Basic of Hydrogeolog

yDr .

Mohamed Kamel Fattah

الموارد المائية واستخداماتها فى مصر

الم&ورد الرئيس&ى للمي&اه فى مص&ر ه&و نه&ر من الموارد المائية % ٩٦يمثل حوالى حيثالني&ل

المتجددة فى مصر حسب اتفاقية االنتفاع الكامل ١٩٥٩مصر والسودان لعام لمياه نهر النيل بين

2ا على حيث تحصل مصر سنوي- ١٨,٥ والسودان ٣ مليار متر ٥٥,٥ 1

٣مليار متر

السواحل بعض األمطار الموسمية على 2 - مليار ١,٣بحوالى تقدر وسيناء والتى

فى السنة٣ متر وإضافة إلى ذلك توجد كميات من المياه 3 -

لمتجددة وغير المتجددة الجوفية . فى الصحارى

0ٍSources 1990Billion m3/year

2005Billion m3/year

River Nile Water 55.5 55.8

Groundwater 2.6 5.1

Agric. drainage water 4.7 8.0

Treated municipal

sewage water

0.2 2.1

Saving flow water

management programs

0 1.8

Deep groundwater

(desert(

0.5 3.2

Total

 

63.5 76.0

Water resources

Water DemandWater Demand

0ٍSources1990

Billion m3/year

2005

Billion m3/year

Irrigation47.764.1

Municipal use3.13.7

Industrial use4.67.1

Navigation and regulation

Total

1.8

57.2

1.3

76.2

World water distributionWorld water distribution

Water cycle

The Earth's waterThe Earth's waterNearly all (Nearly all (about 98%)about 98%) of the Earth's water is of the Earth's water is

contained contained in the oceansin the oceans. A tiny amount is . A tiny amount is locked away as locked away as ice sheets and glaciersice sheets and glaciers. This . This

leaves a very small amount which travels around leaves a very small amount which travels around in our water cycle,in our water cycle,

98% Salt water98% Salt water2% Fresh water2% Fresh water

(87% ice ware , 12% groundwater (87% ice ware , 12% groundwater and 1% River and Lakeand 1% River and Lake ) )

Stages of the water Stages of the water cyclecycle

Stage 1The first stage of the water cycle is when moisture from the sea and plants is lifted into the atmosphere. As the sun beats down it warms the oceans, rivers and lakes. This causes the water to rise into the air as water vapour. This process is known as evaporation. A tiny amount of moisture is also released from trees and plants. This is known as transpiration

Stage 2

As the water vapour rises in the atmosphere, it cools and condenses, forming clouds. This process is known as condensation. It is the same process that makes you see your breath on a cold winter morning. The clouds will then produce rain or snow (known as precipitation) which returns to the Earth's surface as water. The cycle then starts all over again.

Stage 3

Only about three quarters of the rain which falls back to Earth lands in the oceans. This is much less than leaves in the first place. The remaining water makes only a slow return to the oceans. Most is locked up in glaciers and icebergs and can take several thousands of years to complete its

cycle..

The remaining water runs slowly overground, seeps into the ground or is taken up by plants as the cycle begins again

Evaporation:   Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake or ocean and goes into the air

Condensation:

   Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called condensation

Precipitation: 

Precipitation occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore.  The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow.

Collection:

  When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it may fall back in

1- the oceans, lakes or rivers

2- it may end up on land. 

When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” or run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts where plants and animals use to drink.