컴퓨터공학과 1 ubiquitous computing 강사 : 장태무 교수 ( 컴퓨터공학과 )...
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What is Ubiquitous Computing?
Computing CPU, Memory, Communication
Ubiquitous everywhere indefinite number of times constantly encountered : widespread,
omnipresent, all over, universal, constantly available, pervasive to the point of subconscious
M. Weiser in early 90’s Not really possible or desirable
more than in traditional computing so widespread that unnoticed
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Traditional Computing
Desktop Computers /Servers
Embedded Computers
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Ubiquitous = More of the Same?
No new technical issue Except
scalable networking
o IPV6
In ubiquitous computing we see new kinds of computing
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Interactive Mobile Computers
Motivation Pervasive access to standalone
apps o Calculator, Games, Music, Video
Issues Hardware realization (will be
mostly ignored)o more robusto lower-powero lighter weight
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Interactive Mobile
Software Issues Resource-poor
o power• Scheduling, result accuracy
o I/O devices • Speech, Handwriting recognition
o Storage• MEMS(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) : the
integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology
• MEMS-based storage is built using photolithographic IC processes similar to standard CMOS, MEMS-based storage has per-byte costs significantly lower than DRAM and access times an order of magnitude faster than conventional disks
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Interactive Mobileo Tiny OS
• event based operating environment designed for use with embedded networked sensors
• designed to support the concurrency intensive operations required by networked sensors with minimal hardware requirements
• hundreds of Tiny OS projects throughout the world
Securityo More vulnerable to theft and destructiono Exposed to more people
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Strongly-Connected MobileMotivation
Remote data accesso web, rlogin
Collaborationo Email, chat, application-sharing
Computation offloading
Internet
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Strongly-Connected Mobile Issues
Mobile IPo Address contains location but location variableo Mobile IP, which allows a mobile node (e.g., a laptop or notebook computer) to
change its location without the need to restart its applications or terminate any ongoing communication something currently not accommodated by the Internet protocols.
o Mobile IP is a mechanism for maintaining transparent network connectivity to mobile hosts. Mobile IP protocol enables a mobile host to be addressed by the IP address it uses in its home network (home IP address), regardless of the network to which it is currently physically attached.
o Therefore, ongoing network connections to a mobile host can be maintained even as the mobile host is moving from one subnet to the other
Adapting to mix of heavyweight, lightweight computerso Dynamic application-sharing architectureso Multi-device collaboration
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Intermittent ConnectionDisconnected and
strongly- connected states Remote data accessed in
disconnected state
Motivation Work in the offline mode
o Paper, spreadsheets
Issues Local database smaller
o hoarding
Conflicts can ariseo merging
Internet
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Wireless (Weak) Connection
Additional weakly connected state higher delay, error rate
Motivation Ubiquitous remote access
Network
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Wireless (Weak) ConnectionIssues
Physical Layero Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, Infrared
Optimizing weak connectionso Batching changes propagated for mergingo Transcoding
• used to fit HTML files and graphics files to the unique constraints of mobile devices and other Web-enabled products.
Adapting to multiple connection levelso Adaptive TCP/IPo Adaptive Transcodingo Adaptive update propagation for merging
Network
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Networked Embedded Computers
Network
networked appliances
sensors historical sites & other locations
Connected to network send and/or receive
May be embedded only for network access
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Peer of Networked Embedded Computer?
Network
Another embedded computer
Non embedded Computer
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extendibility & scalability
Embedded Peer
Network
Composite devices security system
Distributed composites vs. hardwired devices
client-defined composites
ease of change
reuse of constituents
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“Smart Dust”
Network
Late bindingo Monitoring
Temperatures in a Fire
o Monitoring rain levels in a flood
Millimeter-scale self-contained microelectromechanical devices that include sensors, computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications technology and a power supply. As tiny as dust particles, smart dust motes can be spread throughout buildings or into the atmosphere to collect and monitor data. Smart dust devices have applications in everything from military to meteorological to medical fields.
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“Smart Dust” by UC Berkeley
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Embedded Computer communicating with Non embedded Computer
Network
Embedded is clientEmbedded is server
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Embedded is Client
Network
viewing/recording statuso image from camerao body part datao instrument visualization
Motivation
trigger orderso refrigerator items
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Embedded is Server
Network
Interactive computer issues commands to embedded computer
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Motivation
Automatic appliance- remote control binding
A single remote control for arbitrary (dissimilar) appliances TVs, EKG machines,
Water Sprinklers, Car Seats
Control appliance from arbitrary locations Water sprinkler from beach
Interactive computer can offer different user interfaces from conventional controls
Internet
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Per-User Control of Shared Appliances
Mobile device knows owner’s info: Favorite channels Volume preferences Credit card PIN Files to be printed Car-seat tilt angle
Record/replay Pin recorded first time and
replayed later
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More Powerful Device Output Device
EKG results Refrigerator contents Sprinkler settings
More computation power Undo/Redo Cut/Paste Save Macros
Enter arbitrary input Water sprinkler days
Offline Mode Synchronization
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Control Appliance Collections
Multicast commands Start/stop recording
images from all cameras
Switch off all lights in the room
Switch of all appliances except the refrigerator
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Control Appliance Collections
Network
Distributed presentation On projector, speakers,
computer screens
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Motivation Summary
More universal
More control
More remote
Internet
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Networked Embedded Computers
Network
Issues Late binding
o Namingo Discoveryo IPCo User-interface deploymento Multi-appliance control
Access controlo Existing social protocols not
supported by existing mechanisms
• All co-located users can use appliance
• Children can see certain channels
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Ad-Hoc NetworksPeer to peer connections
among late bound computers
Motivation Spontaneous collaboration
o classroom, war, airport meeting
Sensor networkso disaster recovery
• e.g. heat sensors thrown on fire
Network
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Ad-Hoc NetworksIssues
No Routero ad-hoc routing
• Power-aware
Network
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Location-aware computingoperations based on
current, past, and future locations of users and devices
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Location-Aware Computing
Motivation location-based action
o nearby local printer, doctoro nearby remote phoneo directions/maps
location-based informationo real
• person’s location• history/sales/events
o virtual• walkthrough• story of city
o augmented• touring machine
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Pose-Aware Computing Operations based on locations
and orientations of users and devices
Motivation Augmented reality
o Magic Lenso an environment that includes
both virtual reality and real-world elements. For instance, an AR user might wear translucent goggles; through these, he could see the real world, as well as computer-generated images projected on top of that world.
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Example of AR
Digital Museum in Japan TRON
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Wearable Pose-Aware Computers
Computers on body track body relative
movementso monitor persono train person
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Location/Pose- Aware Computing
Issues Tracking algorithms
o fine or coarse grained
Software architecture Maintaining privacy
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SummaryTraditional
Stationary desktops/servers and Embedded
Ubiquitous Interactive mobile
o resource-pooro security vulnerability
Strongly-connected mobileo mobile IPo adapting to heavyweight/lightweight mix
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SummaryUbiquitous computing
Intermittently connected mobileo hoardingo synchronization
Wireless (weak) communicationo Physical layero Optimizing weak connectionso Adaptations for multiple connection levels
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Summary Ubiquitous computing
Networked embedded computerso Namingo Discoveryo IPCo UI deploymento Access control
Ad-hoc networking with late bound deviceso ad-hoc routing
Location and Pose awareo Trackingo Architectureo Privacy
Wearableo Avoid strong signalso Displays
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EmbeddedMobile
Interactive
Beyond Desktops/Servers
Wearable Active badge
Location
SensorFlight
Simulator