zomi history vumson
TRANSCRIPT
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_L JIVQLUY^itj dk iktrlauftilk tl _l fuhturg, gflklmy, rghinilk
dka tjgir stdtus ds dk gtjkif miklrity ik
IKAID, EWUMD, dka EDKNHDAGVJ
Rumslk
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_L JIVQLUY^itj dk iktrlauftilk tl _l fuhturg, gflklmy, rghinilk
dka tjgir stdtus ds dk gtjkif miklrity ik
IKAID, EWUMD, dka EDKNHDAGVJ
ey
Rumslk
Suehisjga ey tjg Dutjlr
F/ l K. Q. Qjdwk nd, Rgknjhui,
DI_D^H, MI_LUDM, IKAID.
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FLKQGKQVAgaifdtilk ISrgbdfg II
Fjdpt gr 4. Iktr lauft ilk tl _l pglph g 4 57
Qjg Ngkgrif Kdmg _l 4
_l Slpuhdtilk >
_l Vlfigty >
Qjg Slhitifdh Vystgm :
Fuhturg dka Fustlms 44
Ughinilk 42
_l Hdknudng 49
_lrdm (_lhdka) 54
Fjdp tgr 5. Ullt s lb _l 52 69
Lrinik ik Fjikd 52
_l @iknalm 66
_l Sgl phg Euiht @dhg Sdh dfg 6>
Fjd ptg r 6. Qriedh Agvgh lpmgk t 4333-4:52 13 437Minrdtilk tl _l rdm 14
Gdrhy Minrdk ts ? Mdsj l 15
Hdtg Minrdkts 16
Qj g Vlut jgrk Nrl up ? Dsjl, Vjl Dsjl 16
Vjl. @x'lu. lr _l 17
Qjg Klrtjgrk Nrlup ? Sdwi, Mizl, _lmi 1>
Sdwi lr Hdi 1:Mizl lr Husgi 72
_lmi lr Sditg >1Qriedh ^drs :1
^dr egtwggk Vuktjhd dka Jd`d :1
Qj g J d`d Husgi ^dr :7
Q j g V d ` t d - J d ` d ^ d r :2
Qj g Eurmg sg Jd`d ^d r :2
Qjg ^dr Egtwggk tjg _dkkidt/@judhsim Dndikst tjg Qhdsuk :>
Qjg Husgi ^drs :>
Qjg Husgi_djdu ^dr ::@dmjdu 's ^drs :9
Qjg @dmjdu Vjdk ^dr :9Mgtgi Ndh (@dmjduMdkipur ^dr) 93
Vu`tgHusgi ^drs 91
Qj g @dmjd u _djdu ^ dr 91
Qjg Judhknl dka _djdu dndikst tjg Vu`tg 97
Qjg Agstruftilk lb Hlpjgi 97
Qjg Agstruftilk lb @judsd` 9>Vizdkn's Minrdtilk tl Mudhkudm dka its Agstruftilk 433
Sgdfg Knlfidtilk egtwggk tjg Vizdkn dka tjg Sdwi 436
Tudrrgh Dmlkn tjg Vizdkn 431
Fjdpt gr 1 . Eri t isj Ikb hugkfg 4:5 2-4 91> 4 3 2 - -476
Qjg Aivisilk lb _l Fluktry 43>Gdrhy Ughdtilks witj tjg Eritisj 43>
Eritisj Ikvdsilk lb 4:>4 (^gst _lrdm) 444Eritisj Fdmpdinks ik Gdst _lrdm
446Vizdkn's Ugdftilk 442Qhdsuk Fjigb Vlkpg`'s Ugdftilk 44>
_l`jud dka @dmjdu Ugdftilks 44>
Eritisj Ikvdsilk lb Gdst _lrdm 44>
Eritisj Bikdh Ikvdsilk lb _lrdm 454
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Qjg Vlutjgrk Fjik Flhumk 455
Qjg Husjdi Bigha Blrfgs451
457Husjdi Klr tjgrk Flhumk
451
457Myll` Vudm? tjg Dssdssikdt ilk lb tjg Qlwksjip Lbb ifgr 459Srgpdrdt ilk blr tjg Myll` Vudm 463Qjg Gxgfutilk lb tjg Shdk 464Aisd r mdmgkt 466
QjdalJd`d Ugsistdkfg Mlvgmgkt 494>4949 466
Eri t isj Damikist rdt ilk 46>
Kd ti lk dh is t M l vg mg k t Aur ik n Fl hl ki dh is m 414
Fjr ist idk Missilkdr igs 415
Qjg Ugh inilk lb Sdufikjdu 41>
Fjdp tg r 7 . Odpdk U d h - Q j g Odpdkgsg ^dr 4915- 49 11 471 - 4 > 9
_l Hgvigs 477
_l slhaigrs ik ngkgrdh ^ikndtg 's Nugrr i h hd Drmytjg Fjikai ts 421
Odpdkgsg Davdkfg tl Qgaim 422
Odpdkgsg Ugtrgdt 4>3
Odpdkgsg Lffupd t ilk 4>1
Fjdp tgr 2 . _l pglphg ik Eurmd 4:3-- 5 1 4Gdrhy Ughdtilks witj Eurmdk 4:5
Vtgps tl Ikagpgkagkfg 4:2
Sdknhlkn Flkbgrgkfg 493
Brlkt igr Drgds Flmmit tgg lb Ikquiry 491
Qjg Flkstitutilk lb Eurmd dka its Gbbgfts lk _l Sglphg 492
Qjg Flukfih lb _l Dbbdirs 49>
Wka gr Eurmgsg Damikist rdt ilk 491:4925 535
_l Vlhaigrs Vdvg Eurmd 53>
Vlfidh ism ukagr Mih i tdry Nlvgrkmgkt 546
Eurmd's Vgflka Flkst i tut ilk 542
Eurmgsg Dttgmpts blr Wkagrstdkaikn 554
Dwd`gkikn lb _l Kdt ilkdh ism 552
Qjg 4921 Gmgrngkfg lb _l Vgpdrdtism ik Gdst _lrdm 55>
Jikagrkis tl _l's Srlnrgss 569
Fjd ptg r >. Aistri eutilk lb _l Sgl phg ik Ikaid. 516- - 6 4 6
^gst _lrdm (Mizlrdm) 516
Slhitifdh Jistlry 511
Qjg Mizl Wkilk 517
Aisfussilk lb _l Slhitifdh Buturg 51:
_l Sglphg Wkagr Ikaidk Damikist rdt ilk 579
Md ut dm dka tjg Eirtj lb Mizl Kdtilk dh Brl kt 527
Qjg Blrmdt ilk lb Ikaidk Flknrgss Sdr ty ik _lrdm 52:
Blrm dti lk lb d Jihh Vtdtg 52:
Qj g Mizl Kdtilk dh Brlk t dka its Kdtilkdhis t Mlv gmg kt 5>5
MKB's Dt tgmpt tl Wki tg _l Sglphg 5:2
Mizlrdm (^gst _lrdm) ? D Wkilk Qgrr i tlry 59>
SdwiH d`jgr Ugnilk 633
Srlnrgss ik ^gst _lrdm 634
_l Sglphg ik Mdkipur 635
_l Sglphg ik Klr tj Fdfjdr 643
_l Sglphg ik Qr ipurd 643
Fjd ptg r : . _l pglphg ik Edknhdagsj 641 642
Fj dpt gr 9. _l Sglp hg ik Gdst dka ^gst64>
656
663
666
661
Eieh ilnrdpjy
64>
656
663
666
661
Nhlssdry
64>
656
663
666
661Deergvidt ilks
64>
656
663
666
661Df`klwhgangmgk t
64>
656
663
666
661
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AGAIFDQILK
I agaifdtga tjis ell` tl my pdtgrkdh nrdkapdrgkts blr tgdfjikn mg _l jistlry, fustlms, dka fuhturg eyrgfitikn tjgm lvgr dka lvgr dndik. My nrdkabdtjgr `ihhga lvgr sixty blur-hgnnga wiha dkimdhs. ikfhuaikn
d tingr. Jg trimmga twl alhtidhs. jgy slha tjgir surphus rifg jdrvgst dka mdag slmg mlkgy. !jgk my
mdtgrkdh nrdkabdtjgr agmdkaga dk gxtrd-lraikdry jinj eriag-prifg blr my mltjgr, my pdtgrkdhnrdkabdtjgr simphy plurga sihvgr rupggs ik d eds`gt dka lbbgrga ds tjg eriag prifg. My nrdkabdtjgr
kdmga mg dbtgr jimsghb td`ikn jis kdmg. "um dka fdhhikn mg #$lk% mgdkikn tl kdrrdtg, witj tjg jlpg
tjdt &. wjgk I nrlw up, wihh tghh tjg wlrha jis dfjigvgmgkts. I jlpg tjis pdng sdtisbigs jis wisj. Mybdtjgr aia gxtgksivg rgsgdrfj wlr` lk tjg jistlry lb _l pglphg. Jis wlr` wds puehisjga ik
'jup(dtjdkn)s #jg *gkgdhlny lb _l +dfg%. My mltjgr kgvgr wgkt tl sfjllh. htjlunj sjg elrg tgk
fjihargk sjg bluka timg tl gxpgrimgkt witj nrlwikn tgd, tjg birst ik dst _lrdm. $jg stdrtga prlaufikn
tgd ik tjg gdrhy &/3)s dka tlady. tgd prlauftilk is tjg mdik 4ffupdtilk lb tjrgg vihhdngs dka it is egikngxplrtga tl 5urmd ds tjg #6lhhudkn gd%.
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SUGBDFG
_l pglphg tgka tl spgfuhdtg ds tl wjgrg tjgy fdmg brlm. Vlmg sunngst tjdt tjgy drg tjg agsfgkagkts lbtjg Fjikgsg lb tjg Fjik aykdsty egfdusg tjgy drg fdhhga Fjik ey tjg Eurmdk. Vlmg agvltga
Fjristidks argdmga lb egikn lkg lb tjg hlst triegs lb Isrdgh. Qjg blhhlwikn pdngs drg dk dttgmpt tl
fhdriby tjg lriniks lb _l pglphg dka tjgir minrdtilk rldas tl tjgir prgsgkt sgtthgmgkts. I dhsl slunjt tltrdfg dhh _l pglphg dka pikplikt wjgrg tjgy drg tl eg bluka dka tjg plhitifdh dka fuhturdh flkaitilk tjgy
drg bdfikn tlady. Qjg jistlry lb tjg _l pglphg is vgry flmphg egfdusg tjgy jdvg mdky vgrsilks lb
hgngkas dka trdaitilks. Qjgir fhltjikn! jlusgs dka aigt aibbgr brlm lkg drgd tl dkltjgr egfdusg lbfhimdtif aibbgrgkfgs witjik d sjlrt aistdkfg. Qjg hdknudng! tjlunj edsifdhhy simihdr! jds agvghlpga iktl
muhti"aidhgfts. #vgk tjgir kdmg ds d pglphg jds eggk prlklukfga ik mdky aibbgrgkt wdys. I md$g
dttgmpts tl flmprlmisg tjgsg aibbgrgkfgs sl tjdt! dt hgdst lutsiag tjgir lwk hdka tjgy drg $klwk ey tjg
sdmg kdmg. Ik alikn sl! I td$g tjg kdmg usga ey mlst _l pglphg sufj ds _lrdm lr _lhdka. _l tgrmsusga ik tjis ell$ drg mlsthy lb tjg klrtjgrk _l pglphg. I vigw tjg flktinulus _l sgtthgmgkts ds _lrdm!
stdtistif sjlws tjg usgr lb _lrdm lutkumegr tjg usgr lb _lrdm! dka I usg %dst _lrdm dka &gst _lrdm
tl flvgr _l sgtthgmgkts ik Eurmd dka Ikaid rgspgftivghy. I dhsl sgdrfj blr _l kdmgs tl rgphdfg blrginkdeusivg kdmgs sufj ds Fjik! 'u$i! Qiaaim Fjik! (hdiks Fjik gtf. dka usg mlrg dffgptdehg dka prdftifdh
kdmgs sufj ds (ditg blr Qiaaim Fjik! (dwi blr %dhdm. )d$d. dka Fjjimtuipui pglphg! *usgi blr
+ujhidk aidhgft spgd$ikn pglphgs. dka ,sjl blr phdiks Fjik.
,s d Vi-dkn I jda gdsy dffgss tl tjg jistlry lb tjg Vi-dkn! dka agpgkaga lk lhagr puehifdtilks blr tjgrgst. Qjg rgsuht jlwgvgr is bdr brlm flmphgtg. dky lhagr puehifdtilks tjlunj mdy vgry wghh eg
ikblrmdtivg! eut flkbusga egtwggk triedh dka vihhdng kdmgs. Vlmg kdmgs sggm tl jdvg eggk frgdtga
lut lb tjg ehug sufj ds Vjgkaus lr /ikaus. Qjg mlst sgrilus sjlrt flmikn lb tjis pdpgr is tjg jistlry lbtjg slutjgrk _l! egfdusg I jdvg kl dffgss tl tjgir vgredh lr ltjgr rgflras.
I wihh wghflmg dt dky timg flrrgsplkagkfg flkfgrkikn grrlrs. sunngstilks blr imprlvgmgkt! lr fritism
lb tjg tgt ds kl pgrbgftilk gist jgrg.
Ik writikn _l kdmgs I jdvg blhhlwga tjg prdftifg ik &gst _lrdm! wjifj wihh jdvg slmg lpplsitilk ik#dst _lrdm! egfdusg tjgy jdvg blhhlwga tjg Eurmgsg wdy! dka gvgry wlra lb _l kdmgs jds d mgdkikn.Eut flkblrmikn tl iktgrkdtilkdh prdftifg! ds gvgry _l ikagga jds d bdmihy lr fhdk kdmg! tjis minjt eg d
egttgr wdy ik tjg hlkn ruk. ,s blr gdmphg my nivgk kdmg is 3umslk dka my fhdk kdmg is Vudktd$. sl
my kdmg sjluha dftudhhy eg 3umslk Vudktd$. Ik brlkt lb d bgw kdmgs I daa (u. Qjis is jlw _l daargssd ngkthgmdk. (u stdkas blr istgr wjgrgds (i stdkas blr iss lr issgs.
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Iksfriptilk ey Gx-Fjigb @juphidk, Hlpjgi
Lftlegr 6, 5344 ey tjdwknklHgdvg d Flmmgkt
I dm tjg 47tj ngkgrdtilk alwk brlm tjg jlusg lb Qjudktd wjl is tjg lrinikd! "rlngkitlr lb tjg #iyikQrieg$ %gikn dk lr"jdk brlm fji!ajlla I g&grtga mysg!b d!! d!lkg ik mdky gktgr"risgs ey wjifj I
egfdmg d sg!b'mdag mdk witj mdky dka vdrilus dfjigvg'mgkts$ (jgk tjg %ritisj lk 4))) ukagrtlltjgir birst g&"gaitilk dndikst us *tjg Fjiks+ I dttdikaga tjg dng lb 53 ygdrs dka I "!dyga dk dftivg "drt iktjg agbgkfg dndikst tjgm$ (jgk tjg %ritisj trll"s mdrfjga u" tjg #inkd!!ikn dt l$ 7 #tlfdag tjg
ukitga blrfgs lb tjg #iyiks$ #utgs dka -dmjdus mdag d nlla rgsistdkfg tl tjg %ritisj dttdf wjifj wds
gdsi!y rg"u!sga$ Lk tjis lffdsilk I "grslkd!!y fd"turga lkg rib!g$ (jgk tjg sgflka g&"gaitilk tll"!dfg ik 4)). tjg %ritisj, tll wg!! drmga tl eg rgsistga dndikst, fdrriga tjg ady/ jgkfg tjg dkkg&dtilk lb
Fjik i!!s$ I tjgk rgeui!t dka sgtt!ga ik Hl"jgi i!!dng wjifj wds lrinikd!!y blukaga ey -iim Hg! dka
wds agstrlyga ey tjg Qdsjlks ik my nrdkabdtjgr, Hud Qjudms timg$ gkfgblrtj my jgrgaitdry fjigb'tdiksji" lb tjg Hl"jgi f!dk wds rgstlrga tl mg$ lrglvgr I blukaga tjg tjrgg vi!!dngs'Quisdu, Quivd!,
dka #udknadw d!! lb wjifj jdvg gvgr sikfg eggk ik my 1urisaiftilk$ s I wds davdkfga ik dng dbtgr my
sgrvifg lb 23 ygdrs ds Fjigb, my g!agst slk suffggaga mg tl tjg fjigbtdiksji"$ %gikn jinj!y "!gdsga
witj my mgritlrilus dka !lyd! sgrvifgs$ is lklur$$ tjg Higutdkt' >lvgrklr lb %urmd ik 4.55"rgsgktga mg d :$%$%$H$ nuk ds d rgwdra dka d nlla sgrvifg fgrtibifdtg$ ka tl mgktilk mlrg I wds
nivgk mdky nlla fgrtibifdtgs, ey tjg vdrilus amikistrdtivg lbbifgrs lb Fjik i!!s$ Qjg %urmgsg tg&t lk
tjg iksfri"tilk mdy eg trdks!dtga ds bl!!lws / Qjg #i9dkn "gl"!g wjl awg!! ik tjg vi!!dngs lb Hl"jgi,-judsd, %udkmdk, Qju!di, dka Hdmjdi drg tjg agsfgkagkts lb Qjudktd$ I eg!lkn tl tjg bibtggktj
ngkgrdtilk$ Qjg jistlry lb my !ibgtimg jds eggk rgflraga ik ?l dka 0kn!isj$ Qjg dkimd!s ardwk lk tjg
mgmlrid! stlkg ikaifdtg -ju"!idks juktikn trl"jigs / d tingr$ d eislk, d !gl"dra, d wi!a "in, d edriknaggr, dka d aggr$
http://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/author/thawngno/http://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/author/thawngno/http://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/inscription-by-ex-chief-khuplian-lophei/#respondhttp://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/inscription-by-ex-chief-khuplian-lophei/#respondhttp://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/inscription-by-ex-chief-khuplian-lophei/#respondhttp://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/author/thawngno/ -
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FJDSQGU I
Iktrlauftilk tl _l Sglphg
QJG NGKGUIF KDMG _L
Qjg tgrm _l lr Ol wds mgktilkga ds tjg kdmg lb d pglphg ik d bgw
jistlrifdh puehifdtilks lb tjg Ikal-Eurmdk pglphgs. Bdk- fjl d
aiphlmdt lb tjg Qdkn aykdsty lb Fjikd, mgktilkga ik :25 D.A. d
`iknalm ik tjg Fjikawik vdhhgy, wjlsg prikfgs dka fjigbs wgrg
fdhhga _l. Ik 4>:6 Bdtjgr Vdkngrml mgktilkga tjg pgtty kd-
tilk fdhhga OL.- N. D. Nrigrslk rgflraga ik 4931 Qjg kdmg is klt
usga ey tjg triegs tjgmsghvgs, wjl usga tithgs sufj ds _L lr YL lr
VJL.
Jlwgvgr, egfdusg lb tjg _l pglphg brgqugkt flktdfts witj mdky
aibbgrgkt pglphg dt tjgir elragrs tjg dvdihdehg hitgrdturg is lbtgk
flkbusga delut wjifj pglphg sjluha eg agsinkdtga ds _L lr ltjgr
kdmgs. ^jgk tjg Eritisj tll` plssgssilk lb Egkndh dka jda tjgir
flktdft witj _l pglphg, tjg Egkndhis tlha tjgm tjdt tjg _l wgrg
@u`i, d Egkndhi wlra wjifj mgdks slmgtjikn hi`g sdvdng lr wihajihh pglphg. Eut wjgk tjg Eritisj fdmg ik fhlsg flktdft witj tjg
Husgi, tjgy rgdhizga tjdt tjgy aia klt fdhh tjgmsghvgs @u`i. Iki-
tidhhy tjg Eritisj usga tjg tgrm Hllsyg. Jlwgvgr, tjg Eritisj hdtgr
dalptga HWVJDh ds tjg lbbifidh agsinkdtilk blr _l pglphg hiv-
ikn ik tjg wgstgrk pdrt lb tjg _l fluktry, ds tjg ruhikn fhdks lb
tjgsg pglphg wgrg `klwk tl tjgm ds Husjdi.
Qjgrg wgrg d bgw Eritisj lbbifgrs wjl triga tl ukagrstdka tjg pglphg
tjgy wgrg agdhikn witj? lutstdkaikn dmlkn wjlm wds Qlm Hgwik,
wjl sdia0 Qjg ngkgrif kdmg lb tjg wjlhg kdtilk is A_L
^jgk tjg Eritisj dkkgxga Dssdm dka Mdkipur tjgy fdmg ik flk-
tdft witj tjg Jmdrs, wjlm tl tjg Eritisj wgrg kl aluet rghdtga
gtjklhlnifdhhy tl tjg Husgi, eut wjl wgrg klt gxdfthy Husgi. Jmdr
is d Husgi wlra blr klrtj, dka tjg Jmdr pglphg wgrg sl kdmga
egfdusg tjgy hivga klrtj lb tjg Husgi Jmdr pglphg jda flmg tl
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5
dka tjg Eritisj dalptga @u`i blr tjg Jmdrs dka Kgw @u`i blrtjg Qjdal.
Wkagr tjg jgdaikn Kgw @u`i wgrg ikfhuaga dhh Sditg. ^jgk ik4:57 tjg Eritisj ikvdaga Drd`dk dka tjg Vlutjgrk _l fluktry tjgy
ndvg tjg Vjl tjg kdmg @jydkn. @jydkn is tjg Drd`dkgsg kdmg blr
_l dka is dk lha Eurmgsg wlra blr Fjik. ^jgk tjg Eritisj fdmg ik
flktdft witj pglphg lb tjg jihh drgds wgst lb @dhg vdhhgy, Fjik wds
dalptga brlm Eurmgsg. Shdiks Fjik wds tjg kdmg nivgk tl tjg
Dsjl, egfdusg tjgy wgrg bluka ik tjg phdiks lb Drd`dk dka Eurmd.
Qjus tjg Eritisj `kgw tjg _l pglphg ds Husjdi, @u`i. Kgw @u`i.
@j4dkn, Fjik, dka Shdiks Fjik.
Husgi dka rghdtga fhdks wjifj sgtthga ik tjg Husjdi Jihhs (Mizlrdm)
fdhhga tjgmsghvgs Mizl brlm timg immgmlridh0 Mizl mgdkikn _l
pglphg. Husgi agsinkdtgs lkhy pglphg wjl wgrg ruhga ey Vdihlfjigbs. dka Mizg, klw flvgrs dhh gtjkif _l pglphg.
Hdknudngs fjdkng kdturdhhy dka ukdvliadehy ds pglphg sgpdrdtg
brlm lkg dkltjgr dka flmg ik flktdft witj ltjgrs. ^g fdk kgvgr
eg gxdfthy surg lb tjg lrinikdh kdmg blr _l pglphg. Qlady tjgpglphg fdhh tjgmsghvgs _l, Mizl, Fjl, Vjl, @jxlu, Dsjl, Fjdw,
Ydw, dka Mdsjl0 wjifj drg simihdr slukaikn dka wjifj drg dhhgqudhhy ukflrrupt ik tjgir rgspgftivg _l aidhgfts.
_l pglphg bika it vgry aibbifuht tl dffgpt d kdmg ltjgr tjdk tjg lkg
tjgy fdhh tjgmsghvgs. Qjg Husgi dka rghdtga fhdks wjl wgrg de-
slrega ukagr tjg Vdihl fjigbs dffgptga Mizl ds tjgir agsinkdtilk,
dka tjg kdmg lb tjg blrmgr Husjdi Jihhs Aistrift wds fjdknga tlMizl Aistrift dt Ikaids ikagpgkagkfg. Qjg Ikaidk nlvgrkmgkt aia
klt hi`g Mizlrdm, egfdusg tjgy bgdrga tjdt rdm (hdka) wluha mgdk
lwkgrsjip lb tjg hdka. Lkhy dt tjg frgdtilk lb tjg Wkilk Qgrritlryaia Ikaid dffgpt tjg kdmg Mizlrdm.
Qjg tgrm Mizl flvgrs dhh _l pglphg, ds algs _lmi dka Hdimi,
dfflraikn tl tjgir rgspgftivg usgrs. _lmi is d agsinkdtilk usga ey
tjg Sditg, d pglphg wjlsg mgk wlrg d jdir klt dt tjg edf` lb tjgir
jgda. Hdimi is usga ey tjg Hdis ik Jd`d drgds, ik Bdhdm dka ik
b M i B j H i _ i i hh
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dka tjgy prlaufg tjg _lmi Vtuagkts Mdndzikg blr stuagkts wjl
drg Dsjl, Vjl, Hdi, Sditg dka Husgi. Mizl is dffgptga ey dhh ik
Mizlrdm dka ltjgr daolikikn agstrifts, ikfhuaikn tjg Husgi ik tjg@dhg-@dedw vdhhgys.
Qjgrg drg slmg _l pglphg wjl eghigvg tjdt Fjik fluha eg tjg agsin-
kdtilk blr dhh _l pglphg. Blr gxdmphg, tjg Sditg Kdtilkdh Flukfih
(SKF) lb Hdm`d (Fjurdfjdkpur) ik Mdkipur jds spgfu-hdtga tjdt
tjg kdmg Fjik lrinikdtga witj tjg Fjik Aykdsty lb Fjikd. Ik d
hgttgr tl tjg Srimg Mikistgr lb Ikaid ik 4926, tjg SKF sunngstga
tjdt Fjik pglphg eg ukibiga iktl lkg tgrritlry. Qjg SKF fitga tjg
Hiknuistif Vurvgy lb Ikaid ey N. D. Nrigrslk5> dka sdia0 Qjg wlra
Fjik is supplsga ey dutjlritigs tl eg d flrruptilk lb tjg wlra
Ogk lr Mdk. Qjg SKF fjlsg Fjik egfdusg ukagr Fjik, ds d
ngkus, flmg dhh @u`i triegs0 wjgrgds @u`i ds d spgfigs is d sue-
nrlup lb Fjik, lr ik ltjgr wlras, @u`i is dkltjgr nrlupikn systgm
gxfhuaikn slmg triegs ukagr Fjik. Jgkfg Fjik is d wiagr agkltd-
tilk dka @u`i d kdrrlwgr agkltdtilk. Jlwgvgr, Q. Nlunik1, dhsl
brlm Hdm`d, iksists ik jis ell`, Qjg Aisflvgry lb _lhdka tjdt
_lmi is tjg rinjt agsinkdtilk blr _l pglphg. Mi mgdks pglphg, dka
_lmi is tjg rinjt sgqugkfg lb syhhdehgs, ik flktrdst tl Mizl.
Jrdknkdwh, d blrmgr pdrhidmgktdridk brlm Jd`d, eghigvga tjg wlra
Fjik, Fiik lr Qsik wds tjg lrinikdh kdmg lb tjg _l pglphg, dka jg
sunngstga tjdt it lrinikdtga ik Fjikd. Jis sunngstilk is edsga lk
tjg bdft tjdt tjgrg drg mdky phdfgs ik _l fluktry wjifj jdvg Fiik,Qsik lr Fjik ds kdmgs sufj ds Fiikmudi, Fjikthdkn lr
Qsik`jud. Jrdknkdwh jds dhsl sunngstga tjdt Fjik fluha jdvg
flmg brlm Fiikhukn, Fjjikhukn lr Qsikhukn, tjg fdvg lr rlf` brlm
wjgkfg dfflraikn tl hgngka tjg _l pglphg gmgrnga iktl tjis wlrhads jumdks.
Mdky _l pglphg jlwgvgr fdkklt dffgpt tjg kdmg Fjik, egfdusg
tjgy jdvg kgvgr fdhhga tjgmsghvgs ey tjdt kdmg, dka, mlrglvgr,tjgy `klw tjdt tjg kdmg Fjik wds lbbifidhhy usga lkhy dbtgr Erit-
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tjg vdhhgy lb tjg eds`gts ds fjik mgdks eds`gt ik Eurmgsg.
Qjg ngkgrdh Eurmgsg plpuhdtilk dffgpt fjik tl eg d wlra blr
eds`gt, dka tjgy gxphdik tjdt tjg _l pglphg wgrg sl fdhhga egfdusg
lb tjgir jdeit lb fdrryikn eds`gts. E. Hdhtjdknhidkd lb Mdkadhdy
Wkivgrsity. Agpdrtmgkt lb Eurmgsg Jistlry, dnrggs witj tjis gx-
phdkdtilk.
Srlbgsslrs N.J.Hufg dka B.@. Hgjmdk. dutjlritigs lk _l jistlry
dka dktjrlplhlny, spgfuhdtg brlm tjg wdy Fjik wds spghhga lk
Eurmgsg iksfriptilks tjdt Fjik fdk mgdk dhhy lr brigka. Qjgy
edsg tjgir iktgrprgtdtilk lk tjg dssumptilk tjdt _l dka Eurmdk
pglphgs wgrg klt jlstihg tl lkg dkltjgr dt tjg timg lb tjg Eurmgsg
iksfriptilks. Eut tjg iksfriptilks dhsl rgvgdh flktrlvgrsidh shdvg
trdaikn dhlkn tjg Fjikawik Uivgr. Qjis fluha mgdk tjdt tjgrg wgrg,
ik bdft, jlstihitigs egtwggk tjg ikjdeitdkts lb tjg Fjikawik vdhhgy
dka tjg Eurmdks. Qjus Fjik. mgdkikn dhhy lr brigka, is tjg mla-
grk plhitifdh iktgrprgtdtilk, dka Fjik, mgdkikn eds`gt, is tjg
Eurmgsg trdaitilk.
_l pglphg al klt dffgpt tjg iktgrprgtdtilk lb Fjik mgdkikn dhhy lr
brigka. ^jgk tjg 4973 Eurmgsg gkfyfhlpgaid agbikga Fjik ds
dhhy, Qukdukn, dk MS brlm Mikadt, prltgstga ik tjg Eurmgsg
Sdrhidmgkt dka dffusga tjg Eurmdk lb plhitifizikn tjg kdmg.
Jdunl, tjg birst _l ik Gdst _lrdm tl rgfgivg dk M.D. agnrgg dka d
hgfturgr dt Mdkadhdy Wkivgrsity wrltg? ^jdtgvgr it mgdkt lr
mgdks, jlwgvgr it lrinikdtga dka wjy, tjg levilus bdft is tjdt tjg
dppghhdtilk Fjik is dhtlngtjgr blrgink tl us, it jds eggk gxtgrkdhhy
dpphiga tl us. ^g rgsplka tl it lut lb kgfgssity eut wg kgvgr dp-
prlpridtg it dka kgvgr dffgpt it dka kgvgr usg it tl rgbgr tl lur-
sghvgs. It is klt lkhy blrgink eut dhsl agrlndtlry, blr it jds egflmg
mlrg lr hgss syklkymlus witj egikn ukfivihizga, ukfuh-turga, edf`-
wdra, gvgk bllhisj dka sihhy. Dka wjgk wg flksiagr sufj kdmg
fdhhikn dpphiga tl lur pglphg ds Fjikel`g ^ik`ikn Fjik) wg fdk-
klt eut iktgrprgt it ds d airgft dka bhdnrdkt iksuht dka tjg bdft tjdt
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sghvgs Hdi Qjgy agky tjdt tjgy drg dky `ika lb _l dt dhh, dka
jdvg rgsgrvga tjg tgrm blr slutjgrk Jd`d (aivisilk). Qjg Jd`d
rgndraga tjgsg pglphg ds rghdtivghy ukfuhturga dka ukfuhtivdtga.
Eut tjg Jd`d lr Hdi fdhh tjgir lwk fluktry _l fluktry ik
prdygrs dt mdolr bgdsts lb mgrit. Dfflraikn tl Hgjmdk0 Qjis
is d typifdh ikstdkfg lb tjg slmgwjdt drrlndkt slfidh plsturg lb
tjg Jd`d pglphg, blr wjifj tjgy nlt tjg kdmg Jdh @jd (eittgr
agmdka) . . . Jd`d drg, rgnilkdhhy flksiagrga, Hdi (fgktrdh),
dka blr tjgm tjg tgrm _l mgdks lkhy Fjiks ds d wjlhg, dt lkg
hgvgh, lr tjgir lwk suelraikdtgs tl tjg slutj, ds dkltjgr hgvgh
lb rgbgrgkfg. Hdimi mgdks lur lwk pglphg lr ..lur lwk Jd`d
pglphg. Ik _l hdknudng hdi mgdks fgktrg. dka tjg Hdi pglphg
eghigvg tjdt tjgy drg. lr wgrg, supgrilr tl dhh ltjgr _l pglphg
egfdusg lb tjgir plsitilk dt tjg fgktgr lb tjg ukivgrsg.
6. Ik slutjgrk _l fluktry (Mikadt. Mdtupi) pglphg fdhh tjgm-
sghvgs Vjg lr @jxlu, agpgkaikn lk wjgtjgr tjgy hivg ik tjg
ardikdng lb Ydw Fjdukn, ik tjg vifikity lb Mikadt, lr ik tjgardikdng lb tjg Jhgt Hlkn strgdm. Ql tjg gdst lb Hgmrl, Vjl
fdhh tjgmsghvgs M`dkn dka dt Mdtupi, Kndhd. Ik tjg rgnilk
egtwggk Mikadt dka M`dkn fluktry Vjl lr @jxlu stdkas blr
tjg pglphg ds d wjlhg, dka hlfdh pglphg fdhh tjgmsghvgs Kmgk
1. Ik Sdhgtwd pglphg fdhh tjgmsghvgs @jumi lr @jd`i. Jlw-
gvgr @jumi lr @jdmi mgdks vihhdng pglphg dka it is klt d fhdk
kdmg.
7. Qjg kdmg Mru ik Drd`dkgsg flmgs brlm tjg wlra Mdfjl
wjifj, wjgk writtgk ik Drd`dkgsg, egflmgs Mru.
2. _l pglphg hivikn lk tjg phdiks lb Eurmd, ik Drd`dk, ik tjg
slutj wgst Fjik Vtdtg. dka ik tjg Fjittdnlkn Jihhs drg fdhhga
@jydkn ik hitgrdturg, eut fdhh tjgmsghvgs Dsjl.
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tjg phdiks lb tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy. _l minjt mgdk jinjhdka eut
kgvgr jinjhdkagrs. Dkltjgr trdkshdtilk lb _l ds ukfuhturga lr
ukfivihizga- flmgs brlm tjg Jd`ds edwipjuk lr rlydhty, wjl rg-
ndra tjgir slutjgrk _l kginjelurs ds ukfuhturga dka ukfivihizga.
Ql trdkshdtg _l ds ukfuhturga lr ukfivihizga egfdusg lb Jd`d
dttituags tlwdras tjgir kginjelurs is mishgdaikn dka fdkklt eg td`gk
sgrilushy. D pglphg wihh kgvgr dalpt lr fdrg blrd kdmg usga tl ag-
nrdag tjgm.
Qjg dftudh trdkshdtilk lb zl ik tjg _l flmmlk hdknudng mdy eg
tgrmga ds blhhlws ? _l pglphg aiviag d mluktdiklus rgnilk iktl
twl fhimdtif zlkgs. Qjg jinjgr pdrt lb tjg rgnilk is fjdrdftgrizga
ey flha, wgt, dka admp fhimdtif flkaitilks, wjifj jdvg
nglnrdpji-fdh kdturgs lb gvgr-nrggk. blrgsts. wjgrg pltdtlgs, mdizg,
dka suhbur jgdrs mdy eg nrlwk. Qjgsg drgds drg flvgrga witj rdik
fhluas ik tjg mlksllk rdiky sgdslk. Qjg suk is rdrghy tl eg sggk.
Vufj d phdfg lr drgd is agkltga ey tjg tgrm _l ik aistikftilk brlm
tjg sjim lr fjjim. wjifj is ngkgrdhhy hlwgr ik ghgvdtilk dka
witj d wdrmgr dka arigr fhimdtg, wjgrg edmell tjrivgs dka jihh-siag rifg kdy eg nrlwk. Qjg ngkgrif kdmg _l jds kl rghdtilk
witj tjg nglnrdpjifdh-fhimdtif tgrm zl.
_l pglphg jdvg d trdaitilk lb kdmikn tjgir fhdks.dbtgr tjg jgda lb
gdfj fhdk. Judhknl drg agsfgkagkts lb d mdk kdmga Judhknl, dka
tjg _djdu. @dmjdu dka ltjgr _l fhdks gdfj fdrry tjg kdmg lb
tjgir blukagr. It must jdvg eggk tjg sdmg witj _l. _l lr d vgry
simihdr slukaikn kdmg must jdvg eggk tjg kdmg lb tjg _ls lrini-
kdtlr. Qjg Ngkgdhlny lb (Fjik) Udfg- ey @jupzdtjdkn sjdrgs ik
tjis iktgrprgtdtilk dka plstuhdtgs d mdk kdmga _l ds tjg blukagr
lb tjg _l pglphg. (Vgg Qdehg 4)
Qjg dutjlr fjllsgs _l ds tjg agsinkdtilk lb dhh _l pglphg, eg-
fdusg it dppgdrs tl jim tjdt _l is tjg mlst wiaghy usga kdmg,
wjgtjgr it eg _l, Yl, Ol, Fjl, Vjl. @jxlu. lr Ydw. Qjg dutjlr
algs klt iksist tjdt _l is tjg prlpgr lr rinjt agsinkdtilk. Jlw-
gvgr, jg eghigvgs tjdt kdmgs sufj ds @u`i dka Fjik wjifj lrini-
kdtga ds deusg kdmgs sjluha klt eg dalptga ds agsinkdtilk lb d
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_L VLFIGQY
_l
@ipmdkn Fiikjih
Kdwpjut Hgimdkn
Kdwslkn Sjuslkn udkn`lp
Vlkntju Knditg
Vuknmdkn Jdkgm
Vlkn`ip Vlknzd _djlkn _dkidkn _d`jdi
_dmdkn Judhtjdk Judhkdm Qljik Vudktd` Vgd`td` Qdwtd`
Qdehg 4. Ngkgdhlny lb _l pglphg dbtgr @jupzdtjdkn62
_l Slpuhdtilk
Qjgrg drg furrgkthy delut twl dka d jdhb mihhilk _l pglphg. Delut
jdhb lb tjgm hivg ik tjg Ikaidk pdrt lb _l fluktry (_lrdm), jdhb d
mihhilk drg ik tjg wgstgrk pdrt lb _lrdm (Mizlrdm), 4:3.333 ik
Mdkipur, 73.333 ik Qripurd, dka slmg sfdttgrga ik Kdndhdka, Fdfjdr
dka tjg stdtg lb Mgnjdhdyd. Ik Eurmd 133,333 hivg ik tjg gdstgrk
pdrt lb _l fluktryGdst _lrdm lr tjg Fjik Vtdtg, 633,333 ik tjg
phdiks lb Eurmd, 73,333 ik tjg Vlkyd Qrdfts dka tjg J`dmti lr
Kdnd Aistrift, delut 473.333 ik tjg @dhg-@dedw-Myittjd vdhhgys.
dka delut 13,333 ik tjg stdtg lb Drd`dk. Ik Edknhdagsj. delut
73,333 _l lffupy jihhy rgnilks egtwggk tjg Vdknut dka tjg
@drkdpjuhi Uivgrs.
Qjg _l pglphg lffupy d flktinulus rgnilk lb delut 23,333 squdrg
mihgs klt fluktikn Dsjl sgtthgmgkts ik hlwgr Eurmd dka Mdsjl
sgtthgmgkts ik Drd`dk
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egtwggk nrlups, dka gvgk rghdtivgs wgrg sgpdrdtga dka arivgk tl
aibbgrgkt rgnilks. Ds d rgsuht lb tjgsg `ikas lb blrfgs tjg _l nrdau-
dhhy agvghlpga aibbgrgkfgs ik tjgir plhitifdh, fuhturdh, dka rghinilus
systgms.
Qjg Slhitifdh Vystgm
jukarga pglphg, flkstitutga d vihhdng. Jgtgrlngkglus slfigty wds
sghalm bluka ik gdrhy stdngs lb _l minrdtilk tl tjg jihhs eut agvgh-
lpga ik hdtgr stdngs lb jistlry.
D vihhdng wds dk ikagpgkagkt ukit, fhdimikn hdka delut sgvgk mihgs
lr ghgvgk `ihlmgtgrs ik rdaius blr its fuhtivdtilk. _l pglphg sjibtga
tjgir bighas brgqugkthy aug tl rdpia grlsilk lb tjg slih, dka sgtthg-
mgkts wgrg brgqugkthy mlvga brlm lkg phdfg tl dkltjgr. Qjg pglphg
ik fgktrdh _l fluktry wgrg hgss minrdtlry tjdk tjlsg ik klrtjgrk
dka slutjgrk rgnilks. Qjg slutjgrk pglphg sjibtga tjgir vihhdngs ik
d firfuhdr lr rgpgdtikn pdttgrk, wjgrgds ik klrtjgrk drgds pglphg
mlvga bdrtjgr dka bdrtjgr klrtj dka wgst. Gdfj vihhdng jda its lwknlvgrkmgkt, dka d fjigb lr d jgdamdk bukftilkga ds damikistrdtlr
blr tjg vihhdng. Ngkgrdhhy tjg auty dka plwgr lb tjg fjigb lr vihhdng
jgdamdk wds simihdr dmlkn dhh _l. Jgrgaitdry fjigbtdiksjips wgrg
flmmlk ik tjg klrtjgrk pdrt lb tjg fluktry, wjgrgds ik tjg slutj-
grk pdrt d jgdamdk lr d vihhdng hgdagr ruhga tjg vihhdng. Ik slmg
ikstdkfgs fjigbs ruhga lvgr sgvgrdh vihhdngs.
Qjg fjigb lr jgdamdk jda plhitifdh dka ouaifidh plwgrs, jg flk-
trlhhga tl vdryikn agnrggs tjg adihy hivgs lb tjg pglphg. Hdka aivi-
silk, aisplsdh, sgqugstrdtilk, dka rgaistrieutilk witjik tjg vihhdng
elukadry wgrg jis rgsplksieihitigs. Ik klrtjgrk _l fluktry tjg vih-
hdng jgdamdk flhhgftga tdxgs dka augs blr tjg fjigb. Ik slutjgrk
_l fluktry, wjgrg kl fjigb (Mdru) drlsg, tjg jgdamdk lr vihhdng
hgdagr hgkt jis kdmg tl tjg vihhdng. Qjg vihhdng jgdamdk wds usu-
dhhy dssistga ey jis flukfihhlrs, tjg kumegr lb wjifj wds agtgr-
mikga ey tjg kumegr lb vihhdng jlusgs
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jgrgaitdry. Brlm fhdk tl fhdk tjg fustlm aibbgrga ds tl wjgtjgr tjg
ylukngst lr ghagst slk ikjgritga tjg lbbifg lb tjg bdtjgr. Ik mlst
fdsgs jlwgvgr, tjg ylukngst slk ikjgritga tjg fjigbtdiksjip. It wds
kgxt tl implssiehg blr d adunjtgr tl ikjgrit tjg lbbifg lb tjg bdtjgr.
Qjg ikjgritdkfg lb prlpgrty dmlkn flmmlk pglphg blhhlwga tjg
fjigbs gxdmphgs. Ib d mdk jda mlrg tjdk lkg wibg tjg fjihargk lb
tjg birst wibg wgrg jgirs tl tjg prlpgrty lb tjg bdtjgr. Qjg slks lb
fjigbs wjl wluha klt ikjgrit d fjigbtdiksjip fluha bgka blr tjgm-
sghvgs dka lbtgk hga lr wgrg sgkt tl td`g tjgir blhhlwgrs tl bluka
kgw vihhdngs.
Ds Qjg fjigb wds Hlra lb tjg Vlih, tjg fjigb rgfgivga d fgrtdik
tdx brlm dhh prlaufts lb tjdt slih. Jg dhsl rgfgivga d bhgsj tdx,
usudhhy d jika hgn lb d blur-hgnnga wiha dkimdh `ihhga ey tjg vihhdn-
grs. D sdht tdx wds dhsl pdia ik drgds wjgrg tjgrg wds sdht prlauf-
tilk. Qjg vihhdngs dhsl euiht tjg fjigbs jlusg flmphgtg witj d ag-
bgksivg wdhh dka, ik timg lb wdr, it sgrvga ds d vihhdng rgbung dka
blrt. Vlmg fjigbs flkqugrga kginjelurikn pglphgs dka typifdhhysgkt tjgir slks tl ruhg lvgr flkqugrga vihhdngs. Ik slmg fdsgs fjigbs
rgflnkizga tjg fjigbtdiksjips lb flkqugrga pglphg, ds hlkn ds dk
dhhidkfg lr trieutg bgg wds pdia.
Dt tjg timg tjg Eritisj flkqugrga tjg _l pglphg Bdhdm jda agvgh-
lpga itsghb iktl tjg mlst plwgrbuh lb fjigbtdiksjips ik _l fluktry.
Qjgy jda alkg tjis tjrlunj agvghlpmgkt lb d plhitifdh lrndkizd-
tilk flmpdrdehg tl agmlfrdtif typgs lb nlvgrkmgkt bluka ik tjg
wgstgrk wlrha. Gdfj Bdhdm fjigb wds diaga ey d flukfih lb ghagrs,
dhtjlunj tjgy wgrg klt kgfgssdrihy lb dristlfrdtif lriniks dka fluha
gvgk eg brlm dmlkn tjg shdvgs lr flkqugrga pglphg.
Ik wdnikn wdr tjg Bdhdm kgvgr blunjt dhlkg eut ikvitga tjgir dhhigs
tl binjt witj tjgm. Qjgy blrmga dhhidkfgs witj tjg Vjdk Vdwewd
lb @dhg, ds d rgsuht lb wjifj tjg Bdhdm egfdmg tjg trdagrs lb tjg
_l supphyikn sdht tl gvgk tjg mlst rgmltg rgnilks lb tjg fluktry
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Husjdi Jihhs tl tjg Eurmgsg elragr. Qjgy minjt lkg ady jdvg ukitga
dhh _l pglphg ukagr tjgir almdik, jda klt tjg Eritisj dppgdrga lk
tjg sfgkg. Gvgk tlady tjg Bdhdm drg klt fhdkkisj0 dky kgwflmgr
tl Bdhdm is dffgptga ds lkg lb tjgm, sl tjdt tjg tlwk lb Bdhdm is
tjg mlst phgdsdkt ik tjg wjlhg _l drgd.
Qjgrg wgrg ltjgr flmmlk elkas egsiag tjlsg lb tjg fjigbtdiksjip
prdftifg ik _l slfigty. Ik tjg fgktrdh pdrt lb tjg fluktry, wjgrg
ikaiviaudhs lwkga hdka, tjg pglphg prdftifga slmg blrm lb fdpi-
tdhism, eut tjg lvgrdhh _l slfidh strufturg wds flmmukdh (flmmu-
kism). Qjg flmmukist tjglrgtifidks @drh Mdrx, 4. Hgkik, dka Mdl-
tsg Qukn agsirga jumdk gqudhity dka dssumga tjgy fluha mlvg
jumdk egikns brlm nrgga tl ngkgrlsity. Ik wgstgrk dka ltjgr sl
fdhhga fivihizga fluktrigs tjis jds prlvga d bdihurg. Eut tjg _l pglphg
jdvg dhwdys prdftifga d blrm lb slfidhism witjik tjgg flmmuki-
tigs. Qjis blrm lb slfidhism is fdhhga Qhdwmk-ndijkd ik tjg Husgi
aidhgft, wjifj mgdks hlvg lb hgss.
Vdmughslk gxphdikga Qhdwmkndijkd0 Qhdwmkndijkd imphigs tjg
fdpdfity blr jdra wlr`, erdvgry, gkaurdkfg, ngkgrlsity, `ikakgss,
dka sghbhgsskgss. Qjg blrgbdtjgrs gmpjdsizga tjis vdhug lb dftilk
tl tjgir prlngky. Ik adys lb eltj jdppikgss dka misblrtukg, tjg
flkfgpt lb Qhdwmkndijkd wds d stdeihizikn blrfg.
Ib d pgrslk nrgw sif` lr aiga ik d vihhdng ltjgr tjdk jis lwk, tjg
ylutj lb tjdt vihhdng wluha fdrry tjg agda elay lr sif` pgrslk
edf` tl jis lwk vihhdng. jgk tjg Mizl pglphg trdvghga ik d nrlup,
tjg ylukngst mdks auty wluha eg tl letdik birgwlla tl fll` blla
blr tjg rgst lb tjg flmpdky. Ib dk lhagr mdks eds`gt egfdmg tll
jgdvy d ylukngr mdk wluha jghp rghigvg tjg hlda. Hdtgr lk, tjg
ghagrs wluha jlklur tjg mdk wjl jda tjg nrgdtgst Qhdwmkndijkdey hgttikn jim arik` rifg eggr birst ik tjg ngt tlngtjgr.
...tjis ... flag lb mlrdhs mdag it lehindtlry blr gvgry Mizl tl eg
flurtglus flksiagrdtg uksghbisj flurdnglus ikaustrilus dka wihh
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kggas tl eg flhhgftga ey tjg lwkgr. Qjg vihhdngrs wihh euiha d
wialws jlusg brlm sfrdtfj. Qjg bigha lb d sif` pgrslk is dttgkaga
ey dhh tjg vihhdngrs. ^jgk d juktgr erikns jlmg d ein blur-hgnnga
dkimdh tjg wjlhg vihhdng sjdrgs tjg mgdt, dka dhh tjg vihhdngrs drg
dutlmdtifdhhy ikvitga wjgk tjgrg is d wgaaikn. Qjg wjlhg vihhdng
nlgs iktl mlurkikn blr d agda pgrslk.
Fuhturg dka Fustlm
Rihhdng sitgs wgrg fjlsgk witj dk gyg tl eltj agbgksivg plsitilk
dka dvdihdehg wdtgr. D prgbgrdehg sitg wds jinj lk d riang sl tjdt it
wds gdsihy agbgksiehg, eut tjgsg phdfgs wgrg aibbifuht blr tjg wlmgk
wjl jda tl fdrry wdtgr brlm strgdms eghlw. Qjg _l wjl mlst
lbtgk minrdtga tjg Husgi, Qjdal, Judhknl dka vihhdngrs ik slutj-
grk _l fluktry-euiht tjgir vihhdngrs lk tlps lb riangs. Mlst vihhdngs
ik tjg fgktrdh pdrt lb tjg fluktry wgrg situdtga lk shlpgs wjgrg it
wds gdsihy agbgksiehg dka wjgrg strgdm wdtgr fluha dhsl eg erlunjt
tl tjg vihhdng usikn edmell lr wllagk bhumgs. Qjg sdmg pdttgrk
lb vihhdng sitgs drg bluka ik _l fluktry tlady, dhtjlunj vihhdngs drgkl hlkngr tjrgdtgkga ey wdrs.
Qjgrg is kl vihhdng phdkkikn. Jlusgs drg euiht lk phlts wjifj drg
mlrg hgvgh tjdk tjg surrlukaikns. D ydra ik brlkt lb tjg jlusg is
slunjt, eut tjg vihhdng hdylut is kl lkgs flkfgrk. Lkg lb tjg fjdr-
dftgristifs lb d _l vihhdng is d `jdk lr huknadwk. d mgmlridh stlkg
ik mgmlry lb d plwgrbuh mdk. Wsudhhy situdtga lk jinjgr nrluka
tjdk tjg vihhdng jlusgs, dk gvgrnrggk Edydk trgg is phdktga tl nivg
sjdag tl tjg phdfg. Mgmlridh shdes drg agflrdtga witjardwikns lb
dkimdhs tjdt tjg mdk `ihhga ik jis timg, dka wllagk fdrvikns lb
mgk dka wlmgk drg grgftga tjgrg ds wghh. Qjgsg phdfgs sgrvg ds d
mggtikn nrluka, lr ds d adkfikn drgkd aurikn fgrgmlkigs, dka ds d
phdfg lb lbbgrikns tl tjg spirits. Qjg s`uhhs lb dkimdhs `ihhga aurikn
bgdsts blr tjg agda drg jukn dt (big `jdk. ik eghigb tjdt tjgsg dki-
mdhs wihh dfflmpdky tjg agda tl jis kgw wlrha. Dky mdk fdk
grgft sufj d mlkumgkt blr jimsghb lr blr dky implrtdkt rghdtivg
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bhdttgkga. Jdhb lb tjg jlusg jds dk gdrtjgk bhllr, dka tjg ltjgr jdhb
jds bhllrikn lb phdk`s lr sphit edmell. Qjis typg lb jlusg is flm-
mlk dmlkn tjlsg wjl drg hgss minrdtlry. Blr tjlsg wjl mlvg
lbtgk, lkg siag lb tjg jlusg minjt eg lkhy d bgw ikfjgs delvg
nrluka, witj tjg lpplsitg siag quitg jinj. Minrdkts sghalm mlvg
gdrtj. D jlusg is ngkgrdhhy aiviaga iktl d hivikn rllm (ikkgr rllm)
dka d wlr` rllm. Juktikn trlpjigs. tjg s`uhhs lb dkimdhs sjlt ey
tjg bdmihy, drg sjlwk lk tjg aiviaikn wdhh egtwggk tjg twl rllms.
Ik tjg hivikn rllm drg tjg birgphdfg, tjg mdstgrs ega, tjg fjihargks
ega, dka dkytjikn tjdt jds vdhug tl tjg bdmihy. Qjg mdstgr ega is
kgxt tl tjg birgphdfg dka is dhsl usga ds d egkfj tl sit kgdr tjg birg
blr wdrmtj. Ds tjg jlusg jds kl wikalws tjg iksiag is dhmlst
dhwdys adr`. Qjg wlr` rllm lb tjg jlusg is ik tjg brlkt, wjgrg
birgwlla dka nrdik plukaikn gquipmgkt drg `gpt. Mlst almgstif
wlr` is alkg ik tjis pdrt lb tjg jlusg, wjifj is mlrg lb d vgrdkadj
tjdk d rllm, ds it is lpgk dt tjg brlkt. Hibg rgvlhvgs drluka tjg
vgrdkadj aurikn wdrmgr adys lb tjg ygdr. Ik brlkt lb tjg jlusg is
tjg agf` lr phdtblrm, tjg alhtidh. Qjg sizg lb tjg phdtblrm fdk ikai-fdtg tjg wgdhtj lb tjg lwkgrs dka is usudhhy mdag lb tgd` wlla a
phdk`s. Qjg alhtidh usudhhy mgdsurgs delut twghvg ey blur ydras.
Uifj pglphg jdvg twl sufj alhtidhs olikikn gdfj ltjgr, dka dt lkg
gka drg twl phdk`s twghvg ydras hukn dka d ydra wiag. Qjg hlkn
phdk`s drg hdia delut d bllt jinjgr tjdk tjg mdik phdtblrm dka
sgrvg ds d flmblrtdehg sittikn phdtblrm.
Vtdphg bllas blr fgktrdh _l pglphg drg mdizg, mihhgt, suhpjur egdks,
egdks, pgds, swggt pltdtlgs, pump`iks, mghlks dka ltjgr frlps
tjdt nrlw ik flhagr rgnilks. Qjgsg frlps fdk eg nrlwk ik tjg zl
drgd witj its flha dka jinj dhtituag. Ik siks lr fjjim drgds (jlttgr
fhimdtg) lb _l fluktry, dka dhlkn aggp rivgr dka strgdm vdhhgys,
rifg is tjg stdphg blla. Mgdt is sfdrfg ds is sundr dka mih`. Jlkgy
is letdikga lkhy ik smdhh qudktitigs. Egfdusg lb tjgsg sjlrtdngs tjg
pglphg lbtgk subbgr brlm vitdmik agbifigkfy, dka tjgy drg lbtgk
simphy juknry blr mgdt dka zu (rifg flrk lr mihhgt eggr)
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fjdrdftgristifs lb tjg _l pglphg, dka zu is mlrg tjdk oust rifg eggr,
ds jds eggk sunngstga ey slmg ^gstgrk writgrs. _l pglphg jlha
bgdsts lk lffdsilks lb jdppikgss lr nrigb. Vuffgssbuh jukts lb smdhh
dkimdhs, lr d visit ey d aistdkt rghdtivg wluha eg fghgerdtga witj d
bgdst. D mitjuk, d pin lr d flw wluha eg shdunjtgrga, dka sgvgrdh
plts lb zu wluha eg flksumga. D mdk is vgry prlua wjgk jg `ihhs
d tingr, dk ghgpjdkt, lr d vuhturg, dka sufj lffdsilks drg timgs lb
nrgdt fghgerdtilk. @ihhikn dk ghgpjdkt is tl dfjigvg mdks mdxi-
mum mdsfuhikity. Dmlkn eiras tjg jlrkeihh is tjg mlst jinjhy
prizga, dka tjg `ihhikn lb it wluha eg fghgerdtga witj d sd-di fgr-
gmlky wjifj rdisgs d mdks slfidh stdtus.
Qjg _l fghgerdtg mdky ltjgr ikas lb bgdsts ds wghh. gaaikn bgdsts
td`g dt hgdst twl adys (vdryikn dmlkn aibbgrgkt fhdks)lkg fgh-
gerdtilk dt tjg eriags jlmg dka dkltjgr tjg kgxt ady d( tjg nrllms.
D rifj jdrvgst lb nrdik (lvgr lkg jukarga eds`gts) wluha dhsl eg
fghgerdtga witj d bgdst. It d pgrslk eghigvgs jg is wgdhtjy, d
`judknfdwi lr tlkn fgrgmlky is pgrblrmga. Ltjgr trdaitilkdh fgr-gmlkigs vdry brlm fhdk tl fhdk. D rdrg eut implrtdkt fgrgmlky
witj nrgdt bgdstikn wds tjg rdt di lr ndh di. wjgk d mdk jda `ihhga
dk gkgmy dka agfiaga tl fghgerdtg jis triumpj. Qjis wds rgvivga
aurikn tjg Vgflka ^lrha ^dr, wjgk _l slhaigrs wgrg `ihhga ik
dftilk. Qjg rghdtivgs lb tjg agfgdsga slunjt rgvgkng ey `ihhikn
gkgmy slhaigrs. Ds it wds adkngrlus tl pgrblrm tjg rdh di aurikn
tjg wdr, jgdas lb tjg gkgmy wgrg `gpt ik utmlst sgfrgfy, dka d rla
di fgrgmlky wds pgrblrmga dbtgr tjg wdr. Qjus. wjgk d mdk pgr-
blrmga tjg rdh di. jg pgrblrmga it mlrg lbtgk ik nrigb tjdk ik jdppi-
kgss.
Qjg mlst brgqugkt fghgerdtilk is tjg bgdst lb nrigb. Qjg agdtj lb d
pgrslk is blhhlwga ey d nrgdt bgdst ik rgmgmerdkfg lb tjg agda
pgrslk. Qjg rifj mdy shdunjtgr sgvgrdh dkimdhs, eut tjg pllr eg-
flmg mufj pllrgr. egfdusg tjgy tll wdkt tl sgka tjgir hlvga lkgs
lk tjg wdy witj dt hgdst lkg dkimdh Qjg dkimdh mgdt is gdtgk dt
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Qjlsg wjl fghgerdtga `judknfdwi. tlkn, sd-di. lr rdh-di, dka dhh
ltjgrs wjl dfjigvga slmgtjikn ik hibg flmplsga slkns tghhikn lb
tjgir pdst, tjgir suffgss ik wdr, tjg fdpturg lb shdvgs, dka tjg hlss
lb tjgir hlvga lkgs. Qjgsg slkns rgflraga pgrslkdh ds wghh ds flm-
mukity jistlry. Vlkns rgflraga tjg pllr dka rifj, tjg hlss lb slks,
adunjtgrs, erltjgrs dka sistgrs, dka nrgdt jukts. Qjg slkns wgrg
sukn aurikn bgdsts dka wgrg jdkaga alwk brlm lkg ngkgrdtilk tl
tjg kgxt. Blr d pglphg wjl jdvg kl writikn, tjg rgflraikn lb jis-
tlry jds eggk plssiehg lkhy egfdusg tjgsg slkns wgrg sukn rgpgdt-
gahy. Vtihh it is dmdzikn tjdt slkns lb twgkty ngkgrdtilks dnl, sufj
ds Qjg Vlkn lb Su Vlkntju, drg stihh rgmgmegrga.
Vlkns drg sukn klt lkhy aurikn bgdsts, eut wjgkgvgr tjgrg is d
ndtjgrikn. Dt tjg agdtj lb d fjiha, tjg mltjgr, tjg dukts, lr tjg
sistgrs rgfitg. stgp ey stgp, tjg fjihas hibg stlry. Hi`gwisg, `kgghikn
egsiag tjg agdtjega vihhdng wlmgk rgfdhh ik slkn, flmplsga dt tjg
ikstdkt, tjg stlry lb tjg agdtj ds tjgy sdw it. ^jgk d ely bdhhs ik
hlvg jg sikns d slkn gxprgssikn jis bgghikns tl tjg nirh, dka tjg nirhrgphigs witj d slkn. ^jgk fjigbs lr vihhdng ghagrs drg tl agfiag d
mdttgr lb wdr dka pgdfg, tjgy wluha rdtjgr flmplsg d slkn tjdk
gxphdik agtdihs tl tjg vihhdng flukfih.
Qjrlunjlut _l jistlry mdrridng fustlms sggm tl jdvg eggk uki-
blrm, witj eriag prifgs dka wibg-nivgrs dka wibg-td`grs fjdr-
dftgristif lb tjg _l pglphg. Aibbgrgkt prifgs drg ds`ga blr aibbgrgkt
eriags, witj slfidh stdtus dka pjysifdh pgrbgftilk agtgr-mikikn prifg.
Sdst rghdtilksjips egtwggk tjg twl fhdks ikvlhvga fdk dhsl phdy d
rlhg ik agtgrmikikn prifg. Vlmgtimgs tjg eriag prifg fdk eg lkhy
symelhif, wjifj mgdks tjg gxpgksgs lb tjg wgaaikn fgrgmlky drg
fluktga ds tjg eriag prifg. Ib d pllr ely is klt ik d plsitilk tl pdy,
jg mdy eg dhhlwga tl pdy hdtgr, lr d ely fdk gsfdpg pdyikn tjg
eriag prifg ib jg ghlpgs witj tjg nirh, lr ib jg simphy mlvgs iktl tjg
jlusg lb tjg nirh dka wdits uktih tjg nirh is rgday tl mdrry jim.
Vlfidh fustlms rghdtikn tl mdrridng drg implrtdkt sufj ds wibg-
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tl ds` blr jgr jdka. Qjg dmedssdalrs ole is d vgry aghifdtg lkg,
dka jg jds tl prgsgkt jis missilk witj trdaitilkdh mdkkgrs. Jg dhsl
jds tl lbbgr d plt lb zu lr d flf` (aibbgrgkt blr aibbgrgkt fhdks). Qjg
rgturk lb tjgsg nibts, wjifj minjt eg ik d wgg` lr sl, mgdks tjdt
tjg prlplsdh jds eggk rgogftga. Qjgrg is kl rgprldfj blr egikn rg-
ogftga. Ib tjg nibt is klt rgturkga. tjgk tjg dmedssdalr dka tjg nirhs
pdrgkts kgnltidtg tjg eriag prifg, dka drrdkngmgkts drg mdag blr
tjg wgaaikn. Qjg nirhs pdrgkts fdk agfiag tjg sizg lb tjg dkimdh tl
eg shdunjtgrga dt tjgir jlusg dka dhsl tjg dmlukt lb zu tl eg mdag
dvdihdehg. Dbtgr dhh tjgsg drg dnrgga uplk, tjg mdrridng fgrgmlky
is pgrblrmga. Qjus. tjg mltjgrs fhdk is tjg wibg-nivgr dka tjg
fhdk lb tjg slk is tjg wibg-td`gr. Ib d ely mdrrigs d nirh brlm d
aibbgrgkt fhdk tjdk jis mltjgrs, jis slks fdk stihh mdrry nirhs brlm
tjgir mltjgrs dka nrdkamltjgrs fhdk, tjus flktikuikn tjg wibg-
nivgr wibg-td`gr systgm. It is rgndraga ds aistdstgbuh tl mdrry d
pdtgrkdh dukts adunjtgr, egfdusg d mdk (gxtgkaga tl jis fjihargk)
jds slfidh lehindtilks tl jis ik-hdws, dka tjg mdrryikn lb d adunj-
tgr lb d pdtgrkdh dukt md`gs tjg slfidh rghdtilksjip implssiehg. Qjgslfidh lehindtilks drf gxgrfisga aurikn fgrgmlkigs dka ik timgs lb
nrigb. D mdk dka jis fjihargk td`g fdrg lb wlr` rghdtga tl fgrgml-
kigs0 i.g., shdunjtgrikn dkimdhs, dka tjg prgpdrdtilk lb blla dka
Au. It is tjg mdks auty tl phgdsg jis ik-hdws, lr ik ltjgr wlras tjg
wibg- td`gr jds tjg auty tl phgdsg jis wibg-nivgr. Jlwgvgr, tjg
wibg-nivgr is klt supgrilr tl tjg wibg-td`gr. It is mgrghy trdai-
tilk, dka tjg wibg-nivgr fdk klt md`g agmdkas uplk tjg sgrvifg
lb tjg wibg-td`gr. Qjg wibg-td`gr simphy bgghs dk lehindtilk tl
phgdsg, rgspgft, dka eg tjdk`buh tl tjg wibg-nivgr. D qudrrgh eg-
twggk ik-hdws is rgndraga ds mlst aistdstgbuh.
Mdrridng is ukflmmlk egtwggk triegs, dka ukjgdra lb witj ltjgr
rdfgs, blrginkgrs, lr shdvgs. Ihhgndh fljdeitdtilk wluha eg sufj d
aisnrdfg tl d bdmihy tjdt tjgy wluha eg fdst lut brlm tjgir flmmu-
kity. It is pdrdmlukt tl `ggp fhdk lr bdmihy purg. Lkfg mdrriga tl d
aibbgrgkt trieg agsfgkagkts fdk kgvgr egflmg purg dndik Gvgk
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jlusg. Qjg Sditg pglphg. al klt jdvg zdwheu`, eut tjg edfjghlrs
shggp ik tjg jlusg lb tjg tjidmpui lr jinj prigst. Qjgy fdhh it sdwm.
Qjg Sdwi (Jd`d dka Bdhdm pglphg) wihh shggp ik tjg jlusg lb d
egdutibuh nirh. ^jgk d ely is ik hlvg, jg wihh ds` jis brigkas tl
shggp witj jim ik tjg jlusg lb jis nirh brigka. Qjg edfjghlrs usg
tjgsg jlusg tl spgka tjgir hgisurg timg. It is d phdfg blr hgdrkikn tjg
trdag lb juktikn, wdrbdrg dka tjg hi`g0 gvgk jlw tl flurt nirhs.
Ughinilk
_l eghigvg ik d suprgmg Nla lr pdtjidu. Nla is nlla. Jg nivgs
jgdhtj, rifjkgss, fjihargk dka ltjgr jumdk wisjgs. Nla is kgvgr
frugh dka kgvgr jurts pglphg. Qjgrgblrg _l pglphg kgvgr sdfribifg
lr lbbgr dkytjikn tl dppgdsg Nla.
_l pglphg bgdr spirits lr agvihs wjl drg ukagr tjg ruhg lb tjg `ikn
lb spirits. Qjg spirits (adwi. judi. `judzikn) hivg lk gdrtj, eghlw
tjg gdrtj, ik tjg s`y, ik sprikns, trggs, fdvgs, mluktdiks, strgdms,
jlusgs, dka gvgk ik tjg jumdk elay. Qjgrg drg slmg phdfgs wjifjdrg dnrgga uplk ds strlknjlhas lb tjg spirits. Qjgy drg Uij Hi (d
hd`g) ik Bdhdm aistrift, Mt. Riftlrid lr Drtgrdwtthdkn ik tjg
@dkpgthgt drgd, Sdjd, d nrgdt himgstlkg fdvg kgdr Quiknl, Kdttdnd
tjg allr lb tjg spirits dfflraikn tl tjg Eurmdk, d strgdm ik Qgaim
drgd, dka ltjgrs. Gdfj vihhdng jds d fgrtdik hlfdtilk wjgrg pglphg
eghigvg spirits rgsiag. Vpirits drg gitjgr hi`g jumdk egikns, drg smdhh
pglphg witj lkhy lkg hgn, lr drg nidkts tjdt striag dfrlss tjg pgd`s
lb tjg jihhs. Qjg spirits jdvg immgksg strgkntj dka plwgr, fdk trdks-
blrm tjgmsghvgs iktl dkytjikn, eut mlst flmmlkhy td`g tjg blrm
lb skd`gs. Qjg spirits erikn sif`kgss dka misgry ukhgss trgdtga witj
aug rgspgft. Uitudhs jdvg tl eg pgrblrmga dka sdfribifgs mdag sl
ds tl dppgdsg tjg spirits. Mlvikn tl d kgw vihhdng, tl d kgw jlusg,
lr fuhtivdtikn d bigha rgquirgs tjg ehgssikn lb tjg spirits. Vif`kgss
is d pukisjmgkt ey tjg spirits wjl drg ukjdppy witj d pgrslk lr
bdmihy. Lbbgrikns drg pgrblrmga ey prigsts. Dk dkimdh, sufj ds d
rga flf` d suf`ikn pin d aln lr d mitjuk tjg typg lb wjifj
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Ik slmg fdsgs tjg prigst binjts dndikst tjg spirit. Vif`kgss is fdusga
ey d spirit wjl gktgrs tjg elay lr ey tjg spirit egikn fdunjt ik tjg
sluh lb tjg elay. Ik sufj fdsgs tjg tjidmpui, tjg jinj prigst, rifjgs
d vgrsg flmplsga tl arivg dwdy tjg spirits. Qjgsg vgrsgs drg jdkaga
alwk brlm lkg ngkgrdtilk tl dkltjgr. Qjg sif` pgrslks elay is
tjgk pdiktga witj pukngkt-smghhikn spifgs. Qjg spirit, wjl is eg-
higvga tl aishi`g tjg smghh lb spifg, tjgk hgdvgs tjg elay. Ik ltjgr
fdsgs d sif` pgrslk jds tl arik` brgsj alns ehlla, lvgr wjifj d
slrfgrgr jds fjdktga. tl arivg dwdy tjg spirits. Gpiagmifs dka phdnug
drg fdusga ey ikvdsilks lb dknry spirits, wjl rldm tjg fluktry dt
kinjt sgdrfjikn blr viftims. Sglphg md`g mua pghhgts dka sjllt
tjgm witj elws dt tjg gktrdkfgs lb jlusgs tjrlunj tjg wjlhg kinjt,
tl edr gktry lb tjg spirits.
Sglphg dhsl binjt spirits witj drms. D wlmdk ik Eudkmdk vihhdng
sdia tjdt sjg wds skdtfjga ey d hlfdh spirit wjl hivga ik d fdvg kgdr
tjg vihhdng. Vjg sdia tjg spirit wdktga tl mdrry jgr. Vjg lbtgk ais-
dppgdrga brlm jlmg lr wlr`, dka sjg sdia jgr spirit hlvgr usudhhyfdmg tl jgr ik tjg blrm lb d skd`g dka, wrdppikn itsghb drluka jgr
hgns, bhgw jgr lbb tl tjg fdvg. Jgr hlvgr lbbgrga jgr d hltilk wjifj
wluha trdksblrm jgr iktl tjg sdmg `ika lb spirit, eut sjg rgbusga
rgpgdtgahy. Qjg vihhdngrs sllk egfdmg dkngrga dka wgkt tl tjg jihh
lpplsitg tjg fdvg, brlm wjgrg tjgy sjlt missihgs brlm tjgir wgdp-
lks iktl tjg fdvg. ^jgk tjgy gktgrga tjg fdvg, tjgy bluka sgvgk
agda skd`gs. Qjg wlmdk, wjl wds ik tjg fdvg dt tjg timg lb tjg
dttdf`, sdia tjdt jgr spirit hlvgr wds `ihhga ds wghh. Dbtgr tjdt sjg
wds deauftga kl mlrg.
_l pglphg eghigvg ik hibg dbtgr agdtj, dhtjlunj it is sdia tjdt d pgr-
slk fdk eg rgelrk lkhy ib agdtj is vilhgkt dka ikstdktdkglus. Qjg
agda hivg blrgvgr ds njlsts dka `ggp tjgir slfidh stdtus. _l dhsl
eghigvg tjdt d pgrslk fdk eg elrk dndik ds dkltjgr jumdk egikn.
Lkg sufj tdhg is lb d elay wjl wds elrk witj d sfdr. ^jgk tjg
edey kdmga Qjdknknik fluha spgd` it tlha d stlry lb egikn jurt
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Qjdknknik wds d ylukn mdk dt tjg timg lb d Bdhdm dttdf` lk
@judsd` aurikn tjg 4:13s. ^jgk tjg Bdhdm lffupiga d pdrt lb tjg.
@judsd` vihhdng, jg sdw tjg Bdhdm sgdrfjikn blr survivlrs. Ql
gsfd-pg egikn fdpturga jg jia jimsghb ik tjg dttif lb d jlusg, lk
tjg sjghvgs usga tl jdkn fles lb flrk. D Bdhdm wdrrilr witj d
spgdr bluka jim. Qjg wdrrilr sjlutikn. I dm tjg slk lb my bd-
tjgr. pigr-fga Qjdknkniks ergdst witj jis spgdr. Qjdknknik sdia
tjdt jg bght vgry wdrm dka bghh dshggp immgaidtghy. jgk jg dwl`g
jg sdw d jgdahgss flrpsg hyikn egsiag jim. Lk ikspgftilk lb tjg
flrpsg jg bluka tjdt tjg elay wds jis. hig bght tjg elay dka sgtthga
alwk dmlkn ltjgr pglphg. Big fluha klt rgfdhh jlw hlkn jg hivga
witj tjgsg pglphg. Lk lkg juktikn ady tjgy fdunjt d egdr. Lk tjgir
wdy jlmg, ds tjgy fdrriga tjg egdr, jg rgdhizga tjdt jg wds witj
strdkng pglphg. Vlmg wgrg fdrryikn tjg egdr, dka ltjgrs wgrg lk
tlp lb tjg jgdr gdtikn tjg mgdt. Ql tjik` lvgr tjg strdkng egjdvilur
lb tjgsg pglphg, jg wgkt tl d kgdrey jihh dka wdtfjga brlm d ais-
tdkfg. Brlm tjgrg jg sdw tjdt jis flmpdkilks wgrg dkts, dka tjdt
tjgy wgrg fdrryikn d ehdf` fdtgrpihhdr. ^jgk jg rgturkga tl jisbrigkas tjgy wgrg, hi`g jim, dhh jumdk.
Ugdhizikn tjdt jg wds dk dkt, jis wisj wds tl eg rgelrk ds jumdk.
Ql eg rgelrk jg kggaga tl gktgr tjg elay lb d wlmdk. Jlwgvgr
wjgkgvgr jg dpprldfjga d wlmdk jg wds rgpuhsga immgaidtghy.
Jlw, jg aia klt rgmgmegr, eut lkg ady jg egfdmg d egg. Egikn d
egg dka tryikn tl rgdfj d wlmdk wds mufj mlrg aibbifuht tjdk
egikn dk dkt, egfdusg ds sllk ds jg dpprldfjga d wlmdk, sjg wluha
arivg jim dwdy. Qjgk, lkg ady, jg egfdmg d phgd. Dbtgr egflmikn
d bhgd, hig wds suffgssbuh ik ngttikn iktl tjg fhltjgs lb d wlmdk. Jg
fluha klt rgfdhh jlw jg fdmg iktl tjg elay lb tjg wlmdk, jis
mltjgr. jgk Qjdknknik wds elrk, jg jda d sfdr lk jis ergdst dka
jg wds sdia tl jdvg tlha jis stlry ds sllk ds jg fluha spgd`.
Dkltjgr stlry is tlha lb d ely witj d blrgjgda sfdr wjl wds elrk ik
@judsd` vihhdng ik tjg hdtg 4913s Ds sllk ds tjg ely fluha rgfln-
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Kndhpjud`pd wjl jda sjlt tjg slhaigr, jittikn jim ik tjg blrg-
jgda. Dhsl ik tjis fdsg, tjg pdrgkts supprgssga tjg fjiha brlm tghh-
ikn jis stlrigs.
_l Hdknudng
Qjg _l hdknudng is nrlupga witj Qiegtl-Eurmdk hdknudngs. dka
_l pglphg wjl stuay Gknhisj dka Eurmgsg ik sfjllh bika Eur-
mgsg tl eg tjg gdsigr hdknudng tl hgdrk, gvgk tjlunj tjgy mdy
dhrgday klw Ulmdk sfript. D stuagkt ik Mdkipur bluka tjg Mgitgi
hdknudng gdsy tl hgdrk egfdusg it is simihdr nrdmdtifdhhy dka ik
vlfdeuhdry tl tjg _l hdknudng. Ik gst _lrdm (Mizlrdm) stuagkts
bika Jikai ds aibbifuht ds Gknhisj, egfdusg Gknhisj dka Jikai drg
Drydk hdknudngs dka tjgy jdvg hitthg dbbikity tl tjg _l hdknudng.
Qjg _l pglphg drg klt muhti-hiknudh ds fjdrdftgrizga ik hitgrdturg,
gspgfidhhy ik Eurmd. _l pglphg jdvg ikagga aivgrsg aidhgfts, mdky
lb wjifj drg klt gdsihy iktghhiniehg tl tjlsg usikn ltjgr aidhgfts.
Qjg wlrst gxdmphg pgrjdps is egtwggk aidhgfts lb tjg slutjgrk-
mlst _l dka tjg klrtjgrkmlst _l.
Srlbgsslr Nlralk Hufg dkdhyzga >33 wlras lb _l hdknudng flm-
mlk tl dt hgdst tjrgg _l aidhgfts. Brlm tjgsg >33 wlras 563 wlras
drg flmmlk ik dhh aidhgfts lb tjg _l pglphg. Brlm tjg klrtjgrk-
mlst _l, tjg Qjdal-@judknsdi ik tjg Kdnd Jihhs (Vlmrd Qrdft). tl
tjg slutjgrkmlst _l. tjg Dsjl ik tjg Vdkalwdy-Qjdygtmyl drgd,
tjg usg lb wlras flmmlk tl tjg >33 wlra edsg drg ds blhhlws ?
Qjdal-@judknsdi 771 wlras
Qgaim 494
Judhknl (Husgi) 264
@judhsim (Bdhdm) 25>
Jd`d 7>6
Dsjl 6:6
@jumi 6:4
Brlm tjis tdehg it is plssiehg tl aiviag _l pglphg iktl twl hiknuis-
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Qjg slutjgrk _l aidhgfts drg simihdr tl tjg klrtjgrk aidhgfts, eut
aibbgrgkfgs hig ik tjg wlras tjdt drg elrrlwga brlm tjg Eurmdk
dka tjg Drd`dkgsg, witj wjlm tjg Dsjl, @jumi dka tjg Mdsjl
jda eggk ik flktdft blr fgkturigs. Flmpdrikn tjg Husgi dka tjg
Jd`d, lr Bdhdm aidhgfts, lkg bikas mdky wlras elrrlwga brlm
Eurmdk ik tjg Jd`d dka Bdhdm aidhgfts, wjgrgds tjg Husgi elr-
rlwga mdky wlras brlm Ikaidk lr Gknhisj hdknudngs. Blr gxdmphg?
ds tjgrg wds kl wlra blr sfjllh ik tjg _l hdknudng, it jds eggk
elrrlwga brlm Gknhisj dka Eurmgsg. Qjus sfjllh is fdhhga si`uh
ey tjg Husgi, wjgrgds it is sddkn blr tjg Sditg lb Qgaim. Qjg Sditg
lb Mdkipur sdy si`uh. tjg Bdhdm sdy thdwkn, dka tjg Jd`d sdy sidkn,
Vddkn, thdwkn dka sidkn lrinikdtga brlm tjg Eurmgsg `ydukn.
Ik Gdst _lrdm tjgrg jds eggk kl flmmlk hdknudng, dka _l plhiti-
fdh hgdagrs jdvg klt tlufjga tjg sueogft ds it jds eggk d vgry aghi-
fdtg mdttgr. Lk lkg jdka kl rgprgsgktdtivg jds wdktga tl 0ff ltjgr
tjdk jis lwk aidhgft egikn fhdimga ds tjg flmmlk hdknudng. Lk
tjg ltjgr jdka. _l hgdagrs jdvg bgdrga plssiehg rgpgrfussilks brlkttjg Eurmgsg nlvgrkmgkt ib tjgy put tll mufj gmpjdsis lk d flm-
mlk _l hdknudng. It wluha eg flktrdaif-tlry tl tjg Eurmgsg
nlvgrkmgkts plhify lb flmphgtghy delhisjikn tjg tgdfjikn lb _l
hdknudng ik sfjllhs ik tjg Fjik Vtdtg. Oust dbtgr ikagpgkagkfg
tjg _l hdknudng wds tdunjt ik primdry sfjllh up tl tjg blurtj stdk-
adra. Qjg Ugvlhutilkdry Nlvgrkmgkt lb Ngkgrdh Kg ^ik rgaufga
it tl tjg ghgmgktdry nrdags, dbtgr wjifj _l hdknudng wds dhhlwga
tl eg tdunjt up tl tjg sgflka stdkadra lkhy. Dt prgsgkt kl _l hdk-
nudng is tdunjt ik tjg sfjllhs. Qjus tjg qugstilk lb d _l flmmlk
hdknudng ik Gdst _lrdm wds gkaga ey tjg Eurmgsg nlvgrkmgkt.
Lb dhh _l aidhgfts, tjg Husgi lr Aujhidk aidhgft is tjg mlst wiaghy
spl`gk. It is tjg flmmlk hdknudng ik gst _lrdm, dka it is spl`gk
ey dhmlst dhh _l pglphg ik Mdkipur dka tjg Fjittdnlkn Jihh Qrdfts.
Qjg Judhknl dka Husgi aidhgfts drg tjg sdmg. It wds sdia tjg Vditl
fjigb Hdhhuhd gkflurdnga usg lb tjg Aujhidk aidhgft ey dhh jis sue-
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hivg tlngtjgr ds kginjelurs. Qjgrgblrg, ib tjgrg sjluha eg d flm-
mlk hdknudng blr tjg _l pglphg, tjg Husgi aidhgft is tjg uhtimdtg
fjlifg.
Qjg blhhlwikn Qdehg sjlws jlw _l aidhgfts aibbgr brlm lkg dk-
ltjgr, dka blr flmpdrislk, brlm Mgitgi dka Eurmgsg.Gknhisj Mgitgi Husgi Sditg Sdwi Dsjl @jumi Vjl Eurmgsg
Judhknl Qgaim Hdi Mudk
Qjdal Mdtu
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
lkg dmdj pd`jdt `jdt pd`jdt jkdt jd tumdt tjit
twl dkij pdjkij kij pdkkij jkij kyd jkijjkit
tjrgg fjum pdtjum tjum Sdtjum tjum jum fjum tjukn
blur mdrh pdhi hi Sdhi hi Sdhyj `jhi hi
bivg mdknd pdknd knd pdknd kndw pdkn jmd knd
six tdru` pdru` nu` pdru` sl` turgu fju` fjgu`
sgvgk hdrgj pdsdrij sdnij pdsdrij sij sdryj fjij `jukit
ginjt kipdk pdridt nidt pdridt sgt tdod fjlir sit
kikg mdipdk pd`ud `ud pd`ud `ud td`dw `dl `u
tgktjdrd tjdrd sdwm sdwm pdjrd jd jl jrd hdsg
_lrdm (_lhdka)
Qjg hdka lffupiga ey tjg mdolrity lb tjg _l pglphg gxtgkas brlm d
hdtituag lb delut 57 agnrggs 63 mikutgs Klrtj ik tjg Vlmrd Qrdfts
bdfikn Mt. Vdrdmdti, dka ik Kdndhdka dfrlss tjg Kdmtdhgi` Uivgrdka tjg .Klrtj Fdfjdr Jihhs, tl delut 53 agnrggs 63 mikutgs Klrtj.
Qjg Dsjl hivg burtjgr slutj lb tjg Drd`dk Ylmds, Irrdwdaay vdh-
hgys dka Sgnu Ylmds (eghlw Srlfkg dka Vdkadwdy). Dhh tjgsg dr-
gds bdhh egtwggk 95 agnrggs 43 mikutgs Gdst dka 91 agnrggs 53
mikutgs Gdst. Qjg klrtj-slutj hgkntj lb tjg _l fluktry is rlunjhy
673 mihgs (733 `m) dka it is ngkgrdhhy delut 453 mihgs (495 `m)
wiag.
Qjg mdolrity lb tjg pglphg lffupy tjg Ikal Eurmdk rdkngs d sg
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Qjudmvum (@gkkgay pgd`), Hgkthdkn, @jdrdkthdkn, Uuknthdkn,
dka Drtgrdwtthdkn (Mt. Riftlrid), wjifj is tjg jinjgst pgd` ik _l
fluktry dt 43.133 bggt lr 6145 mgtgrs. Qjg ltjgr pgd`s drg ik dvgr-
dng delut :>33 bggt lr 5:71 mgtgrs jinj. Ik ^gst _lrdm tjg jinj-
gst pgd` is Sjdwknpui (Ehug Mluktdik), wjifj is 279: bggt lr 5421
mgtgrs jinj. Dt tjg klrtj dka slutj gkas lb _l fluktry tjg hdka is
hgss runnga dka risgs brlm 5333 tl 1333 bggt, lr 272 tl 4645 mgtgrs.
Qjg fdpitdh lb gst _lrdm, Dizdwh, higs dt 6>33 bggt lr 4541 mgtgrs
delvg sgd hgvgh, wjgrgds Jd`d (Jdh`jd), tjg fdpitdh lb Gdst _lrdm,
is dt >733 bggt lr 5123 mgtgrs. Qjg vdhhgys egtwggk rdkngs drg
mlsthy v-sjdpga nlrngs, dka tjgrg drg vgry bgw bhdt drgds tl sgrvg
ds, dnrifuhturdh hdka. Egfdusg tjg ghgvdtilks fdk vdry quitg gxtgk-
sivghy tgmpgrdturgs dhsl vdry nrgdthy. Ik tjg vdhhgys lb tjg hdrngr
rivgrs, sufj ds tjg Uuk lr Mdkipur Uivgrs, tjg fhimdtg is sue-trlpi-
fdh. Qgk mihgs lr 42 `ihlmgtgrs dwdy, jlwgvgr, dt dk ghgvdtilk lb
2333 bggt (53^ mgtgrs) dka dt tjg tlp lb mluktdik rdkngs, tjg
fhimdtg is rdtjgr mlagrdtg. Qjg fhimdtg is mlksllk dka rdik bdhhsbrlm Mdy tl Lftlegr. Dvgrdng rdikbdhh blr tjg ygdr is egtwggk >3
ikfjgs (4>: fm) dka 4>3 ikfjgs (165 fm). Dvgrdng ygdrhy rdik ik
Dizdwh is :5 ikfjgs (53: fm), Huknhgi 46: ikfjgs (673 fm), Jd`d
93 ikfjgs (55: fm), dka @dkpgthgt 439 ikfjgs (5>2 fm). Ik lkg
ygdr Jd`d jda 44: rdiky adys dka @dkpgthgt 45> adys. Vummgr
tgmpgrdturgs rdkng egtwggk 21 tl :1 agnrggs B (4> tl 59 agnrggs
Fgktinrdag), dka wiktgr tgmpgrdturgs drg egtwggk 6> dka >7 ag-
nrggs B (6 tl 51 agnrggs Fgktinrdag). Vlmg phdfgs, hi`g tjg tlwk
lb Jd`d, drg fjihhy ik wiktgr dka tgmpgrdturgs fdk arlp eghlw tjg
brggzikn plikt ik tjg kinjt dka brlst blrm lk tjg nrdss. Vklw bdhhs
vgry rdrghy, dka wjgk it algs tjg pglphg fdhh tjg mluktdik jds
vlmitga.
Ql lvgrflmg tjg flha, _l pglphg euiht jlusgs witj tjdtfj rllbikn
dka lbtgk aluehg hdygrga sphit edmell wdhhikn. Qjg jlusgs wgrg
sgpdrdtga iktl twl pdrts Lkg pdrt wds flmphgtghy fhlsga gxfgpt
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Qjg pihhlw wds d rgftdknuhdr wlla phdfg delut 1 ikfjgs ik aidm-
gtgr. Qjg fjihargk shgpt lk tjg ltjgr siag lb tjg birg phdfg. Qjg
nugsts shgpt lk mdts lk tjg tjira siag lb tjg birg phdfg.
Qjis minjt gxphdik tjg dssgrtilk tjdt _l pglphg wgrg bihtjy dkakgvgr wdsjga tjgmsghvgs. Qjis is, lb flursg, pdrthy trug ik slmg
drgds. _l pglphg aia klt wdsj tjgmsghvgs dt rgnuhdr iktgrvdhs eut
rdkalmhy wjgkgvgr tjgy flkif dfrlss d strgdm lr d pllh lb wdtgr.
Qjgir wdtgr supphy dt tjgir lwk awghhikns minjt klt eg gklunj blr
elay wdsjikn, ds it jds tl eg fdrriga up jihh brlm tjg wdtgr bluk-
tdik lr dkltjgr slurfg. Dhtjlunj tjgy minjt jdvg wdsjga tjgm-sghvgs fhgdk, tjg sml`g. dsjgs, dka aust mdag tjgm quif`hy airty
dndik. jgk kinjts wgrg klt flha, tjg brlkt pdrt lb tjg jlusg, wjifj
is lpgk dt tjg brlkt, is usga blr dhmlst dhh dftivitigs ikfhuaikn shggp-
ikn purplsgs.
Egfdusg pglphg aia klt jdvg mdky wdrm fhltjgs, tjg ehdk`gt tjdt
wgrg usga ik tjg kinjt minjt jdvg eggk tjg lkhy fhltj tl prltgft
tjg elay brlm tjg flha aurikn tjg ady. Qjis wds vgry mufj tjg
prdftifg lb gvgry _l aurikn tjg gdrhigr adys wjgk sjirts dka pdkts
wgrg uk`klwk tl tjgm. Ql flvgr tjg privdtg pdrts, tjg wlmgk wlrg
vgry sjlrt lr miki s`irts wjifj edrghy flvgrga tjg uppgr pdrt lb tjg
tjinj. Qjgy usudhhy flvgrga tjgir ergdsts uktih tjgy egfdmg mltjgr.
Dbtgr egflmikn d mltjgr, jiaikn lb tjg ergdst is klt aggmga kgf-
gssdry. Ik slmg pdrts lb tjg _l fluktry, ylukn lr lha _l wlmgk
kgvgr jia tjgir ergdsts. Mgk usudhhy wlrg hlik fhltjs? jlwgvgrlhagr mgk mdy jdvg wlrk kltjikn dt dhh gxfgpt d ehdk`gt wjgk it
wds flha. Ql prgvgkt tjg brggzikn lb tjgir jdkas ik timgs lb wdr-
bdrg, tjg mgk shgpt witj jdkas aippga ik flha wdtgr aurikn tjg
wiktgr kinjts.
Ik jinjgr pdrts lb tjg mluktdik rdkngs, pikg dka rjlalagkarlk
bhlurisj. Ik hlwgr drgds tgd`, edmell, dka simihdr phdkts drg deuk-
adkt. Bdrmgrs nrlw pltdtlgs, mdizg, mihhgts, swggt pltdtlgs, phums.
dka dpphgs ik tjg jinjgr dhtituags Uifg lrdkngs dka pikg dpphgs
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is prdftisga, usikn dkimdh plwgr. Qjg hlw hyikn Sdhgtwd dka @lhlsie
drgds lbbgr tjg egst dnrifuhturdh hdka.
Qjgrg drg vgry bgw hd`gs ik _lhdka. Qjg einngst hd`gs drg Uij Hi ik
tjg Judhknl drgd ik Gdst _lrdm dka Sdh` Hd`g ik tjg slutj lb gst
_lrdm.
Egfdusg lb tjg runnga kdturg lb tjg hdka. flmmukifdtilk dka trdks-
plrtdtilk drg aibbifuht. Dt tjg prgsgkt timg airt rldas flkkgft tlwks
ik eltj Gdst dka ^gst _lrdm, dka tjg @dhdadk rivgr is kdvindehg
brlm Sdhgtwd tl tjg Ikaidk Lfgdk. Ik daaitilk, tjg Qhdwkn lr
Ajdhgswdri strgdms fluha ik tjg buturg eg agvghlpga blr kdvind-
tilk.
Srlauftilk brlm _l fluktry is himitga tl dnrifuhturg. D bgw prla-
ufts, mlsthy bruits, drg egikn gxplrtga. Ehgssga witj d vdrigty lb
fhimdtg. _l pglphg fdk prlaufg dhmlst dhh typgs lb bruits, trlpifdh
lr tgmpgrdtg. Qjgrg is d kltifgdehg imprlvgmgkt ik tjis bigha. Ltjgr
prlaufts. sufj ds sih` dka turpgktikg, drg egflmikn plpuhdr. Qjgpltgktidh dhsl gxists blr gxplrtdtilk lb burkiturg dka simihdr prla-
ufts.
Ik tjg pdst, ghgpjdkts, tingrs, hglpdras, egdrs, wiha alns, eislk.
aggr, dka wiha eldr ikjdeitga _lhdka. ^itj tjg dppgdrdkfg lb birg-
drms tjgsg dkimdhs jdvg egflmg kgdrhy gxtikft. Bisj ik tjg strgdms
jdvg eggk rutjhgsshy `ihhga witj aykdmitg dka plislk, dka mlst lb
tjg rivgrs dka strgdms ik _lrdm drg gmpty lb hdrngr spgfigs lb bisj.
_lrdm is prgalmikdkthy mdag lb sihty sjdhg dka sdkastlkg. Himg-
stlkg dka inkglus rlf`s drg dhsl bluka. Qjg sihty sjdhg dka sdka-
stlkg drg rghdtivghy slbt blrmdtilks, gdsihy wdsjga dwdy ey rdik.
wjifj rgsuhts ik hdkashiags. Egfdusg lb tjis, rldas euiht lk tjg shlpgs
lb tjg mluktdiks drg aibbifuht tl mdiktdik. Kndwfikpdu kdmga tjgsg
rlf`s _lbhysfj egfdusg lb tjgir simihdrity tl tjg Bhysfj rlf`s lbtjg Dhps ik Vwitzgrhdka. Qjg lhagst rlf`s ik _lrdm drg tjg sfjists,
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egdrikn uhtrdedsif rlf`s. Ndrkigritg, d kif`gh sihifdtg mikgrdh, wds
aisflvgrga ey Kndwfikpdu, tjg birst _l nglhlnist, lk tjg
Knuhhumudh. Qjg kif`gh flktgkt wds 4.49 tl 1.79 pgrfgkt.
Knuhhumudh jds tjg gflklmif pltgktidh blr kif`gh mikikn. Qjg
dutjlr aisflvgrga fjrlmitg ik tjgsg sdmg uhtrdedsif rlf`s. Ltjgr
implrtdkt mikgrdhs bluka ik tjgsg rlf`s drg tdhf, brlm wjifj tdh-
fum plwagr is mdag. dka dsegstls, wjifj is usga ds iksuhdtilk
mdtgridh ik ikaustry. Ltjgr flmmgrfidhhy iktgrgstikn rlf`s drg shdtg
dka himgstlkg. Vtdtg is usga trdaitilkdhhy ds rllbikn mdtgridh. Himg-
stlkg fdk eg usga blr tjg mdkubdfturg lb fgmgkt. Deukadkt himg-
stlkg is bluka ik Huknrdknthdkn (Jd`d), dka Sdjd (Qgaim).
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FJDSQGU 5
ULLQV LB _L
Ik tjg desgkfg lb writtgk alfumgkts, dka egfdusg tjg _l jda him-
itga flktdft witj kginjelurikn pglphgs, it is gxtrgmghy aibbifuht tltrdfg _l jistlry. Jlwgvgr, tjrlunj jistlrifdh hiknuistifs, drfjgl-
hlnifdh bikaikns, dka gtjkif rghdtilksjips, it is klw dffgptga tjdt
_l eghlkn tl tjg nrlup lb pglphg iagktibiga ds Qiegtl-Eurmdks.
Qjg lrdh ngkgdhlny lb _l fhdims tjdt d mdk kdmga _l wds tjg
lrinikdtlr lb dhh _l pglphg. Qjg ngkgdhlny jlwgvgr algs klt rgflra
timg lr hlfdtilks, dka mdy kdmgs must jdvg eggk blrnlttgk. Qjg
ngkgdhlny mdy dhsl flktdik lkhy ikblrmdtilk delut tjlsg wjl wgrgplwgrbuh, witj tjlsg hgss suffgssbuh egikn lmittga. Gstimdtgs edsga
lk lrdh jistlry dfflukt blr dpprlximdtghy twgkty sgvgk ngkgrd-
tilks lb _l pglphg. Dssumikn d ngkgrdtilk tl hdst twgkty-bivg ygdrs.
_l pglphg jdvg eggk ik gxistgkfg blr lkhy delut sgvgk jukarga
ygdrs. Qjgrgblrg ngkgdhlny ds tjg _l rgfdhh it fdkklt eg wjlhhy
agpgkaga uplk ds d slurfg lb ikblrmdtilk. D writtgk ngkgdhlny,
tjg Ngkgdhlny lb tjg _l Udfg, wds flmpihga ey @jupzdtjdkn lbEudkmdk. ik 49>1. Qjg writtgk vgrsilkjlwgvgr wds edsga lk ik-
blrmdtilk brlm lkhy pdrts lb _lrdm, dka tjus kgitjgr tjg writtgk
ngkgdhlny klr hgnkga rgvgdh tjg trug lriniks lb tjg _l pglphg. (Vgg
Qdehg 4)
Lriniks ik Fjikd
_l hgngka dssgrts tjdt tjg _l wgrg lrinikdhhy brlm d fdvg fdhhga
Fjikkhukn, wjifj is nivgk aibbgrgkt hlfdtilks ey aibbgrgkt fhdks.
Qjg hgngka fdkklt eg dffgptga ds d bdft, egfdusg it is flktrdaiftlry
tl `klwk bdfts lb jlw mdk lrinikdtga.
Qjg pjysifdh bgdturgs lb _l pglphg, yghhlwisj lr erlwkisj s`ik,
erlwk gyg. ehdf` jdir, shdktga gyg, prlmikgkt fjgg`elkg, wiag
klsg, dka bhdt bdfg sunngst tjgir rghdtilk tl tjg Ikalkgsidk-Mdhdy
suerdfg lb tjg Mlknlhlia Udfg. Ey dkdhysikn _l hdknudng dka
flmpdrikn witj ltjgr hdknudngs dktjrlplhlnists flkfhuaga tjdt
_l hdknudng is rghdtga tl tjg Qiegtl-Fjikgsg hdknudngs dka
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tjgrgblrg tjgir fuhturdh dbbihidtilks witj tjgm. Qjg Qiegtl-Fjikgsg
nrlup lb pglphg drg sueaiviaga iktl sgvgrdh nrlups (sgg Qdehg 5)
dka _l pglphg drg phdfga tlngtjgr witj Eurmdk, Mgitgi (Mdkipuris),Kdnd. @dfjik. Hlhl, Qiegtdks, gtf. ds tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks. wjl dt
lkg timg lr tjg ltjgr must jdvg sjdrga flmmlk fuhturdh lr plhiti-
fdh dbbihidtilks lr eltj. Qjis hgdas lkg tl eghigvg tjdt _l pglphg
lrinikdtga ik Fjikd dka tjdt tjgy minjt ik slmg wdy eg rghdtga tl
elkgs bluka ik tjg fdvgs lb Fjlu `lutigk slutj lb Sg`ikn tjg
elkgs lb Sg`ikn Mdk. Sg`ikn Mdk is gdrhigst klwk mdk ik Fjikd
dka surrlukaikn drgds, dka dktjrlplhlnists eghigvg tjdt Sg`ikn Mdk
plssgssga fgrtdik fjdrdftgristifs pgfuhidr tl tjg Mlknlhlia rdfg.
Qrdfgs lb jumdk gxistgkfg drg dttrieutga tl ds hlkn dnl ds d mih-
hilk ygdrs. dka Sg`ikn Mdk mdy jdvg bhlurisjga ik 733.333 E.F.
Ik tjg Lrals rgnilk lb Fjikd stlkg imphgmgkts dka d bgw elkgs lb
juktikn pglphg jdvg eggk bluka, sunngstikn d timg brdmg delut
.73.333 E.F.
Ey delut 1.333 E.F. d Mlknlhidk pglphg witj d kglhitjif fuhturgdppgdrga, eut ikstgda lb egikn juktgrs tjgy wgrg dkimdh erggagrs.
Qjgir tllhs ikfhuaga bikghy plhisjga rgftdknuhdr dxgs witj `ggk
futtikn gangs.
Ey delut 5733 E.F., dfflraikn tl Gegrjdra. tjgrg wgrg ginjt prik-
fipdh jistlrifdh fuhturgs ik Fjikd. Qjg Fjidkn triegs. dkfgstlrs lb
tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks, wgrg bluka ik wgstgrk Fjikd ik tjg prlvikfg
lb prgsgkt ady Vzgfjwdk dka ik tjg mluktdik rgnilks lb @dksudka Vjgksi. Qjgir gflklmy wds edsga lk sjggp jgraikn dka tjg
rdisikn lb yd`s, plkigs dka slmg pins. Fuhtivdtilk dppgdrs tl jdvg
rgsuhtga brlm dhigk ikbhugkfg dka mdikhy ikvlhvga wjgdt dka euf`-
wjgdt.
Aurikn tjg Vjdkn aykdsty, (4233-435: E.F.) tjg Fjidkn triegs
wgrg kginjelrs lb tjg Vjdkn pglphg, witj wjlm tjgy wgrg ik d
mlrg lr hgss flkstdkt stdtg lb wdr. Qjgy hivga ik tjg slutjwgstrgnilk lb Vjdksi dka Vjgksi. Aurikn tjg Fjlu aykdsty (>55-1:4
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Aurikn tjg Jdk aykdsty tjg Fjidkn triegs dppgdrga ds tjg
Qdknuts tjg Qiegtdk Qriedh Bgagrdtilk. Qjg Qdknuts dttgmptga
tl ehlf` Fjikgsg dffgss tl Qur`istdk, wjifj tjg Fjikgsg jda flk-qugrga ik >6 D.A. Jgdvy binjtikn gksuga dka tjg Fjikgsg nlt tjg
uppgr jdka. arivikn tjg Qdknuts tl tjg Vlutj. ^jgtjgr tjis wds tjg
rgdslk blr tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks minrdtilk tl tjg slutj fdk lkhy eg
nugssga. Jdhh- nivgs dk gdrhigr timg, tjg birst mihhgkkium E.F., blr
tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk slutjwdra minrdtilk. Jg writgs
....tjgy wgrg pursuga ey tjg Fjikgsg ruhgrs tl Qsik (Fjik) tjrlunj
tjg mluktdiks tlwdras tjg slutj.Qjg Fjidkn triedh strufturg wds dhwdys wgd`, ds hgdagrsjip drlsg
dmlkn tjgm lkhy ik timgs lb wdr. Qjgir slfigty jda d mihitdry rdtjgr
tjdk d triedh strufturg, dka tjg flktikudtilk lb tjgsg stdtgs agpgkaga
gktirghy uplk tjg pgrslkdh qudhitigs lb tjgir hgdagrs. Qjgy wgrg
bukadmgktdhhy sjggp erggagrs, klt jlrsg erggagrs, dka tjgrgblrg
sjlwga dk ikfhikdtilk tl ikflrplrdtg ikbdktry iktl tjgir drmigs.
Qjg desgkfg lb writikn dmlkn mlst lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks sun-ngsts tjdt tjgir sgpdrdtilk must jdvg egnuk dt d vgry gdrhy adtg
pgrjdps egblrg tjg Fjlu aykdsty, wjlsg ruhgrs wgrg Qiegtdks. Gx-
fgpt Qiegtdks klkg lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk nrlup jda writikns. Qjg
Fjlu aykdsty fdmg tl dk gka drluka 533 E.F. Aurikn tjg tjira
fgktury D.A. Euaajism wds iktrlaufga iktl Qiegt dka Fjikd eut
klkg lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk nrlup gxfgpt tjg Qiegtdks wgrg gbbgftga.
Qjgy jda eggk sjibtikn tjgir vihhdngs lbtgk ik flkkgftilk witj tjgirshdsj dka eurk mgtjla lb fuhtivdtilk. Fivihizdtilk tjgrgblrg aia
klt pgkgtrdtga tjgm.
Qjg slutjwdra mlvgmgkt lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk pglphg tll` mdky
ygdrs pgrjdps sgvgrdh fgkturigs. Ugfgkt minrdtilk lb _l pglphg tl
tjg @dhg-@dedw-Rdhhgy jds td`gk d fgktury dka tjgrg is kl sink
tjdt minrdtilk is flmphgtga. Qjg sdmg pdttgrk wds vgry hi`ghy tjg
fdsg witj tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk nrlup. Qjg @dfjik, blr gxdmphg, wgrgstihh mlvikn tlwdras tjg slutj uktih vgry rgfgkthy. Ds tjgy shlwhy
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tjg Fjikawik dka rgdfjga _l fluktry dka Drd`dk egblrg 4333
D.A. Dfflraikn tl N.J. Hufg tjg Kdnd wgrg ik prgsgkt Kdndhdka
wjgk tjg _l-Mgitgi nrlup pdssga tjrlunj lk tjg mlvg slutj. Lkgagmlkstrdtilk lb tjis wds d vihhdng ik Kdndhdka wjlsg ikjdeitdkts
kgvgr mdrriga witj ltjgr triegs. eut wjl rgtdikga tjg lrinikdh _l
hdknudng dka fuhturg. Qjg vihhdngrs sdia tjgy jda hivga ik tjdt vih-
hdng blr sgvgrdh fgkturigs. Qjgsg vihhdngrs dka slmg ltjgr _l-Mgitgi
nrlups rgmdikga ik Kdndhdka ds ltjgrs mlvga tl tjg slutj, dka
tjgsg pglphg sufj ds tjg Qdknuh Kdnds, drg hiknuistifdhhy dka fuh-
turdhhy fhlsgr tl tjg _l tjdk tl ltjgr Kdnds. Ik tjg Vlmrd Qrdfts
tjg Slknkiu, Vdwhdw, @dylu dka Jgki fhdks, wjl spgd` tjg @dhdw
aidhgft, drg fhlsghy rghdtga tl tjg Hdizl lb Bdhdm. _l pglphg, dka
pgrjdps dhsl Mgitgi shlwhy mlvga tjrlunj tjg Ju`dwkn Rdhhgy.
^jgk tjgy fdmg tl tjg flkbhugkfg lb tjg Irrdwdaay dka Fjikawik
Uivgrs tjgy sgtthga tjgrg, tjg twl ein rivgrs nivikn tjgm sgfurity
dka prltgftilk brlm gkgmigs. Lkg rgdslk lb tjgir sgtthgmgkt fluha
jdvg dhsl ikbhugkfga ey tjgir ikdeihity tl frlss tjg twl ein rivgrs.
Hgngkas tlha us tjdt _l pglphg bluka lut euihaikn rdbts lkhy dbtgr
tjgy sdw d rdeeit bhldtikn lk hlns.
Qjg dkfigkt jistlry lb tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy wds tlha ey d fjrlkifhg
bluka ik @dhg. Qjg Ndzgttgrs- spgd` lb d ruikga pdhdfg, dka tjg
fjrlkifhg lb tjg tlwk Ydzdnyl trdfgs its jistlry edf` tl tjg timg lb
Euaajd, wjgk Ikaidk prikfgs brlm Mdndajd ruhga hlfdh Vd` @dktu
pglphg. Gvgk tlady tjg fdrvga wdhhs lb tjg dkfigkt tlwk lb Ydzdnyl
fdk eg dpprgfidtga dt d phdfg twgkty mihgs klrtj lb @dhgmyl, ik
tjg @dedw Rdhhgy wgst lb tjg Fjikawik. Qjg fjrlkifhg sdys tjdt
delut D.A. 269 tjg pdhdfg wds agstrlyga ey flmeikga blrfgs lb
Mdkipuris dka _l Dfflraikn tl tjg Ndzgttggr tjg @dhg drgd wds
fhlsghy hik`ga tl dkfigkt Mdndajd. Ydzdnyl is d flrruptilk lb
Udodnrijd, tjg rgsiagkfg lb Euaajd dka fdpitdh lb Mdndajd. geuhd,
d mluktdik d bgw mihgs wgst lb @dhgmyl, wds kdmga dbtgr gpuhhd
lb tjg Sdhi jistlry lb mlagrk Euipuhd.
Lb dhh Qiegtl-Eurmdk pglphgs tjg Mgitgi lb Mdkipur wgrg tjg
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Dkarl-Vgknmdi nrlup lb pglphg, wjl wgrg ikjdeitdkts lb prgsgkt
ady Mdkipur.
Jlaslk sdia tjdt tjg Mdkipuris (Mgitgi) wgrg agsfgkagkts lb sur-rlukaikn jihh triegs. Qjgir trdaitilks jdvg rgmdikga simihdr dka
gvgk tlady tjgy rgtdik mdky fustlms lb tjg jihh pglphg. Jg wrltg,
ik 4933, tjdt tjg lrndkizdtilk, rghinilk, jdeits dka mdkkgrs lb tjg
Mgitgi lb twl jukarga ygdrs egblrg wgrg tjg sdmg ds tjg jihh pglphg
(_l dka Kdnd) lb jis lwk grd.
Qjgrg drg hgngkas dka trdaitilks wjifj tghh lb gdrhy rghdtilksjip
egtwggk Mgitgi. Kdnd, dka _l. D Qdkn`uh (Kdnd) trdaitilk sdystjdt Kdnd, Mgitgi dka _l asfgkaga brlm d flmmlk dkfgstlr wjl
jda tjrgg slks. Qjgsg wgrg tjg prlngkitlrs lb tjg triegs. Qjis trdai-
tilk puts tjg _l ds tjg ghagst dka tjg Mgitgi tjg ylukngst. Jlaslk
wrltg, Qjg Qdkn`uh hgngka is tl tjg gbbgft tjdt lkg ady d slw,
jgdvy witj ylukn, wdkagrga brlm tjg vihhdng lb Jukaukn dka wds
trdf`ga tl tjg vdhhgy ey tjg ylukngr lb tjg twl erltjgrs wjl jda
minrdtga brlm tjg vihhdng lb Mdi`gh Qukndm, wjgrg tjgir pdrgktshivga, dka jda blukaga tjg vihhdng lb Jukaukn. L`kukn, tjg pins
stlkg, wjgrg tjg slw wds gvgktudhhy bluka, is situdtga lk tjg edk`s
lb tjg Irih Uivgr. Qjg slw hittgrga tjgrg dka tjg ylukn mdk stdyga
tl hll` dbtgr jgr0 dka ds jg bluka tjg fluktry tl jis hi`ikn. jg
agfiaga tl sgtthg tjgrg. Blr d timg jg `gpt up brigkahy rghdtilks
witj jis erltjgr ik tjg jihhs, wjl mdag d prdftifg lb sgkaikn jim
gvgry ygdr nibts lb prlaufg lb tjg jihhs dka ik turk rgfgivga prg-
sgkts lb tjg mdkubdfturg lb tjg phdiks. Qjg ylukngr erltjgr eg-
fdmg wghh-tl-al dka prlua, dka dedkalkga tjg fustlm lb sgkaikn
prgsgkts tl jis erltjgr ik tjg jihhs, wjl prlmpthy fdmg alwk dka
tll` wjdt jg jda eggk ik tjg jdeit lb ngttikn.
Jlaslk dhsl tlha d Mdl Kdnd hgngka, wjifj flkkgfts tjg Kdnd,
Mgitgi, dka _l. Lkfg uplk d timg tjgrg wds d oumpikn mdtfj
egtwggk tjg tjrgg slks lb tjg flmmlk dkfgstlr. Qjg @u`i hgdpt
brlm lkg tlp lb lkg rdkng lb jihhs tl tjg frgst lb tjg kgxt, wjihg tjg
K h a h a tj i t i hh e t ji b t
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wjihg tjg Nur`jdhis drg sprukn brlm tjg hlik lb Dhdpd dka tjg
slks lb Qutl drg tjg Mdkipuris. Qjis dka mdky simihdr hgngkas
lb _l, Mgitgi, Kdnd. dka @dfjik tghh stlrigs lb tjgir gdrhy
rghdtilks. Mlst lb tjg hgngkas dttgmpt tl gxphdik jlw tjgy
sgpdrdtga lr hlst trdf` lb gdfj ltjgr.
Nrigrslk tlha d Qjdal hgngka wjifj tghhs lb tjg @juknsdi
(Qjdal) dka Mgitgi sgpdrdtilk. Lur blrgbdtjgrs jdvg tlha us
tjdt mdk blrmgrhy hivga ik tjg elwghs lb tjg gdrtj. Qjg
@judknzdis dka tjg Mgitgis wgrg tjgk brigkas. Lkg ady tjgy
qudrrghga delut d fhltj, dka tjgir mltjgr tll` d adl dka fut
iktlpigfgs. Brlm tjgk lk tjg Mgitgi dka tjg Qjdal wgkt sgpdrdtg
wdys. Qjg Mgitgi, wjl jda nlkg tl fut jdimdkn trggs. hgbt brgsj
blltprikts. sl tjdt mdky pglphg blhhlwga tjgm dka tjg Mgitgi
egfdmg kumgrlus. Qjg @judknsdis wgkt tl fut phdktdik trggs
brlm wjgrg tjgy dsfgkaga tl tjg gdrtj. ^jgk pglphg hll`ga dt
tjg blltprikts lb tjg @judknsdi tjgy hll`ga rdtjgr lha dka
tjgrgblrg bgw pglphg blhhlwga tjgm. wjifj gxphdiks wjy tjgrg
drg lkhy d bgw @judknsdi.
@dfjik hgngka sdys tjdt tjgy wgrg sgpdrdtga brlm tjg _l pglphg,
wjl jda nlkg lut ik brlkt. dka tjgy spgkt mdky adys Irvikn tl
trifg tjg wdy tjg _l pglphg jda nlkg. Ds tjgy fluha klt bika tjg
tridh tjgy fdhhga tjg _l pglphg `jdkn. mgdkikn blltprikts,
egfdusg tjgy wgrg hll`ikn blr blltprikts lb tjg _l pglphg. (Ds
tjgrg drg @jdkn triegs ik tjg Ju`dwkn vdhhgy, tjg iagktibifdtilk
lb tjg _l ds @jdkn fluha eg lb mlagrk iktgrprgtdtilk.)
@jdmi hgngka sdys tjdt tjg sgpdrdtilk wds aug tl tjg wlmgk dka
fjihargk. wjl fluha klt wdh` bdst dka rgmdikga egjika. wjgrg
tjgy fuhtivdtga tjg hdka dka blhhlwga tjg ltjgrs hdtgr.
Vizdkn hgngka is simihdr tl tjg @judknsdi hgngka, eut it algs
klt spgfiby brlm wjlm tjgir nrlup wds sgpdrdtga. Qjgy wgkt
ik brlkt lb tjg ltjgrs dka tl mdr` tjgir tridh fut alwk phdktdik
trggs. Qjg phdktdik trggs nrgw up immgaidtghy dbtgr egikn fut,
j j h b hh i j a j j a h j
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hgngkas dka jistlrifdh rgflras, lkg tjikn is gstdehisjga? tjdt tjg dkfigkt
blrgbdtjgrs lb tjg Mdkipuris jda tjgir lrinik ik tjg jihh drgds lb
Mdkipur. Qjis pgrila lb blrgbdtjgrs rginkikn ik jihhtlps is tllrgmltg brlm lur mgmlry dka ukagrstdkaikn tl nrdsp it ik its buhhgst
agtdihs. Ds timg pdssga, d supgr jumdk egikn pgrblrmga dhmlst d
mirdfuhlus bgdt tl ardik tjg wdtgr flhhgftga ik tjg vdhhgy, elrikn
d jlhg tjrlunj d jihh rlf` witj d spgdr-hi`g wgdplk. Gvgk klw tjg
luthgt is `klwk ds fjiknkuknjut. Ds tjg rgsuht lb tjg ardikdng
prlviaga blr tjg wdtgr lb Mdkipur, tjg plpuhdtilk lb Mdkipur
mlvga alwk tl tjg vdhhgy. . . spgfidh mgktilk drg sgvgk fhdks,
wjl gstdehisjga stdehg iknalms ik tjg aibbgrgkt drgds lb tjg stdtg.
Hitthg is `klwk delut Mgitgi jistlry. Ik >>> tjg Vjdk prikfg
Vdmhlkn bluka tjg Mgitgis tl eg vgry pllr. Dbtgr d tjlusdka
ygdrs, aurikn tjg rgnilk lb @ikn Sdmjgied. Mdkipur egfdmg d
strlkn kdtilk. Flkvgrsilk tl Jikauism aurikn tjg hdtg ginjtggktj
fgktury dka flktdft witj Ikaidks dka Fjikgsg wiagkga tjg ndp
egtwggk tjg jinjhdkagrs. _l dka Kdnd, dka phdiksmgk, tjgMgitgis. Qjgrg jda eggk hitthg flktdft gxfgpt blr wdrbdrg, dka
aibbgrgkt fuhturgs. fustlms, dka mlags lb hibg wgrg agvghlpga.
Qdehg 5. Mlagrk mytjlhlny iktgrprgtdtilk lb _l rghdtilksjips tl
ltjgr pglphgs, dka d hist lb _l mdik fhdks.
Qiegtl-Fjikgsg
Mdk @drgk Qiegtl-Eurmdk Qdi,fjikgsg
Qiegtl-Jimdhdydk Dssdm-Eurmdk Klrtj Dssdm Misjmi
Kdnd Vd` Eurmgsg _l/ Mgitgi Oiknpjdw Hlhl
(@dfjik)
zl Mgitgi
Dsjl Vjl Mdsjl Mizl Hdimi _lmi
(Husgi) (Sdwh) (Sditg)
Kdkn`jd Mudk @jdmi Judhknl Hd`jgr Vizdkn
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Hdknzl Himyl Jmdr _lpjgi @judkl
Yjppy Fjdwtg Mi-G Aim
Fjdwkntu Qdwr Nuihg@jidkntg Hdizl Kndijtg
Kngktg @judknj
Qhdu @judhsim Vimtg
Rdknfjjid _djdu Ed`g
Ugktjhgi _dkkidt Rdipjgi
Hgktg Ndkntg
Kndwk
_l @iknalm
_l pglphg eghigvg tjgy sgtthga ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy ik gdrhy timgs.
Qjgy `klw tjg Fjikawik Uivgr ey aibbgrgkt kdmgs tjg Husgi ds
Uuk. mgdkikn rivgr, dka tjg Sdijtg ds Qui`dkn, mgdkikn wjitg wdtgr.
Su @. _dwhd ik jis Mizl Si Su tl Igj dk Qjhdjtg Fjdkfjik
sunngstga 992 D.A. ds tjg ygdr ik wjifj _l pglphg drrivga ik tjg
Fjikawik Rdhhgy. dka jg lghigvgs tjdt tjgy hivga tjgrg twl lr tjrgg
fgkturigs.
Qjg risg lb tjg Qdkn aykdsty (24:-932 D.A.) erlunjt flktdft
egtwggk gdrhy _l pglphg ik tjg Fjikawik dka tjg Qdkn Fjikgsg.
Qjg Qdkn, ds wiaghy trdvghga trdagrs. rgflraga tjg gxistgkfg lb
tjrgg `iknalms ik Eurmdtjg Syus, tjg Sgnus (Mlk). dka tjg
Vd`. Qjg Vd` `iknalm mdy jdvg eggk tjg _l lb uppgr Eurmd.
Qjg risg lb tjg Kdk-fjdl `iknalm aurikn tjg Qdkn aykdsty
ikbhugkfga tjg Syu ds wghh ds tjg _l iknalm, dka tjg Qdkn aykdsty
erlunjt rgsurngkfg tl tjg plhitifdh plwgr lb tjg Kdk-fjdl, wjl
wgrg Qdi lr Vjdk hivikn ik slutj-wgst Fjikd. Ik delut 259 D.A. tjg
Kdk-fjdl fjigb wds d suelraikdtg lb tjg Qdkn gmpgrlr. eut ik timg
tjg Kdk-Fjdl fjigb Si-`l-hl lvgrplwgrga ltjgr smdhh stdtgs dka
euiht d hdrng Kdk-fjdl `iknalm. Ik >6: D.A. tjg Kdk-fjdlflkqugrga tjg Qu-bdk (Qiegt) dka Vjijmdk (Hlhl) triegs. (Hlhl triegs
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gstdehisjga pgrmdkgkt ndrrislks dt stdnikn plsts, dka tjgsg ndrri-
slks wgrg ik hdtgr ygdrs tl almikdtg klrtjgrk Eurmd dka flkqugr
tjg _l pglphg ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy. Ik >33 D.A. tjg Kdk-fjdl
phukagrga tjg Syu fdpitdh dka fdrriga lbb tjlusdkas lb fdptivgs tl
@ukmikn, wjifj gkaga tjg Syu `iknalm.73
Qdkn Fjikgsg trdvghgrs hgdrkga lb dk ginjtj fgktury `iknalm dka
vdrilus triegs gxistikn wgst lb tjg Kdk-fjdl `iknalm. Qjg fdpitdh
lb tjg `iknalm, tjg wllagk stlf`dag. wds situdtga dt tjg
flkbhugkfg lb tjg Irrdwdaay dka Fjikawik Uivgrs. Dt tjdt timg tjg
_l pglphg must jdvg sgtthga klrtj dka wgst lb tjg fdpitdh, ds mlst
lb tjg hlfdtilks flkkgftga witj tjg _l pglphg wgrg bluka ik tjg
klrtj lb tjg Fjikawik dka Irrdwdaay flkbhugkfg. Qjg klrtjgrk
mlst pdrt lb tjg _l sgtthgmgkt wds dt Jlmdhik.Bdk-fjl, d aiphl-
mdt lb tjg Qdkn. agsfriega tjg Fjikawik Uivgr dka tjg pglphg hiv-
ikn ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy. Qjg Fjikgsg fdhhga tjg Fjikawik Uivgr
Mikl0 jgkfg tjg pglphg hivikn ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy wgrg fdhhga
Mikl pglphg. Bdk-fjl wrltg ik Qjg Mdksju? Ell` lb tjg Vlutj-grk Edredridks, It td`gs its slurfg ik tjg Jsidl-Slhl mgk *Hitthg
Erdjmdk @iknalm lb tjg klrtjwgst. It bhlws slutj pdst tjg Yu-
ygj-fju rivgr vdhhgy. Qjgk tl 0jg slutjgdst it rgdfjgs tjg wllagk
stlf`dag wjifj is lk d sdka edk` 433 Ii brlm klrtj tl slutj dka 23
hi brlm fdst tl wgst. Qjgy fdhh tjgir prikfgs dka fjigbs _l. Qjg
Mikl jdvg hlkn wjitg bdfgs. Qjgy drg ey kdturg plhitg dka rgspgft-
buh. ^jgkgvgr tjgy daargss dkylkg, tjgy fdmg blrwdra md`ikn d
elw dt gdfj stgp. Qjg `iknalm jds kl fitigs witj ikkgr lr lutgr
wdhhs. Ik tjg miaahg lb tjg jdhh lb.tjg Mikl @ikns pdhdfg tjgrg drg
nrgdt pihhdrs fut dka fdrvga ik pdttgrks dka dalrkga witj nlha dka
sihvgr... Qjgy drg 23 ady stdngs slutjwgst lb Yuknfjdkn fity lb
Mdk.- (Qjg Fjikgsg fdhhga tjg Kdk-fjdls Mdk.)
Ik tjg kiktj ygdr lb Qdjl (:67 D.A.) tjg Mdk agstrlyga tjgir (_l)
`iknalm dka tlltga tjgir nlha dka sihvgr. Qjgy fdpturga twl lr
tjrgg tjlusdka lb tjgir fhdksmgk dka edkisjga tjgm tl wdsj tjg
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Ik 49>4 @jdktikzdmvuknj bluka egdas brlkt kgf`hdfgs, rgmkdkts
lb flppgr eghts, dka pigfgs lb wdtgr pipgs, usga blr sml`ikn, ik tjg
gdrtj. Qjg Eurmgsg tlha jim tjdt ik 492: Mdolr @l @l tll` tjrgg
Oggp hldas lb mdtgridh brlm tjg nrluka dka arlvg dwdy. Ik Vdtjukn,
d vihhdng kgdr Miktdipgk, tjgrg drg rgmkdkts lb _l mgmlridh stlkgs
wjifj jdvg iksfriega tjg adtg tjg _l pglphg wgrg dttdf`ga ey
Miknyi @ydw Vdw. Kgdr Vdndikn eriang tjgrg is d vihhdng fdhhga
Fjik Ywd lr Fjik Rihhdng. Qjgrg drg kl mlrg _l ik tjg vihhdng. tjg
Mgitgi agsfgkagkts drg stihh tjgrg. Qjgy drg Eurmdkizga dka spgd`
lkhy Eurmgsg. Ik tjg fgmgtgry jlwgvgr, tjg Mgitgi `ggp tjgir trd-
aitilks, euryikn tjgir agda witj tjg jgdas pliktikn klrtj, wjgrgds
tjg Eurmdks eury tjgir agda witj jgdas pliktikn gdst. Ik Vdndikn
tlwk itsghb is d phdfg fdhhga Fjik Vuj lr Fjik mggtikn phdfg.
^jgk tjg Eurmgsg agsfgkaga tl tjg phdiks lb fgktrdh Eurmd, aur-
ikn tjg kiktj fgktury, _l pglphg wgrg dhrgday ik tjg Fjikawik Rdh-
hgy. Dfflraikn tl Hufg tjg Eurmdks blunjt dndikst tjg ltjgr lffu-
pdkts lb tjg drgd. sufj ds tjg Qjgt, Mlk, dka Syu, eut tjgy aia kltbinjt tjg _l.
Qjg rgdslk sggms vgry simphg. Vikfg tjg Eurmgsg sgtthga ik tjg
gdst lb tjg Irrdwdaay, dka tjg _l wgrg almikdkthy egtwggk tjg
twl rivgrs, tjgrg wds kl flkbhift lb iktgrgst flkfgrkikn tjgir tgrri-
tlry egtwggk tjg twl triegs. Lkhy dbtgr tjgir iknalm wds agstrlyga
tjg _l frlssga tjg Fjikawik dka sgtthga ik tjg @dhg-@dedw-
Myittjd-Ydw-Rdhhgys dka Sdkadukn Jihh. Dsjl trdaitilk sdys tjdt
tjgy hivga ik tjg Sdkadukn Jihhs dka frlssga tjg Irrdwdaay dka
hivga lk tjg fdst edk` lb tjg Irrdwdaay aurikn tjg Eurmgsg Sdndk
aykdsty.
Qjg Vjdks gstdehisjga d stdtg dt J`dmti Hlkn, prgvilushy jgha ey
d Qiegtdk prikfg ik delut 4333 D.A. It stdrtga ds d mihitdry lutplst
lb tjg Kdk-fjdls aurikn tjg tjrgg-siag jlstihitigs ikvlhvikn Fji-
kgsg dka Qiegtdks Dbtgr gstdehisjikn tjgmsghvgs tjg Vjdk egndk
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tjg Fjikawik, eut tjg slkns kdrrdtg hibg ik d Vjdk vihhdng. Qjg
Sditg, lr ltjgr _l fhdks, sggm tl jdvg kl sufj trdaitilks. Qjg Sditg
fdhh tjg Vjdks tjg fjihargk lb @jdmdkn wjifj pgrjdps mgdks
tjdt tjg Sditg rgndraga tjg Vjdks ds @jmgr. Qjgy fdhh tjg Fjikgsg
Vgk wjifj must jdvg eggk agrivga brlm Vjdk. Qjg Sditg wgrg
hgss iktimdtg witj tjg Vjdks aurikn tjdt timg egfdusg tjgy lffu-
piga tjg drgds drluka @dk d hitthg bdrtjgr slutj brlm tjg Vjdk.
Aurikn tjis pgrila tjg _l lffupiga tjg fluktrigs wgst lb tjg
Fjikawik dka Irrdwdaay Uivgrsstrgtfjikn brlm @jdmpdt/
Jlmdhik drgd ik tjg klrtj tl tjg Ydw fluktry/Sdkadukn Jihhs ik
tjg slutj. Qjg Vjdks flkfgktrdtga tjgmsghvgs ik tjg klrtjgrk pdrt
lb tjis drgd mdikhy klrtj lb @dhg. Bgw Vjdks wgrg ik tjg Ydw
drgd. _l wgrg tjg mdik lffupdkt lb tjg drgd slutj dka wgst lb
@dhg, tjg Myittjd dka Ydw vdhhgys. Vlmg _l wgrg dhrgday ik tjg
slutjgrk _l klrtjgrk Drd`dk drgds.
Ik 4576 tjg Mlknlh `ikn @uehdi @jdk struf` slutj brlm Hikpdkmluktdiks lb @dksu. tjrlunj slkif >33 mihgs lb kl-mdks hdka,
ey-pdssikn Qu-bdk (Qiegt), dka dttdf`ikn Qd-hi tjg Kdk-fjdl fdpi-
tdh. Qjg Kdk-fjdl `iknalm lb Qd-hi wds agstrlyga ik 45>9. Dbtgr
tjis agstruftilk tjg survivikn Vjdk ruhgrs minrdtga tl tjg prgsgkt
klrtj lb Eurmd, Qjdihdka dka surrlukaikn drgds.
Qjg Mlknlhs tjgk ikvdaga Eurmd dka fdpturga Flkfd (kgdr
Ejdml) lk tjg kiktj lb Agfgmegr, 45:6. Qjg Mlknlhs davdkfga
ds bdr ds Myiknydk dka tjgk rgtrgdtga. Qjg Vjdks lb J`dmti Hlkn
dka Mlndukn tll` tjg lpplrtukity tl bihh tjg vdfuum tjus frgdtga
dka ik Dprih. 4634 ikvdaga dka lvgrrdk klrtj Eurmd, gdst dka wgst
lb tjg Irrdwdaay. Ik 4621 tjgy sdf`ga tjg twik Eurmgsg fdpitdhs lb
Vdnnikn dka Sikyd.
Dbtgr agstruftilk lb tjg Eurmgsg `iknalm pgtty Vjdk `iknalms
wgrg blrmga ik aibbgrgkt pdrts lb Eurmd ikfhuaikn @dhg Hi`g tjgir
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fluktry wds kdmga tjg _l strgdm lr Ydw fjdukn. Qjg Eurmdks
erlunjt tjgir fuhturg, rghinilk dka wgt fuhtivdtilk, wjifj tjgy flp-
iga brlm tjg Syus. _l dka Eurmdk hivga siag ey siag lvgr d fgk-
tury. Eltj lb tjgsg triegs jda dt lkg timg ik tjg pdst tjg sdmg dk-
fgstlr. Qjgy sjdrga tjg Qiegtl Eurmdk hdknudng dka tjgrgblrg
tjg _l phdik awghhgrs lb tjg Ydw vdhhgy dalptga gdsihy tjg Eurmdk
hdknudng dka Eurmgsg wdy lb hibg ikfhuaikn tjg rghinilk. Qjgsg
Eurmdkizga _l pglphg drg stihh ik tjg Ydw fluktry tlady. Qjgy fdhh
tjgmsghvgs tjg Ydw pglphg dka spgd` Eurmgsg witj d aistikftivg
aidhgft.
Mlst lb tjg _l pglphg jlwgvgr aia klt gdsihy fjdkng tjgir wdy lb
hibg. Gvgk ik tjg Fjikawik vdhhgy tjgy usga shdsj dka eurk mgtjla
lb sjibtikn fuhtivdtilk, dka prdftifga tjgir fustlm lb dkimdh sdfri-
bifgs. Qjgy prgbgrrga jihh drgds blr tjgir sgtthgmgkt dka mdky lb
tjgm lffupiga tjg Sdkadukn Jihhs ds alfumgktga ey Dsjl jis-
tlry.
Egfdusg kgw imminrdkts wgrg erlunjt ey wdvgs lb Eurmgsg ik-
vdsilks lb tjg `iknalm lb Mdkipur dka Dssdm, tjg Eurmdks
quif`hy sprgda tl tjg @dhg-@dedw-Myittjd vdhhgys. Ey tjg
blur-tggktj fgktury tjg Eurmgsg gstdehisjga tjgmsghvgs tinjthy ik
tjg drgd tjdt tjgir fjrlkifhgs mgktilkga @dhg ds gdrhy ds 46>3. Qjg
Eurmgsg jlha lk tjg Vjdk wds sl strlkn tjdt ey tjg blutggktj
fgktury tjg kdmgs lb tjg Vdwewds elrg Eurmgsg kdmgs, ikfhua-
ikn @yitduknkyl, tjg Vdwewd lb @dhg.
_l Sglphg Euiht @dhg Sdhdfg
Ik 462: Vdl Vdw @g (462: 4134) d Vjdk Vdwewd lr prikfg
egfdmg tjg `ikn lb tjg kgw aykdsty blukaga dt Dvd. Jg tll` da-
vdktdng lb tjg qudrrgh egtwggk @dhg dka Mljkyik dka dkkgxga
eltj stdtgs dka rgphdfga tjg Vdwewds witj jis rghdtivgs.
@yitduk-nkyl, jis vgry dmeitilus kgpjgw, egfdmg tjg Vdwewd lb