yu hai [email protected] 医学史简论（ 4 ） a brief history of medicine

Yu Hai

[email protected]

医学史简论（ 4 ）

A Brief History of Medicine

Origin of Medicine

Egypt Babylon India China

Greece Rome

Medieval Arabic

Renaissance

Pre-modern medicine

Modern medicine TCM

Western M

edicine

Civilization and Medicine in ancient Greece

古希腊文明 Greek Civilization

2800 － 1400BC ， Minoan Civilization in Island Crete ， Mycenaean Civilization in Peloponnese

1100 BC Dark Age (no written record): Dorian invasion 750 BC Emerging of poleis (city states) 8-4 century BC ， The Golden Age 334-323 BC Conquered by Alexander the Great

(Hellenistic civilization) 146 BC Roman conquest 30 BC ruled by Roman Empire

Civilization of Ancient Greece

Parthenon Temple of Athens

古希腊文明


Plato

Socrates

Archimedes

Aristotle

Euclid

Civilization and Medicine in ancient Greece

Homerepic poet, author of

Iliad and Odyssey

Trojan War (11-9 BC)

Achilles and Patroclus

Achilles and Patroclus

Ancient Greece Medicine

Temple of Asclepius

古希腊医学 Ancient Greece

A sick child brought to presbyter in the temple of Asclepius John Waterhouse 1877


Hippocrates The Father of Medicine (460-377 B.C)

Cos Island and

Cos School of Medicine

古希腊医学 Medicine of Ancient Greece

The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece. The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, the volumes were probably produced by his students and followers

Humoralism ： Four humors, Four temperaments based on Empedocles’ Four ultimate elements

Holistic medicine and prevention

Humoralism of Hippocrates

Element Humor feature Temperament

Fire blood hot/wet sanguine

Water Phlegm cold/wet phlegmatic

Air yellow bile hot/dry choleric

Earth black bile cold/dry melancholic


Four Temperaments

(Personality types):

Sanguine

Phlegmatic

Choleric

Melancholic

多血质

胆汁质抑郁质

黏液质多血质

胆汁质

黏液质

忧郁质

Individuals with sanguine temperaments are extroverted and social. Choleric people have energy, passion and charisma. Melancholics are creative, kind and considerate. Phlegmatic temperaments are characterized by dependability, kindness, and affection.

The contribution of Hippocrates to medicine

Hippocrates is the first physician to reject superstitions, legends and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness. He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet and living habits.

Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline and rigorous practice. The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kept, honest, calm, understanding, and serious.

Oath of Hippocrates

A 12th-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath,.

I swear by Apollo, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath. To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art.I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.

Hippocratic Oath

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves.All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH: MODERN VERSION I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:

I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.

I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.

I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.

I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.

I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.

I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.

I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.

I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.

If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.

(Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today).

DECLARATION OF GENEVA ： A Physician’s Oath

At the time of being admitted as a member of the medical profession:

I solemnly pledge to consecrate my life to the service of humanity;

I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude that is their due;

I will practise my profession with conscience and dignity;

The health of my patient will be my first consideration;

I will respect the secrets that are confided in me, even after the

patient has died;

I will maintain by all the means in my power, the honour and the noble

traditions of the medical profession;

My colleagues will be my sisters and brothers;

I will not permit considerations of age, disease or disability, creed,

ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual

orientation, social standing or any other factor to intervene between

my duty and my patient;

I will maintain the utmost respect for human life;

I will not use my medical knowledge to violate human rights and civil

liberties, even under threat;

I make these promises solemnly, freely and upon my honour.

（ Adopted by the 2nd General Assembly of the World Medical Association, Geneva, Switzerland, September 1948 and amended by the 22nd World Medical Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 1968 and the 35th World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 and the 46th WMA General Assembly, Stockholm, Sweden, September 1994 and editorially revised at the 170th Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2005 and the 173rd Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2006 ）

医学生誓言健康所系，性命相托。当我步入神圣医学学府的时刻，谨庄严宣誓：

我志愿献身医学，热爱祖国，忠于人民，恪守医德，尊师守纪，刻苦钻研，孜孜不倦，精益求精，全面发展。

我决心竭尽全力除人类之病痛，助健康之完美，维护医术的圣洁和荣誉，救死扶伤，不畏艰辛，执着追求，为祖国医药卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。

The Oath of Medical Students Health ties to, life relies on. The moment I step into this sacred temple of medical education, I pledge solemnly- I will devote myself to medicine, with the loyalty to my country and love to my people; I will scrupulously abide by professional morality, respect teachers and observe discipline;I will study assiduously and improve my professional proficiency constantly for all-round development of myself.I will do my utmost to relieve people’s suffering and to improve people’s health, to safeguard the holy and honor of medicine; I will heal the wounded and rescue the dying, regardless the hardshipsI am determined to seek truth for life long and to dedicate all my life to medical science and to people’s health.

希波克拉底格言 Hippocrates’ Aphorism

Life is short, and Art long; the crisis fleeting; experience perilous, and decision difficult. The physician must not only be prepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient, the attendants and externals cooperate.

For extreme diseases, extreme methods of cure are most suitable.

Those things which require to be evacuated should be evacuated, wherever they most tend, by the proper outlets.

It is better not to apply any treatment in cases of occult cancer; for, if treated, the patients die quickly; but if not treated, they hold out for a long time.

Hippocrates refuses gifts offered by Artaxerxes, king of the Persians and enemy of the Greeks. - by Girodet from 1792

Civilization and Medicine of Rome

2000-1000BC early agriculture community

735 BC City of Rome

510-25BC Roman Republic

25BC-476AD Roman Empire

Roman

Mythology:

Rome was

founded in 753

BC by Romulus

and Remus on

Tiber river side,

the twin sons of

Mars who were

reared and

suckled by a

she-wolf.

罗马帝国 Roman Empire

Caesar(100-44b.c.)

Augustus (27b.c.-14a.d.)


Colosseum

Gladiator


Water supply and draining system“ Good in drain, not in brain”

Pon tu Gard of Nimes

aqueduct bridge (flume)


Public health and sanitation ：Public toilets and bath

Private bath and public toilet in Pompey relics (79a.d)

Bath of England

Vespasianus (9-79 AD) vespasienne （ urinal ） first pay toilet Pecunia non Olet vespasiano （ Italian ）（ money does not smell ） .

Roman Medicine

Galen of Pergamon

(129-201 AD)

Galen of Pergamon

Therapeutics in temple of the god Asclepius

Chief physician for gladiators Personal physician of Emperor

Marcus Aurelius and others Great anatomist Pioneer of experimental physiology

Galen of Pergamon

dissection of human corpses was against Roma law, so instead he used pigs, apes and other animals

Galen of PergamonUnderstanding the circulation ：

The heart and arteries, responsible for life-giving energy; and the liver and veins, responsible for nutrition and growth, the brain to make psychic pneuma, a subtle material that is the vehicle of sensation

Natural spirit 自然灵Vital spirit 生命灵Animal spirit 动物灵

Galen of Pergamon

Pioneer of Experimental physiology Arteries carry blood not air Urine formation in the kidney not

bladder Recurrent laryngeal nerve controls

voice Performing transections of the

spinal cord

The influence of Galen

Galen’s writings achieved wide circulation during his lifetime, and copies of some of his works survive that were written within a generation of his death. By AD 500 his works were being taught and summarized at Alexandria, and his theories were already crowding out those of others in the medical handbooks of the Byzantine world.

from the late 11th century unayn’s translations, Ḥcommentaries on them by Arab physicians, and sometimes the original Greek writings themselves were translated into Latin. These Latin versions came to form the basis of medical education in the new medieval universities.

Hunayn ibn Ishaq

Middle Ages 中世纪

Start from 476AD, the fall of Western Rome Empire by German (nomadic: Goths, Frank, Vandal, Anglo-Saxon) lasted for roughly a millennium

(5-15th century)

three "ages“ of European history: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern period

中世纪 Middle Ages

As Christianity grew in influence, a tension developed between the church and folk-medicine, since much in folk medicine was magical, or mystical, and had its basis in sources that were not compatible with Christian faith. The church taught that God sometimes sent illness as a punishment, and that in these cases, repentance could lead to a recovery.

The Inquisition

1232 Pope Gregory IX

The Inquisition

Trial by Inquisition 火Stake (execution by burning)

中世纪的医学 Medieval Medicine

Conformation


Urine exam


放血术 Bloodletting


In the Medieval period the term hospital encompassed hostels for travelers, dispensaries for poor relief, clinics and surgeries for the injured, and homes for the blind, lame, elderly, and mentally ill. Monastic hospitals developed many treatments, both therapeutic and spiritual. Patients were supposed to help each other through prayer and calm, perhaps benefiting as

much from this as from any physical treatment offered.

中世纪的医学 Medieval Medicine From the founding of the Universities of Paris

(1150) , Bologna (1158) , Oxford (1167), Montpelier (1181) and Padua (1222), the initial work of Salerno was extended across Europe. To qualify as a Doctor of Medicine took ten years including original Arts training, and so the numbers of such fully qualified physicians remained comparatively small.

The EndThe End

Thanks

October 20 Monday1. Shahid Jamil (Jiaming)2 ． Topic ： Black Death Stella Ng - 3120300457 Ash - 3120300446 Mansi V.R - 3120300450 Hemanth - 3120300472 Nadia N.S. - 3120300416 Arphan P. - 31203003 ． Topic ： The medicine symbol 3120300394 Thanawat Aungsupat 3120300396 Naritthorn Aroonsakul 3120300414 Kridsanawat Ratthanaprayool 3120300421 Burin Panchaisee 3120300431 Thiti Suchat 3120300433 Chonlakul Chonlakijpatanphol 3120300443 Patchara Kanasup 4. Topic: Medical History of Egypt [How to make Mummy] Winitpa Jingtamon [3120300432] Sadanan Chitrapeera [3120300398] Sutatta Choowong [3120300415] Palaruth Limloetcharoenwanit [3120300422] Nattamon Ngamvaseenont [3110300350] Ratchaporn Ekamorndilok [3120300424] Pakanaporn Chonjitpisan [3120300395]5. Topic: History of Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) 1) Annette Yong 3120300464 2) Aya Jabar 3120300426 3) Chin Wen Jie 3120300404 4) Ooi Shun Ting 3120300425 5) Pimpakan Aojanepong 3120300397 Presenters: Aya Jabar, Chin Wen Jie

yu hai [email protected] 医学史简论 （ 4 ） a brief history of medicine

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yu hai [email protected] 医学史简论（ 4 ） a brief history of medicine