中華大學電機系 田慶誠 1 active devices and s-parameters session 1
TRANSCRIPT
1中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Active Devices andS-Parameters
Session 1
2中華大學電機系 田慶誠
RF Amplifier Block Diagram
Transistor
InputMatchingNetwork
OutputMatchingNetwork
50
50
DC BiasCircuit
3中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Microwave and RF Active Devices
Bipolar TransistorsBJT: Bipolar Junction TransistorHBT: Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
Field Effect TransistorMESFET: Metal Semiconductor FETHEMT: High Electron Mobility TransistorPHEMT: Pseudomorphic HEMTJFET: Junction FETMOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET
4中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Silicon BJT Cross Section
Wb Base lengthCollectordepletion layer
Collectorsubtrate
C
EB B
0.1um
1.5um
125um
Cbe=bgm Diffusion capacitor
5中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Silicon BJT Top Views
Emitter
Base
Emitter
Base
Power BJT
Emitter width0.5-2um
EmitterPeriphery(length)
1um
6中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Discrete BJT Package
7中華大學電機系 田慶誠
AlGaAs/GaAs HBT MMIC
AlGaAs/GaAs Heterojunction
8中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Heterojunction Combinations
Emitter(n+
)Base (P) Substrate
AlGaAs GaAs GaAs
InAlAs InGaAs InGaAsInGaP GaAs GaAs
Si SiGe SiGe
9中華大學電機系 田慶誠
HBT MMIC Layout
Isolation implant
Collector contact
Base pedestal
Base contact
Emitter mesa
Emitter contact
10中華大學電機系 田慶誠
HBT MMIC Layout
11中華大學電機系 田慶誠
BJT v.s. HBT
相同點:縱向電流,提供雙載子電流不同點 BJT HBT
B-E 接面 同質 (silicon) 異質Base doping 5x108 cm-3 Higher 4x109
rb’e or re VT / IB, VT / IE Lower
VSat(e-) 0.7x107 cm/s Higher 2x107
Gain (gm) IC/ VT Higher
Base thickness
0.1um Small 0.06um
fT, fmax fT=gm/2Cb’e Higher
Substrate Lossy High resistance
12中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Bipolar Transistor Linear (Small Signal) Model
Intrinsic model(Bias dependent)
Extrinsic model
Serenade 8.0
13中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Nolinear Gummel-Poon Model
14中華大學電機系 田慶誠
BFP420 Spice Parameter Example
BFP420 data sheets
15中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Model Keywords and Equations
Serenade 8.0
16中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Transistor Package effect
17中華大學電機系 田慶誠
BFP420 Package Model Example
BFP420Package Model
18中華大學電機系 田慶誠
DC Characteristics of BJT
BFP420IBIC
VCE
hfe=IC/IB
Active Region
19中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Principle of Amplification(Biased at Active Region)
VBE
IC Slope = gm
Exponential gm
Input signal
Output signal
)1e(II TBE V/VSC Emitter
T
C
BE
Cm A
VI
VI
g
20中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Simplified Hybrid- Model
rb’e gm Cb’e Cb’c hfe will be changed by DC bias and large AC signal!
21中華大學電機系 田慶誠
H parameters of Bipolar Transistor
2
1
2221
1211
2
1
V
I
hh
hh
I
V
h11h22h21
h12V2
+ -
Calculate or measure h21 or hfe
0VwhenII
hh 21
221fe (Port 2 is shorted!)
I1 I2
V1V2
+ +
- -
22中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Parasitic Effect of Transistor
ib’
ibhfeDC*ib’
只有真正的載子電流被電晶體放大
rb’e
iC
Cb’e+Cb’c
Leakage
頻率越高,電晶體寄生電容漏電越嚴重,被放大的電流越少!因此,電晶體等效電流增益 hfe(f)=ic/ib 會形成低通頻率響應。
hfe(f): forward short circuit current gain (h21)
23中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Lowpass Response of hfe
e'bc'be'b
DC
e'bc'be'b
DC
bbc'be'be'b
e'bDC'bDCC
r)CC(2/1fwhere
f/jf1hfe
r)CC(j1hfe
)f(hfe
i)f(hfei)CC(jr/1
r/1hfeihfei
1f/jf1
hfe)f(hfe
T
DCT
)CC(2g
fhfefe'bc'b
mDCT
fT: transition frequency
24中華大學電機系 田慶誠
fT : Gain-Bandwidth Frequency
hfe(f)(dB)
Log f0dBf fT
hfeDC
f: Beta cut-off frequency (hfe roll off 3dB)
hfe(f)=1
-20dB/decade
2b
Tn
ece'bc'b
mDCT
W2
V22
1)CC(2
gfhfef
ec: charge transit delay from emitter to collector
25中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Transit Delay Time ec
Base length
Collectordepletion layer
Collectorsubtrate
C
EB B
0.1um
1.5um
125um c
bd
bc
ebe
ec= e+ eb+ bc+ b+ d +c
26中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Question
If you need a BJT with at least 10dB current gain (20log|hfe|) at 300MHz, what is the minimum fT of the transistor?
hfe(f)(dB)
Log f0dBf=300MHz
fT=?
hfeDC
-20dB/decade
10dB
27中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Answer
hfe(f)(dB)
Log f0dBf=300MHz fT=?
hfeDC
10dB
28中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Question
If the transistor collector output port is connected with a load resistance RL
>0, the gain-bandwidth frequency fT will be decreased or increased?
hfe(f)(dB)
Log f0dB
fT=?
hfeDC
??
29中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Miller Effect
RL
rb’e iCCb’e Cb’cCM RL
CM=(1+gmRL)Cb’c
等效寄生電容增加, fT, f 均下降
30中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
Channel
Substrate
Source Gate Drain
(W/WO)
Depletion Mode
DepletionRegion
Lg
tCH
31中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Metal Semiconductor FET (GaAs MESFET)
S G D
Depletionregion
Schottkybarrier
GaAs0>VGS>VP
32中華大學電機系 田慶誠
High Electron Mobility Transistor(AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT)
Heterojunction
VGS>VP VGS>0
33中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Heterojunction Combinations
UndopedBuffer layer
UndopedChannel
Substrate
GaAs HEMTf<30GHz
AlGaAs GaAs GaAs
PM HEMTf<60GHz
AlGaAs InGaAs GaAs
InP HEMTmm-Wave
InAlAs InGaAs InP
34中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Junction FET (JFET)
0>VGS>VP(-1~-3V)2
CHP tV
tCH
35中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(Depletion-mode NMOS)
36中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Linear Empirical FET Model
Intrinsic model(Bias dependent)
37中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Curtice-Ettenberg Intrinsic Model
Materka-KacprzakIntrinsic Model
MESFET and HEMT Nonlinear Model
38中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Curtice-Ettenberg Cubic Intrinsic Model
Curtice Quadratic Intrinsic Model
39中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Extrinsic Model
40中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Package Model
41中華大學電機系 田慶誠
JFET Nonlinear Model
42中華大學電機系 田慶誠
DC Characteristic
CLY5 Materka modelID VGS
VDS
Saturation (Pinch-off) Region
43中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Principle of Amplification(Biased at Saturation Region)
VGS
IDS Slope = gm
Input signal
Output signal
GS
DSm V
Ig
VP
2
P
GSDSSDS )
VV
1(II
IDSS
44中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Depletion FET Transconductance gm
VGS
gm
VP
PHEMT
IDS=0.5IDSS
gCH
gDS
P
GS
P
DSS
GS
DSm Lt
WI)
VV
1(VI2
VI
g
Linear gm
45中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
Channel
Substrate
Source Gate Drain
(Insulator)
Enhancement Mode
46中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET(Enhancement-mode NMOS)
VGS>VT (Threshold Voltage)
47中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Enhancement-Mode MOSFET Circuit Symbols
PMOS
NMOS
48中華大學電機系 田慶誠
MOSFET Nonlinear Model(Enhancement-Mode NMOS)
49中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Principle of Amplification(Biased at Saturation Region)
VGS
IDS Slope = gm
Input signal
Output signal
GS
DSm V
Ig
Vt
2tGS
g
g
ox
oxnDS )VV(
L
W
t2I
50中華大學電機系 田慶誠
MOSFET Transconductance gm
VGS
gm
Vt
g
gDStGS
g
g
ox
oxn
GS
DSm L
WI)VV(
L
W
tVI
g
Linear gm
51中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Comparisons of FETs
相同點:橫向電流,只提供單一載子電流不同點 MESFET (P)HEMT JFET MOSFE
T
n ,vS Higher Highest Low Low
fT, fMAX Higher Highest Medium
Low
Gain (gm)
Higher Highest Medium
Low
Noise Low Lowest Low High
Substrate
High resistanc
e
High resistance
Lossy Lossy
Process III-V compoun
d
III-V compoun
d
BipolarBiCMOS
CMOS
Cost Higher Highest Medium
Cheep
52中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Simplified Linear FET Model
ri
iDS=gmvgs’=hfe(f)*iIN
Cgs
Cgd
S S
G D
iIN
vgs’+
-
When ri are neglected at lower frequency,h21(f)=iOUT/iIN|(v2=0)=gm/jf(Cgs+Cgd)
iOUT
53中華大學電機系 田慶誠
fT : Gain-Bandwidth Frequency
h21(f)(dB)
Log f0dBfT
h21(f)=1
-20dB/decade
D2g
n
g
S
gdgs
mT I
LL2v
21
)CC(2g
f
: charge transit delay from source to drain= channel length Lg/ electron drift velocity vS
54中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Electron Drift Velocity v.s. Electric Field
OUTMAXTmSgdsS PGfgvL/1Iv
Shortened channel length maximizes the fT
vS
Electric Field
Ev nS
55中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Short Channel Effects of FET
Shortening channel length Lg => fT=vS/2Lg1/Lg
GaAs FET : Let Lg large than 1umMOSFET: Modify nonlinear model
vS
Electric Field
Short channel effects (Lg<1um)
n decreased
56中華大學電機系 田慶誠
1/f Low frequency Noise of Transistor
HEMTHBT
1/f NoiseThermal Noise
57中華大學電機系 田慶誠
High Frequency Noise of Transistor
HBT
HEMT
58中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Applications of Transistors
BJT HBT MESFET
(P)HEMT
JFET CMOS
LNA 5th 4th 2nd 1st 2nd 6thPA 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 5th 6th
OSC 2nd 1st 5th 4th 2nd 6thf<6GH
z2nd 3rd 5th 5th 4th 1st
f<30GHz
4th 2nd 3rd 1st 4th X
f>30GHz
X 2nd 3rd 1st X X
Cost 2nd 5th 4th 5th 2nd 1st
59中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Review of S Parameters
Power Wave Definition (Z0=50):
50
2221
1211
SS
SS
2
1
2221
1211
2
1
a
a
SS
SS
b
b
a1
b1 a2
b2
Port 1 Port 250
60中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Complex Power Waves
0
11
Z
Va
0
22
Z
Va
0
11
Z
Vb
0
22
Z
Vb
2
11 aP
2
22 aP
2
11 bP
2
22 bP
IncidentWave
ReflectedWave
IncidentPower
ReflectedPower
61中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Calculations of S Parameters
0a1
111 2a
bS
0a1
221 2a
bS
50
50
a1
b1 a2=0
b2
Port 1Port 2Matched
S11
S21
= Port 1 reflect coefficient when Port 2 is matched
= Port 1 to Port 2 transmission coefficient when port 2 is matched (gain or insertion loss)
62中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Interpretation of Matched Port
50
50
a1
b1 a2=0
b2
Port 1Port 2Matched
S11
S21
各接面可視為由虛擬 50 傳輸線 ( 長度視為 0)連接,因此傳輸線內形成入射波 a1 and a2 與反射波 b1 and b2 。當 port 2 接上 50 負載 (matched) , b2 直接從 50 傳輸線進入 50 負載,因此沒有反射波產生,即 a2=0 。
50 50
63中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Calculations of S Parameters
50
50
a2
b2a1=0
b1
Port 2Port 1Matched
S22
S12
0a2
222 1a
bS
0a2
112 1a
bS
= Port 2 reflect coefficient when Port 1 is matched
= Port 2 to Port 1 transmission coefficient when port 1 is matched (reverse gain or isolation)
64中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Calculations of S Parameters(Using Voltage Waves Definitions)
50
50Port 1 Port 2
Matched
S11
S21
+
-
++
--VS V1 V2
50
50Port 1 +
-
+
-VS
V1=V1+
Let V1-=0
V1+=V1=VS/2
STEP 1
65中華大學電機系 田慶誠
STEP 2
50
50Port 1 Port 2
Matched
S11
S21
+
-
++
--VS V1 V2
V1=V1++V1
- => V1-=V1- VS/2
1VV2
V
Vab
SS
1
1
1
1
111
Calculations of S Parameters (Using Voltage Waves Definitions)
66中華大學電機系 田慶誠
STEP 3
50
50Port 1 Port 2
Matched
S11
S21
+
-
++
--VS V1 V2
S
2
1
2
1
221 V
V2
V
Vab
S
V2=V2++V2
- => V2-=V2
同理可求出 S12 及 S22
V2+=0
Calculations of S Parameters(Using Voltage Waves Definitions)
67中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Measurement of S Parameters Using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
Bias 1 Bias 2
VNA
Sampler
DirectionalCoupler
68中華大學電機系 田慶誠
S parameters of BJT
Transistor
50
50
DC BiasCircuit
Example: Siemens BFP420
69中華大學電機系 田慶誠
S11 and S22 of BFP420
IC=5mAVCE=4Vf=0.05GHz-7.68GHz
Calculated from Gummel-Poon model(Serenade 8.0)
fLOW
fHIGH
70中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Input and Out Equivalent Circuits
Look into Base
Look into Collector
71中華大學電機系 田慶誠
S21 and S12 of BFP420
fLOW fHIGH
72中華大學電機系 田慶誠
S Parameters of MESFET
Transistor
50
50
DC BiasCircuit
Example: HP ATF10136
73中華大學電機系 田慶誠
S11 and S22 of ATF10136
IDS=4.6mAVGS=-0.3VVDS=2.5Vf=1GHz-17.32GHzCalculated from Materka model(Serenade 8.0)
fL
fL fHfH
74中華大學電機系 田慶誠
S21 and S12 of ATF10136
fLOW
fHIGH
75中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Tabular Form of S Parameters
#GHz S MA R 50 (Touchstone Format)
76中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Power Gain v.s. Frequency
InsertionPower Gain
Maximum Stable Gain
Maximum AvailablePower Gain
-6dB/Octave
VDS=2VIDS=25mA
77中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Isolation of Transistor
Isolation=|S21S12|fS=transducer cutoff frequency (|S21|=1)
-20dB/decade
20dB/decade
78中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Maximum Available Power Gain Ga,max
量測到的 S 參數可直接經由電路理論公式轉換成 hfe 及 Gmax ,不需額外再進行量測。
-20dB/decade
Ga,max=0dB
79中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Maximum Oscillation Frequency fmax
fmax= frequency of unity maximum power gain
c'b'bb
Tmax Cr8
ff
Bipolar Transistor Field Effect Transistor
i
dsTmax r
r2f
f
80中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Question
If you use a microwave transistor to design an amplifier of 10dB power gain at 1GHz, what is the minimum fmax of this transistor?
Ga,max(f)(dB)
Log f0dBf=1GHz
fmax=?
-20dB/decade
10dB
81中華大學電機系 田慶誠
Answer
Ga,max(f)(dB)
Log f0dBf=1GHz fmax=3.16GHz
10dB
GHz 16 . 3 10 GHz 1 f
decade 5. 0decade / dB 20dB 10
5. 0max
82中華大學電機系 田慶誠
How to Choose a Proper Transistor?
單級電晶體放大器的 power gain 通常設計在 10-15dB ,以避免過高的增益引起放大器電路不穩定而產生振盪。電晶體放大器最高操作頻率即為 (1/3)fmax~(1/6)fmax
例如設計 2.4GHz amplifier 時,電晶體必須選擇 fmax=7.2~14.4GHz