( 1 7 ) e /q qx - 1– 73 – 【2001年度問題】 1番：英文読解総合問題 u.s. news &...

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【1993年度問題】

1番：英文読解総合問題TIME November 11, 1992 p. 12

2番：和文英訳問題『黙阿弥』　河竹登志夫著（文芸春秋社）　p. 51


5番：和文英訳問題『「縮み」志向の日本人』　李御寧著（講談社）　p. 57

6番：英文読解総合問題U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT April 11, 1994 p. 19


6番：英文読解総合問題THE ECONOMIST March 8, 1997 p. 94-95


3番：英文読解問題Mutual Understanding of Different Cultures p. 15-16

7番：英文読解総合問題THE ECONOMIST March 7, 1998 p. 92, 95


1番：英文読解総合問題THE GUARDIAN January 15, 2000

3番：英文読解問題THE GUARDIAN January 15, 2000

5番：英文読解総合問題THE ECONOMIST February 26, 2000 p. 89-90, 93

巻末資料－５：第１次英語筆記試験問題の出典

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1番：英文読解総合問題U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT March 5, 2001 p. 60

2番：英文読解問題LIVING IN JAPAN p. 176

6番：英文読解総合問題THE INDEPENDENT January 15, 2001


1番：英文読解問題Eric Schlosser, FAST FOOD NATION p. 262-263

3番：英文読解総合問題THE GUARDIAN August 22, 2001

5番：英文読解総合問題THE INDEPENDENT March 8, 1999

7番：和文英訳問題『国際観光白書　2002年版』　国際観光振興会　p. 27


1番：英文読解総合問題DISCOVER March 2003

2番：英文読解問題Caroline Pover, BEING A BROAD IN JAPAN p. 236-238

5番：和文英訳問題『国際観光白書　2002年版』　国際観光振興会　p. 6

6番：英文読解総合問題THE STRAITS TIMES February 13, 2003

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1番：英文読解総合問題Peter Jones, “How many migrants are there?,” Just Business (UK website)

3番：英文読解問題Alan Macfarlane & Gerry Martin, THE GLASS BATHYSCAPHE p. 1

7番：和文英訳問題国際観光振興機構ホームページ「訪日外国人旅行者の受入れに必要なノウハウ」


1番：英文読解総合問題THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD October 15, 2004

4番：英文読解総合問題THE JAPAN TIMES April 15, 2005


1番：英文読解問題NEWSWEEK February 13, 2006 p. 32-33

3番：英文読解総合問題『家庭画報 International Edition』 2005 Autumn Issue　世界文化社　p. 151

4番：英文要約問題THE NEW YORK TIMES March 9, 2006

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1993年度 1番出典TIME November 11, 1992 P.12

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1993年度 2番出典『黙阿弥』　河竹登志夫著（文芸春秋社）　P.51

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1994年度 5番出典『「縮み」志向の日本人』　李御寧著（講談社）　P.57

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1994年度 6番出典U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT April 11, 1994 P.19

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1997年度 6番出典THE ECONOMIST MARCH 8, 1997 P.94-95

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1998年度３番出典Mutual Understanding of Different cultures P. 15 - 16

by Reiko Naotsuka, Nancy Sakamoto

(TAISHUKAN PUBLISHING COMPANY)

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1998年度 7番出典THE ECONOMIST MARCH 7, 1998 P.92, 95

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THE GOD OF SMALL THINGSMORE THAN JUST A TREE IN MINIATURE, A BONSAI IS A WORK OFART, WHOSE EXOTICISM AND BEGUILING LOOKS EXCITE ANALMOST RELIGIOUS FERVOUR. MARK IRVING MEETS THEDEVOTEES.

Imagine a living, breathing organism still alive after 600 years. A miniature tree, preciouslytended over the centuries by a succession of carers — owners is not the right word, for one can hardly‘own’ something that was alive when Chaucer was writing The Canterbury Tales — for whom morebeauty was to be found in the toad-like callouses of gnarled bark and shrivelled roots, the extendedsilhouette of twisted branches, the sudden efflorescence of spring buds and their dying autumnal blaze,than in all the gold in China.

There was such a tree, or bonsai — literally, ‘tree in a pot’ — in an auction at Sotheby’s, lastJune. A Taxus cuspidata, or Japanese yew, it was already famous at the end of the 19th century, whenit was placed in the room used by the Japanese emperor Meiji during his visit to the island of Hokkaido.It is said that the sight of this tree caused the normally hatchet — faced emperor to smile. Estimated bySotheby’s to be worth £40,000 - £60,000, the tree failed to reach its reserve price and was bought in bythe auction house for £28,000.

Sotheby’s has since blamed the current restrictions on importing live flora into Japan and the US,the two largest markets for bonsai in the world, for the sale result. In those countries, the experts argue,the same tree would have easily fetched its asking price. ‘In Japan,’ says Sotheby’s bonsai expertMark Hill, ‘ bonsai go for staggering sums. Corporations exchange them with other corporations asimportant gestures of commercial co-operation or respect, but I’m certain they fetch much highersums privately.’

The other bonsai in the sale did find buyers, with some — a 160-year-old Chinese juniper and a200-year-old Chinese elm among them — fetching as much as pounds 9,900 apiece. With rival auctionhouse Christie’s recently having its first sale of bonsai, it will only be a matter of time before the pricepaid by European collectors for rare bonsai specimens spirals upwards.

A million miles away, a small group of bonsai fans arrive for their monthly meeting in theBecorp Social Club, in Bellingham, south-east London. They come bearing their precious cargo —dwarf pines needing a haircut, a rogue maple with mildew, other trees just there to be shown off — forinspection by the club’s master of ceremonies, Mike Paice, a man whose brusqueness fails to mask agenuine passion for all things bonsai.

These are quiet people, individuals whose idea of a good evening’s entertainment at the clubconsists of impressing each other with long Latin plant names in between staring long and hard at a12in-high tree, their concentration broken by the occasional, daring snip at the odd twig here and there.

‘Most people are frightened to prune,’ explains Paice, who used to work as a building managerfor Lewisham Council before he retired to pursue his interest full-time. ‘It takes confidence.’ Hecasually snips at the little Blaauws juniper that Linda Woods, a local government officer, has broughtin, playing the nonchalant iconoclast to her wide-eyed mask of terror as branch follows branch on tothe floor.

2000年度1番出典THE GUARDIAN JANUARY 15, 2000

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2000年度3番出典THE GUARDIAN JANUARY 15, 2000

Thai BreakersOne of the first things you see when you arrive in Bangkok is a poster. “Thailand”, it reads at the

top, and underneath are four boxes showing weather forecast symbols and dates. 1997 shows athunderstorm, 1998 heavy rain. By 1999, sun is peeping through the cloud. And the box for 2000shows the beaming sun usually stuck over Malaga on a weather map. In big capitals along the bottomit reads simply: “INVEST NOW!”

You barely notice the poster at first, too distracted by the exotic chaos of the city, the monks andthe tuk-tuks and the temples and the smells you at first assume are the drains, and later realise are infact the food. But by the time you leave, the poster has come to read more like the country’s nationalmission statement. Travel agents and travellers love to coo about the mystical holiness of Thailand,but Thailand is actually much more interested in money, and will do almost anything to make it. Andif Westerners were honest about it, that is precisely why they come here.

For those of us who don’t fully grasp global economic complexities, Bangkok is like an idiot’sguide to the tiger economies. From a hotel balcony high above the city, it looks like a gleaming first-world forest of hi-tech skyscrapers, emblazoned in neon with the names of multinationals. Down atstreet level, the shiny hauteur gives way to an anarchy of dust and rubbish and food stalls and stinkingslums — but the slums aren’t sultry ponds of lifelessness, they’re frenzies of industry. It is a bewildermentof enterprise — clothing sweat shops crammed in next to computer shops, then a jewellery emporiumnext door to a store selling safes — and the traffic is a judder of gridlock and mayhem, steered bydrivers in face masks, cheeks smudged with oily pollution.

Bangkok lies along a river, and from 6am this takes on the appearance of the M25. The waterchurns with boats ferrying the city to work, and office girls in short skirts, old women with groceries,young monks and startled tourists all leap as the vessels come careering on and off the landings,navigated by nothing more than a man on the bow whistling instructions to a driver who can’t see athing. There is a glorious and universal disregard for order — it is as if there are no rules as long asyou’re making money, and as if the entire city is on speed.

Which isn’t too far from the truth. Amphetamines are abundant in Thailand, as is politicalcorruption; the latest scandal to emerge during our stay were photographs of the prime minister withone of the country’s leading dealers in speed pills. If a spirit of enterprising lawlessness accounted forThailand’s manic growth before the tiger crash of 1997, it is making a more orderly recovery difficult,and the city is tangled in poverty and confusions of desires. You can’t move for temples or monks, anddevotion to the King is extravagantly traditional — but after a rush of first-world wealth, Bangkok’sprofit impulse is so strong you can almost taste it in the air. And to judge from the tipsy grins thatspread across the tourists’ faces as they pile off the planes, it rather looks as if they have.

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2000年度5番出典THE ECONOMIST FEBRUARY 26, 2000 P.89-90, 93

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2001年度 1番出典U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT MARCH 5, 2001

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2001年度 2番出典LIVING IN JAPAN P. 176

The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan

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2001年度6番出典THE INDEPENDENT JANUARY 15, 2001

Anna Somers-Cocks: Can Venice be saved from drowning?

Why should this miraculous and ancient city not take a leap into the future andbecome a Silicon Serenissima?

15 January 2001

The statistics cannot be ignored any more; the flooding in Venice is getting worse and worse,largely due to climate change. In the first decade of the 20th century, St Mark’s Square was flooded anaverage of nine times a year. In the Eighties, it was 40 times, and now, since September alone, therehave been over 40 tides of more than 80cm above mean sea level (St Mark’s Square, the lowest-lyingpart of Venice, floods at 80cm).

The raised walkways have been constantly out in the alleys and squares, and twice, on 6 Novemberand 21 November, even these were floating away. The 144cm flood of 6 November was the thirdworst since 1900, with 93 per cent of the city under water.

The indifference of the Venetians has at last been shaken. The previous mayor’s advice just to goout and buy some galoshes has a Marie-Antoinettish ring to it now, and there has been a protest marchin St Mark’s Square by shopkeepers.

Some of the consequences of the flooding are obvious: the tidemarks in shops and bars; the dampstaining exterior walls up to the first floor windows. The long-term damage to foundations and ancientbrickwork is less obvious, nor can you tell at once how many people have decided that enough isenough, and they would rather go and live on the mainland now, where life is cheaper and moreconvenient.

We do know, however, that the population of Venice was 150,000 in the Fifties and is now64,000. This leads to a vicious circle of fewer schools, doctors, cinemas, real shops (as opposed toones selling carnival masks and souvenirs); more expensive food, goods and services, and so on.Down and down, until the only business worth conducting in Venice will be the tourist industry, withits quick return on investment.

The mayor, Paolo Costa, says that, already, if his planning committee were less vigilant, everybuilding falling vacant would become a hotel. He appealed last autumn to the private committees forthe safeguarding of Venice, such as Venice in Peril, to bring high-technology companies to the city.

And why not? The fibre-optic cables are being laid in the canals; the vast former dockyard, theArsenal, and other large buildings formerly occupied by the state and town council, are available. Whyshould this miraculously beautiful and ancient city not take a leap into the future and become a SiliconSerenissima? It is still a wonderful place in which to live: the right size to cross on foot, a town madeup of meeting places, where no one need feel lonely or alienated; a town with a negligible rate ofserious crime, where no woman need fear walking home alone at night, or mother fear to let her childout to play; a town where the social and economic classes live comfortably next to each other andeverybody knows their neighbour; a town without the pollution, danger and noise of cars, just theglorious ringing of the bells throughout the day, and the great bell of St Mark’s, the Maragona, thatsounds right across the lagoon, to close the day.

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A revived Venice could become the living Utopia, a reminder of what civil, urban living can be.But who will invest long-term in a city that is being flooded, and not just to the levels of the last

few months, but which is at risk of a storm surge? In 1966, a low-pressure system combined with aviolent scirocco banked up the waters in the Adriatic to two metres above mean sea level and totallyoverwhelmed the town for a whole day. And it could have been worse, says Roberto Frassetto, one ofItaly’s leading oceanographers: “It was a neap tide that day, just as it was this 6 November; in bothcases, had it been a spring tide it would have been at least 20cm more.”

He is quite clear in his mind as to the solution. He was part of the team appointed by the governmentafter the 1966 flood to devise a flood protection system and he believes that their scheme for mobilebarriers is the answer. These consist of 79 hinged metal flaps attached to the seabed at the threeentrances from the Adriatic to the lagoon. Provisional estimates are that they would cost £1.4bn. Whenthe meteorologists give the warning, compressed air forces the water out of the flaps, and they rise tohold back the sea. When the tide subsides, water is pumped in and they descend on to the seabed oncemore.

A working prototype for this exists, and as long ago as 1994 it was approved by the ministry ofpublic works. Since then, however, the whole project has become so bogged down in the politicalsystem, with the decision-making now referred right up to prime ministerial level, that the real issue,the survival of Venice, seems to have been forgotten.

Opposition to the barriers developed because ecologists, and in particular, the Green activists,say, quite rightly, that the lagoon has been grossly mistreated in modern times. A vast channel was cutto allow patrol tankers through to the refineries on the other side. Fish farms were created that preventthe water from spreading out as it rushes through from the sea. The industries around the lagoon allowpolluted waters to flow into it, and the rivers feeding it wash down fertilisers and pesticides. Closingthe mobile barriers would allow pollution to build up dangerously in the lagoon; go back to lookingafter the lagoon as tenderly as when the Doges ruled Venice, and the flooding will be solved, say theGreens. Not true, say the oceanographers such as Frassetto, and the few international experts whohave been called in to advise: opening up the fish farms, for example, would make a difference to thewater levels of a negligible two or three centimetres. The barriers would need to be closed only 100-300 hours a year, and there are 8,600 hours in a year. A notional golden age cannot be brought back.Venice is 23cm lower down in the water than in 1900 due to soil subsidence and sea level rise, andhave the Greens not noticed?

World climate systems have changed, and there is no chance of a diminution in the frequency andintensity of atmospheric perturbation. But the Greens are part of the fragile centre-left coalitions atnational and city level, and for them this is a matter that can bring down governments.

What is the way out of this tangle? Scepticism about the pronouncements of scientists is notconfined to Venice. The best solution in such circumstances is to open up the contentious area toscrutiny by other qualified people who are known to be impartial, so that even the most sceptical - andthe politicians - can be reassured. So far, this has happened to a very limited extent in the case ofVenice.

What is urgently needed now, therefore, is for the existing studies to be translated into Englishand the international scientific community to work with their Italian colleagues as quickly as possibleon the material. And when they have reached agreement, to publish their findings in plain English andItalian so that no one in future will be able to take refuge in mere prejudice or say they did not knowthat the most beautiful city in the world is at mortal risk.

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2002年度 1番出典

FAST FOOD NATION P. 262-263by Eric Schlosser (PENGUIN BOOKS)

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THE GUARDIAN AUGUST 22, 2001


How do they do it?

It is amazing the wonders that cruelty and despotism can sometimes produce. If few of the millionsof tourists gaping at the majesty of the Pyramids every year spare a thought for the millions of slavelabourers who died constructing them, the Moscow Metro, too, is an example of a form of triumphover adversity. Inaugurated at the height of Stalin’s dictatorship in the 30s, the Moscow underground— originally named the Lenin Metro, now simply the Moscow Metropolitan — saw armies of purgevictims and labour camp inmates deployed alongside thousands of building workers to create whatwas trumpeted as the world’s finest underground system. Scores died tunnelling deep under Moscow.They are pretty much forgotten now, but their work is the pride and glory of Moscow and of Russia,probably the world’s most bizarrely beautiful, most efficient, busiest and cheapest underground system.

Built under Stalin’s brutish Moscow boss, Lazar Kaganovich, the first tunnelling started in 1932.Three years later the trains started running. They haven’t stopped since — every 90 seconds or twominutes during rush hour, every five minutes the rest of the time, from 6am till 1am. There may be acrush, but there’s seldom a wait.

And the trains take you through a parade of marbled, stuccoed, spacious, spotless stations whichcontrast totally with the grubby streets, potholed roads, and crumbling buildings above ground. The162 stations straddling 11 lines mean that most of the city of 11m is covered by the metro and it willcost you five roubles (12p) to go anywhere. For tourists, it’s a major sightseeing draw. From Stalinisthigh kitsch, to Russian art deco, from neo-classical to pedestrian modern, the metro stations are not tobe missed. Mayakovskaya station in the city centre, for example, features mosaics, marble, brasschandeliers and 36 cupolas. Other stations saw the use of three dozen types of marble, lavish statuary,malachite and onyx.

In short, the metro was a central, perhaps the central, element in Stalin’s megalomanicalmonumentalism that changed the face of Moscow forever. The metro was to be “a palace shining withthe light of advancing, victorious socialism”. And “every screw was to be ‘a screw of socialism’”.“When our worker takes the subway, he should be cheerful and joyous,” said Kaganovich.

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2002年度5番出典THE INDEPENDENT MARCH 8, 1999

Bryson’s America - Why would you walk?

8 March 1999

I’ll tell you this, but you’ll have to promise that it will go no further. Not long after we movedhere we had the people next door round for dinner and — I swear this is true — they drove.

I was astounded (I recall asking them jokingly if they used a light aircraft to get to the supermarket,which simply drew blank looks and the mental scratching of my name from all future invitation lists),but I have since come to realise that there was nothing especially odd in their driving less than a coupleof hundred feet to visit us. Nobody walks anywhere in America nowadays.

A researcher at the University of California at Berkeley recently made a study of the nation’swalking habits and concluded that 85 per cent of people in the United States are “essentially” sedentary;35 per cent of the population are “totally” sedentary. The average American walks less than 75 milesa year — about 1.4 miles a week, barely 350 yards a day. I’m no stranger to sloth myself, but that’sappallingly little.

One of the things we wanted when we moved to America was to live in a town within walkingdistance of shops. Hanover, where we settled, is a small, typical New England college town, pleasant,sedate and compact. It has a broad green, an old-fashioned main street, nice college buildings with biglawns, and leafy residential streets. It is, in short, an agreeable, easy place to stroll. Nearly everyone intown is within a level five-minute walk of the shops, and yet as far as I can tell virtually no one walks.

I walk to town nearly every day when I am at home. I go to the post office or library or the localbookshop, and sometimes, if I am feeling particularly debonair, I stop at Rosey Jekes Cafi for acappuccino. All this is a big part of my life and I wouldn’t dream of doing it other than on foot. Peoplehave got used to this curious and eccentric behaviour now, but several times in the early days, passingneighbours would slow beside the kerb and ask if I wanted a lift.

“But I’m going your way,” they would insist when I politely declined. “Really, it’s no bother.”“Honestly, I enjoy walking.” Well, if you’re absolutely sure”, they would say, and depart reluctantly,as if they felt they were leaving the scene of an accident.

People have become so habituated to using the car for everything that it would never occur tothem to unfurl their legs and see what they can do. Sometimes it’s almost ludicrous. The other day Iwas in a little nearby town called Etna waiting to bring home one of my children from a piano lessonwhen a car stopped outside the local post office and a man about my age popped out and dashed inside(and left the motor running — something else that exercises me inordinately). He was inside for aboutthree or four minutes, then came out, got in the car and drove exactly 16 feet to the general store nextdoor, and popped in, engine still running.

And the thing is, this man looked really fit. I’m sure he jogs extravagant distances and playssquash and does all kinds of exuberantly healthful things, but I am just as sure that he drives to each ofthese undertakings. It’s crazy. An acquaintance of ours was complaining the other day about the difficultyof finding a place to park outside the local gymnasium. She goes there several times a week to walk ona treadmill. The gymnasium is, at most, a six-minute walk from her front door. I asked why she didn’twalk to the gym and do six minutes less on the treadmill.

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She looked at me as if I were tragically simple-minded and said, “But I have a programme for thetreadmill. It records my distance and speed, and I can adjust it for degree of difficulty.” It had notoccurred to me how thoughtlessly deficient nature is in this regard.

According to a concerned and faintly horrified recent editorial in the Boston Globe, the UnitedStates spends less than 1 per cent of its $25bn-a-year roads budget on facilities for pedestrians. Actually,I’m surprised it’s that much. Go to almost any suburb developed in the last 30 years — and there arethousands to choose from — and you will not find a pavement anywhere. Often you won’t find asingle pedestrian crossing. I am not exaggerating.

I had this brought home to me last summer when we were driving across Maine and stopped forcoffee in one of those endless zones of shopping malls, motels, petrol stations and fast-food places thatsprout everywhere in America these days. I noticed there was a bookshop across the street, so I decidedto skip coffee and pop over. I needed a particular book and anyway I figured that this would give mywife a chance to spend some important private quality time with four restive, overheated children.

Although the bookshop was no more than 50ft or 60ft away, I discovered that there was no wayto get there on foot. There was a traffic crossing for cars, but no provision for pedestrians and no wayto cross without dodging through three lanes of swiftly turning traffic. I had to get in the car and driveacross. At the time it seemed ridiculous and exasperating, but afterwards I realised that I was probablythe only person ever even to have entertained the notion of negotiating that intersection on foot.

The fact is, Americans not only don’t walk anywhere, they won’t walk anywhere, and woe toanyone who tries to make them, as a town here in New Hampshire called Laconia discovered to itscost. A few years ago Laconia spent $5m on pedestrianising its town centre, to make it a pleasantshopping environment. Aesthetically it was a triumph — urban planners came from all over to coo andtake photos — but commercially it was a disaster. Forced to walk one whole block from a car park,shoppers abandoned downtown Laconia for suburban malls.

In 1994 Laconia dug up its pretty brick paving, took away the benches and tubs of geraniums anddecorative trees, and put the street back to the way it had been in the first place. Now people can parkright in front of the shops again and downtown Laconia thrives anew. And if that isn’t sad, I don’tknow what is.

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JNTO国際観光白書2002年版

世界と日本の国際観光交流の動向 P. 27

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DISCOVER MARCH 2003

What’s So Great About Older Men?

by Jocelyn Selim

Eric Clapton, Paul McCartney, and Michael Douglas prove that women do not mind hitchingthemselves to drastically older men. Stephen Proulx, a zoologist at the University of Toronto, hasdeveloped an evolutionary model that makes this behavior easier to understand: It’s not just aboutmoney, but it’s not just about genes either.

The prevailing biological theory for matches between younger women and older men is thatmature males have proved the superior fitness of their DNA by the mere fact that they are still around.Using game theory and computer modeling, Proulx argues instead that age-divergent coupling is rootedin appearance. Nearly every animal uses some form of signaling display, such as a peacock’s plumageor a buck’s antler battles. Such displays cost the animal a lot of energy, and become increasingly hardto maintain with age, so a good display by an elderly male is a more reliable indicator of geneticquality than a comparable show by a younger, stronger one.

In human terms, an older man flaunting a new Porsche is more persuasive to a potential matethan a young man making a similar display. The show of wealth tends to reflect the fitness over time ofthe older man; from a young upstart, it might mean he has traded long-term for short-term success. “Itloosely translates to a young guy not blowing his college savings on a sports car, while a 65-year-oldfigures, ‘What the hell,’” Proulx says. “I call it the ‘Revenge of the Nerds’ effect.”

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BEING A BROAD IN JAPAN P. 236-238by Caroline Pover (ALEXANDRA PRESS)

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2003年度5番出典

JNTO国際観光白書2002年版

世界と日本の国際観光交流の動向 P. 6

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THE STRAITS TIMES FEBRUARY 13, 2003

Cab fares in S’pore are, gasp, too lowTHE time may have come for commuters and taxi operators alike to face an uncomfortable truth:

Singapore’s taxi fares are too low.The suggestion to raise fares has always been howled down. The last time the then Communications

Ministry tried to raise fares - back in the mid-1980s - the minister in charge got so much flak, theGovernment had to make a politically-costly U-turn.

This time round, another increase may be in the works, if the Land Transport Authority’s recentimposition of a $25 levy per taxi on taxi companies is any harbinger.

Will there be good grounds for such an increase?Yes, because Singapore’s taxi system is still very much a relic of the 1960s and pricing structures

have not caught up with the times.In cities with developed public transport systems like buses and subways, taxis are a luxury means

of transport. Only the higher-income and those in enough of a hurry to pay the premium use them.Only in less developed countries and cities where public transportation has yet to be fully developed

are taxis - such as the ‘pirate taxis’ of old Singapore - a means of transport for the masses.In today’s Singapore however, the student, the office worker and even the domestic maid flag

down taxis the way they hop onto buses elsewhere.The reason is simple: Taxi fares here are low.Fares are now only about half or a third of those in New York, London or Tokyo. With 19,000

cabs on the roads, Singapore already has 4.8 taxis per 1,000 population - higher than the 2.9 perthousand population in New York, 2.6 in London and 2.3 in Tokyo. But still people clamour for more,especially during the peak periods in the early mornings and late afternoons/early evenings.

Because taxi fares are probably below their true market rates, several oddities have resulted onthe Singapore taxi scene.

One is that the taxi is the NTUC FairPrice of public transport when it should more appropriatelybe Liberty, FairPrice’s more upmarket outlet at Plaza Singapura.

Another is the enormous range of add-on tariffs that has been devised to increase the cabby’stakings without raising the basic fare rate, such as the booking fee and the peak hour surcharge.

The most impactful of these add-on tariffs is of course the midnight surcharge, which at 1 1/2times the standard rate, has been resulting in the notorious pre-midnight taxi disappearing acts whichmust be peculiar only to Singapore.

If normal fares are higher and the after-midnight differential not so large, taxi drivers will haveless incentive to resort to such behaviour.

Then, there are the many and frequent complaints about taxi drivers, in particular about theirlack of courtesy and their dangerous driving habits.

These behaviour traits may have other causes, but low fares must count as one.A cabby here needs about 20 fares per day to make a decent living, so he literally rushes through

each, says Mr Abdul Halil, 58, who has been a cabby for 20 years.By contrast, a Tokyo cabby who charges twice as much needs only half that number to make

ends meet. Presumably, he can also afford to slow down and offer more courteous service.What will the impact of higher fares be on taxi drivers’ earnings?This depends on the size of the increase. If it’s too big, the number of taxi users will plunge, and

cabby income along with it. The trick therefore is to ensure that the increase is big enough to reducedemand for taxis - but not cabby earnings.

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“How many immigrants are there?,”Just Business (UK website)

by Peter Jones

How many migrants are there?

Figures suggest that, world-wide, the number of migrants is increasing. In 1965 the United Nationsestimated that there were 75 million people who had been residents for over a year of a country otherthan the one where they had been born. By 1975 the figures had reached 84 million, by 1985 105millionand by 1990 120 million. The latest estimate is of 150 million for 2000. This is about three per cent ofthe world’s population of about six billion.

We have to make a distinction between ‘foreigners’ and ‘foreign-born.’ If a settler in a countrybecomes a naturalised citizen of the country in which they have settled, he or she is no longer aforeigner. So the difference in numbers between ‘foreigners’ and ‘foreign-born’ will depend cruciallyon how easy it is to acquire citizenship in the country in question. In the USA in 1990, 7.9 per cent ofthe population were foreign-born, but only 4.7 per cent were still foreigners.

There is a further complication in that some people think of anyone belonging to an ethnic minorityas an immigrant, even if they were born in that country. In the United Kingdom about 6 per cent of thepopulation belong to an ethnic minority, but the foreign-born are only 4 per cent — and many of themare ‘white’ people from Europe, Australia, etc.

A great deal of publicity has been given to asylum seekers. In the middle of the year 2000 therewere about 90,000 of them in the United Kingdom awaiting decisions on their applications. This maybe compared with a total foreign population in the UK of 2.2 million and a total United Kingdompopulation of around 60 million.

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THE GLASS BATHYSCAPHE P. 1by Alan Macfarlane & Gerry Martin (PROFILE BOOKS)

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国際観光振興機構（JNTO）ホームページ

「訪日外国人旅行者の受入れに必要なノウハウﾑ外国人旅行者の迎え方」

料理飲食等消費税やサービス料を請求する際に、外国人客が自国の制度を基準としたり、事前に了解していなかったとして、支払いを拒否するケース等が発生してトラブルの原因になることがあるようです。そこで、あらかじめ下記のような文章を英語で印刷し、メニュー内に明示するか、もしくは店内に掲示して外国人のお客様に徹底をはかっておきましょう。そして、特に、日本と外国との制度上の相違を正確に理解しておいていただくことが大切です。

外国人客が居酒屋、スナックなどで、付き出しあるいはお通しを出され、後で料金に加算されていることを知り、「注文していないのになぜ払わなければいけないのか」と、クレームになることがあります。また、席料を課す店では、あらかじめ了解を得ていない場合、日本人客の場合でもトラブルの要因になるケースが多く、せっかくの美味しい料理と心のこもったサービスも後味の悪いものになってしまいます。日本の文化や習慣になじみのない訪日外国人旅行者（外国人観光客）の接客に際しては特に、このような料金を事前に明確に提示し、了解を得ておくことが必要でしょう。

メニューに価格が表示してある料理については、価格問題で外国人客とトラブルを起こすことはほとんどありません。何故ならば、価格をあらかじめ了解してから注文するからです。しかし、「時価」表示のあるものについては高価なものが多く、食事が終って請求の段階で問題が発生するケースが多いようです。「時価」のものを注文された場合は料金を伝え確認するべきでしょう。又、日本料理の場合、外国人にとっては量的に少量で不満感を表明される場合もあります。つまり、料理そのものが出されて食べ終ってから、料理の量的実体が外国人客に明らかになる訳ですから、量的なものについては、事前に何らかの情報を与えておいてあげるべきではないでしょうか。

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2005年度1番出典THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD OCTOBER 15, 2004

Take the plunge

Everyone who visits Japan should go skinny-dipping in the alps, recommendsBen Hills.

“Local people have been bathing here (naked) for hundreds of years, so if you want to wear aswimsuit please go somewhere else.”

The simple sign sits beside a steaming rock pool of milky-white mineral water in a ravine in theforest above the village of Tsubame, deep in the Japanese alps. Swallows flit overhead, and the scentof wild white hydrangeas perfumes the air.

Splashing around in the water are a dozen locals — men, women and children — and one ratherself-conscious foreigner. Fortunately, I had been well drilled over the years in the etiquette of therotenburo, or outdoor baths, fed by boiling thermal springs, that are one of the great experiences ofrural Japan.

Gear off, squat beside the pool while you wash and rinse off the suds, then lower yourself gingerlyinto the water (temperatures can be 50C or more — in some places people boil eggs in spa water)while folding your little modesty towel and putting it on your head. Once they see you know the ropes,everyone relaxes.

Tsubame (Japanese for swallow) is an ancient hot spring village in the foothills of one of Japan’slast mountain wildernesses. Bushwalkers set out from here to climb the local peaks, skiers swish downthe main street in winter and year round Japanese come here to enjoy a soak in one of the pools of thiscurious water, which is opaque with yubana — flower-shaped mineral crystals.

It is one of more than 100 spas within an hour’s drive of where we are staying, in a holiday housenot far from the shores of Lake Nojiri, an old-fashioned resort town 260 kilometres north-west ofTokyo.

The guide books will tell you to go to overcrowded Nikko or Hakone for your side trip fromTokyo, but — thanks to billions of dollars spent on the Winter Olympics in nearby Nagano — theNojiri region is now only three hours away by shinkansen bullet-train or the new Joshinetsu expressway.

And you know you are in the deepest, darkest countryside the moment you get off the train atsleepy Kurohime station, as I was reminded when I returned for a few days’ holiday last (northern)summer.

An aquarium of crickets chirp away in the waiting room, a haiku by a famous local poet, IssaKobayashi, is inscribed on a boulder, wheels of pickled trout sushi are offered for sale, and a model ofthe region’s most famous ex-resident, a type of mammoth called a Naumann elephant, invites you tovisit the museum of Jomon times.

I fell in love with the Nojiri region while I was living in Japan in the 1990s, because of theunspoilt beauty of the countryside — give or take the odd power line or factory belching away in aquiet glade in what is quaintly called the Joshinetsu “quasi-national park” — and the hospitality of thelocals.

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In winter, the skiing here is as good as you will find anywhere in the world: powder snow metresdeep on the slopes of mountains such as the extinct volcano Myoko Kogen. Not for nothing is it a sistercity of Zermatt. After once breaking a leg trying to prove I was up to a black run, I switched to snowshoes and was lucky enough to have as a guide C. W. (Nick) Nicol, a local author and conservationistwho took me to the heart of Japan’s last remaining old-growth birch forests, where bears still prowl.The local tourist people run conducted hikes and foraging expeditions for wild foods like mushroomsand mountain vegetables.

Or you could engage in the uniquely Japanese sport of fishing for wakasagi, a tiny silvery freshwaterfish the size of an anchovy. At Christmas, when the lake freezes over, specially designed icebreakertrimarans are available for hire. You sit in a cabin warmed by a kerosene heater sipping warm shochu(sweet-potato vodka) as you fish with tackle that looks designed for five-year-olds, using red-dyedant-eggs as bait.

In summer, you can spin for black bass on the lake, or walk through meadows thick withwildflowers to fish for trout in pools surrounded by silver-birch trees. Another of the five peaks thatcradle the ancient glacial lake, Mount Kurohime, has fields of cosmos — more than a million bloomsin every colour of the rainbow.

If you are lucky enough to be in self-catering accommodation (there are plenty of cabins availablefor modest rates), Nojiri has lots of roadside stalls and farmers’ markets where you can buy terrificproduce for a quarter of the price you would pay in Tokyo. The tomatoes and peaches are to die for andthe region grows blueberries, apples, pears, corn, edamame (green soybeans) and a dozen other fruitsand vegetables, as well as all sorts of local specialities such as Scotch thistle preserve, walnut jam andaloe vera honey.

The locals have also taken to activity holidaymaking. Japan is famous for its razor-edged knivesand last time I was here I made one — a big cleaver — from scratch at a forge in the village of Furuma,starting with a block of iron, forging it and tempering, honing and polishing it.

This time it was something a little less ambitious: making buckwheat noodles, a local speciality.An enterprising restaurateur in the village of Maruyama takes you through the process, including thetricky business of hand-slicing the dough with a medieval-looking implement, then sits you down at atable overlooking a splendid mountain view to enjoy your creation with a draught of Pocari Sweat (asoft drink).

There are wind-surfing lessons on the lake, fruit picking and grass skiing. You can learn aboutnatural dyeing techniques, glass-making, or making pottery — all activities that bring you in touchwith the local folk. But without the fun of communal skinny-dipping.

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We are the robotsby James Hadfield

EXPO 2005 Aichi, now entering the fourth week of its 180-day run, is providing visitors withthousands of thrilling glimpses of the future. With all manner of advanced technology on show —from humanoid robots to next-generation transportation systems — the world of tomorrow has neverfelt so close.

The EXPO’s theme might be “Nature’s Wisdom,” but the event’s most arresting feature isundoubtedly its league of robots. The event’s automatons carry out a variety of tasks — includingcleaning, guarding, caring for kids and dispensing information.

The cute, mustard-yellow Wakamaru, which introduces the Mitsubishi Pavilion show (in CorporatePavilion Zone A), is proving to be a favorite with the crowds. Yes, T-shirts are available. Wakamaruis also stationed on the reception desk at EXPO HQ (off limits to the general public, sadly), and cangreet visitors in Japanese, English, Korean and Mandarin, while making appropriate gestures.

The pint-size charmer is given a run for its money by the Actroid: This lifelike reception robotdoes a pretty good imitation of a young Japanese woman (coy mannerisms, fluttering eyelashes andall), and can — again — speak four languages. It’s stationed at the information centers on the North,East and West Gates; honestly, though, you’d do better to ask one of the human attendants if you’vegot a question that really needs answering.

Both robots are joined by some of their more functional counterparts at the Robot Station (westof Corporate Pavilion Zone A), including PaPeRo (childcare), SuiPPi (cleaning) and Mujiro Ligurio(security). Oh, and some automated dinosaurs, the utility of which is, frankly, lost on this particularwriter.

Visitors can get up close with the ’bots, and watch practical demonstrations of their abilities.The Toyota Group Pavilion (in Corporate Pavilion Zone B) certainly has the most novel bunch of

’droids. A robot brass band, no less, kicks off the pavilion’s show and, though their rendition of“When the Saints Go Marching In” may lack swing, they don’t fluff a note.

Toyota’s display also showcases another key type of technology: advanced transportation.The main attractions in the show are the impeccably stylish “i-unit,” a four-wheeled, single-

person vehicle, and the chicken-like “i-foot,” a mountable, walking robot. Though neither is ready forgeneral release, they offer a tantalizing glimpse of what may lie in store in the future.

The technology on show at the JR Central Pavilion (Corporate Pavilion Zone A) puts even theShinkansen to shame. Using superconductors, the magnetically levitated (MagLev) train on displaycan reach speeds of more than 500 kph — a world record for a manned train.

The main show unravels the technology that might one day allow people to travel from Tokyo toNagoya in 45 minutes. Mightily impressive stuff, although one can only wonder how long it will takefor this particular pipedream to become a working reality.

2005年度 4番出典THE JAPAN TIMES APRIL 15, 2005

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2006年度 1番出典NEWSWEEK FEBRUARY 13, 2006 P. 32-33

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2006年度 3番出典『家庭画報 International Edition』 2005 Autumn Issue P. 151

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2006年度 4番出典THE NEW YORK TIMES MARCH 9, 2006

Soda Sales Fall for First Time in 20 Years

By Melanie Warner

The next generation may not be the Pepsi generation — or the Coke generation, for that matter.For years, soda has been the quintessential American drink, considered the perfect thirst quencher,

morning pick-me-up or accompaniment to lunch or dinner.But that is slowly changing.As Americans look for greater variety in their drinks and strive for healthier diets, consumption

of soda — with its 250 calories and 67 grams of sugar in a 20-ounce bottle — is slipping.Data released yesterday by Beverage Digest, the industry trade publication, shows that for the

first time in 20 years, the number of cases of soda sold in the United States declined. Case volume in2005 was down 0.7 percent, to 10.2 billion cases.

Coke’s flagship brand, Coca-Cola Classic, was down 2 percent, and original Pepsi from PepsiCowas down 3.2 percent.

In recent years, soda has come under increasing fire from critics who see it as little more thanliquid candy and blame it for contributing to America’s looming problem of childhood obesity. Resultsof a study that was released on Monday link soda to weight gain among teenagers.

While soft drinks are still the country’s most heavily consumed beverage, the category is losingground to bottled water, sports drinks like Gatorade and Powerade and energy drinks like Red Bull andFull Throttle. Last year’s volume data for these drinks is not yet available, but John Sicher, publisherof Beverage Digest, said he expected that the growth in these three categories would be up by doubledigits.

“Traditional carbonated soft drinks have got a tough road ahead,” Mr. Sicher said. “The migrationto water and sports drinks and other noncarbonated drinks seems to be permanent.”

In a research report yesterday, William Pecoriello, a beverage analyst at Morgan Stanley, said heexpected the soda category to continue to decline at a 1 percent clip over the next few years. Hisresearch shows that 64 percent of the growth in bottled water is a result of people switching from sodato what nutritionists say is the healthiest beverage anyone can drink.

Even diet sodas, once a booming category, have slacked off. Diet Pepsi’s case volume was downby 1.9 percent in 2005 and Diet Coke’s was virtually unchanged, up only 0.1 percent, according toBeverage Digest.

Mr. Pecoriello attributed this to changing attitudes about diet soda. “According to our research,consumers say they don’t like the taste, are worried about artificial sweeteners and,” he wrote, do notview diet soft drinks “as ‘healthy.’”

PepsiCo says that for years it has been paying close attention to the fact that consumer tastes aremoving away from soft drinks. “For the past 10 years, we’ve been looking at ourselves as a totalbeverage company because that’s where consumers are taking us,” said David DeCecco, a spokesmanfor Pepsi. “That’s why innovation is so important for us.”

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In 2001, Pepsi bought the South Beach Beverage Company, adding energy drinks and teas to itsproduct lineup, and Quaker Oats, which owns Gatorade and a variety of food brands. As a result,Pepsi’s percentage of total revenue coming from carbonated soft drinks is considerably less than Coca-Cola’s. Coke, on the other hand, has continued to promote carbonated soft drinks. The company saysit believes that, despite the recent industry downturn, its carbonated soft drink business can still growin the United States. In recent remarks to investors, Coke’s chief executive, E. Neville Isdell, emphasizedthe current growth of Coke’s flagship soda brand in markets like China and Russia.

Coke has, however, also diversified into drinks like bottled water, energy drinks, sports drinks,tea and refrigerated juices, but it is not the market leader in any of these areas and, in several cases, thecompany was a latecomer in the market.

John Faucher, an analyst at J. P. Morgan Chase, said that soda’s declining popularity was not justbecause of changing health trends and attempts to cut calories, but also because of wandering tastebuds. “A lot of this is about variety,” he said. “Consumers want new exciting beverages.”

While bottled water is an indisputably healthy beverage choice, the same cannot be said of thethriving energy drink category, which has as many calories and sugar grams as soda, and an extra doseof caffeine.

Some consumers do, however, consider sports drinks to be healthier, though opinions are mixed.Pepsi includes Gatorade in its collection of healthier product and awards it a green “Smart Spot” logo.Gatorade and Powerade both have half the sugar and calories as soda.

But Dr. David Ludwig, director of the obesity program at Children’s Hospital Boston, said that ifconsumers were drinking large amounts of sports drinks because they considered them healthier, theycould wind up consuming the same number of calories.

“For anything except marathon-type activity, the body’s need for water can be satisfied by water,”Dr. Ludwig said.

Dr. Ludwig is one of the authors of a study published this month in the journal Pediatrics showinga direct correlation between the consumption of soda and other sweetened beverages and weight gainin teenagers. The study was of 100 teenagers, ages 13 to 18, each of whom had been previouslyconsuming roughly 350 calories of sweetened beverages a day.

Over the course of six months, half the group was delivered an ample supply of bottled water,including flavored varieties, diet teas and diet sodas. Among these teenagers, consumption of sweetenedbeverages dropped 83 percent as they drank the beverages delivered to them. The result is that theheaviest 15 of those children lost about a pound a month.

“This one simple behavior had a major effect on weight,” Dr. Ludwig said. “The study illustratesthat if you make alternatives available to kids they will drink them.”

The American Beverage Association, the trade and lobbying group for the beverage industry,criticized the study, saying that the weight loss occurred only among a “small, select group” and thatthe teenagers lost weight because of the loss of calories, not the absence of sweetened soda.

“It stands to reason that anyone could lose weight if calories from any certain food or beverageare removed and not replaced by other calories,” the association said in a statement.

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