,

70 - 60 -

" .M.A " "

:

' '

2001

- "

, '

. , , , , ,

, ' . ,

, , .

. .

. ,

. -

, ,

, .

. - ,

. 70 - 60 -

-

. , ,

, . , -

-

, . -

.

,

. , -

, . ,

, ". "

, .

-

.

Abstract

So far, few critical texts have been written on Israeli anthropology. The history of the

discipline has been narrated mainly by those who created it and has been at the same time heroic

and apologetic. This study looks at the critical time of the institutionalization of Israeli

anthropology and aims at understanding the ethnographies as part of the various structures of

power within which these studies took place colonial, national, institutional and paradigmatic.

Nevertheless, it does not wish to reduce anthropology to the mere expression of power relations

and deals directly with the anthropological-scientific method as a productive and

counterproductive force.

It examines the main body of Israeli anthropological texts of the sixties and seventies. These

were written by Ashkenazi (mainly Eastern and Central European Jews) researchers about

Mizrahi (mainly Eastern and Western Mediterranean) Jews during the years that followed the

massive Jewish (Ashkenazi as well as Mizrahi) immigration to Israel. It analyzes the

ethnographies of three dominant figures in the Israeli anthropology to come - Emanuel Marx,

Moshe Shokeid and Shlomo Deshen. As well, it analyzes the texts of a fourth anthropologist who

deviated from the mainstream discourse in meaningful ways - Alex Weingrod - and was actually

absent from the institutions of the Israeli anthropology during the years of its institutionalization.

By that deviation, he shed light on the borders of the mainstream discourse.

First, it is claimed that despite the criticisms, that had already existed within the field of

anthropology, of the traditional-modern dichotomy, the Israeli anthropologists failed to find a way

out of it. Using anthropological tools, they not only reproduced the dichotomy but also deepened

it. Secondly, three modes of legitimacy that the anthropologists used in order to enhance their

status as Western scientists are discussed. Thirdly, the institutionalization efforts of the

anthropologists are interpreted in the context of the Israeli society and of the changing

international scene in anthropology. Finally, the research proposes an analysis of the ways in

which the anthropological-scientific method simultaneously acted as a producer of knowledge as

well as an obstacle to the understanding of the Mizrahi experience in Israel.

3

8 1

8 1.1

10 1.2

11 - 1.2.1

12 1.2.2

12 1.2.3

13 1.2.4

14 1.2.5

15 1.2.6

17 1.3

19 2

19 2.1

22 2.2

26 2.3

26 " "" " 2.3.1

27 2.3.2

33 " " 2.3.3

36 2.3.4

38 2.3.5

41 2.3.6

43 2.3.7

47 2.3.8

51 - 2.3.9

56 2.3.10

63 2.4

66 3

68 3.1

70 3.1.1

1

70 - 3.1.2

71 3.1.3

72 " " 3.1.4

74 3.1.5

75 3.1.6

75 , 3.2

81 3.3

81 3.3.1

82 3.3.2

83 3.3.3

84 3.3.4

88 3.4

90 4

92 4.1

93 4.1.1

95 4.1.2

97 " -"" " 4.2

99 4.2.1

100 4.2.2

103 4.2.3

106 4.2.4

108 4.2.5

111 ? 4.3

115 4.4

116 5

121

2

70 - 60 - .

) (

Maquet 1964 ; Berreman 1968 ; Gjessing 1968 ; Gough 1968 ; Asad 1973, (

; Hymes 1974 .( ( - Van Teeffelen

1977 ; 1978 ; Said 1978 ; Kuper 1988 ; Sweedenburg 1989 ; Dominguez 1989 ; Kuklick 1991 ; Okley

& Callaway (eds.) 1992 ; Schumaker 1996 ; ). 1997 - ; 1992

, " "- 80 -

,

. ,

). Grimshaw & Hart 1995: 57" ( " 30 -

70 - , 50 -

). Asad 1993 : 171(

.

, , , ,

, . ,

, . , ,

,

, .

19 - -

. - ,

.

) (

, ,

, ,

.

.

,

, . 70 -

3

.

, " "

). Nash 1975 ; Stocking 1982( ,

,

" " " ,

). Maquet 1964" ( - ") Hymes 1974" (

. " "

.

,

" "

:

. +

.

) Dominguez 1989( , .

, ,

, .

).The Hajj, Lavie & Rouse 1993(

+

.

, , - ,

. . ,

, , " "

. .

,

,

-

. ,

). Stocking 1982: 177( +

. ,

, ,

.

4

) Stocking 1982: 177( +

,

.

1970 -+

". " " "

, -

). Berreman 1968: 392 ( CIA -

". "

:Berreman 1974(

1919 -. ). 90-91

. "

, , .

, ,

.

)Stocking 1968: chap. 11 .(

" "

)Sweedenburg 1989 ; 1992 ; Shokeid 1992.(

-

. 70 - 60 -

.

) 1998(' .

- . -

', . 19 -

" ", , ,

' . " "

, .

, ', ,

.

5

, , (

1998(.

. )Ram 1995: chap. 4(

, . , - ,

,

, . 50 -

. .

, , ). Haskell 1994: chap. 2(

.

.

, - " "

.

; Van Teeffelen 1977( . .

" -" ). 1978

, ' , .

, ,

, . " " .

. " "

). Shokeid 1988/9(

, .

, , .

- ,

.

, , ,

. , , ,

, ,

, , ,

, , - -

6

, . ,

.

, , ,

, . -

--

.

7

. 1

1.1

1-- -

60 - -

. 70 -

, . Cohen 1977: 319, 321(2(

, ) (

.

, , 1963 .

, .

. 3 ,

.

.

. , 70 -

:) Marx 1980: 6( -

;

;

;

.

, , ,

, .

, .

" " 1

. - . 60 - , 1970-1976 , 2

60 - , ) : (

, . - 60 - ) Lindheim - Evens , , (

, , )Baldwin - ( ,

. ". " , , 1972 - 3

8

.

, ,

. ,

(1977 - 1999 -

, . 60 - , )1977

,

. .

, 1959-1962 , - -

.

. ,

, .

, . 4

. " "" "

, " " , ,

" "

". "

, "" , .

.

" " ,

, .

, , 5 , ,

,

.

, ,

.

4

. - ) 1998(' 5

. 19 - " " , ,

- . , 1947 - 1934

1947 - , 1945 - . . "-" " " .

, , , -

.

9

. , '

.

,

.

. 6

, , 9/66 - 8/64

.

.

50 - .

,

.

.

,

. -

1.2

, -

, , , .

, , , ,

, , . -,

.

.

, , , ,

- ,

.

, . ,

. .

70 - 6

. ,

, ).2000 , (

10

, . ,

,

, " " .

, .

,

, . , ,

, -:

, . , ,

.

,

.

. ,

.

7- 1.2.1

60 -

.

.

, , -

, )Adaptation(

)Goal attainment( , )Integration ( )Latency .(

, .

. ,

, ,

. ,

-Ram 1995: 27 (20 - 17 - -

, , ). 30

. , ,

11

.

.

. ) cross cutting ties - (

.

,

. , ,

-

- ,

.

1.2.2

,

, ,

, ,

.

.

. - .

.

, -,

.

- ,

, .

.

. , .

1.2.3

, 60 - , ,

.

, .

-

, -

. : 7

12

, , .

.

. , .

,

, .

, .

.

, .

: , ,

.

. ,

. '

.

, ,

) ( , .

. ,

.

1.2.4

) Said 1978(

, , .

, .

" , .

,

). 14: " ( ,

, - ,

, )1999( .

-

. 8

, ' " " 8

, . " ).81: 1979 " ( , ,

13

. " "

, . , 9""

.

" "

- " " " , " "

). Stocking 1982( " " 60 - 50

- ,

:- , . -

, -,

, , , , , , ,

- , , ) ( -, ,

, , , , , , ,

.

. -

,

-

. ,

,

" " ,

.- -

.

70 - 60 -

, .

. " "

1.2.5

" "

. ,

" " , ". " 9

" ( " " " .

, , ).

14

-

.

. 50 -

, ,

. - ,

" "

. " "

, ) (

" " , .

, ,

:- . , " "

.

.

. -

"."

1.2.6

. , .

. .

, ,

,

" " .

. ". "

, ""

" " , . 10

, .

- , . " " , ,

,

. . , , " " 10

, ". " -

15

,

. -

,

, .

, , ,

, ,

, , .

, , .

, - , ,

. ,

, , ,

, -

, .

- ,

.

, " " -

,

.

,

, ,

. , .

,

, . -

.

, , ,

, ,

, .

, ,

.

,

16

, ,

.

, ) Deshen 1966: 52(

. ,

,

, .

. , ,

. - ,

.

, .

.

, .

.

1.3

, , .

- -, , .

. ) ( -

-

, .

, ,

, .

, -

. .

,

,

,

.

,

.

17

.

, .

,

, - , . -

, ,

.

,

, .

.

,

,

, .

. ,

, .

,

, -

,

, . ,

, , ) 70 - -(

, ,

, .

,

,

.

, -

, ,

- , .

, , , --

, .

,

.

18

. 2

, , .

). Van Maanen 1988: chap. 3" ( " -

. 11

- ,

, "" -

,

, .

.

, , .

. , .

2.1

- ,

. .

, , .

,

). Marx 1976: 1, 27, 39( ,

). 42: ( ,

). 56: (

- , ) 27: (

" ). 58: ( ) 45: (

, ). 20: " (

, )38: ( , )24: (

.

.

: 11

, , ,

19

: , ( ,

, ). 52

, ,

).25: (

,

). Deshen 1966( " "

, . , ,

, "

. ' " "

,

, ). 50: ( ,

, , ). 50-51: (

. ' , " "" "

(

, , ). 208: 1977

, ,

, . , .

, , .

) Weingrod 1966: 60, 122(

, " . "

, , . .

",

, , "

. "

,

).Weingrod 1971a: 187 ; 85: 1972 ]" ( [

)Ram 1995 .( ). 80-81: 2000 (

,

.

20

50 - , . ,

.

, .

60 -

)Keren 1989 .( 60 - ,

, . "

, 1967

). Keren 1990: 63" (

. , ,

" , 12

, , ). 83: 2000 " (

, " .

, , "

:Deshen 1970a(

, , ). 101

.

" " 60 -

. 50 -

, , .

.

) ( ,

. ,

, .

, . Weingrod 1966: 61, 65, 86(13( ,

, , -

. ,

, . ,

, .

.1948 12 1959 - , Reluctant Pioneers - 13

, , )Weingrod 1965( , , .

21

) Weingrod 1966: 14-26( -

).12-31: 1977 ( ,

, 14 , ,

, , ,

.

, , .

.

, , , ,

, . ,

, 15-- ,

, - ,

. , .

,

,

, .

16 , , ,

.

). Deshen 1976a: 94(

2.2

, )Deshen 1970a: 8(

, )Shokeid 1971a: 1 (

. .

.

.

, . ,

.

, 14

" " ). Deshen 1970: 153-159( ).Weingrod 1966: 91-98(

, 15 , .

). Marx 1976( ).Marx 1975: 146-147( . , . . 16

22

. 1949 - . 1935 -

. . ,

, , 1956 -.

.

") " (" "

. . 196117 -

' , , 1964 -

. 1965/6 -.

.- - , 1968 -

". - " , ,

. " ,

, .

Deshen( . ,

1970a: 8 .( ,

.

. ' 1936 - -

.

1961 -, )Shokeid 1992a: 234( ,

. ") " (" "

.

). Shokeid 1971a: 2" ( " 18"" 1961 -

. '

1968 - . 1965 -" "

". " 17

. ,

23

, "" . -

).4.1.2, (

. - . 1939 - 1927 -

, 1949 -. "

, . . 1955 -. 1959 -

.

.

. '

. 1963 -

, . -

, . -

1964-1966 .

.

. - . 1931 -

, " . 1948 -

-1957 .

. 1959

. .

". " ,

. ,

1962 -. .

, . "

.1974 -

. 18

24

,

- . ) 26( .

, .

, . " ,

.

. .

" "

. " ,

.

. , , ,

, ,

. '

, .

.

, , ). Shokeid 1992: 239-240(

1974 - 1962 ,

. ,

- ,

-) Weingrod 1959(

). Weingrod 1966( ,

,

, .

. ,

" .

," :

- ". "

] [ " -" : ] [ "

" ''' ': " , "

, ". : "-

, ,

.

. ,

25

1960

1960 .

-

.

). Weingrod 1966: x, 157-163(

, , . 1962 "

,

" , .

. -

2.3

,

, ,

. ,

" "" "2.3.1

, ). 153-161: 1997 " (' ' ... "

. , ,

" , " "

Shokeid" ( ,

1971a: 1 ; 1989: 23 .( [ " , [

- " , , ). 2: " (

"

). 63-64: 1977 (

. ,

,

, .

, , .

.

.

, , .

26

, . , ,

, ,

, .

, ). Deshen 1970a: 218-219(

, , .

.

.

). Shokeid 1971b( , ) (

" "". " " ", " ",

. " " -

, - ,

- . ,

, -

". " " " " . " " "

") " ("". , ""

, , ") " ("". , , , ,

).154-155: 1997 ( , , , ,

- , ,

, ,

, ". " ,

. , ,

, "" ,

, " " , , ,

, , . ,

, -

, . -

, ,

, "" ,

". " " "" "

2.3.2

27

, ". "-""

. ,

" " ,

" , ". "

, , )12: 1977 " ("

, " " "" " ). 1960( "

, , ,

" "" " , . -

, ). 12: 1977 ; Deshen 1965: 68, (

, )Deshen 1965: 78" ( " " ", ""

, ,

). 120: 1977 ; 8-9: 1967 (

. ,

, - , ,

, . " "

" " , ,

, . , ""

) 2.3.9, ( . , , ,

- , ,

- , ,

, .

.

,

. ). 1978 ; 1975 (

,

, .

).Shokeid 1980(

, , " ,

). 305: 1960 " (" ",

, ,

28

.

" . ,

" ). 305: " (

, ... "

). 304: " ( ,

, , . -

" .

,

). 307: " (

, . ;

" " .

. , , ). 309: (

.

. ,

.

, , .

, ,

"- ".

). 306: " ( 17 -

20 - ' "

)Deshen 1966: 52 .( , 19 - " " ,

20 - ,

.

, "

, .

.

, ", ,

). 197: 1971 " ( ,

' (

, , ) '

] [ " .

,

29

1974 -. ). 375: 1971 " ( ,

Deshen and (1971 -

Shokeid 1974: 97 .( . 1977 -

, .

" (" , " "

("" ) 382: 1971 " (" , ). 111: 1977

)". ( " " " , )120: 1977

, " " " "" "

.

. 1977 -

" .

, ). : 1977 " (

,

. ,

,

, ). 170, 138: (

, ,

, . ,

.

,

, .

, . ,

, . ,

,

Weingrod" ( " .

: ( ). 26 :1966

40 ,133-142.(

.

, , " " "

... ' '

30

.

-, - ,

, ). Shokeid 1971a: 230-231" (

, , .

, . "

, ). Weingrod 1966: 152" (

.

. ,

,

.

.

, )(

). Shokeid 1971a: 55-61(

) Weingrod 1966: 131-132( , ,

, . ,

, - , ,

.)Weingrod 1966: 126-129 ; Shokeid 1971a: 56(

, "" " "

, . " .

Weingrod" ( ,

). "73 :1966

, , , ). viii: " (

, , , .

, ). Shokeid 1971a: 206-215(

,

. " "

, "

, , )xxiv: " (

, .

31

,

. , ,

, ( , .

Weingrod 1966: 91-97( , .

, " " , " "" "

, . .

. " "

. ,

,

; 1963 ; Shokeid 1971 ; Weingrod 1966 ; 1970(

. , , ). 1967

- " "

, ). 1971 ; 1969 ( -

,Deshen 1965: 71, 74( ) Deshen 1965: 65(

). 26-29: 1977 ; 86

, . ,

-9: 1977 ; Deshen 1965: 78( ,

, ). 10

.

, , ""

. " ,

, ,

" ). Deshen and Shokeid 1974: 34" (

, "

( .

" , . 19)63-64: 1977

... .

". -

, ' ,

). Shokeid 1992a: 238" ( "

.

. , . 19

32

. " "" " , ,

. ,

,

.

,

, , .

,

. . ,

. " " ,

, "" , ,

.

, , ,

"" " " "

- , ). Shokeid 1988a: 37" (

). : " ( "-

"."

" " 2.3.3

"." ,

, )Weingrod 1966(

). 6-7: 1967 (

, , ,

, ). 184: 1977 ( ,

' ' " , " "

. " ", , )9: 1967 " (

,

" .

, ). 72: " (

, . -

, . "

, ). 24: " (

, , )1963 ( ,

33

, -

). Kuper 1988: 6( 19 -

, . " " --

, " " , ""

. ,

,

. " "

, 20

". "

". " , ""

.

, , ,

. " "-

, ""

. , , .

( , " "

, " " ). Weingrod 1966: 150 ; 331: 1960

1912 - ,

)Weingrod 1966: 26( , ,

, , .

, , ). 70: 1967 (

" " - - " "

). Shokeid 1971: 3( " "

). 65: 1967 ( ") "" ", "("

,

. 21 " "

, , 20

, ' , , )Shokeid 1992a: 238.(

, ). Shokeid 1971a: 232-233( 21 , ,

)). Weingrod 1971a: 180( 3, 3( - 57 1959 , ,

, ). Weingrod 1962b: 73( , , , ,

, , , , ). 162: " ( " " , )xxiv-xxv: ( ,

] [ , ).xxi: " (

34

, "

,

" , "

" , , ). 81: 2000 ... (

. , ][

. , )Weingrod 1966: 197" (

. , , " "

) " ( " , " " , ""

" " " " , """ "

" ). "9-11: 1967 ) ( (

. " " " "

, ""

. , " "

, ,

, , , .

, ). 1967 (

.

" "

. ,

, ,

, .

.

, " " , """ "

, . , ""

).11: 1967 " ("" " " ",

, ""

, .

" " 1967 - .

1971 - ). 1967 (

Shokeid( , -

1971a: 63-64 .( " " 1974 -

Deshen and" (" , " "

35

Shokeid 1974: 210-235(22 ." 1977 -" ,

" (" , " ? " -

) ( , ). 138: 1977

" "

" " ", """ " .

, ". ", "

, 1963 - , 1977 -, ". " , ""

". ", , ""

, . ,

, . ,

- , ,

). 94: 1995 (

, ,

1963 - -

.1977

, "" ,

. .

. " "

.

, , .

,

.

2.3.4

, ,

" " , , , .

). Weingrod 1966: 146(

.

- , , )26: (

. ) ( ) (

.195-210: 1977 - 22

36

,

, ,

, ). 42: 1967 (

.

, ,

). 1967 (

' ', "

Shokeid]" ( [ ] [

1971a: 33 .( ,

, , . '

. "

). 14: 1977 " (

).Marx 1976: 19(

,

.

). 15 :1977 " ( 20,000 ] [ "

, ). Deshen and Shokeid 1974: 34( 286,000 -, ,

. 7% -

, ). Weingrod 1966: 30 (120,000 - 1956 - 1948

, 1956 - - ,

, 17% -

.

, , .

. .

, .

-" ,

. ...

, , ,

).80: 1979 " (

,

, .

, ,

37

, .

,

, , .

, -

.

2.3.5

,

). Deshen 1966: 34 ; Weingrod 1966: 136 ; 90, 77, 70: 1977 ( ,

] [ " ,

. , )8: 1977 " (

, ,

",

, , .

, ". "

"

, ). 63: (

] [ . "

, . , ] [

, ]. [

-, , , ] [

). 63: " ( , .

, , ,

.

,

,

:Weingrod 1966" ( " ). 197: 1971 (

. , )110

, ). 136: (

.

, ). Deshen 1970a: 8(

38

. - .

, .

, ,

.

"" " , " ,

, " ".

.

. -

. - , ,

-" "-

, , ,

, . 23)43-54: 1977 (

, , .

.

, . 24

. .

.

, , - ,

. -

, , )4 : 1990(

, .

, :

, , ,

. ,

, .

. , , ,

, ,

. , -

. , ) ( ) ( ,

.Deshem and Shokeid 1974: 151-172 23 " 29.6.1999 - - , 4.2.2000 - ( 24

" " ")

.

39

. ,

, ,

.

.

, ". " , ""

, .

. ,

.

, , ,

-, , - , , .

, .

, ). Deshen 1970a: 153-159, 210-214 ; 43-54: 1977 (

". " ,

.

, ) -(

.

,

, .

.

, . ,

, . ,

,

.

, )63-64: 1977 (

, . ,

, ,

, .

.

. ,

,

40

.

.

2.3.6

, )Deshen 1970a: 17-18 ; Marx 1976: 58(

) Deshen 1966: 42 ; 1976a: 86-87, 95, 98(

, ). 58: 1977 (

, )Deshen 1970a: 218(

" ". "

, ). Weingrod 1966: 37" (

, )Deshen 1970a: 219(

). 1960 (

, ,

, , . ,

, , , , , .

, 77: 1977 ; 324-325: 1960 ( , ,

88 ,91-92 ;Marx 1976: 26-27 .(

, , - " "

, , , , , , ,

, , ). Shokeid 1971a: 99-164(

. ). 136: (

,

,

, ). 101-117: ( , ,

.

, ,

, , , " "

, ). 117: (

, ,

41

). 145: ( "

)Ram 1995: 55 ( " "

,

. " "

, , "

). Shokeid 1971a: 146(

" .

" " ). 145: " (

, ,

, .

, " "

, .

, , . ,

. " ,

] [

, " " ). 220: " (

, ,

, " " , .

.

.

.

. , " "

, -

, , .

" , "

). 148-162: (

" " , .

, .

, " " ,

" " , , ,

42

). Shokeid 1971a: 134-145 ; 40-41: 1977 " ( "

" " ,

, , ". "

, ,

). Weingrod 1959: 145-147( -

.

2.3.7

, - .

, , .

. "

, , ] [ .

.

). "Deshen 1970a: 218-219" (

...

, ). 91-92: 1977 ..." (

). Weingrod 1970: 126-127( -

,

Shokeid 1971a: 163-215 ; 1971b: 108-111 ; 1971d( ' ,

, , ). 182-194: 1977 ;

... ",

).60: 1967 " ( ] '' [

,

)Deshen and Shokeid 1974: 122" .(

...

). 2: 1977 " (

, " "

). 182-194: 1977 (

, ) (

, , . ) (

,

43

, , , , , .

, . .

, , ' .

, )190-191: " ( "

, .

. ,

. , .

,

: 1977 " ( "

, ). 191

, , .

, . ,

: " ( ", 1967

, , , . 25)186

, . .

,

, "" .

, " "

, "" ,

, , .

, . " " ,

, .

. ". "

. . ,

,

, . ,

. ,

,

.

,

).1970 ( ) Shokeid 1971d: 8( 25

44

.

). Shokeid 1971a: 51 ; Marx 1976: 80( ,

,

" ). 185: 1977 ( ,

, ][ "] [" ,

). Shokeid 1971a: 51" (

, ,

, " "

.

.

-

.

,

). Weingrod 1966: 60, 152 ; Marx 1976: 27-28(

.

,Weingrod 1966: 26, 39(

- , ). 54

, ). Deshen 1970a: 215(

Marx( ,

1976: 27-28 ; Deshen 1970a: 50, 174.(

, ,

. , .

, , ,

, " . "

, , .

,

, . ). Weingrod 1966: 60(

,.

, .

, , , .

. ,

, - " " ,

45

, .

.

, , .

).156-157: (

.

). Marx 1976: 58-59( -

". " " " ,

,

.

, .

". "

, . -

, , ,

.

. - " "

,

, .

, . .

. ,

.

). Marx 1975: 147(

,

, ,.

. ,

, ,

.

.

, .

, .

.

, ,

,

46

, ). "Weingrod 1966: 54(

] [' ', .

: (' ' - ). 44: " (

, ). 133-134

, , .

Shokeid" ("

1971a: 35.(

2.3.8

, )5: 1967 ( ,

.

-

). Weingrod 1966: 16-26 ; Deshen 1970a: 17-18(

, ,

,

, .

,

, .

" , ?

(? " ,

, . , , )83: 1977

? , ,

, . ,

. ,

)Weingrod 1966: 14-26 .( ,

, ,

" " .

. ,

, " "

, . )14-15: " ("

, , . 20 - 19 -

. ,

47

, 20 -

,

" ] [ . "

]" 20 -[ " , ). 14: (

". " . , )14: 1977 (

( -

- , )1948 -

, ). Weingrod 1966: 14 (1948

, - -

.

. - , ,

, , ,

). 34-35: ( ,

.

, )1830 -( '

, ,

, )1912 - 1881 - ( .

, ,). 13-14: 1977 (

. . - -

,

, . , -

, .

, , , .

; ,

, ). Deshen 1965: 74(

, .

, , ,

. ,

, ' .

. . ,

48

, , , ,

, , , . ,

). 33: 1967 " (" " "

, .

). Weingrod 1966: 31( . immigrant -" "

. 26 ,

. ,

, -

.

). Deshen 1965: 74( " " , ,

, , , ,

: 1977 ; 1971 (

170-181 .(

* * *

, - -

Deshen( ,

1970a (1969 ( ; Deshen 1974 ; 1976a .(

. " "

. ,

.

. ,

, )170-181: 1977 ; 1971 (

.

,

, .

.

, ,

, .

, , , .

" " .

,

, , 80 - 26

49

67, 64-65: 1970 ( , .

, ). 324-325: 1960 ;

Marx( , ,

). "38 :1976

.

). 64: 1970 " ( ,

" , )58, 53: 1977 (

"

, )83: ( . 27)63-64: (

,Weingrod 1966: 60, 65(

152.(

" , ,

" , ] [

)Deshen 1970a: 125 .( " " , "" ,

. ,

, .

, .

. ). Marx 1976: 28(

,

)Deshen 1970a: 218 .( . "

" , )56: (

- ,

, )57: ( ", ). 53: " (

"

).77: " (

, . "

, , ,

). Shokeid 1971a: 99" (

).Shokeid 1988a: 35( " "

, , , 27" " ).88: 1977 (

50

,

, . , ""

: " .

] [ ", ). 130: " (

). 137: ( , "

. , ,

" - . "

.

- ; , .

). Weingrod 1966: 140" ( -

, ,

, .

,

, .

.

- 2.3.9

-

, " (" ) 2.3.2, (

). 2.3.6

) 2.3.5, ( . -

- . -

.

, ,

- .

- .

.

.

, .

,

, .

51

. , .

:Weingrod 1966( ,

, , ). 60

).89-90: (

). Deshen 1970a: 214( -

Shokeid ( ,

1976a: 102, 105-106( ,

- ). 43: 1967 ( -

-

,

". "

, -

.

,

, . , ,

). Marx 1976(

, , , "

: " ( . ,

, ). 61

, .

,

, ,

, 35: (

). 105, 44-45, 37

, .

. ,

, , . ,

? , -

, " " ". " -

, .

, ,

. .

. ,

52

. - ,

. -

-

, , ). 64: 1970 (

) ( ,

. ,

.

)Marx 1976: 105-106 .( ,

, .

. -

"

).105: " ( , ,

.

.

. , .

, , ,

,

, . , .

,

, .

".

"

.

.

,

.28 , .

] [ "

). 61: 1970 " ( , ][

, ][ ", .

] [

53

, )Marx 1976: 33" ( -

. ,

. , ,

" , , ,

,

. , ,

, ). 34: " (

" "(

)) 34: " ( "

" "(

, )). 34: (

.

70 - 60 - . " "

- ,

, . , -

. -

70 - ,

,

.

, ... ", 70 -

, 70 - . , , ...

,

. ' '

' ' ... ' ' ,

). 94: 1995 " (- , ' ', ,

" " ' 60 - 50 - - '

" " 70 - 60 -

, , .

" " '). 135: 1991 (

, )138: ( , )133-134: (

' ' . "-

, , /

8.4.01 - 28

54

1962 - , ). 135: " (

, 1959 - 1966 -

).2.2, (

, , ,

.

- , ,

, , .

, ). Marx 1976: 34(

,

. -

.

", .

, ...

, , ). Marx 1972: 295" (

, . ,

). 295: " ( ] [ "

, .

, , '

.

, . ,

, "

, )Marx 1976: 43" (

, 29)30: (

: ( " " , " "

, , ). 34-35

, ] [ , . "

) ( ,

" ). xi: " (

, )17: " (

.

, , 29 .

55

,

).18: ( -

; 14-19, 5: 1967 (

1977 :80-82 ; Shokeid 1971a: 118 ; Weingrod 1966: 137 .(

. 1980 - ,

,

. , .

, , ,

,

, ). Shokeid 1980: 17(

). 18: ( , ,

- ,

.-

2.3.10

, , , .

.

. , , , ,

. , , , , , , , , ,

) Weingrod 1966: xii( -

. ). Deshen 1976a: 87(

,

, )192: 1977 " ( " .

, .

.

, .

,

-

, .

56

, , ,

.Shokeid 1971a: 97(30(

, .

). 12-31: 1977 (

: 1971 ( - ) Deshen 1966: 32( ,

197 ; Deshen 1965: 64 .( , )67, 53: 1977 ( , )Weingrod

) Shokeid 1971a: 57-58( , )140 ,139 ,127 :1970 ; 1966:122

)Weingrod 1966: 54, 62 ; Shokeid 1971a: 56 .( ,

.

). Shokeid 1971a: 2(

Weingrod( ,

, ). 1966

, . .

... ). "Weingrod 1966: 122(

, . ...

] [' ' , . ...

, , . ... ,

, ). 98: " (

,

, ,

. , .

.

,

; " , , " .

:Marx 1976" (' ,

. , , ). 69

, . ,

,

, )Shokeid 1971a: 57-58(

.

. , 30

57

. ,

, )Deshen 1965: 64(

:Deshen 1965(

" , )18 :1970 ; 82

).Deshen 1976b: 273-274 (" -

, ). Weingrod 1966: 60, 122(

,

" ). 131-142: " ( "

, "'' ...

, " ... '' "

, . , ). 133-134: (

. , , , , ,

.

, , ,

, , .

, . " "" "

, .

, , ,

, .

, . ,

-

. ). 35-36: (

.

,

". "

" " , ,

Weingrod( " , ). "134, 40: (

" " ). 171 :1959

). Weingrod 1965: 74(

- "" "

).Deshen 1976: 287" (

58

) - " (", " ",

". "" ", , ,

-

, " " ". "

" "" . " . ,

. , " " ""

,

. , .

. " -

Weingrod" ( ', ' ] [,

, . " , ). 137 :1966

: !" ( , ,

"." , , " ", ). 137

,

', ' , ', ' ".

). : 1977 " (

, ,

" " , -

. , . -

, , ". " ,

"- ,

- .

, .

, . ...

). 10: " (

, .

, -

. " " .

, ,

, , .

.

.

). Weingrod 1962b ; 1966(

59

Weingrod( - " "

, , , ). 65 :1966

. ). 134: (

, "

, ][

" " "). Shokeid 1971a: 52]" ( [

; ; - , ,

). 51: " (

, .

, ). 60: (

). 94-96: ( , ,

" " , , ". "

, ). 102: ( -

). Deshen 1965: 63-64( , , ,

,

. ,

, ,

).Marx 1976: 68-69(

. , ,

. ,

, ,

, .

, .

, .

). Weingrod 1966: 61(

,

] [ , "-

, ). viii: " (

. " ,

, ). 61: " ( ,

, . ,

, ). 131, 127: ( , .

60

). 62: ( ,

: Reluctant Pioneers

).Weingrod 1965: 43" ( : "

" "

, .

, "" , ). Shokeid 1971a: 118(

, ,

, , . ,

. ,

, , . . " "

). Shokeid 1976a: 116( , , .

, , ,

.

). Shokeid 1971a: 214( ,

. " . . ,

). Deshen 1970a: 190" ( , ,

).Weingrod 1966: 134" ( "

.

, ""

, .

). "Deshen and Shokeid 1974: 122, 125(

, , ") Weingrod 1966: 141]" ([

, , ). 327: 1960 " (

,

). 206, 203: 1971 (

, . "

). Deshen 1976: 274(

" ). Shokeid 1971a: 130, 136, 214-215 ; Marx 1976: 28(

, ). Deshen 1970a: 188-189" (

.

61

.

. ,

" ,

, " " , ".

.

, , .

,

" " , ). Weingrod 1966: 137(

" " , " " ,

". "

, " "

). Weingrod 1966: 143-166(

, .

;

; ;

, .

.

, ,

, . .

.

,

] [ , ",

). 163: " ( ] [

. ,

, , . ,

.

, . , " "

, . ,

, , .

.

62

" "

).67: 1977 (

,

. ,

, .

- .

.

2.4

,

.

, . ,

, , , , -, -

, , ,

, .

.

, , . -

-, , ,

) , ( . ,

, , .

)Weingrod 1966: 24-25, 163 .( ,

.31

,

, , .

,

. ,

- ,

, ,

63

, .

. , .

17 - "

. 20 -

, .

, , . ,

.

, .

, , ,

, , .

. "

,

, ).Marx 1968: 20 ; 1972: 295" (

, ,

, ,

. -

.

.

' ' ' ] [ "

' ' ' ' . ...'' ' ' '

,

,). Hymes 1974: 29" (

, .

, """ "

" " " " . " "

, " " . " "

" " .

" -"

.

, . ,

. 8.2.2001 - 31

64

" - ,

. , "

. ,

". "

- 60 -

" " , . 70

, ,

. , . ,

,

.

.

, ,

,

.

- , ---

. .

, . .

32 , .

, " " , , , ,

).Shokeid 1971a: 2 ; 1979 (

, ) (

, , .

, -

, .

, ,

, .

. ,

, , 8.2.2001 - 32 ". "

65

, . - . 33

.

. 3

, , ,

-

.

, ,

, . ,

,

, 1949 - .

, -

- . ,

, ,

, - , - .

.

. -

. ,

, ,

, , .

, .

, .

. ,

. 7034 - 60 - - -

.

. 33

, " , "" - ).Shokeid 1971a: 2" ( ,

66

- , .

, ,

- , . 35

' ). ( ) (

' ,

, - , .

, .

.

,

. 37" " 1972 . 36

, 1971 -

). 21 , ( , "

.

. ,

- , -

, , ,

. 38

. 70 - 60 -

,

- ,

. ,

, " ,

- ,

. , ,

.

.

.

34

. , , ' 35

. ' .8.4.2001 - 36 . 37 . , "" , 38

67

,

.

,

, , .

.

.

. ,

,

, .

, , . "

, , -

.

3.1

Van Teeffelen ;1998' (-

, . -) 1978 ,1977

. .

. ,

, )Marx 1980 ; 1998 (

). Goldberg 1976 ; 1979 ( ) Cohen 1968(

] [ 60 - ",

]. [

" (

40 - , , ). 15: 1998 39

. , , ,

- ,

, - ,

. ,

. 39 4.2.2000 - 40 29.6.1999 - , .

. .

68

:Shokeid 1992a( ,

). 233: " ( " ). 233-235

", . ,

). 234: " (

"

,

, , " ( " , , "

, )

" " ). : (

) " ( "

).235: (

, 70 - 60 -

.

" " " " .

.

.

;

) 1995( , .

. .

,

70 - 60 - .

.

,

, . ,

.

- : " "

- ) (

, - ). . . , (

). , (

, ). Shokeid 1971a: 4-5(

". "

69

, . " "

, ). 5: (

,

, .

.

.

3.1.1

", 1948 -

). 6: 1948 " ( field work

. ,

, ,

- . ,

1992

"

"

)Shokeid 1992a: 236 .( , ,

, . .

" , 70 - 60 -

. "

, , , - , ( ,

" " " ") ) ('

. .

. . . 41. .

, .

.42

- 3.1.2

, 60 -

,

.5.3.2001 - 41

70

. .

60 - "

). Ram 1995: 48" ( ,

" " ,

, .

, , " " , .

" " " ,

). Eisenstadt 1964: 347 ; 1973: 49( "

.

, "" ". " " "

". " , ""

] 1964 -[ " " "

:Deshen 1965" (

', ' , ") 63

). 89: " (

& Lissak( " " " "

Weintraub 1961: 32( , ] '- -'[' ' "

' ' ...

' '

. , ). 33: " (

). 4.4.2, ( , ,

" "

). Deshen 1970a: 10(

. -

, - -

, . )Weintraub 1971: chap. 3( - -, -

70 - 60 -

.

, .

- ,

.

.8.4.2001 - 42

71

3.1.3

,

, . ,

, , ,

. -

, .

,

, .

,

.

.

.

,

20 -

).Eisenstadt 1966: 132-133(

" " " "

.

, . .

, ",

). Shokeid 1971a: 2" ( -

.

" " 3.1.4

- 1966 -

). Ram 1995: 49(

. - , ,

" " ,

, , ,

.

. -

72

,

, . " "

, - " "

, reference situation , .

, .

. " "

" " ,

" " ). Shokeid 1971a: 6-7(

).Ram 1995: 54( -

" "" "

, ) 1960( "

, . , ,

, , "

, .

, . ,

", reference situation -

) (

, . )Deshen 1965: 68("

" " .

,

" " .

, , ,

). Shokeid 1971a: 203, 212, chap. 12(

.

, , .

. .

,

" "" "

" "

, , . 70 - 60 - " "

). Haskell 1994: chap. 2( ,

73

" " ,

. 43

, .

, ' ' . "

). 36: " ( , ,

.

, .

" "

).Shokeid 1992: 237( . '

") " (

( ) (

) ?

" . '

. , "

3.1.5

" "" ", ""

. - , " "

, ,

. ". "

(

, , ). 184: 1977

( ,

). 11 : 1977 ; 71-72: 1967

).Weingrod 1966 ; 1971a: 186 (44

] [ "

, ,

, ). Eisenstadt 1956: 273" (

. ) 1965(

. 43, "" 44

.2.3.3

74

, , )1963(

, , . "

" ', '] [ ' '

).318: 1965 (

,

, ,

, .

.50 -

3.1.6

.

". " ") ("

, , . "

- ".

" -"

, , " , , ". -"

, . ,

). Ram 1995: 40" (' '

" "

,

.

,

- " " ". "

"."

, 3.2

1963

] [ . "

:Marx 1975..." ( , ] [ ...

" , - , ). 133

"

- . 1949

75

" .

:Kimmerling 1992 (" ...

). 448

. ,

, ,

.

"

.

.

. ,

). Ram 1995: 25" (

- .

.

, , "

. Shokeid 1971a: 5(45" (

, "" .

,

. , ,

,

, , .

, , ,

.

" " .

70 - 60 - ). Ram 1995: chap. 3(

, ,

.

.

, . 12.3.2001 - 45

,

76

). 196: 1971; 1971 ; 1971 ; 1969 , (

" " 1961

1958-1959 -"). "("

). Shokeid 1971a: 64 ("''

). 119, 2: " (" , 1963 -

, ( . " "

- . , )4.4

1965 - , .

, " " " " ,

, ". "

" " .

60 - . , ""

" ", ) " ( " 1964

" " ). 9: 1967 ) ( " ("

). 11: " ("

, .

, ,

,

, .

). 83: 1977 ( -

" "

).208: (

, " " , ,

1959

, . ? 1971 " "

. 1959

1959 , 1971 .

, .

, . 46" : "

, . , ,

". : " 5.3.01 - . 1979 - 46

, . " ). 81 :1979 ( , ,

77

. , "" ,

. " " , , ,

1971 1959

, . ,

, ,

- . -

", - .

, ' ' -

, - ). 251: 1959 -" (

.

. , " " ,

,

. ,

:Ram 1995( ". "

, ). 41

.

, " " ) 47-57: (

, , " "

, - , ,

. . -

, - , ,

, - , 47

, ). Weingrod 1962c(

, , .

). 316-317: ( ,

" " , )317: (

, ). 318: ( " "

.

. "

... , , ] [ , ] [ ,

, , ). 78: " ( , ] [ ",

. , . ).82: " ( ,

. , , 47 . ,

78

, ) mob(

, ,

).Weingrod 1965: 41, 47(

.

,

, , ,

, .

, ,

, ). 2000 ; 1998 (

, . ,

,

. ,

, ,

. , ) (

- " "

, ,

, . -

). Marx 1976: 25(

.

. ,

,

, , , , .

). 52: (

,

, , ). (

. , ,

. " ,

, 48 ). 47: " (

,

). Marx 1975: 146-147( , ,

, .

79

- , ,

.

). 141-142: ( , 1966

, ,

,

.

.

.

). Deshen 1976a: 87(

). 170: 1977 (

.

* * *

, ,

, , .

.

,

. ,

.

, ,

, . , ?

, ,

. 49

, .

. 48 , 4.4.2001 - 49

. .

80

, , .

. , ,

3.3

-

) ( , )(

. ) (

,

, .

, ,

, .

, , " " .

1956 " "

"

, ). 15: 1998 " (

, 90 -

). Shokeid 1992a: 239(

,

-

).Deshen 1970a: 2-3 ; Marx 1976: 2-3" ( "

3.3.1

, .

,

Deshen( .

1970a: 208, 212( , ) 175, 16: ( , )12: (

, ). 218: ( ). 17: (

, ,

81

, .

" " ). 141, 122, 58: , (

. , " "

, , , ). "203: (

, ] [

).124: " ( "

, , ,

60 - ). 4: (

.

, 50 ,

, ). 4-5: (

" , . ,

). 213: " ( ] [ .

,

: ( ) 214, 210: (51 -

, . )206-207, 201

, , ). 5: (

.

3.3.2

- .

; Marx 1972( - , '-

1976: chap. 2 .( , -

. , , , '

, 8.4.2001 - . -

,

50

. .

" " 51 ."

82

, .

.

, )2.3.9 (

, )3.2 (

, .

. ,

."

. "

... ...

. ... ...

, , ). Marx 1976: 2" (

, , . ,

, .

, . ,

, -

).25: (

3.3.3

.

- , , ,

, , ). Shokeid 1971a: 7( '

, , .

. 52

" " , , ,

.

,

) 11 - 10 : (

.

'

, , .

).mission) Shokeid 1971: 119 ; Shokeid 1988a: 35 - , 52

83

' .

"-'

).205: " (' ... ,

3.3.4

19 -

. -

19 -

.

") ("

, . ) The man on the spot(

, ). Stocking 1983(

.

"."" "

" " -

] "[ "."

...

). Shokeid 1971a: 1" (

, , , , . "

). 2: " (

.

.

, )to go native" ( "

,

, - .

.

. "

,

" - ,

, , ). 35: 1977 (

, , .

" , .

84

" .

, , ). 40: (

. , ,

" "

. 53 , , ""

,

. ,

, ,

, ). Deshen 1970a: xxvii" ("

, , ,

. ,

90 -

. "

, ,

). Shokeid 1992a: 240 ("

, . 1971 - , )241: (

, .

. -

, , , ). Shokeid 1971a: 1(

, ,

, , .

, ,

. ,

,

). The Two Israels) Weingrod 1962c

" "

" " " "

, "" .

- .

, , -

.

.

85

,

,

. ,

.

, . ,

, )Zizek 1994( '' , . ,

,

- .

.

. .

, . ,

'' .

. ,

, ,

" "

60 - ). Marfleet 1973 ; Stocking 1982 ; Kuklick 1991(

(

).

,

. " " , "). ("

, ,

, . ,

, , -

. -

,

, , .

- -

, , .

.

.Shokeid 1971c 53

86

" " ,

.

...). , , , (

(

. Marx 1976: 38 ; Weingrod 1966: 148, 152(54; 1960

. .

, ). 40: 1977 ( -

,

, , .

.

, -

, , ,

. .

, ""

, , )" " ("

Stocking(

". " ). 1982

" , " " . " "" "

" " " . "

' ' " ) 183 :" (

" " ). 182: " (

, " " , ""

". " ) Weingrod 1966: 31-34(

" " ). Stocking 1982: 181(

, , , , )184: " ( "

" , . '

,

,

, , 54

. ,

87

, )182: ( ). 185: " (

, .

.

, , " "

, )Asad 1973 ; Hymes 1974(

, -

, .

, .

, , , .

). 14: 1977 (

, ,

, . , -

, ,

, .

,

" " , ,

, .

" " ,

.55

3.4

). Van Maanen 1988: 21" ( , "

,

.

- , ,

, , ). 23: (

,

, .

. ,

.

, ) Nakhleh 1979( 55

.

88

.

.

, .

, .

,

, .

, " "

, , , ""

,

" "

. - -

" " - .

, "" -

, . -

,

,

. ,

" "

, )1999( ". "

. , . " " -

". " " "

,

.

89

. 4

, , . ,

, , . ,

, , , , ,

, - ,

, .

,

". -"" "

. , ,

, 20 - , ,

, .

.

, , ,

.

. -- ,

). 1962 ( , .

, " "

. ,

, -

, .

. ,

, ,

, . ,

. ,

, ,

, , -

, , , .

90

,

. ,

") " (

, , ,

, " " ") " (

, , .

, ,

?

,

. Van Maanen 1988(56" ( "" "

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

. ,

. , ,

, ,

. "

] ... [ ] ... [

] ... [ ] ... [

, ,

, , ). 75-76: " (

.57

, , ,

, .

, )Van Maanen 1995: 6-7( -

... . ] "[56

, ).75: " (

91

-

. , ,

" -"

, ""

, .

.

4.1

, : "

).Deshen 1970a: xiv" ( ; ,

, - ,

, . ,

, , . ,

, "" ,

. -

.

. , , ,

.

, ,

,

, .

, ,

, , . 58

.59

, 57

. - ).Van Maanen 1988: chap. 4(

, 4.2.2000 - 58 . ,

.Marx 1968, 1972 - 59

92

4.1.1

] [ ",

, . Van Maanen 1988: 14(60" (

, ,

, .

, ,

, . , ,

,

.

. -

' '" ,

, ). 3: " (

. ,

, ,

1962 1959 -, 6/1959 12/1957 -.

, ). Weingrod 1966: xii(

, .

, , .

.

, ,

,

, ) "(

.

-

, ,

-

.

,

. " "

,

, )Gupta & Ferguson 1997( 60

, , )Grimshaw & Hart 1995: 54( ", " ", " "

, - , - ).Stocking 1983: 70" (

93

.

, - ,

, . , ,

,

, )2.3.6 ( "

). Shokeid 1971a: 134-135 ; 1971c: 119-120" ("

, .

. ,

" ,

" " " " .

, .

. -

). Deshen 1970a: 6-9(

. , ,

,

. , ,

,

, - , . ,

. "... , ,

] [ ,

, ). Deshen 1970a: 3" (

.

, .

Deshen( ,

1976: 277.(

. - " ",

, .

"-

). Marx 1976: 2" (

). 88-89: ( ,

, ,

94

. , , ,

. "

). Marx 1972: 293.." (.

,

, ,

). Marx 1976: 42( ,

. " "

, "" ) 1977 1963 (

, """ "

", ,

. ). 11: 1967 " (

).11 : 1977 " ("" "

4.1.2

, )extended case" ( "

... . "

, , ][ .

). Marx 1976: 3" ( ,

, .

, .

, , "" , ,

, , ,

. , , .

,

. ,

.

, .

,

, , . ,

, , -.

, .

,

95

, , .

,

, , .

.

,

).Gluckman 1961 ; 1967(

social" ( " ,

situation .( , " , ,

). Deshen 1970a: 2" ( ,

.

,

.

, - , ,

- . "

;

).2: " (

, , '

; Shokeid 1988a: 42 ; 1992a: 235, 237, 240(

1992b: 467 .( ,

, reference situation , .

, .

, ,

( , , .

' 61 ). 3.1.4

-Shokeid 1971c: 118( ,

" ). 119

,

" " , )39: 1977 " ( -

, "" " " , .

" ,

, 61

).Shokeid 1997 (90 -

96

] [", ".

" " , "

" " ) Shokeid 1971c: 118 (1971 - ). 39: (

( , ,

, " " ). 39: 1977

. , , -

, ,

, , .

, . '

, ,

, )" (

, .

, . ,

" , ,

.

, ). Van Maanen 1988: 48" (

" " , ,

. ,

-" -"" "4.2

, 70 - 60 -

. 62 .

, . , ,

,

.

, . ,

, , . ,

, ,

, "" , ""

, , , 62

-, ). Gupta and Ferguson 1997: 4( " "

).Shokeid 1988b(

97

, .

.

, , .

).Marx 1976(

, "" . ,

.

.

, , , ,

, , . , , , , ,

, ,

, , , .

, , . , ,

, . , ,

.

- , ""

. ,

, ""

) 1963' (

, ). 1963 (

, ,

,

. 70 - 60 - .

, )1960 ( , )Weingrod 1965 ; 1971 ; 1963' (

. ) Weingrod 1962c(

, "-"" ",

. ,

4.2.1

"" "

,

98

, , ). Shokeid 1971a: 3" (

" , , ,

,

, .

, . . ). : " (

, ][ "

" , )9: 1967 " (

: " ( ,

, , " " , ). 10

.

, , . , ""

. , , , ""

,

" , ,

, )2.3.5 - 2.3.3, ( ). 197: 1971 " (

,

" " ,

. ,

, , .

, .

, "- ,

). Weingrod 1971a: 184" (

.

, ,

.

,

, , , .

. ,

,Weingrod 1966: 98( -

142.(

99

, , , .

. ,

, . ,

, 2.3.4, 2.3.2 ( , ,

. , ). 2.3.5

?

? ?

, ,

. . ,

4.2.2

.

, .

,

,

, . , .

, ,

, , , .

. , .

, ,

. , , ,

.

,

.

, .

. ,

, , ,

. " , ,

,

100

, ,

.

". " , .

, , " "

, , ,

. " -"

,

.

.

,

, , , .

, - .

). 1967 , " ("

" "

. , ". -"

, ,

, ,

, , .

, ). Weingrod 1971a: 187(

, -

, "-"" ", -

, . . )184-186: (

,

.

, . ,

, ). 84: 1972 ( ,

, , . .

, ",

). 9: 1967 " (

, .

,

, .

101

, ,

).2.3.10, (

[ ", .

]. [ ]...

". ] " [

. ,

,

.

,

. ,

,

.

, , .

, , ,

, .

.-

. ,

, ,

, . ,

( ; ,

. )

60 - 50 -

, , . - " -

.

) ( , ,

, , .

). 83: 2000 ; 109: 1986( ,

) , , ( ,

, .

102

, 63 ,

.

4.2.3

, ,

, .