89

MATICA SRPSKA DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

PROCEEDINGS IN HISTORY

1970. 28. (1983)

(19702004) (20052012)

. (2013)

.

Copyright , , 2014

ISSN 0352-5716 | UDC 93/99(05)

89

2014

/ CONTENTS

ARTICLES and TREATISES

?

Ivana KomatinaANNA DANDOLO THE FIRST SERBIAN QUEEN?

722

(UHUD UL-HAL)

Ognjen KreiCHRISTIANS AS UHUD UL-HAL AT KADI COURTS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

2334

(17511753)

Jelena Ili RESETTLEMENT OF FRONTIERSMEN FROM THE RIVERS TISA AND MORI TO BANAT (17511753)

3551

Jelena Paunovi-termenskiFILIP HRISTI IN THE CONSTANTINOPOLE SOCIAL LIFE

5372

19411944.

Nataa MilieviPUBLIC OPINION IN SERBIA ON THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA FROM 1941 TO 1944

7389

MATERIALS and CONTRIBUTION

.

1830.

Vladan S. Gavrilovi and Nenad NinkoviTHE REGISTER OF TEACHERS OF THE SERBIAN ORTHODOX GREAT GYMNASIUM OF NOVI SAD FOR THE YEAR 1830

91104

REVIEW

105106

REVIEWS and NOTES

. , 18561894. , , , 2012.

107109

( , , 19141918: , , ,

, 2014)109112

, , , , 2014.112115

AUTHORS IN THIS ISSUE

117119

2013. 121

A R T I C L E S A N D T R E AT I S E S

?*

: . , . 1217. , . .

: , , , , ,

XIV Chronica per extensum descripta, .1 (Petrus iano, 12051229), 5. 1216. 5. 1217. , : , , , , , , , .2

* , (1315. ): , , (. . 177029).

1 . , , 60 (1901) 4; . , . , 208 (1901) 127; . , , 19522, 169; I, . . , 1981, 299 (. ).

2 Stestanus (!) quoque dominus Raxie et Servie, qui megadipanus (!) apelabatur, dum neptem condam Henrici Dandulo ducis accepisset in coniugem, ex suasione uxoris, abiecto scismate, per nuncios a papa optinuit ut regio titulo decoratus esset, et per legatum cardinalem ad hoc missum, una cum coniuge

UDC 929.731-055.2(497.11)"13" UDC 929 Dandolo A.

8, - , . Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum . , , , , , . , 1217. , -, , , , III . , () , (. ) .3 , , 1217. , a, , (dum neptem....ducis accepisset in coniugem). , , , . , , . , , (12051235) 1217. .4 , , , . .5

coronati sunt ndreae Danduli Venetorum Ducis Chronicon Venetum, a pontificatu S. Marci ad Annum usque MCCCXXXIX, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, ed. L. A. Muratori, Milano 1778, 287.

3 Eodem tempore Stephanus dominus Servie sive Rasie, qui mga iupanus appellabatur, missis apochrisariis ad Romanm sedem impetravit ab Honorio summo pontifice coronam regni. Direxit namque legatum a latere suo, qui veniens coronavit eum primumque regem constituit terre sue, homae archidiaconi Spalatensis Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum, edd. O. Peri. D. Karbi, M. Matijevi Sokol, J. Ross Sweeney, Budapest New York 2006, 162.

4 homae archidiaconi Historia, 159165; ndreae Danduli Chronicon, 286287.5 ,

, invida fatorum series, (bonus ipsius successus), homae archidiaconi Historia, 164. , , , , ,

9, : , - , . , , . - , .

, . ? ,6 - 1201. 1202. .7 ( ).

- ,8 . , je , , -

(nichil laudabile peregerunt), , ndreae Danduli Chronicon, 287. , . S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades III. The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Cambridge 1951, 147149; A History of the Crusades II, ed. K. M.Setton. The Later Crusades 11891311, edd. R. Wolff, H. Hazard, London 1969, 386394 (T. C. Van Cleve), .

6 , , . , 1190. , 1186/1187. , , . . , 1971, 164, . 194; . I, 259260, 263264; . , XII , , 2000, 4041 ().

7 I, 268.8 Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata Diaphora, ed. G. Prinzing, Berlin New York 2002, 10, p.

55, ll. 26; . , , I, . . , . , . , 2012, 113114.

10

, .9 , - , ,10 -.11 , , , , , , . , , , , -.12 , : , .13

, , . , I, -. , , .14 ()- , , .15

9 , , , , Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata Diaphora, 10, p. 55, ll. 714. - .

10 , : , , , Ibidem, 10, p. 55, ll. 1519.

11 Ibidem, 10, p. 55, ll. 1920.12 Ibidem, 10, p. 55, ll. 2025. 13 Ibidem, 10, p. 55, ll. 2931.14 Ibidem, 10, p. 56, ll. 3337.15

, , , , Ibidem, 10, p. 56, ll.

11

, , - - . , , , , , .16 , , , .17 , . .

, , , . ? . , , . -, ,18 . - .19

3841. , . . , .

16 , , Ibidem, 10, p. 56, ll. 4148.

17 Ibidem, 10, p. 56, ll. 4854.18 . . ,

II, 1984.19 . , , 2731, -

, . , . , , . , , 1207, 1217,

12

, , . , , , - 1216. 1217.20 1216. -

. , , . . 1207, , , 30, , , , . , , , , 1207. . , . , 127128, . , , , . T. Madden, Enrico Dandolo and the rise of Venice, BaltimoreLondon 2003, 81, 101103,174, 202. , . ., 128129, , - 1217; . . , , 1938, 9294; . , , 1956, 18, , 1202, , 1217, , . . , 1207/1208, I, 299; . , , , 46 (2009) 141, . 9, 1207/1208, , , . 1216, 1, 2004, 139.

20 . 1216. 1217, , , ( 1214, 1215), , ,

III

13

,21 , , - , , 1. , 1215/1216. , 1215. . . 1216/1217. . , - , .

- . , - , o , : , , - .22 - , . , , 1215, - . , .23

, 1217, Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata Diaphora, *72*73.

21 , , . , (12041261), - , 27/28 (1989) 116117. , 1215, , , MiklosichMller, Acta et diplomata graeca medi aevi IV, Vindobonae 1871, 382. 1246, , 1268, MiklosichMller IV, 345346. , , , . , D. Nicol, The despotate of Epiros, Oxford 1957, 49 I , , , , . , , 116.

22 Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata Diaphora, 10, p. 55, ll. 2829.23 , j , 106108,

1207/1208. . . , . ,

14

1214. , , 1214. 1215. - .24 , , .25 , . 1215. 1216. ., . , , , . , .26 , , .

. 1216. - 1217. ., 1217. ., 1217, .

, , . . , 1998, 1315, ; . , , 2012 ( ), 28.

24 . , . -, I , . . , , , . . , . , 1999, 9092; , Acropolitae Opera I, edd. A. Heisenberg, P. Wirth, Stuttgart 1978, 25; I, 305 (. ); , .., 109; , -, 89. , , , , . , . , . , -, 20 (1981) 54, . 41, 55; . , XII XIII , , 2425 (1986) 231234; . , , , (. . ), 1998, 5161.

25 . , II, 1984, 548637; , , 118.

26 , , , , 98106.

15

. 1216, . , , . , . , , 1217.27 , , , .

, , . 1217. . .28 , . - , . , , , . .29

27 homae archidiaconi Historia, 162.28 1199. , A.

Theiner, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustantia I, Romae 1863, 6. , , 1202, , , , Theiner, Monumenta Slavorum I, 1415. 1204. Theiner, Monumenta Slavorum I, 34, 36, , .

29 , , 1, ed. . , . , . , 2011, 8587, 13. , , , - 1215. 1217, , - . , , , , 108. , , 168,

16

, , 1217. 30 , (interea) , . , , .31 , , - . , , (eodem tempore), 1217. , , 1217.32

, , - . - , , , .

, . , , 1938, 93.

30 homae archidiaconi Historia, 162163, nap. 2.31 Cum autem Andreas rex aliquantam moram faceret preparando navigium, Bernardus

archiepiscopus mortis debitum solvit protinus autem rex misit ad canonicos Spalatenses roagans et consulens, ut eligerent de clericis, ut eligerent de clericis, qui circa ipsum errant, maxime quidem instabant pro qudam Alexandro fisico. sed non fuit petition regis admissa, qouniam aliorsum tendebat intention seniorum, Interea rex naves ingressus dispositum arripuit iternon potuit rex tantum habere navigium, quod sufficeretad passagium omnibus cruce signatis, quam ob rem necessitate compulsi alii redierunt ad propria, alii vero expectaverunt usque ad annum sequentem, homae archidiaconi Historia, 162.

32 , , , . . 28, 23. , homae archidiaconi Historia, 160. ndreae Danduli Chronicon, 287, , , 5. 1216. 5. 1217. . , - , , : dum neptem condam....ducis accepisset in coniugem, ex suasione uxoris, abiecto scismate, per nuncios a papa optinuit ut regio titulo decoratus esset.

17

, . , (12861292).33 . 34 - . , , 843. (), (), (), - , : () (), - , , .35 , , , , , , .36 .37

, 1217. . , ,

33 1220. , . , I (12341263) . (12861292). A. Solovjev, Svedoanstva pravoslavnih izvora o bogomilstvu na Balkanu, Godinjak Istoriskog drutva Bosne i Hercegovine 5 (1953) 5558; . , . , m 16 (1959) 367 372.

34 , IV , ( ) , Solovjev, n. d., 5268.

35 () () () e () , - , 286305, 303.

36 , , 25, . , , 1217 (. . 17), .

37 : . , , 42 (1875) 30, .., a , ; . , , CXXXI (1992) 232, () , bl(a)go~(s)tivaga i pryvago kral Stefana i mon(a)ha Smwna i monah An, stfan, simwny monah i anna, . , . , . , , 2011, 235.

18

. , - , . . , .38 . , , , .39 .40 , , (, ), . , 24. 1227. , , .41

, . . , . 1263. 1268. .42

38 . , . , . , , 1934, 2425; . . , , 19912, 2328.

39 . . , , - 11 (1968) 104106, . , , 5 (1930) 3536, , - .

40 , , 24; , , 105; , , 23.

41 . , . , 2009, 1415; , , 29.

42 . , , , - -, 1264/1265. V. Petkovi, La mort de la reine Anne a Sopoani, L art byzantin chez les Slaves: Les Balkans, 1930, 217221; M. Purkovi, Two notes on mediaeval Serbian history, The Slavonic and East European Review XXIX (1951) 545547,

19

. 1217. . ,43 - 1217. , . , .

, , - . , 1. 1330. ., (proximo suo carissimo), 10. 1333. .44 15. 1345. . , - (affini carissimo).45 , , Chronica per extensum descripta , ,

1258, ; , , 22, 2425, 1265; . . , , 104; , , 2526, . , 1263. 1268. , , 1263, terminus ante quem non, terminus post quem non 1268. 1250. - , . , , 3 (1997) 11, 1265/1266, , . . , , , 2000, 369370, 1271.

43 . , : , : , . . , 2006, 207216.

44 Stephanus dei gratia Servie rex, inclito et magnifico viro domino Francisco Dandulo, eadem gratia duci Venetiarum, proximo suo carissimo, salutem et prosperis in dominum glriari, Ljubi, Listine o odnoajih izmdju junoga Slavenstva i Mletake republike I, Zagreb 1868, 376377, 410411; , , 32.

45 Stephanus dei gratia Servie, Dioclie, Chilminie, Zente, Albanie et maritime regionis rex nec non Bulgarie.magnifico et potenti viro domino Andree Dandulo eadem gratia illustri duci Venetiarum et cetera affini carissimo salute, affinitatis vestre magnifice litteras recepimus, ideo vestra affinitas S. Ljubi, Listine o odnoajih izmdju junoga Slavenstva i Mletake republike II, Zagreb 1870, 278279; , , 32.

20

.46

A History of the Crusades II, ed. K. M.Setton. The Later Crusades 11891311, edd. R. Wolff, H. Hazard, London 1969.

Acropolitae Opera I, edd. A. Heisenberg, P. Wirth, Stuttgart 1978.ndreae Danduli Venetorum Ducis Chronicon Venetum, a pontificatu S. Marci ad Annum usque

MCCCXXXIX, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, ed. L. A. Muratori, Milano 1778. , . . , 1971.Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata Diaphora, ed. G. Prinzing, Berlin New York 2002.Ljubi, ., Listine o odnoajih izmdju junoga Slavenstva i Mletake Republike IIII, Zagreb

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, ., ., , 20 (1981) 4158.

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46 domini reges Raxie ad ducatum nostrum quod propinquitatis affinitas hinc inde antiquitus emanavit, S. Ljubi, Listine o odnoajih izmdju junoga Slavenstva i Mletake Republike III, Zagreb 1872, 185186; , , 3233.

21

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, . , 2012 ( ).

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER

ANNE DANDOLO THE FIRST SERBIAN QUEEN?

by

Ivana Komatina Istorijski institut Beograd

Kneza Mihaila 36/II, Beograd, Republika Srbija -mail: ivana.komatina@iib.ac.rs

SUMMARY: The information that Venetian aristocrat, granddaughter of the famous doge Enrico Dandolo, Anne, married Stephen Nemanji, grand upan of Serbia, and was

22

then crowned with him with royal crown, was brought by later Venetian chronicler Andrea Dandolo. Although this information was not recorded by other sources, not even by Thomas the Archdeacon, who informs us that Stephen Nemanji received a royal crown in 1217, the analysis of sources of Western, Byzantine and domestic origin leads to the conclusion that Anne Dandolo was the first Serbian queen. Letter of Demetrius Chomatenus to Stephen Nemanji clearly indicates that Anne was Stephens third wife. Marriage between Stephen and Anne was concluded in the first half of 1217, followed by the coronation. In the Serbian Sinodicon of Orthodoxy, which was composed at the end of the 13th century, the eternal memory was given to the first Serbian king and queen, Stephen and Anne. The famous fresco in the monastery of Sopoani, Death of Queen Anne, clearly shows that Anne Dandolo survived her husband. Later Serbian rulers from the Nemanji lineage gladly emphasized their kinship with the Venetian doges from the Dandolo family, which was based on the origin of the first Serbian queen.

KEYWORDS: Anne Dandolo, Stephen the First-Crowned, Serbia, Venice, coronation, Sopoani

(UHUD UL-HAL)

*

: : . , . , . , , .

: , , , -,

. - , , , . , .1

* , : , . 177003. 1.700 (, 1718. 2013), .

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UDC 94(560)"14/15" UDC 347.9(560) "14/15"

24

o . -- , . , , , , . , , , . - , e . , . . , - . , , . , , .

, , , , . . , - - , . , , , . () , . , , , - . , .

25

, .2

, . , - 3, , , . . . , , . , -. . , . . , . , - () -. , , , .4

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26

*

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27

, . . , .7 . , , - .8

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143145; B. A. Ergene, Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire. Legal Practice and Dispute and Dispute Resolution in ankr and Kastamonu (16521744), LeidenBoston 2003, 25, 2830.

28

uhud ul-hal? , . . - (, .), (, .), , , . - uhud ul-hal.10 , , . - .11 , , . . , , - ( ) 1795. , , , , , - .12

, uhud ul-hal . - . , , , (), , - .13 , , ,

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11 3/382, 3/387, 3/406.12 3/387.13 R. Jennings, Zimmis (Non-Muslims), 263264; R. Gradeva, Orthodox Christians, 67.

29

.14 , . . , , , , , . - , , , , . , , , , : -, , .15 , .

uhud ul-hal , .16 , , , , , , , .17 , , . uhud ul-hal , , , , 1770. , . , - , - , - , -, , - - .18

, . , . 9. 1737. (Palihor) , , 15 , : , , , , , , (smat),

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30

(teryo).19 . , .

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31

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32

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33

*

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34

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER

CHRISTIANS AS UHUD UL-HAL AT KADI COURTS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

by

Ognjen Krei Institute for Balkan Studies SASA

Knez Mihailova 35/IV, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia E-mail: okresic@gmail.com

SUMMARY: The kadi courts were among the most important institutions in the Ottoman Empire, with both administrative and judicial responsibilities. Every subject of the Ottoman Sultan, Muslim or non-Muslim, had a right to approach kadi in order to solve a variety of issues. The aim of this paper is to analyze the participation of Christians in the work of the courts as a specific kind of witnesses. Namely, beside the ordinary witnesses in a case, in the Islamic tradition there was another kind of witnesses instrumental witnesses or witnesses of the judiciary act (uhud ul-hal). Their names were recorded at the end of any document issued by judge and their role was to guarantee the validity of the judiciary process. If one or both litigants were Christians, their coreligionists could also be recorded among the uhud ul-hal. Sometimes, they were personally connected to the case, for example as neighbors. In other cases they were chosen among local notables, both clerical and lay. Beside formal, the institution of the uhud ul-hal had its practical importance in the functioning of the judicial courts, mainly as one of the much needed connections between a kadi, appointed by the central government, and the local community. As the religious heterogeneity was a widespread characteristic of the Ottoman society, the presence of the Christians among the members of the uhud ul-hal was a kind of adaptation of the traditional Islamic institutions to the realities existing in the Ottoman lands.

KEYWORDS: Ottoman Empire, Christians, kadi courts, witnesses, witnesses of the judiciary act

(17511753)

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UDC 325.3(=163.41)(497.113 Banat) "1751/1753"

36

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1 Decretum generale inclyti Regni Hungariae tomus secundus, Budae 1844, 170: ,,. 3. Ut porro Loca etiam Militaria dicta, in Bacsiensi, Bodrogiensi, Csongradinsi, Aradiensi, Csanadiensi, et Zardiensi Comitatius sita, Jurisdictioni Regni, et Comitatuum restituantur, et subjiciantur; : . , : , : , . 14, 1923, 23.

2 . , , 26, 28; . , XVII XVIII , 15 (1977), 130.

3 J. H. Schwicker, Geschichte der sterreichischen Militrgrenze, WienTeschen 1883, 6880; . , , , 1 (1910), 6769; . , , 29. , 1747. , , . (. ) , 1750. 1751. . , , , 1764. , . , , .

37

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38

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39

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. 1740.

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14 . , 17291731. ., 9 (1974), 8893.

15 . , , 19 (1958), 97115.

16 FHKA, Konskriptionen, rote Nr. 44/B, Nr. 139, folio 27; folio 29; - : . . . , , 4766. 1739. . , (719) (304). 1.023 , 39,09% , 2.600 844 () .

17 KA, AFA 1739, 499 Trkenkrieg XIII (186), 17391367.

40

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42

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1768.

1771.

( )

(, )

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3.300 4.314 660 1.591 920 21,32% 2.722 1.340 63,09%

3.750 4.546 190 4.111 292 90,43% 434 1.498 9,54%

20.130 19.753 1.000 6.744 480 34,14% 13.009 520 65,85%

30.690

6.750 7.694 128 5.575 448 72,45% 2.119 1.260 27,54%

11.070 11.937 161 7.831 615 65,60% 4.106 1.146 34,39%

8.700 10.960 887 7.114 529 64,90% 3.846 358 35,09%

4.350 4.431 1.444 1.825 1.010 41,18% 2.606 434 58,81%

19.170 18.578 648 16.050 1.250 86,39% 2.528 998 13,60% 13.050

5.880 6.749 747 5.601 1.470 82,99% 1.148 877 17%

6.060 5.028 384 3.680 650 73,19% 1.348 1.334 26,80%

11.340

151.320

1753. 12.000 .25 15 1.419,72 km,26 1 km 8,92 . , (0,79 km) .

24 , . . , XVIII , 8082.

25 . ,, - , 2.400 , ,, 2.991, : . , 17761876, 15.

26 , : 18.950 ha, () 7.545 ha, 16.968 ha, () 7.935 ha, 10.164 ha, 6.986 ha, () 6.565 ha, () 9.648 ha, 5.691 ha, () 6.319 ha, 14.751 ha, () 3.804 ha, 5.366 ha, 15.917 ha, 5.363 ha 141.972 ha 1.419,72 km.

43

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2. 1753.

(Summa Effective)

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, 273 163 47 483

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27 FHKA, BA, rote Nr. 41, folio 606608. .28 . , , 37.29 FHKA, BA, rote Nr. 41, folio 301412.

(Hau Wurth), (verheyratete Brder und Sohne) (arme verh: und mittellose verh:).

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- . , . 1751. , . .36

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34 ,,, 1773375, 1773. , ,,Militare.

35 Quellen zur Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Verwaltungsgeschichte des Banats im 18. Jahrhundert, hgb. Josef Wolf, Tbingen 1995, 460466.

36 . , , 3537.

47

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- , - . . , , - . 13

37 FHKA, BA, F. 52, rote Nr. 189, folio 601602.38 . . , 18 ,

, . 13 (1940), 86. , : . , (1751), 41 (1990), 113115; , 1751. , 4748 (1993), 137140; , . , XVIII , 56 (1997), 147151; . , (1751), 56 (1997), 137145.

39 FHKA, BA, rote Nr. 41, folio 301412; . , -- ( XVIII ), 6162 (2000), 109128; . , 1757. , Miscellanea XXXII (2011), 289309.

40 . , , 37.

48

, , , , , , . , 22. 1752. ,, . 17 (), 13. 1751. , ,, - . , , .41

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41 . , ( , 17521768), 81 (2010), 73.

42 FHKA, BA, rote Nr. 41, folio 301412; . , -- ( XVIII ), 6162 (2000), 109128.

43 FHKA, Hoffinanz Ungarn, Vermischte Ungarn. Ggstd., Fasz. 5, Rote Nr. 44/B, Nr. 140, folio 13; . , - , 111, 117. , , (), 1742. , , , .

44 . , - 1746/7. , 26 (1982), 171.

49

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XVI (1906), 362.48 ; . , 1757. , 300.

50

- , , , .49

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER

RESETTLEMENT OF FRONTIERSMEN FROM THE RIVERS TISA AND MORI TO BANAT (17511753)

by

Jelena Ili The Institute of History, Belgrade

Knez Mihailova 36/II, Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: jelena.ilic@iib.ac.rs

SUMMARY: One of the most massive and organized migrations of the Serbs in the 18th century happened in 1751 and 1752. In this period, more then 12,000 people had been resettled from the territory along the right banks of the rivers Tisa and Mori to the left banks of these rivers, which means from Baka and southern Hungary to Banat. This resettlement was the consequence of demilitarization of the Military Frontier on the Tisa and Mori (the so-called Potisje and Pomorije sections of the Military Frontier), which occured in 1751. Both sections were established in 1702, but they lost their military role as soon as 1718, when southern areas of Banat, Serbia and Little Walachia were acquired. The demilitarization of the Potisje and Pomorije sections of the Military Frontier had been a disputable question for a few decades before it eventually happened.

After Potisje and Pomorije sections of the Military Frontier were abolished in 1751, their frontiersmen were resettled in 15, mostly newly founded, settlements in Banat. These settlements were organized as the Banat Land Militia within 6 companies (so-called Upper Companies): Velika and Mala Kikinda, Melenci and Tara, Mokrin, Jozefova (later Obilievo) and Krstur, Idvor and Leopoldova (enta), Boto, Marinovo Selo (Tomaevac) and Sige (Perlez), Vranjevo, Karlovo (Novo Miloevo) and Kumane. All of these settlements were located in deserted and marshland areas of western Banat, which were, until that moment, administratively submitted to the Districts of Bekerek and anad. Depopulation of western Banat was caused by various reasons, such as plague epidemics (1730, 17381739), fiscal burden, war and presence of domestic army (17371739). According to the survey from the late 1739 and early 1740, plague epidemic caused a disappearance of 36% of adult male population (Contribuenten) in the District of Bekerek, 33.61% in the District of Vrac, 27.21% in the District of akova and 42.31% in the District of Panevo. Beside that, in the war period, the population of Banat escaped because of the conduct of domestic army, which burdened the inhabitants of settlements along their route on the rivers Tisa and Danube. By the year 1740 the devastation of some settlements in the District of Bekerek on the river Tisa, such as Beej and enta, committed by domestic army on its way towards Panevo and Orava was complete.

49 . , , 7677 ( *).

51

According to military survey conducted in the end of 1753, in newly founded settlements of the Banat Land Militia there were 1,769 householders, as well as 1,044 married members of households (brothers and sons) and 273 married poor and homeless persons. Accordingly, only adult and physically capable men were registered. This means that in 15 settlements there were 3,113 married individuals as well as families, but the number of households was smaller (2,076), because the households were economic units consisting of 15 married male members. In about 40% of all households there were registered other married members (i.e. brothers and sons) beside the head of a household. In 196 households there were even 25 such members, so 9.44% of all households could be considered as zadruga (joint family). The number of potential zadruga households in the group of officers households was even biger (27%).

Based on surveyed number of adult men in settlements of the Banat Land Militia in 1753, the estimated minimum of the total number of people settled there was 12,000 persons. In the area of 1 km of these settlements there could be found 8.92 persons or one household in the area of 0.79 km. These data confirm the conclusion that the most impor-tant consequence of the demilitarization of Potisje and Pomorije sections of the Military Frontier was the resettlement of their inhabitants in Banat, and not, as it was previously stated in literature, in Russia.

KEYWORDS: Habsburg Monarchy, Banat, Banat Land Militia, Potisje and Pomorije sections of the Military Frontier, demilitarization, population, migrations, XVIII century

: je 19. . - - - .

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. , , . envoye extraordinaire et Ministre plenipotentiaire. , , .

54 Enid Layard, Twixt Pera and Therapia, The Constantinople Diaries of Lady Layard, Edited by Sinan Kuneralp, Istanbul 2010, 7374.

55 . , . , 293317; E. Layard, nav. delo, 76; Sir Henry A. Layard, The Queens Ambassador to the Sultan, Memoires of Sir Henry A. Layards Constantinople Embassy 18771880, edited by Sinan Kuneralp, Istanbul 2009, 203205.

56 , . , , . Bogdan Lj. Popovi, Istorija ministarstva inostranih dela Srbije, Beograd, 2005, 111112.

57 . , . , 317336.58 (18681880), 202203.

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ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER

FILIP HRISTI IN THE CONSTANTINOPOLE SOCIAL LIFE

by

Jelena Paunovi-termenski University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of History

ikaLjubina 1820, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia E-mail: jpaunovi@f.bg.ac.rs

SUMMARY: Filip Hristi was a Serbian statesman and a diplomat who had some influence on Serbian political scene during the 19th century. His handling of his duties and social life among diplomatic representatives in Constantinople from 1870s to 1880s, with

80 , , . , 2008, 7488.

81 . , . , 156.82 , , 2008, 304.

72

interruptions, contributed to strengthening of the Serbian Principality independency from the Ottoman Empire. As a French student and a state scholarship holder accustomed to both life in the West and Balkan working environment in Belgrade, he had to find his way in the hectic Turkish capital at the crossroads between East and West.

Hristis biggest contribution to the Serbian politics in Constantinople was his ability to talk to all Constantinople representatives of the foreign powers in a friendly way.

Hristis diplomatic missions in Constantinople contributed to the research of the development of Serbian diplomacy from the separate missions to the permanent legations when Serbia became independent from the Ottoman Empire. These missions also depicted diplomatic life in Turkish capital and Turkish diplomatic protocols. It can be concluded that Hristi successfully adapted to the diplomatic life and Constantinople social scene.

KEYWORDS: Filip Hristi, Constantinople, social life, diplomacy, Serbia, Ottoman Empire

19411944.*

: . , - . , , . , , .

: , , , , ,

, - 1941. , , .1 , , , . , , (), . , , , . , .

* -: / ( 47027), .

1 Milan Borkovi, Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji 19411944. Kvislinka uprava 19411944, knj. 1 (19411942), Beograd 1979, 239243.

UDC 32.019.5(497.11:497.5)"1941/1944"

74

, , .2 -. . , . , , .3 - , , , . , , .4 , , , - . - , .5 . ( ) .6

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2 Ljubomir Tadi, Javno mnjenje, u: Enciklopedija politike kulture, Beograd 1993, 457468.3 .4 ,

. - -, , , (M. Borkovi, Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji., 20).

5 (), (25), XVII, . 149, .

6 (), (, ), II-14/1, 141/31.

75

.7 , - . , , , , , , - .8 , , . , .

:

, , , , , . , - , . , , . , , 1941. .9 , .

, , , . , 1943. 1944. . , , 10. ,

7 : Zorica Tomi, Komunikacija i javnost, Beograd 2007.8 Zlatko Isakovi, Uvod u propagandu, Beograd 1991, 81.9 1943. , , ,

, , . - , , . , , . , , (Aleksandar Vojinovi, NDH u Beogradu, Zagreb 1995, 259260).

10 1.847.000 , - (Slobodan D. Miloevi, Izbeglice i preseljenici na teritoriji okupirane

76

, . , , . , , -, . . , , (Deutsches Nchrichtenbro () ) Donauzeitung.11 , . - , . , , , , , .12 : , , , ? , , , , ?

- . . , 13, , ,

Jugoslavije 19411945, Beograd 1981, 134).11 Donauzeitung, , 15. 1941. .

. 12 : ,

, 24. , 3; , , 9. 1941, 1; , , 19. , 1; , , 19. 2; , , 16. 1941, 2; , , 20. 1941, 3; - , , 20. 1941, 1; - , , 1. 1941, 4; .

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77

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78

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, . , , , . , ? , . . . .25 - . , 1941. ,

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23 Nikica Bari, Politika Nezavisne Drave Hrvatske prema Srbiji, Istorija 20. veka, br. 1, Beograd 2011, 115126; . . , , 4. 1941, 2.

24 , , 14. 1941, 3.25 , , 12. 1941, 3;

, , 18. 1941, 12.

79

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33 . , 1941. . 20. 1941, , (S. Miloevi, n. d., 255).

34 , 23. 1941, 5.35 , , , 28. 1941,

2; , , 28. 1941, 3.

81

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36 -, , , 23. 1941, 3.

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82

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:

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. , . .44 ,

42 ., , , 9. 1941, 6.43 : Hans-Joahim Nojbauer, Fama: istorija

glasina, Beograd 2010; Zlatko Isakovi, Uvod u propagandu, Beograd 1991, 215222.44 , 19411944, 2005, 78, 16. 1941;

, 79, 23. 1941.

83

, . , , , . .45 , , , . , . . .46

- - . . , . , , , - .47 , -, . , , , , .48 . , , . 1942. ( ), , , .49 .50

1941. . - - . 1942.

45 , 87, 20. 1941.46 , 104, 14. 194147 , 1941, 1998, 194.48 , , 2004, 15, 29. 1942.49 (), (), -20, 2, 14 (: 20-2-14), -

, . . 1456 6. 1942 ; , , 93-1-11, . 5047/42 2. 1942 , .

50 . , . ., 341, 23. 1942; , 342, 27. 1942.

84

7.000 . .51

, , , . , , - , 1941. 1942. , . , .52 - , .53

- . , . , 1942. , ( ) , .54 .55 - . , . , .56

51 A. Vojinovi, n. d., 196, Izvee iz Srbije dr Ante Nikia, 22. rujan 1942.52 . , -

, ( ). , 8. 1942. , ( 1941. 1942) . , , , . , , (Ljubo Boban, Hrvatska u arhivama izbeglike vlade 19411943. Izvetaji informatora o prilikama u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb 1985, 278292.

53 A. Vojinovi, n. d.,128, Tjedno izvee iz Srbije dr Ante Nikia, 30. svibanj 1942.54 , , 20-1-18, . 1514 18.

1942. , .

55 , , , . . 541 23. 1942. - .

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85

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57 . , . ., 92, 28. 1941; , 94, 30. 1941.58 , 115, 25. 1941.59 , 148, 24. 1941; , 354, 28. 1942.60 A. Vojinovi, n. d., 159, Izvee iz Srbije dr Ante Nikia, 22. srpanj 1942.61 , 169, Izvee iz Srbije, 31. srpanj 1942.

86

, . , , . , , - . , , . .62 , , , .63

. ,64 .65 , , . . :

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62 , , 20-3-24, , , . . 737 25. 1941. .

63 , , 24. 1941; , , 9. 1942.

64 A. Vojinovi, n. d., 108, Izvee glavnog konzula dr Ante Nikia o prilikama u Srbiji, 18. svibanj 1942.

65 , 143, Izvee iz Srbije dr Ante Nikia, 4. srpanj 1942.66 , 108, Izvee glavnog konzula dr Ante Nikia o prilikama u Srbiji, 18. svibanj 1942;

, 124, Izvetaj vicekonzula Vincetia, 28. svibanj 1942; , 145, Izvee dr Ante Nikia iz Srbije, 4. srpanj 1942.

87

, , . - . , . , , , , , 1942. .

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. , ,

.67

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67 . (. , ), 2011, 200201, 16. 1942.

68 . , . ., 399, 25. 1942.

88

, , , - . , , . , , . , .

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER

PUBLIC OPINION IN SERBIA ON THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA FROM 1941 TO 1944

by

Nataa Milievi Institute for Contemporary History

Trg Nikole Paia 11, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia E-mail: inis@ptt.rs

SUMMARY: The public in Serbia formed its views, opinions and interpretations of the Independent State of Croatia (ISC) during World War II under pressure from Nazi occupiers, censorship and Croatian-German alliance. These constraints eliminated the freedom of public debate and thus the existence of the genuine public typical for free and democratic societies. Therefore, this public is regarded as pseudo public. Throughout the period of occupation, except for the first few months, the official Serbian public was pronouncedly passive, or rather made passive, with regard to the ISC. It could not have been more active because of the strict censorship of the German occupation authorities not allowing public expression of negative or critical opinion of their ally. For that reason, the official Serbian public generally followed various kinds of news about the situation in the ISC, but without the possibility of public expression. It reacted when the circumstances allowed it, or when it suited the German occupiers. It is possible to single out two such cases: a sharp reaction to the treatment of Serbs in the ISC and critical thinking about the changes in Croatian language and literature. Many other news were not commented and some of them were not allowed to appear on the pages of the public media, such as the testimonies of Serbian refugees or conflict between Serbs and Croats in the border zone of the Drina and Sava rivers. Hence, it can be concluded that the silence imposed on the official Serbian public spoke louder than words. Sensitive news, which never saw the daylight, became public secrets that people knew about but were forced to pretend they did not know. Unlike the official public, the unofficial Serbian public was much more active. Due to the lack of clear and detailed information about the situation in the Independent State of Croatia, it was forced to satisfy its need for being informed in different ways. It not only searched for various kinds of news, listened and transmitted information obtained from persons with reliable sources, but also commented and gave the assessment of

89

current news from the public media and newspapers. As a result, the unofficial public was often dominated by rumors or news significantly altered, compared to the original events whether real or not. The number of rumors was so great that it can be said that this part of the public was dominated by noise, which was not publicly heard and not allowed to be heard. The image of the ISC, thus formed in the unofficial public was, in addition to actual knowledge, full of unreliable and confusing news revealing various emotions (fear, resentment, hope, expectations, etc.).

KEYWORDS: the public, Serbia, Independent State of Croatia, Second World War, propaganda, refugees

M AT E R I A L S A N D C O N T R I B U T I O N

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37 Districtus Nassadistarum, (). () .: , , , , 1983, 129137.

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