zhihong li, phd department of biochemistry introduction to biochemistry (生物化学)
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Zhihong Li, PhDDepartment of Biochemistr
y
Introduction to Biochemistry
(生物化学)
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Biochemistry
• Definition: The chemistry of life– concerned with the chemical basis of life.– concerned with the various molecules that occur
in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reaction.
• Aim: to describe and explain, in molecular terms, all chemical processes of living cells– Structure-function– Metabolism and Regulation– How life began ?
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Biochemistry
•Significance: be essential to all life sciences as the common knowledge – Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular
biology– Physiology and Immunology– Pharmacology and Pharmacy– Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology– Zoology and Botany
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Cells
• Basic building blocks of life.• Smallest living unit of an organism.• A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular
organism) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (multicellular organism).
• Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt and respond to their environment.
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Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotes (Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus) – include various bacteria – lack a nucleus or membrane-bound str
uctures called organelles
• Eukaryotes (Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus) – include most other cells (plants, fungi,
& animals)– have a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles
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Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles
• Mitochondria- the power generatorsMitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule): Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism.
•Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining boundary Providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems.
•Nucleus – Cell’s information center Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur.
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•Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes.
•Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis
•Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – The transport network for molecules
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•Cytoplasmenclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles.
•Lysosomes-contain digestive enzymeA membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.
•Golgi apparatus -process and package the macromolecules.A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form.
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Biomolecules
• Building blocks of cells. • Animal and plant cells contain approximately
10,000 kinds of biomolecules.– Water: constitutes 50-95% of cells contents by wei
ght.– Ions: like Na+, K+ and Ca2+ may account for another
1%.– Organic compounds: compounds composed primar
ily of a Carbon skeleton.
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Types of biomolecules
• Small molecules: – Lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol – Vitamin – Hormone, neurotransmitter – Carbohydrate, sugar
• Monomers: – Amino acids – Nucleotides – Monosaccharides
• Polymers: – Peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins – Nucleic acids, i.e. DNA, RNA – Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including cellulose)
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Chemical composition of a normal man (weight 65 kg)
Constituent Percent (%) Weight (kg)
Water 61.6 40
Protein 17.0 11
Lipid 13.8 9
Carbohydrate
1.5 1
Minerals 6.1 4
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Structural hierarchy in the molecular organization of cells
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Topics Instructor
1Introduction , amino acid and protein
(6h) Zhihong Li
2 Nucleic acid (4h) Zhihong Li
3 Carbohydrates (2h) Zhihong Li
4 Vitamins (4h) Zhihong Li
5 Enzymes (6h) Zhihong Li
6 Metabolism of carbohydrates (8h) Yanlin Wang
7 Midterm assessment
8 Bioenergetics (4h) Zicheng Li
9 Metabolism of lipids (6h) Deqiao Sheng
10 Metabolism of amino acids (6h) Zicheng Li
11 Integration of metabolism and review(2h) Zicheng Li
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• Satyanarayana U, Biochemistry.
• Murray RK, Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th ed.
• Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th ed.
Text book and references
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• Inspiring interest, confidence
• Previewing and reviewing freshly
• Taking studying notes
• Discussing in groups
• Practice, crosstalk with other subjects
• Making use of internet
Some tips for study of Biochemistry
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Final theory grade
• Final theory grade=– Daily performance: 15% – Midterm assessment: 30%– Final exam: 55%
• Notice: 1/3 absent, can not take part in the final exam.