;a thska YsIHhka jvd;a fyd¢ka mdvug iïnkaO lr .ekSug.=rejßhg yels úh' .fõIK mshjf¾ § lúfha b;=re moh wjika lsÍug ydlúhla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd f;audjla f;dard .; hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s jwjfndaO lr .ekSug wjYH u`. fmkaùu ,nd fok ,§' isiq wkdjrKmeyeÈ<s lsÍfï mshjf¾ § wjika moh iïmQ¾K lr tajd mka;shg bÈßm;aflßKs' úúO f;aud hgf;a ks¾udK lrk ,o lú we.hSu i|yd fhdod .;yels h' YsIHhka .fõIKhg fhduq lrñka Tjqka ;=< ie`.ù mej;s l=i,;dt<s ±laùug fuhska .=rejßhg yels úh' ,sùu" lshùu" rx.kh" .dhkh hkisiq olaI;dj,g wu;r j ldjH ks¾udK yelshdj o orejka ;=< we;s úh'

uf.a m%;HfõlaIK

kj m%;sixialrK y÷kajd §fï § l%shd;aul l< hq;= ld¾h rdYshls' kjúIh ks¾foaYh ilia lsÍu" mdi,a i|yd fm< fmd;a ilia lsÍu" .=reWmfoaYljreka" wOHlaIjreka yd iïm;a mqoa.,hka ±kqj;a lsÍu iy ;DKuQ,uÜgfuka .=rejreka ±kqj;a lsÍu ta w;r fõ'

2007 j¾Ihg wod< kj m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍug ksmqK;d uÜgïwkqj l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqï ilia lrk ,oafoa 2006 j¾Ifha h' kjm%;sixialrK wkqj ilia l< .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ksis f,i t<s ±laùug;afmr ta ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍug isÿ jQfha" kj j¾Ifha kj m%;sixialrK l%shd;aull< hq;= jQ ksid h' .=re WmfoaYljreka yd úIh Ndr wOHlaIjreka cd;sl

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wOHdmk wdh;khg f.kajd" Èk ;=kl fkajdisl jev igyka hgf;a ±kqj;alrk ,§' tys § ,nd ÿkafka ksmqK;d y;rlg yd ksmqK;d uÜgï wglgwod< l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqï muKs'

,nd .;a mqyqKqj mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul lsÍug kï .=rejreka o ksismqyqKqjla ,eìh hq;= h' .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh o Tjqkag ,nd Èh hq;= h'tfy;a fuu ±kqj;a lsÍu l< yels jQfha 6 jk fY%aKsfha fm< fmd; yd Pdhdmsgm;a lr .;a tla l%shdldÍ mdvï ie,iqulska muKs' fuf,i Pdhd msgm;alr fyda .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha mdvï ,nd §ug uQ,H myiqlï l,dmhg fkdue;'tfia u l,dmfha 6 jk yd 10 jk fY%aKsj, isxy, úIhh W.kajk .=rejrekaish¨ fokd u hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu fkdyels ùu o .eg¨jla úh'

mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kafka 3 jk jdrfha wjidk ld,hhs' fïld,h jk úg mdi,a jdr úNd. meje;afjk w;r úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï ofhdod .efka' Bg wu;r .=rejrekag jdr úNd. ms<s;=re m;a we.hSug isÿ ùuksid;a úÿy,am;sjre mdi,aj,ska .=rejreka ksoyia lsÍug ue,slula olaj;s'

tfuka u B<`. j¾Ifha kj m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul jk mka;sj, bf.kqï- b.ekaùï lghq;= mjrkafka l=uk .=rejrhdg o hkak úÿy,am;sjreka l,ska;SrKh fkd lsÍu wod< .=rejrhd mqyqKqj i|yd fhduq fkd lsÍug fya;=jls'

.=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍfuka miq kej; .=re WmfoaYljrekag .=rejrekauqK.efikafka iydh b.ekaùfï fhfok úg yd lKavdhï wëlaIKfhafhfok wjia:dj, § h' tfy;a .=rejrekaf.a .eg¨j,g Rcq j u ueÈy;a úhyels jkafka iydh b.ekaùfï § muKs' tfia u ;;a;aj lj mj;ajd fyda.=rejreka ±kqj;a l< yels jkafka úIh wOHlaI yd l,dm wOHlaI u.skale|ùfuks' tneúka .=re WmfoaYljßh jYfhka ug ;ks j fujeks mqyqKqùulafyda l< fkd yels ùu .=re WmfoaYl N+ñldfõ .eg¨jls'

mdi,aj, iydh b.ekaùfï yd lKavdhï wëlaIKfha fhfok úg

.=rejreka .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh yd fm< fmd;a ;u mdi,aj,g fkd,enqKnj ks;r ks;r m%ldY lrkq ,enqj;a" tajd imhd §fï yelshdj .=re WmfoaYljßhf,i ug fkdue;' fm< fmd;a" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY fnod yßkqfha fldÜGdiyd l,dm uÜgñka ùu thg fya;=jhs'

.=re uOHia:dk i|yd .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍug uqo,a m%;smdok ,nd ÿkako" ,ndfok mqyqKq lsÍï i|yd .=re WmfoaYljßh jYfhka ug o ueÈy;a úhfkd yels h'

ia;=;sh ( uQ,H iïmdokh l< GIZ wdh;khg

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ksnkaOk idrdxYh

kj fhdjqka úfha miqjk <uqka ish Èú kid .ekSug

fhduqùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= ms<sn| úu¾Ykd;aul

wOHhkhla

ã' tï' m%ikak l=udr Èidkdhl ̂ 2009& wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s Wmdêh i|yd újD;úYajúµd,h fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o ksnkaOkfha ixCIsma;h

iEu jirlu f,dj mqrd ñksiqka 873"000la muK ish Èú kid .kS' ishÈú kid .ekSug ;e;a lsÍï .Kk ñ,shk 10;a 20;a w;r uÜgul mj;S' f,dalfi!LH ixúOdkh fmkajd fya;=jk m%Odku lreKq 05 w;rg ish Èú kid.ekSu we;=<;ah' fndfyda rgj, fuh m<uqjk fyda fojk fya;=jk njgm;aj ;sfí'

Y%S ,xldj ;=< Èklg ish Èú kid .ekSï 14la muK isÿfõ fuhska 40]lamuK jhi wjqreÿ 15;a 24;a w;r miqjkakkah' ljr fya;=jla ksid fydamqoa.,hl= wld,fha ñh hdu rglg n,j;a mdvqjls' fndfyda úg ish Èú kid.ekSug fhduqjk fya;=kaj,g l,a ;nd ms<shï fh§ug yelsfõkï tu urKfndfyduhlau j,lajd .ekSug yelshdj ;sfí' tfia jqjo Y%S ,xldfõ thje,elaùu iïnkaOfhka f.k ;sfnk l%shdud¾. iïnkaOfhka i;=gq úhfkdyel'

kj fhdjqka úh mqoa.,fhl=f.a Ôú;fha jeo.;a mßj¾;k ld,mßÉfþohla fia ie,fla' mqoa.,hl= kj fhdjqka úfha § uqyqKmdk fndfyda.eg¨ mej;sh yels h' fuu .eg¨j,g id¾:l úi÷ï fkd,enQKfyd;a Tjqkaish Èú kid .ekSula ms<sn| is; fhduq l< yels h' tneúka fuu wOHhkfham%Odk wruqK jQfha kj fhdjqka úfha miqjk <uqka ish Èú kid .ekSugfhduqùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= y÷kd .ekSuhs' kj fhdjqka úfha miqjk<uqka ish Èú kid .ekSug fhduqùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= .eyeKq msßñfNaoh wkqj fjkia jkafka oehs úuid ne,Su ish Èú kid .ekSug W;aidy l<o Ôú;h fíreKq <uqka thska miq uqyqK fok .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu yd ish Èúkid .ekSug fhduqjQjka bka uqojd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xldj ;=< oekgl%shd;aul jk l%ufõohka y÷kd .ekSu fuu wOHhkfha wfkl=;a wruqKqw;r fõ' kj fh!jkhka ish Èú kid .ekSu je,elaùu iïnkaOfhka .;yels ms<shï fhddckd lsÍug o fuu wOHhkfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

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iólaIK m¾fhaIK l%uhg yd m%f;Hl wOHhk l%uhg wkqj ,enq fuuwOHhkfha § ksheÈh jYfhka fhdod .kakd ,oafoa nÿ,a, Èia;%slalfha mÈxÑish Èú kid .ekSug ;e;a l< kj fh!jkhka 50 fofkls' Bg wu;rj ishÈú kid .;a kj fh!jkhka 10 fofkl= ms<sn| j o;a; /ia fldg úYaf,aIKhlrk ,§'

fuys m<uqjk mßÉfþofhka kj fh!jkhka ish Èú kid .ekSugfhduqùu ksid u;=j we;s .eg¨fõ iajNdjh;a tu .eg¨j wOHhkfha we;sjeo.;a lula ms<sn|j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu fuf;la isÿfldg we;s wOHhkhlams<sn| idys;H úu¾Ykhla fojk mßÉfþoh u.ska bosßm;a lr ;sfí'

fuys ;=kajk mrsÉfþoh fjka lr we;af;a wOHhk l%ufõoh úia;rlsÍu i|yd h' tys o fuu wOHhkh i|yd kshÈh f;dard .;a wdldrh ms<sn|j;a"o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod .;a WmlrK yd l%u Ys,am ms<sn|j;a úia;rbÈßm;a lr we;s w;r o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod .;a WmlrKhkaWmf,aLkhka f,i bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' ;j o fuu wOHkfha § m¾fhaIKwdpdr O¾u iq/lSug .;a W;aidyh ms<sn| j yd fuu wOHhkfha iSudjkams<sn| j o fuu mßÉfþofhka úia;r lr ;sfí'

fuu wOHhkfha § /ia lr .kq ,enQ o;a; bosßm;a lsÍu yd úYaf,aIKhlsÍu fjkqfjka y;r jk mßÉfþoh fjka lr ;sfí' o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|ydj.=" m%;sY; yd m%ia;dr Ndú; lr we;' mia jk mßÉfþofhka fuu wOHhkh;=<ska t<ôh yels ks.ukhka yd thg wod<j .; yels ms<shï ms<sn| fhdackdbÈßm;a lr ;sfí' tfia u wkd.; m¾fhaIlhska i|yd jk fhdackdjka ofuu mßÉfþohg we;=<;a lr ;sfí'

kj fh!jkhka ish Èú kid .ekSug .ekSug fhduq ùu flfrys n,mEfya;=ka w;r m%Odk;u fya;=jla njg m;a ù we;af;a uj fyda msh neK je§uhs'wfkl=;a fya;=ka w;r frda. mSvd" is;a fõokd fyda l,lsÍï" laIKsl fldamh"fmï in|;d ms<sn| m%Yak" mjq,a m%Yak" mjq,a m%Yak" fodaIdfrdamkj,g ,laùu"wd¾Ól m%Yak hkdÈh úh' kj fh!jkhka ish Èú kid .ekSug n,mE fya;=kaw;r .eyekq msßñ fomd¾Yjhgu fmdÿfõ n,mE fya;=ka fuka u Tjqkag fjkafjka jYfhka n,mE fya;=ka o ;sfnk fuu wOHhkfha § wkdjrKh úh'

ish Èú kid .ekSug ;e;a l< kj fh!jkhkaf.ka 2$3 lg wdikakixLHdjla ish Èú kid .ekSu i|yd Ndú;d l< l%uh ji mdkh lsÍu nj ofuys § wkdjrKh úh' ;j;a 1$4la muK ish Èú kid .ekSug W;aidy lrwe;af;a ngysr T!IO mdkh lsÍfuks' Tjqkaf.ka fndfyda fofkl= merisáfuda,a

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fm;s úYd, ixLHdjla tljr mdkh lsÍu ;=<ska ish Ôú;h ke;s lr .ekSugW;aidy lr ;sîu fuys § oeä wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ;;a;ajhls'

fuu wOHhkfha § t<eô ks.ukfha weiqfrka bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkfhdackdjla o lsysmhls' Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿ jk ish Èú kid .ekSï ixLHdj wvqlr .ekSfï wruqKska ta fjkqfjka l%shd;aul úh hq;= ish¨ wxY ^fi!LH"wOHdmk" iudc fiajd" ckudOH" wdrlaIl jeks wud;HxY& talrdYs fldg ishÈú kid .ekSï md,kh lsÍu i|yd úúO jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu" úúOudkisl .eg¨j,g ,la ù isák mqoa.,hkaf.a udkisl fi!LHh hym;a lsÍui|yd wjYH WmfoaYk fiajd iemhSu i|yd rgmqrd me;sreKq WmfoaYk fiajduOHia:dk cd,hla rch u.ska we;s lsÍu" lDñkdYl fyda j,akdYl wf,úhi|yd mj;akd kS;s ß;s oeä fldg fuka mÈxÑ m%foaYfha ;sfnk f.dú ixúOdkj,ks¾foaYh u; muKla tajd ksl=;a lsÍu wdÈh fuys § rchg bÈßm;a lrkq,nk fhdackdjla h'

Ôjk l=i,;d kñka kj úIhhla mdi,aj, 10 - 11 fY%aKsj, W.kajkyr úIhkag we;=<;a fldg tu úIh b.ekaùu i|yd úfYaIfhka mqyqKq lrk,o mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daudj iu;a .=rejrejka fhoùu" ,xldfjmj;akd ish¨ mdi,aj, YsIH WmfoaYk fiajd tall we;s fldg tajdfha fiajhi|yd úfYaIfhkau mqyqKq lrk ,o mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daudOdß.=rejreka fhoùu wdÈh fuys § wOHdmk wud;HxYhg bÈßm;a lrk ,ofhdackdjka h'

mdi,aj, isák .=rejrekag yd wfkl=;a ld¾h uKav,hkag l%shd;aullrkq ,nk fhdackdjka lsysmhla o ;sfí' tajdkï" fm!oa.,sl .eg¨j,g ueÈjQ YsIHhka y÷kd f.k Tjqkag udkisl jYfhka iykodhs mßirhla f.dvke.Su" fujeks isiqka iuÕ jvd;a ióm iïnkaO;d we;s fldg Tjqka iuÕ.eg¨ idlÉPd lsÍu" Tjqka f;areï .ekSug fjfyiSu yd Wmldr lsÍug W;aidylsÍu" Tjqkaf.a udkisl wd;;sh wvq lsÍu" hkdosh ta w;r fõ'

fuu fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska kj fh!jkhka ish Èú kid .ekSugfhduq ùu j<lajd .ekSug yels fjf;d;a th fuu wOHhkh ;=<ska ,o uyÕ=m%;sM,hla jkq we;' th tfia jkq oelSu m¾fhaIlhdf.a buy;a wfmalaIdjhs'

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Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk wjYH;d i|yd w'fmd'i'

îdudkH fm<& .Ks;h m%Yak m;%fha wod<;ajh ms<sn|

wOHhkhla

ví,sõ' whs' Ô' r;akdhl ^2010& úoHd wOHdmkh ms<sn| úoHdm;s Wmdêh i|ydfmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o ksnkaOkfha ixlaIsma;h

wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% îdudkH fm<& .Ks;h m%Yak m;%fhkabgqúh hq;= m%Odk wjYH;d ;=kls' tkï" l=uk úIh Odrdjlska fyda Wiiafm< yeoEÍug iqÿiqlï ,nd .ekSug" Wiia fm< .Ks;h fyda úoHd úIhhkayeoEÍu i|yd wjYH iqÿiqlula f,i iy ;dlaIK wOHdmkh i|yd wjYHuq,sl yelshd ,nd .ekSug hk wjYH;d h' oekg mj;sk wOHdmk l%uh ;=<idudkH fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák YsIHhdf.a Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd wjYHuQ,sl iqÿiqlï ;SrKh jkafka w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& .Ks;h úIh i|yd,nd .kakd idud¾:h u; h' tksid by; wjYH;d ;=k u tla .Ks;h m%Yakm;%hlska imqrd,sh hq;= w;r" .Ks;h m%Yak m;%h ks¾udKh lsÍfï § tuwjYH;d ;=k u imqrd,sh yels jk fia ilia l< hq;= fõ'

fuu wOHhkfha m%Odk wruqK jQfha by; wjYH;d ish,a,g .e<fmk.Ks;h m%Yak m;%hla i|yd wdlD;shla ilia lsÍu iy tu wdlD;shg wkqjwdo¾Y m%Yak ilia lsÍuhs'

m<uqj wod< fCIa;%j, m%ùkhka iuÕ iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajd" tla tlaúIh Odrdfjka Wiia fm< yeoEÍu i|yd wjYH .Ks; l=i,;d" ld¾ñl mqyqKqwdh;kj, mdGud,d yeoEÍu i|yd wjYH .Ks; l=i,;d y÷kd .ekSug o;a;

/ia lr .eksKs' tu m%ùKhka" .Ks;h úIhh b.ekaùfï mqreÿ .=reuy;auuy;aóka 125la" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ks,OdÍka oi fofkla iy ld¾ñlmqyqKq wdh;kj, .Ks;h úIhg iïnkaO lÓldpd¾hjreka oi fofklajYfhka m%j¾.SlrKh flßK' tla tla m%j¾.hg .e<fmk mßÈ m%Yakdj,s;=kla ie,iqï lr tajd wkqj iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajk ,§' tu o;a;úYaf,aIKfhka y÷kd .;a lreKq" wOHhkfhka wfmalaIs; idudkH fm<.Ks;h m%Yak m;%fha wdlD;sh ie,iqï lsÍfï § úfYaIfhka Wmfhda.S lr.eksKs' Bg wu;rj" cd;sl wOHmk wdh;kfha .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=fõlKsIaG oaú;Shsl .Ks; úIhud,d ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh u.ska ,ehsia;= .; lrwe;s .Ks;h bf.kSfï wruqKq ̂ ;lafiarelrK wfmalaIdjka&" 10-11 fYa%Ks i|yd

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.Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYfha úIh f;aud iy Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=ju.ska ksl=;a lrkq ,en we;s w'fmd'i' ^idukH fm<& úNd. i|yd jk —úNd.yd ;lafiarelrK ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - .Ks;h˜ ys i|yka lr we;s uQ,sl"uOHu iy Wiia hk uÜgï ;=kg kshñ; úIh iSudjka flfrys o wjOdkhfhduq flßKs'

fuu ish¨ ldrKd flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr tu wjYH;d bgqjkmßÈ .Ks;h m%Yak m;%fha wdlD;sh ilia flßKs' miq j Bg mokï jk mßÈmsßú;r j.=jla ilia lr tla tla m%Yakfha msßú;rhkag .e<fmk mßÈ kso¾Ykm%Yak ks¾udKh lrk ,§' fufia fhdað; wdlD;shg wkqj ks¾udKh lrk ,okso¾Yk m%Yak m;%h oekg w;ayod ne,Sfï uÜgfï mj;S'

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ixCIsma;h

w'fmd'i îdudkH fm<& isiqkaf.a /lshd wNs,dI iy nyqúOnqoaê kHdh ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhla

wd¾' tï' tï' wkqr nKavdr fyar;a ̂ 2008& wOHdmkm;s Wmdêh i|yd fmardfoKshúYajúoHd,h fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o ksnkaOkfha ixlaIsma;h

wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% îdudkH fm<& isiqkaf.a /lshd wNs,dI iyfydjd¾â .dâk¾f.a nyqúO nqoaê kHdh ixikaokh lr" ta w;r in|;djlamj;Soehs úuiqu m¾fhaIKfha mrud¾:h úh' f;dard.;a wOHdmk l,dmhlcd;sl mdi,a foll fmdl=re ksheÈlrKhlg wkqj" tl mdi,lska 11 fY%aKsfhaiudka;r mka;s fol ne.ska jk f,i" isiqka 126la ksheÈh f,i fhdod .kakd,§' m%Yakdj,s follska jdÑl Wmfoia foñka" o;a; /ia lrk ,§'

isiqkaf.a jD;a;Sh wNs,dI ys tajd flfrys n,mE idOl y÷kd .ekSuwOHhkfha m<uq wruqK úh' m<uq m%Yakdj,sfhka w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<&iu;a ùfuka miq isiqkaf.a m%Odk n,dfmdfrd;a;=j" jvd m%sh /lshd lafIa;%"tlS lafIa;%j, iqúfYaI ,laIK" m%sh;u /lshdj f;aÍug n,mE lreKq iymjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a wOHdmk uÜgu yd /lshd kshqla;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re/ia lrk ,§' tajd ldKav lr" m%;sY; f,i ;rd lr .ksñka isiqkaf.a fmdÿwdl,am fy<sorõ flßKs'

nyqúO nqoaê kHdhg wkqj isiqkaf.a ,eÈhd yelshd yd wdl,am uÜgïwkdjrKh lr .ekSu fojeks m¾fhaIK wruqK úh' nyqúO nqoaê kHdfha 1997ixialrKhg wkqj ilia l< wka;¾cd,fhka ,nd .;a iïu; m%Yakdj,shlaBg wod< o;a; /ia lsÍug Ndú; lrk ,§' m%Yakdj,sfhys jQ jrK i|yd isiqka,nd ÿka m%;spdr wkqj Tjqka tla tla nqoaê úfYaI hgf;a by<" ueo iy my<f,i ldKav ;=klg f.dkq lr wdl,am uÜgï wkdjrKh lr .kakd ,§'

f;jeks m¾fhaIK wruqK jQfha" /lshd wNs,dI flfrys n,mdk lreKqtlsfklg;a" tu lreKq nyqúO nqoaê úfYaI i|yd f.dkq jQ ldKav iu.olajk in|;d fln÷ oehs ixikaokd;aul j wOHhkh lsÍu h' ta i|ydl,ams; msysgqjd o;a; /ialr ixLHdk úoHd;aulj tu o;a; úYaf,aIKh lrk,§'

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tlS úYaf,aIK wkqidrfhka flreKq uQ,sl wkdjrK w;r" 97]lg Wiiafm< iu;aùfï wjYH;djh mj;sk nj wkdjrKh jQ w;r Wiia fm<skamiq /lshd wfmalaId lrk msßi w'fmd'i' idudkH fm<ska miq j /lshdwfmalaId lrk msßi fuka" isõ.=Khlg wdikak h' rcfha /lshd wfmalaIdl< msßi 83]la jQ w;r" fiiq 17] ms<sfj<ska iajhx /lshd yd fm!oa.,slwxYfha /lshdj,g we¨ï lr;s' /lshd lafIa;%h f;aÍfï § 52]la iaÓr wdodhula,efnk iaÓr /lshdjla ùu yd iudc ms<s.ekSula ;sîu hk lreKq flfrysie,ls<su;a ù ;sìKs' fiiq msßi ie,ls<su;a ù we;af;a m<odhS mqrjeishl=f,i rgg fiajh lsÍug yels ùu" wka whf.a f.!rjh;a fyd| jegqml=;aysñùu iy /lshdfjka ;Dma;su;a ùug yelsùu hk lreKq flfrys h'

mqoa., we;=<dka;" jdpisl-NdIduh" ;d¾lsl-.Ks;uh yd wka;¾ mqoa.,hk nqoaê úfYaI yd iumd; l< yels ,laIKj,ska fyì /lshd i|yd jeä umsßi wld¾Ykh ù we;s nj;a" bka nyq;rh w;r .=re ^35]& ffjoH" bxðfkare"nexl= yd ld¾hd, ks,OdÍ iy kS;s{ hk jD;a;Ska m%sh lrkafkda isák nj ofy<sorõ úh' rgg fiajh lsÍug leue;a;" m%sh úIhg ne£ ;sîu hk lreKqm%sh /lshd f;aÍug fya;= w;r m%uqL úh'

isiqkaf.a mjq,aj," uõ-msh-fidhqre hk iEu msßil u 65]lg wdikakmsßila idudkH fm<ska by< wOHdmkhla ,nd we;' mshjrekaf.a /lshdkshqla;sfhka 1$3lg uõjrekaf.a /lshd kshqla;sh iudk úh'

nyqúO nqoaêhg wkqj" ksheÈfhys iajNdj O¾u nqoaêh i|yd by< ksmqK;duÜgu o ldhsl ixp,kuh yd wka;¾ mqoa., nqoaêh i|yd uOHu ksmqK;duÜgu o m%ldY ù we;'

ixikaokd;aul ld¾hfha §" ia;%S-mqreI nj iuÕ idudkH fm< iu;aùfuka miq n,dfmdfrd;a;= o" m%sh /lshdfjka i;=gq jk fya;= w;r" /lshdjúfkdaohla f,i ie,lSu" m%sh /lshdfjka ÈhqKqjg m;a jQjka oel ;sîu hklreKq w;r in|;djla we;s nj o wkdjrKh úh'

nyqúO nqoaê ksmqK;d uÜgï iuÕ flreKq ixLHdk úoHd;aulixikaokj, §" jdpisl NdIduh yd iajNdj O¾u hk nqoaëka ia;%S mqreI njiuÕ muKla iy-iïnkaO;djhla olajk nj wkdjrKh úh' wka;¾ mqoa.,yd mqoa., we;=<dka; hk nqoaê úfYaI iuÕ idudkH fm< úNd.fhka miqn,dfmdfrd;a;= w;r o iyiïnkaO;djla mej;=Ks'

m%sh /lshdfõ iqúfYaI ,laIK iuÕ ix.S;uh nqoaêh yer" fiiq nqoaêúfYaI o iïnkaO;djla olajk nj fy<s úh' m%sh /lshdfjka i;=gq jk fya;=

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iuQyh iy nyqúO nqoaê úfYaI iuQyh" i|yd ,enqKq ksmqK;d uÜgï iuQyhiuÕ o in|;djla fmkajd we;af;a" /lshdj i|yd È.= l,la mej;s iaj-leue;a;".=rejr-foudmsh leue;a;" tlS /lshdfjka ÈhqKqjg m;ajQjka oel ;sîu ydm%sh;u úIh yd ne¢ /lshdjla ùu hk lreKq h'

fï wkqj" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï-we.hSï l%shdj,shg" —nyqúO nqoaê kHdh˜wdf,dalhla lr .ekSfuka" isiqka ;=< ksOka .; úNjH;d úlis; lsÍfuys,d"mdi, ;=< —kshdul jev igykla˜ .=re-isiq-foudmsh msßiaj, tlÕ;ajfhkayd Okd;aul iïudofuka Èh;a lsÍug fhdackd flf¾' th jD;a;Sh wkd.;hla;yjqre lr§ug" uyÕ= YslaId ud¾.hla jkq we;'

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.%ka: iudf,dapkh

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK kHdh yd jHydr

,d,kS fla' rUqlaje,a,

ta' tï' ã' ví,sõ' .=K;s,l ^2011&l¾;D m%ldYkhls

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK kHdh yd jHjdr Ydia;%Sh .%ka:h ud y÷kajd fokafkaisxy, m¾fhaIK .%ka: mßYS,kh lrk wh yg b;d m%fhdackj;a uQ,dY%hlaf,isks'

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK wksl=;a m¾fhaIK m%fõYhkaf.ka fjka j y÷kd.; yelafla tys l%shdldÍ;ajh $ jHjydrh iïnkaOj ie,iqï.; j l%shd;aulflfrk ixj¾Okd;aul yd úpdrYS,S l%shdldß;ajfhks' úúO iudc yd jD;a;Shl%shdldß;aj iïnkaOj l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK Èh;a lrñka mqoa., yd iudcixj¾Okh lrd m¾fhaIK l%shdoduhla f,i l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYfhysNdú;h l%ufhka mq¿,a ù we;;a" Y%S ,xlsl m¾fhaIlhska ld¾huQ,slm¾fhaIKhkag t<öu ;ju;a iq,n ke;' thg m%Odk tla fya;=jla jkafkal%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhkays l%udkql+, j kshe,Sug wjYH kHdhd;aul mokuyd l%u ms<sn| bx.%Sis NdIdfjka ,shejqKq fmd;m; yd m¾fhaIK ,smswka;¾cd;slj m%ldYhg m;a j we;;a tajdfha wNdIh ,nd .ekSug Y%S ,dxlshmdGlhdg we;s wjia:d iSñ; ùu h'

,d,kS fla' rUqlaje,a, yd ta' tï' ã' ví,sõ' .=K;s,l fofokd lrkq,enQ fuu Ydia;%Sh .%ka:h iïmdokfha § ngysr f,dalfha miq.sh oYl fol;=< m%ldYhg m;a j we;s l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYh wdY%s; m%Odk uQ,dY%.Kkdjla wdY%h lr .ekSu meiiqug ,la l< hq;= h' isxy, NdId mdGlhdg;u wjYH;dj wkqj bx.%Sis fhÿï y÷kd .ekSug isxy,-bx.%Sis Yío ud,djla owe;=<;a lr ;sîu o m%fhdackj;a h' m%ldYs; uQ,dY% weiqre lsÍfï § tu l;=jrekafom, m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾udkql+,j Wmqgd .ekSï isÿ lr we;s wdldrh j¾;udkl;=jrekg yd m¾fhaIlhskg wdo¾Yhls'

l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%fõYh ms<sn| .eUqßka wOHhkhg WÑ; mßÉfþo6la fuu .%ka:hg we;=<;a h' fuys m<uqjk mßÉfþoh l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhkays iqúfYaI .=Kdx. úia;r lsÍug .;a id¾:l W;aidyhl m%;sM,hls' l%shduQ,sl

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136

m¾fhaIKhkag iqúfYaI m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sfha ,laIK" jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okm%;s,dN" oekqu yd jHjydrhkag odhl ùu iy m%ùKhkaf.a woyia l%shduQ,slm¾fhaIKhka ys kshe,Sug wNsfm%arKhla we;s lsÍug yels jk fia bÈßm;a lrwe;' ixlD; m%fõYh" m%;HfõlaIKh yd úuqla;sodhs m%fõYh hk .=Kdx.fmkajd §u ld¾huQ,sl m¾fhaIKhkaf.ka bgq jk iqúfYaI ld¾hNdrh fmkajd§ug yels jk fia úia;r fldg ;sfí'

fo jk mßÉfþofhka idlÉPdjg n÷ka jkafka l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKl%shd;aul lrk wdldrh hs' fuu mßÉfÊo fuu Ydia;%Sh .%ka:fha .eUqre;uikaOdrh f,i ie,lsh yels h' msgq 35 isg 142 olajd jHdma; jk fuumßÉfþofhys l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh iúia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a lrwe;' fuu .%ka:fhys ud w.hk iqúfYaI fldgila f,i msgq 58-99ys wka;¾.;zm¾fhaIK fhduqjla y÷kd .ekSuZ fmkajd Èh yels h' wdOqksl m¾fhaIlhskanyq;rhla uqyqK fok w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhla jk fuu lreK ms<sn| jud¾f.damfoaYhla iemhSug l;=jreka f.k we;s W;aidyh w.fka h' fuf,iwdrïN jk m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sfhys" l%shdj,sh wjidk wÈhr jk m¾fhaIKwkdjrK m%isoaO lsÍu f;la u iúia;rd;aul úys § hhs'

;=ka jk mßÉfþoh jk o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u Ys,am ´kEu m¾fhaIlhl=yg b;d m%fhdackj;a h' m¾fhaIK o;a; /ia lsÍug fhdod .efkk m%p,s;l%u jk m%Yakdj,s" iïuQL idlÉPd yd ksÍlaIK fuka u m¾fhaIK Èk fmd;Ndú;h" Y%jH yd oDYH má.; lsÍu yd m¾fhaIK wruqKq i|yd PhdrEmlrKhms<sn| j o wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug yels jk whqßka iïmdokh fldg we;'

y;r jk mßÉfþoh Tiafia o;a; /ia lsÍu yd bka Tíng Èh;a lrko;a; l%shdoduh mshjßka mshjr fmkajd fohs' l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIlhd yg ksjerÈo;a; l%shdoduhla f.dv k.d .ekSug wjYH ish¨ lreKq yd Wmfoia ,nd §u

yryd rUqlaje,a, yd .=K;s,l l;=jreka fofokd mdGl m¾fhaIlhd ms<sn| jiylïmkfhka hqla;j fuu mßÉfþoh iïmdokh lsÍu ms<sn| Tjqkg ia;=;smQ¾jl ùu wjYH hs'

miajk mßÉfþoh l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK b;sydih yd kj m%jK;d Tiafiawm%isoaO l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK wdlD;s fmkajd fohs' fuu mßÉfþofhyswka;¾.;h uQ,dY% .Kkdjla mßYS,kh fldg f.dv kÕd we;s neúka thb;d w.kd uQ,dY%hls'

wjidk jYfhka yh jk mßÉfþoh f,i m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾u ms<sn|j o mßÉfþohla o .%ka:hg we;=<;a lsÍu b;d ldf,daÑ; h' j¾;udk

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m¾fhaIKhka ys § wdpdr O¾u W,a,x.kh jk wjia:d iq,n h' fndfydam¾fhaIlhska wdpdr O¾u ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a fkd jkafka Tjqkaf.a fkdoekqj;alu ksid h'

wOHdmk flaI;%hg iDcq wod<;ajhlska hq;= j iïmdokh lrk ,o fuuYdia;%Sh .%ka:h l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhka ys kshef,k ieug yd kshe,Sugwoyia lrk ieug w.kd uQ,dY%hla fuka u w;afmd;ls' tkuq;a ´kEu iudcúoHd;aul m¾fhaIKhka ys kshef,kakkag o fuu .%ka:h ks¾foaYh l< yelsh'

.%ka:fha msg ljrh o Ydia;%Sh lD;shla f,i tlajr u y÷kd .; yelsjk f,i ks¾udKh lr we;' ;j o fuu .%ka:fha lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu o b;duekúka lr ;sfí' rEm igyka" j.=" ud;Dld" wkqud;Dld lreKq fm< .eiaùïwdÈh lshjkakdg ,nd fok myiqj yd w¾:dkaú; nj w.h l< hq;= h' m¾fhaIKl%u úoHdj ms<sn| isxyf,ka ,shejqKq Ydia;%Sh .%ka: b;d ÿn, wjêhl fujeksidrj;a .%ka:hla mdGlhdg ms<s.ekaùu ms<sn| j ,s,dkS fla' rUqlaje,a, ydta' tï' ã' ví,sõ' .=K;s,l fom,g lD;{ fjñ'

uydpd¾h uxcq,d ú;dkm;srK

wOHdmk mSGh"fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

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È.du~q̈ .=re .S;h

.=KYS, wUj;a; ^2010&

l¾;D m%ldYkhls

È.du~q¿ .=re .S;h hk .%ka:h mdi,a moaO;shl ksrEms; úúO N+ñldw;r .=rejre" úÿy,am;s" m%cdj hk ;%súO úfNaÈ; lafIa;% flfrys .eUqßkaiam¾Ys;" kjuq fuka u wkd.; oDIagdka; w;aoelSïj,ska iqfmdaIs; jQjls'

fuys l;dkdhlhd jk .=KYS, wUj;a;hka iajlSh .=re Ôú;fhka ,oiqjyila w;aoelSï lrK fldg f.k kjl;d Í;sfhka mdGlhka wNsuqfjys;nk fuu .%ka:h yqfola wOHdmkhg wod< jkafka .=re Ôú;fha w;aoelSïmdol fldg f.k rpkd lrk ,o ksid muKla u fkdfõ' tu w;aoelSïiuia;h f.dkq fldg ;¾l ú;¾l iys; j iuia; wOHdmk moaO;shgksrdjrKh jk mßÈ úoHudk lr we;s fyhsks'

mdi,la úrys; .ulg ish lemùu u.ska mdi,la bÈfldg th rcfhamdi,la njg m;a lsÍu;a w'fmd'i'^id'fm& úIhhka b.ekaùu olajd ixj¾Okhfldg .=Kd;aul núka mßmQ¾K mdi,la njg m;a lrk fudyq ÿIalr mdi,afiajh wNsfhda.hlg ,la lr iuia; .=re mrmqrg lrk idOkSh wduka;%Khlaf,i fuu .%ka:h ye¢kaúh yels h'

mqoa.,hl=f.a Ôú;fhka ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y ;j;a Ôú;hl mrudo¾Yùu fyda iudc.; idOl njg m;aùu wmQ¾jhls' .=KYS, wUj;a; kï jQmqoa.,hdf.a 40 jirl .=re ðú;fhka ,o iqjyila w;aoelSï .=re jD;a;slhl=f.aid¾:l nj Wfoid ,nd .; yels h' .=re N+ñldj id¾:l lr .kq jia .=refm!reIh ixj¾Okh lr .kakd wdldrh fuka u .=rejrhd yd iïnkaO jkúÿy,am;s" mdi,a m%cdj hk ish¨ u fokd iuÕ we;s lr .kakd jQ in|;dj ydtjka in|;dj .=Kd;aulNdjh ;yjqre lr .kakd wdldrh b;du;a ifya;=lj f.dkq lr we;' fujka in|;d we;s lr .ekSfï § yd mj;ajd .ekSfï § we;sjkakd jQ wNsfhda. yuqfõ Okd;aul m%;spdr oelaùfï jákdlu fuka u thflkl=f.a fm!reIh Woa§mkh o jk uyÕ= msgqjy, o fuu.ska iaMqg lr we;'

úÿy,am;s N+ñldj fl;rï n,iïmkak jQjla o hkak fuka u thmdif,a u wkd.;h ;Skaÿ ;SrKhlg ,la l< yels ldrKhla nj fuu.%ka:fhka idOkh lr we;' —iajYla;sfhka ke.S isàfï .=Kdx.h˜ fuka u

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—lemùu˜ kï jQ wd;aóh isoaOdka;h mdi,la ixj¾Okfhys ,d jvd jeo.;ajk wdldrh o .%ka:fhka wjOdrKh flfrhs'

rfÜ foaYmd,kh wOHdmkfhka úks¾uqla; fkdjkakls' wOHdmkh i|ydks,OdÍka m;a lr .ekafuys ,d isg mdi,lg ,nd fok iydh olajd fuu;;a;ajh n,.ekafjhs' mdi,la ixj¾Okhg wjeis jk fN!;sl iïm;a ,nd.ekSfï § fuu ;;a;ajh iqúfYaI j lemS fmfkhs' fuu ;;a;ajhiqúfYaISlrKhlg ,la fkdjk mßos tu wNsfhda. ch .kakd iQlaIu wdldrh.=rejrhdf.a wNsudkhg rel=,la jk mßÈ lr .kakd whqre fmkajd fohs'

ks,Odßjdoh .=re N+ñldjg n,mdk wdldrh fuka u tlS iuia;h ;=<skal=¿ .ekafjk wOHdmk yrh ms<sn| l;sldj;la o fuu .%ka:fhka f.dvke.Sugiu;a ù we;' .=rejrhl=f.a ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh .=re fm!reIhg fuka u .=rejD;a;Sh l=i,;d ixj¾Okfhys ,d ifya;=l jk whqre .=KYS, wUj;a;hka.=re jD;a;shg fhduq jQ uq,a wjêfha § iy miq wjêj, Tyqf.a p¾hduhfjkialï wNshi Tmakexfjkakls' fuu ;;a;ajh fuu .%ka:fhka jvd;awjOdrKh flfrhs'

.=rejrhd iudcldrl i;ajfhla nj;a iudch Tyq foi iDcq j fuka ujl% f,i;a oDIagdka; lr .kakd nj fuu .%ka:fhka .=re N+ñldj foiúpdrCIjfhka hq;= j wOHhkfhka iqmeyeÈ,s flfrhs' tfyhska wfkl=;ajD;a;Skag jvd iudcuh yrh yd ne£ mj;akd jD;a;shla nj;a .=re jD;a;sh yd.=re fiajfha mj;akd iqúYo fufyh" jmißh fuu .%ka:fhka jvd;a meyeÈ,sflfrhs'

wOHdmkh yd iudch w;r mj;akd wfkHdakH in|;dj fuka u tysmj;akd n,h .=re Ôú;hla ;=<ska oDIaá m:hg yiqlr .kakd whqre m%YxikShfjhs' Tyqf.a w;S; iaurK iÔùlrKh lrkq jia ta ta wjia:dj i|yd l¿ iqÿyd j¾K mska;+r wka;¾.; fldg we;' fï ;=<ska Tyqf.a w;aoelSïj,gm%dK;ajdfrdamKh ,eî we;' fï wkqj msgq 245lska ish w;aoelSï ixCIsma; lroelajQj o fuu w;aoelSï iïNdrh ;=< b;d mD:q, wOHdmksl yrhla bÈßm;alsÍug iu;a jQ i;a ix.%yhla f,iska fuh y÷kajd Èh yels h' Y%S ,xldfõiuia; .=re mrmqr" lrkq ,nk fufyh f,aLk.;lrKhg ,la lsÍug fhduqlrk w;afmd;la n÷ fuu .%ka:h iuia; Y%S ,dxflah .=rejrekaf.a wiudkN+ñldjg uyÕ= msgqn,hls'

fuf;la wm idOkSh .=re N+ñldjla Wfoid ud¾f.damfoaYh imhk.%ka:hla f,i WodyrKhg .kq ,enqfõ reishka uyd .;alre Ñka.SIa whs;aud;õ

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úiska rÑ; z.=re .S;hZ h' tkuq;a fu;eka mgka fuu .%ka:h Y%S ,xldfõwmf.a u WodyrKhla f,iska uy;a wNsudkfhka hq;= j mßyrKh l< yelsfõ' kjl;djla mßÈ mdGlhkaf.a uki rid,sma; lrjk fuu .%ka:hwOHdmksl .%ka:hla f,i jákdlñka o w.% h'

ks¾u,d ouhka;s chisxy

iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍm%d:ñl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

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.%ka: úfõpk

mqxÑ orejkag mska;+r l;d fmd;a

^m%ùK cmka mska;+r l;d fmd;a ixialdrl

;;aiqT fudß uy;df.a foaYk tl;=j - 2009& -

isxy, mßj¾;kh - m%ixid l¨fldaÜfgf.a

m%ldYkh - phs,aâ j¾,aâ mslap¾ nqlaia

cmdkfha <ud fmd;a m%ldYk iud.ul m%Odk ixialdrl f,i wjqreÿ35la lghq;= lr we;s ;;aiqT fudß uy;d" Y%S ,xldfõ § 2003" 2004 iy 2006hk j¾I ;=fka cmka niska meje;ajQ foaYk ;=kl isxy, mßj¾;k we;=<;afmd;ls' mska;+r l;d fmd;a i|yd jk cmka - Y%S ,xld ñ;%;aj ixúOdkhúiska Y%S ,xldfõ § ixúOdkh l< mska;+r l;dfmd;a ms<sn| jevuq`Mj,giu.dó j meje;ajQ foaYk ;=fkka" —uq,a <ud úfha wOHdmkh iy mska;+rl;d fmd;a˜" —mska;+r l;d fmd;aj,ska ,efnk i;=g˜ iy —mska;+r l;dfmd;aj, ;sfnk NdIdfõ n,h˜ hk ud;Dld idlÉPd ù ;sfí'

<ud fmd;a ks¾udKhg yjq,a jk l;=jrekag iy Ñ;% Ys,amSkag;;a;ajfhka Wiia mska;+r fmd;a ksIamdokhg Woõ §u" ksfjia" <ore mdi,a"Èjd iq/l=ï uOHia:dk" mdi,aj, orejka leu;s fmd;a ms<sn| woyia ,ndf.k tajd <ud fmd;a ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSu hk jD;a;Sh N+ñldj bgq lrwe;s fudß uy;d" mska;+r l;d fmd;a lshjd §u <ud udkisl ixj¾Okhgjeo.;a jk wdldrh o jeäysáhkag ta i|yd Woõ l< yels wdldrh o wOHhkhlr we;'

fï ±kqï iy w;a±lSï moku u; lrk ,o foaYk ;=fkys isxy,mßj¾;k iys; fmd; lshjk úg mska;+r l;d fmd;aj,g wod< j" wjOdrKhù we;s f;aud i;rla y÷kd .; yels h' <uhdf.a uki" mska;+r" NdIdj iyjeäysá uki f,i hs' fï f;aud y;rg wod< ixl,am bÈßm;a lrk w;r;=r"f;aud y;r w;r ;sfnk" ke; fyd;a ;sìh hq;= wjHdc in|;dj .eUqßka ois;a ldjÈk iq¨ j o bÈßm;a lrkakg foaYl Ndú; lrk Wml%u i;rls'

• wm ldg;a yqremqreÿ w;a±lSï kj m¾hdf,dal ;jrd meyeÈ,s lsÍfuka

lshjkakdf.a wdOHd;auhg yo m;af<ka u wduka;%Kh lsÍu yd uki

Okd;aul j úlrKhg u`. fmkaùu m<uq jeks Wml%uh hs' WodyrK

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142

jYfhka my; i|yka Wmqgd .ekSï fol o tajd ms<sn| j foaYl bÈßm;alrk m¾hdf,dal o ^jryka ;=< olajd we;& ii|kak'

—;ukaf.au orejka isák ujl fyda mshl= ;ukaf.a wf;a ksod isákorejl= fld;rï iqr;,a±hs wdorKSh±hs fyd¢ka okakjd ' ' ' ˜ ̂ 5 jk msgqj&

^uf.a wf;a ug Ôú;h Ndr § iqjfia ksok orejd ' ' ' thorejdf.a Ôú;h uf.a wf;a ;sfnk nj ±fkk wjia:djla&

—orejkag wl=re b.ekaùu wOHdmkfha jeo.;a fldgila' ' ' ˜^66 jk msgqj&

^kuq;a orejka wl=re lshùfï yelshdj we;s lr .;a;dg miafiafmd;a lshjkak mq̀Mjka fjkjd o lshk tl fjkia m%Yakhla&

• <uhd f,dalh olsk wdldrh yd jeäysáhd f,dalh olsk wdldrh ii|ñka

o jeäysáhd" <uhdg WÑ; mßÈ f,dalh ±lsh hq;= wdldrh w`.jñka o

WodyrK iys; j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu fo jeks Wml%uhhs' ^WodyrKhlafufia ±lafõ (

<uhd f,dalh olsk wdldrh ( ?g mdf¾ weúÈk l=vd orejd by< wyfiay| Èyd n,,d mqÿufhka fufyu lshkjd' —y| wfma miafika tkjd'wehs ta @˜ ^8 jk msgqj&

jeäysáhd f,dalh olsk wdldrh ( wms jeäysáfhda idudkHfhka ,eÊcdjfyda wdvïnrlu ksid wjxlj ysf;a ;sfnk ye`.Su m%ldY fkdlrkwjia:d ;sfnkjd' wfmka —fudkjo fndkak ´k @˜ lsh, weyqfjd;a"wms ;uka fndkak leu;s foa .ek ys;kjd fjkqjg" weiQ mqoa.,hdgiQodkï l< yels foaj,a .ek l,amkd lr,d tajd w;ßka ta whg myiqfjkaiemhsh yels fohla f;darkak W;aidy lrkjd' ^6 jk msgqj&

• l;kaor <ud jeäysá iïnkaOhg n,mdk wdldrh úkaokSh f,i m%ldY

lsÍu f; jeks Wml%uh hs'

—fmd; lshj,d fok whf.a w;ska w,a,df.k ld,h iy wjldYh wNsnjd.syska wdmiq tkjd' lshjd fok whf.a Wl=f,a b|f.k mshUd f.diafmd; lshjd wjidk fjk fldg wdmiq Wl=, Wvgu tkjd' wïudf.algy~ <`.skau weys,d" wïudf.a yqiau ±ks,d" wïud;a tlal tlg .uklahkfldg ±fkk wdrlaIdj !˜ ^37 jk msgqj&

• cmdkfha m< j isxy, NdIdjg mßj¾;kh jQ <ud mska;+r l;d fmd;a

WodyrK f,i lshjñka" tu fmd;aj, msgq Wmqgd olajñka iajlSh woyia

Odrdjg idlaIH iemhSu i;r jeks Wml%uh hs' f; jk foaYkh

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uq`Mukska u fï m%fõYh mdol fldg f.k meje;aúKs'

mska;+r l;d fmd;aj, we;s mska;+r yd moj,ska ̂ jeäysáhl= úiska <uhdglshjk úg kï jpkj,ska& flfrk ld¾h yd tajd <uhd yd jeäysáhd iïnkaOlrk wd;aóh wx. folla nj fmkajd §fuka fudaß uy;d o mßj¾;sldl¨fldaÜgf.a uy;añh o lr we;s fiajh Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a wOHdmk lafIa;%hiïnkaOfhka lreKq myla ksid wñ, jkafka h'

m<uq j mska;+r yd moj, N+ñldj" fmdf;a kej; kej;;a biau;= lr

we;af;a h' fuh <uhdg fmd;a ,shk wOHdmk{hska isys ;nd .; hq;= lreKls'

—jpk lshfjkafka wl=rej,ska muKla fkdfjhs' mska;+r we;=f<;ajpk ;sfnkjd'˜ ^31" 32 jk msgq&

—uqyqfKa meyeh" ñksiqka iy i;=kaf.a wx. p,k muKla fkdfjhs'mska;+rfha ysia m%foaYh mjd Ñ;% Ys,amshd úiska w,xldr f,i .%yKhfldg ;sfnkjd' jdlH muKla fkdfjhs Ñ;%;a" Ñ;% muKla fkdfjhstys ysia m%foaYh;a" mska;+r l;d fmdf;ka lshfjk f,dalhf.dvk`.kak Woõ lrkjd˜ ^69 jk msgqj&

fmd;l jpk .Kk yd m%udKh <uhdg lrk n,mEfï m%udKfhajeo.;alu o fmdf;a wjOdrKh ù we;' jpk 39la kej; kej; fh§ rpkdù we;s —rdnq w,h .e,úfhda˜ mska;+r l;dj orejkaf.a ys;g l:d lrk jpk.Kk fld;rï ±hs l¾;D wfmka wid isáhs'

—rdnq w,h .e,úfhda˜ hk fmdf;a kej; kej; jpk fh§u ksid jpktl msg tl;= ùu l;dfõ ÈYdj o mska;+rj,ska l:dj f.dvke.Sug we;sm%fhdackh o .ek lreKq i|yka lr we;' fmd; lshjQ miq we;s jk m%fndaOhyd w;a±lSïj, jHdmkh fï jpk fhÿfï iy mska;+r Ndú;fha M,hls'

fojkqj mßl,amkfha wjYH;dj wjOdrKh fmdf;a wjOdrKh lr

we;af;a h' bf.kqug" ±kqug wu;r j mßl,amkfha wjYH;dj mj;sk nj.=re fo.=reka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h'

orejkag Tjqkaf.a Ôú;h bÈßhg f.k hdug jeo.;a jk ldrKd;=kla ;sfnkjd' fi!LH iïmkak YÍrhla" wjYH ;rug ±kSuiy is;ska ujd .ekSfï Yla;sfhka fmdfydi;a ùu ^41 jk msgqj&'

fndfyda fofkla uq,ska lS ldrKd fol" fi!LH iïmkak YÍrhiy ±kSu jeo.;a f,i i,lk kuq;a f;jkqj i|yka l< is;skaujd .ekSfï Yla;sh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrk wh wvqhs' is;ska

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ujd .ekSfï Yla;sh w;HjYH fohla' ud fuh wyia hdkhlaf,i f.k meyeÈ,s lrkakï' wyia hdkhg wyfia mshdUkakYla;su;a iels,a,la" fyd¢ka ye¥ jHQyhla wjYH fjkjd uf.aorefjl=g Yla;su;aj Ôú;h f.k hkakg fi!LHiïmkak hq;aYÍrhla wjYH fjkjd' wyia hdkhg kùk ;dlaIKfhka hq;amd,l ueÈßhla wjYH fjkjd jf.a orefjl=g ;ud hd hq;= u`.ksjerÈ j f;dard .ekSug ±kSu wjYH fjkjd' kuq;a hka;%hlaiy md,l ueÈßhla ;snQ muKska wyia hdkhg wyfia mshdUkakgneye' mshdm;a folla ke;=j' ñksiqkag;a th tfiauhs' fi!LHiïmkak YÍrhl=;a ±kSu;a ;snQ muKska Ôú;h keue;s wyigmshdUd hkakg neye' Tjqkag ta i|yd is;ska ujd .ekSfï Yla;shkue;s mshdm;a w;HjYH fjkjd' ^41 iy 42 jk msgq&

orejkag wl=re b.ekaùu wOHdmkfha jeo.;a fldgila' kuq;aorejka wl=re lshùfï yelshdj we;s lr .;a;dg miafia fmd;alshjkak mq`Mjka fjkjd o lshk tl fjkia m%Yakhla' ug cmkaNdIdj lshjkak mq`Mjka ksid" cmdkfha fN!;sl úµdfõ isoaOdka;ms<sn| úfYaI{fhla úiska ,shk ,o Ydia;%Sh ksnkaOkhla lshjkakmq`Mjka fõú o @ tys wvx.= jk lreKq lsisjla f;areï fkdf.kwl=re muKla lshùu" tu fmd; lshùula f,i i,lkakg neye'fN!;sl úµdfõ isoaOdka; ms<sn| úfYaI{jrhd" wl=re" jpk"Ndú;fldg meyeÈ,s lrk" úYajh ms<sn| kùk;u m¾fhaIK m%;sM,,ndfokakg W;aidy lrk Ñ;a;rEmh ug uf.a ysf;a we|.kakgneß ksihs ud th lshjQjd fkdjkafka' ^66 iy 67 jk msgq&

mska;+r l;d fmd;la lshjd wjidkfha ,efnk mKsúvhg l,ska <uhdg

,efnk NdIdjg wu;r j mska;+rhla iu`. <uhd bÈßmsg uefjk f.dvkef.kf,dalhla ksid jpkj, Yla;sh o tys Ñ;a; rEm ueùfï yelshdj o wjOdrKhlr we;' l;kaor lshùfï § mka;s ldur bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha §NdIdj Ndú; l< hq;= wdldrh .ek jeo.;a woyia fï wkqj wmg Wlyd .;yels h'

f;jkqj —mska;+r l;d fmd;a iy fm<fmd;a yd;amiska fjk;a fmd;aj¾. folla˜ ^39 jk msgqj& nj foaYl wjOdrKh lrhs' ta tfia u h' tfy;aY%S ,xldfõ fm<fmd; rcfhka fkdñ,fha mdi,a orejkag ,nd fok ksid ydth mka;s ldurfha Ndú; úh hq;= ks, fm<fmd; ksid tys ni o tys we;=<;alrk mska;+r o Ñ;% o fm<fmd; lshjk orejd iy thg Wmldr lrk

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.=rejrhdf.a ukia ±kg iïnkaO lrk wdldrh iy iïnkaO úh hq;= wdldrho .ek kej; kej;;a kj oDIaáfldaKj,ska is;d n,kakg fï foaYk tl;=ju. fmkajhs' fm<fmd;aj,g mska;+r we;=<;a lsÍfï § mokï lr .; hq;=uQ,O¾u .ek o w¨;ska ys;kakg fï foaYkj, woyia mokï lr .; yels h'wfkla w;g NdIdj b.ekaùfï .=re N+ñldj .ek w¨;ska ys;kakg o mokïlr .; yels woyia yd ixl,am Odrdjla fï foaYk tl;=fjka iemhS we;' fïwoyia Odrd ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuka .=re isiq in|;dj hd lsÍug NdIdj iymska;+r hk md,ï iu;a jk wdldrh y÷kd .; yels h'

i;rjkqj wl=re b.ekaùu iy l:d fmd;a lshùu w;r fjki mdGlhdgmeyeÈ,s lr we;af;a h' —mska;+r l:d fmd;a orejkag wl=re b.ekaùu msKsiNdú; lsÍfuka mska;+r l:d fmdf;ka uefjk f,dalfhka i;=gla ,eîugorejkag fkdyels fjkjd' wehs @ fïjd jeäysáhka ;ukag wl=re b.ekaùugNdú; lrk fohla f,i orejka is;kjd'˜

miajkqj wOHdmk lafIa;%fha m%ldYk iïnkaOfhka ixialrKfha we;sjeo.;alu wjOdrKh jkafka h' foaYk tl;=j" mska;+r l;d fmd;a ixialrKlghq;=j, fh§ wjqreÿ 35l w;a±lSï ,;a ixialdrljrfhl=f.a h' l;=jrekayd Ñ;%Ys,amSkaf.a woyia fjkqjg ixialdrjrhl= fufia kj oDIaá fldaKhlskawoyia ±laùfï jeo.;alu l=ula o @ fyd| f,aLlhl=f.a o Ñ;%Ys,amshl=f.a oN+ñldfõ ,laIKhka jkafka ;uka ,shk - w¢k foa ksrka;rfhka ixialrKhlsÍu h' ,sfhda f;da,aiaf;dhs iy .=ia;dfjda maf,dfnhd hk iïNdjHl;=jrekaf.a f,aLk ffY,sh wOHhkh lrk úg fï ixialrK ffY,sh úYofõ' wOHdmk lafIa;%fha j¾;udk .eg¨jla jkafka ksYaÑ; ld,hl § fm<fmd;a we;=`M úIhud,d øjH ksl=;a lsÍug isÿ ùu hs' tksid úIhud,d øjHiïmdokh tla wf;lska hdka;%sl l%shdj,shla njg o m;a ù we;af;a h' fuúg

fmdf;ys .=Kh Wmßu uÜgug kexùug wjYH ixialrK Ñka;kh f,aLlhdgw;am;a lr .ekSug ld,h yria jkafkah' óg ms<shula jkafka mqyqKq ixialdrlfiajh ,nd .ekSu hs' fmd;l .=Kh kexùfuys ,d —WmfoaYk N+ñldfjka˜fuka u —ixialrK N+ñldfjka˜ o m%fhdack ,eìh yels h'

—mqxÑ orejkag mska;+r l;d fmd;a˜ lD;sfha wvx.= foaYk lshjk úgcmka ni o isxy, ni o w;r iduH;ajh .ek fkdúi÷Kq m%Yak je<la udisljkef.kafka h' fmdf;a wvx.= f; jk foaYkh 2006 § Y%jKh l< ug ye`.S.sh lreKla jQfha cmka niska lshk oE fu;rï fyd¢ka o" <hdkaú; j oisxy, niska m%ldY l< yelafla flfia o@ hkak h' NdId foflys W,am;aj,iudklïj,g jvd fï idoDYHh i|yd n,md we;af;a mßj¾;sldj jk m%ixid

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l¨fldaÜgf.a uy;añhf.a <.kakd jQ o l;dka;r lSfï ffY,shg wdikak jQo foaYk ffY,sh ksid nj wkqudk lrñ' uydpd¾h wdßh rdclreKd cmkaniska isxy,g l< mßj¾;kj, iq.u nj o fuys § m¾fhaIK weig n÷ka l<hq;= h'

l;dka;r lshk ffY,sfhka ,sheù we;s ksid o foaYk tl;=jla ksid ofmdf;a f,aLk jHjydrfha uQ,sldx. ìf|k ;eka .ek fkdi,ld yeßh yelsh' ilia l< hq;= j ;sfnk wlaIr úkHdi fodaI o ;ek ;ek fõ' kQ;kl:k nfia we;s jerÈ fhÿï o ;eka fol ;=kl olakg ,efí' WodyrKhlaf,i —fuys§ fmd; lshùu isÿ lrk ,§˜ ^9 jk msgqj hk jdlHh —fuys §fmd; lshjk ,§˜ hkqfjka ixfYdaOkh l< yels h' ;j;a WodyrKhla f,i—ir, l;kaorh ;=< lshk fohlg miqìu ilia lsÍula flfrkjd˜ ^31 jkmsgqj& hkq —ir, l;kaorfha lshk fohlg miqìu ilia flfrkjd˜ f,iixfYdaOkh l< yels h'

foaYk uqøKh lsÍfï § foaYkh w;r;=r lshjQ l;dkaor fmd;aj, fldgiauq`Mukska u we;=<;a lr ke;s ksid o iy tajd lshúh yels m%udKhg f,dl=jguqøKh lr ke;s ksid o foaYkfha olakg ,enqKq wLKav;dj uqøs; fmdf;aolakg ke;' j¾Kfhka tajd uqøKh ùu o uekú' bÈß uqøKj, § fïW!k;dj iïmQ¾K l< yels h'

fï lD;sh lshùfï § isxy,fha mo fnÿu yd isxy, NdIdfõ woyiackkh jk wdldrh o mo fn§u ,sùfï § yd lshùfï § uki l%shd lrkwhqrg n,mdk wdldrh o .ek uf.a we;s wjOdkh .ek kj is;=ú,s Tiafiais;kakg ud fmd<Ujd Æ nj o mjikq ßisfhñ'

wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=

wOHlaIcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khm¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

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y%s ,xldfõ wohdmk m¾fhaik iÕrdj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/art/som slj 2012.pdf1 y%s ,xldfõ wohdmk...

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