zebrafish as a model system

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Zebrafish as a model system In situ hybridization Large clutches of embryos per mating, which are transparent throughout external development Organogenesis advenced in 24h RNA or antisense oligos microinjection Rapid development Mutagenesis screeninig

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RNA or antisense oligos microinjection. Large clutches of embryos per mating, which are transparent throughout external development. In situ hybridization. Organogenesis advenced in 24h. Mutagenesis screeninig. Rapid development. Zebrafish as a model system. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Zebrafish as a model system

Zebrafish as a model system

In situ hybridization

Large clutches of embryos per mating, which are transparent throughout external development

Organogenesis advenced in 24h

RNA or antisense oligos microinjection

Rapid development

Mutagenesis screeninig

Page 2: Zebrafish as a model system

Analisi dell’espressione e della funzione del gene

dinamina1 (dnm1) durante lo sviluppo embrionale di

zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Page 3: Zebrafish as a model system

• Processo cellulare che permette alle cellule di assumere molecole di diversa natura dall’ambiente esterno, mediante movimenti della membrana

• può essere costitutiva o regolata da stimoli esterni (ligandi, virus….)

• classificazione sulla base della dimensione delle vescicole endocitotiche, sulla natura delle molecole internalizzate (ligandi, recettori, lipidi) e sulle modalità di formazione delle vescicole

Endocitosi

Page 4: Zebrafish as a model system

Endocitosi mediata da clatrina

Modalità di trasporto

vescicolare implicata nella comunicazione

intercellulare, nel recupero dei

neurotrasmettitori a livello del

terminale pre-sinaptico,

nell’internalizzazione di recettori,

fattori di crescita, antigeni e nutrienti

Page 5: Zebrafish as a model system

Endocitosi mediata da clatrina

In Drosophila melanogaster sono stati isolati mutanti temperatura sensibili del gene dnm1. A temperature non permissive si ha un fenotipo paralitico a causa del mancato recupero di neurotrasmettitori

• Lo stimolo elettrico arriva al terminale sinaptico

• Influsso di Ca2+

• esocitosi

• endocitosi mediata da clatrina

Page 6: Zebrafish as a model system

Invertebrati

• Drosophila melanogaster (shibire)

• C. elegans (dyn1)

Vertebrati

• Mus musculus (dnm1, dnm2, dnm3)

• Rattus norvegicus (dnm1, dnm2, dnm3)

• Homo sapiens (dnm1, dnm2, dnm3)

La famiglia delle dinamine (dnm)

La famiglia delle dinamine (dnm)

Page 7: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 8: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 9: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 10: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 11: Zebrafish as a model system

STOP1114 bp

1188 bp

1532

ORF 3’UTR5’UTR

67 2661

Identificazione del gene dnm1 di zebrafish

h dnm1

• Screening di database di sequenze EST di zebrafish

• 5’ RACE

Abbiamo ottenuto un clone di circa 2700 bp codificante per una proteina di 843 aminoacidi che presenta un’identità dell’80% con la proteina umana DNM1.

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Page 13: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 14: Zebrafish as a model system

hDNM1 hDNM2 hDNM3

zDNM1 87% 76% 78%

zDNM2a 77% 85% 78%

zDNM2b 75% 82% 77%

zDNM3 72% 74% 75%

Geni dnm di zebrafishGeni dnm di zebrafish

Page 15: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 16: Zebrafish as a model system

nucleo

proteina

mRNAAUG5’UTR 3’UTR

AAAA

50s

30s

Il termine '''espressione genica''' indica il processo attraverso cui l'informazione

contenuta in un gene viene convertita in una proteina

Il termine '''espressione genica''' indica il processo attraverso cui l'informazione

contenuta in un gene viene convertita in una proteina

Page 17: Zebrafish as a model system

AAAA

AAAA

AAAA

gene1

gene2

gene3

mRNA 1mRNA 2

mRNA 3

AAAA

AAAA

gene1

gene2

gene3

mRNA 1mRNA 2

Cellula muscolare

Cellula nervosa

Espressione genica

• L’espressione di un gene può essere costitutiva o regolata nello spazio e nel tempo

• Equivalenza nucleare: i nuclei di tutte le cellule di un organismo hanno lo stesso contenuto in termini di geni

Page 18: Zebrafish as a model system

cDNA1 cDNA2 cDNA1 cDNA2

cDNA3

ESTRAZIONE DELL’mRNA

RETRO-

TRASCRIZIONE

PCR

RT-PCR

Page 19: Zebrafish as a model system

IBRIDAZIONE IN SITU

Page 20: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 21: Zebrafish as a model system

ANALISI FUNZIONALE

ANALISI FUNZIONALE PER PERDITA DI FUNZIONE

Si inietta uno specifico morfolino, un oligonucleotide antisenso che si appaia al trascritto del gene target bloccando la traduzione.

Page 22: Zebrafish as a model system

ANALISI FUNZIONALE PER GUADAGNO DI FUNZIONE

RNA sintetizzato in vitro sulla regione codificante del gene d’interesseAUG AA

ANALISI FUNZIONALE

Page 23: Zebrafish as a model system

pcs2+ vector

Page 24: Zebrafish as a model system

• si testano diverse concentrazioni di morfolino o di RNA• vengono coiniettati traccianti vitali o RNA codificante per la proteina GFP allo scopo di verificare l’avvenuta iniezione• la microinezione viene eseguita nel tuorlo di embrioni fino allo stadio di 4 blastomeri • controlli: -embrioni non iniettati

-per morfolino si può usare morfolino STANDARD CONTROL allo scopo di dimostrare che i fenotipi

osservati nei morfanti non siano dovuti alla microiniezione in sé.

Page 25: Zebrafish as a model system

Sinapsi neuromuscolare

SNC

somite somiteNT

SNC

somiteNT

Page 26: Zebrafish as a model system

Primary motor neuron axons CaP (pink), MiP (blue), and RoP (green) exit the spinal cord through the ventral root and extend along the common pathway to the choice point (asterisk) located at the horizontal myoseptum as shown in the left myotomal segment. At the choice point, axons pause and then proceed to innervate a cell-appropriate territory. At later time points, MiP retracts its ventral axon, the dorsal MiP and ventral CaP axons reach the edge of the myotome and turn laterally, and RoP elaborates an axonal arbor laterally near the horizontal myoseptum as shown in the right myotomal segment. Beginning ca. 5 h after primary motor axons pioneer the common pathway, secondary motor axons (dark blue) exit the spinal cord and extend into the periphery as shown in the right myotomal segment

(Panzer et al., 2005)

Page 27: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 28: Zebrafish as a model system

SNC

SNC

C

A) defects in the activity of neuromuscolar synapses

B) defects in the axons pathfinding

somite

somite

Motility defects

Muscular defects

C

Page 29: Zebrafish as a model system
Page 30: Zebrafish as a model system

2 mutants with defects in neuromuscular synaptogenesis

Touch response defects

Hp: the loss of function of zdnm1 could limit the formation or the activity of CNS synapses and neuromuscolar synapses.

1. mutants with defects in the function of synaptic proteins involved in the control of synapse activity (acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine receptor....)

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PSDPSD

ctrl

Lower Dnm1 protein level after zdnm1-MO microinjection could limit neurotransmitters uptake decreasing endocytosis at presynaptic level.

dnm1-MO

We are analysing by electron microscopy the central nervous system of morphants, focusing on the number of synapses and the ultrastructure of presynaptic terminal.

synapse activity

Page 32: Zebrafish as a model system

semi-thin sections

(24 hpf, 48 hpf, 63 hpf, 90 hpf)

thin sections

(24 hpf, 48 hpf, 63 hpf, 90 hpf)

histological and cytological

analysis of somite structure

Page 33: Zebrafish as a model system

mutants with defects in the function of synaptic proteins involved in the control of synapse activity (acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine receptor....)

motility defects

Defects in myofibrils organisation

nerve input works to refine the parameters that determine functional specialisation of the muscle.

Hp: the loss of function of zdnm1, could cause an impairment of nerve input that affects the myofibrils organisation

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conclusions

• zdnm1 presents a temporally and spatially regulated expression pattern during zebrafish central nervous system development.

• the effects of zdnm1 knock down on motility and myofibrils organization in somite cells strongly suggest an important role of zDnm1 in formation and activity of neuromuscular synapses and synapses in central nervous system.

Page 35: Zebrafish as a model system

(Berghmans et al., 2005)

Page 36: Zebrafish as a model system

(Berghmans et al., 2005)

Page 37: Zebrafish as a model system

(Berghmans et al., 2005)

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muscle cells development

Page 39: Zebrafish as a model system

PCR

• Metodica messa a punto da Kary Mullis (premio Nobel per la chimica,1993)

• Permette di amplificare una SPECIFICA sequenza di DNA

• Primer: oligonucleotidi con polarità 5’-3’ che fiancheggiano la sequenza che si vuole amplificare. Servono da innesco per la reazione di polimerizzazione catalizzata dalla Taq polimerasi

• Taq polimerasi: DNA polimerasi resistente al calore

5’

3’5’ 5’

5’3’

3’

3’

Page 40: Zebrafish as a model system

PCR

RT-PCR

Retrotrascrizione