, !

, . . . . . . , . . .

Noel W. SmithState University of New York at Plattsburg

CURRENT SYSTEMS IN PSYCHOLOGYHistory, Theory, Research, and Applications

Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

, ,

2003

88 159.9.019 50 Thomson Learning of Berkshire House. . . 50 . ./. . . . . . .: , 2003. 384 . ( ) ISBN 5 93878 082 9 . XXXXI , , . : , , , , , , , , . , . . , .

. . . 000370 30.12.99. 13.09.2002. 84 108 1/16. . . . . . . . 195009, , . , 41, 419, 421 . 129075, , , . 23, 10. 05761 04.09.01 . 103473, , . , . 16. Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license. All rights reserved. 2001 : ., ., 2002 , . , 2003 , 2003

ISBN 5 93878 082 9 ISBN 0 8304 1484 8 (.)

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1. ............................................................................ 21 ? ....................................................................................................... 22 ........................................................................................ 22 ...................................................................................................... 23 1 2: ......................................................................................................................................... 23 3 13: ............................................................................................. 23 14: ............................................................................................................................... 23

............................................................................ 23 ...................................................................................................................................... 24

2. .............................. 26 ........................................................................................... 27 ................................... 27 : ....................................................... 30 ................................................................... 34 ...................................................................................................................................... 40 ................................................................................ 42 : ....................... 55 ............................................................................................................................................ 61

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.......................................................................................................................... 107 ................................................. 107 ......................................................................................... 107 .................................................................................................................................... 108 ..................................................................................................... 109 ....................................................................................................................................................... 109 ..................................................................................................................................... 110 ................................................................................................................................... 110 ................................................................................................................................... 111 .......................................... 111 .............................................................................................. 112 ................................................................................................................................. 112 ........................................................................................................................... 113

........................................................................................................................... 113 4. : , ..................................... 115 ......................................................................................................................... 116 ............................................................................. 116 ............................................................................................... 116 , ................................................ 120 ................................................................................................ 121

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.............................................................................. 122 ................................................................................................................................................. 122 .............................................................................................................. 123 ..................................................................................................................... 124 ............................................................................................................ 126

................................................................... 126 ................................................................................................................................................... 126 ............................................................................................................ 128

............................................................................................................... 128 ......................................................................................... 128 ................................................................................................................................... 130 ? .............................................................................................................................................. 131

.................................................................. 132 ......................................................................................................................................... 132 ........................................................................................................................... 133 ................................................................. 133 Q .................................................................................... 134 ................................................................................................................................................... 134

.......................................................................................................................... 134 ............................................................................................................ 134 ............................................................................................................................ 135 ...................................................................................................................................... 135 ......................................................................................................................... 136 ................................................................................................................................ 138 .................................................................................................................. 139 ...................................................................... 139 .............................................. 139 ............................................................................. 139

........................................................................................................................... 140 5. : .................... 142 ......................................................................................................................... 143 ............................................................................................ 143 ...................... 143 ...................................................... 145 : ....................................................................... 147

?............................................................................................................ 155 .............................................................................. 156 ............................................................................................................... 157 ......................................................................................................................................... 157

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Q ............................................................................................................................................................. 158 ................................................................................................................................................ 158

................................................................................................................. 160 ............................................................................................................... 160 .................................................................. 161 ......................................................................................................................................... 161 ..................................................................................................................... 161 ................................................................................................................... 161 ........................................................................................................ 161 ....................................................................................................................... 162 ............................................................................................................... 162

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........................................................................................................................... 164 3. .............................166

6. : , ............................................ 167 ......................................................................................................................... 168 ................................................................................................ 168 ............................................................... 170 ............................................................................................... 172 ........................................................................................ 174 ........................................................................................................................................... 174 .................................................................................................................................................... 175 .................................................................................................................................... 176 ............................................. 177 ..................................................................................... 177

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........................................................................................................ 185 .......................................................................................................... 186

.......................................................................................................................... 187 ..................................................................................................... 187 ........................................ 187 ................................................................................................................... 187 ............................................................................................................................. 189 .......................................................................... 189 ...................... 189

........................................................................................................................... 190 7. / : ................................................................ 191 ......................................................................................................................... 192 .......................................... 192 ............................................................................................................ 192 ..................................................................................................................................................... 192 ...................................................................................................................................... 193 ................................................................................................. 193 ....................................................................................................... 193

.......................................................................................................... 195............................................................................................................................................................... 195 ....................................................................................................... 195 ........................................................................... 195 ................................................................................................................................................... 196

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.............................................................................. 199 ............................................................................................................... 200 : ................. 200 .............................................................................................................................. 203 ......................................................................................... 206 .............................................................................................................................................. 206

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......................................................................................................................................... 206 ........................................................................................................ 207 ....................................................................................................................... 207

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............. 220 ............................................................................................................... 221 ............................................................................................................... 222........................................................................................................................................................ 222 ? ........................................................................................................................ 223 ? ................................................................................................................................ 223 ................................................................................................................................ 224 ......................................................................................................................................... 224 .......................................................... 226

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.......................................................................................................................... 228 ................................................................ 228 ................................................. 229 ? ....................................................................................... 229 .................................................................................................................................................... 229 .................................................................................................................................... 229 ............................................................................................................ 231 ......................................................... 232 ........................................................................................................... 234 ......................................................................................................... 235

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5. ....................

238

9. : ............. 239 ......................................................................................................................... 240 ............................................................ 241 ............................................................................................................................... 241 ........................................................................................................................ 242 ................................................................................................................. 242 ..................................................................................................................... 242

................................................................... 243 ................................................................... 244 .............................................................................. 246 ............................................................................................................... 247 ............................................................................................................... 248........................................................................................................................................................ 248 .................................................................................................................................. 248 ........................................................................................................................................ 249

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.......................................................................................................................... 252 ........................................................................................................................... 253 10. : ................................................... 254 ......................................................................................................................... 255 .......................................................................... 255 ...................................................................................................................... 255 ............................................................................................ 262

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.......................................................................................................................... 279 ........................................................................................................................... 280 11. : ....................................................... 281 ......................................................................................................................... 282 .......................................................................... 283 ....................................................................................................................... 283 .................................................................................................................................... 284 Q ............................................................................................................................................................. 286 Q .................................................. 287 R Q ...................................................................................................................................................... 289 .................................................................................................................................. 292 ........................................................... 293

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........................................................................................................................... 300 ................................................................................................................... 301 ........................................................................................................ 301 .......................................................................................................... 302 ............................................................................ 302

.......................................................................................................................... 302 ........................................................................................................................... 302 12. : , ..................................................... 304 ......................................................................................................................... 305 ...................................................................... 305 ..................................................................................................... 308 ................................................................................................................................................. 308 ................................................................................................................................................................. 311

......................................................... 312 ........................................................................................ 313 ............................................................................................................... 313 ............................................................................................................... 315 .................................................................. 318 ......................................................................................................................................... 318 ........................................................................................................................... 318 ..................................................................................................................... 318 ................................................................................................................... 318 ........................................................................................................ 319 ....................................................................................................................... 320 ............................................................................ 320

.......................................................................................................................... 320 ........................................................................................................................... 322 6. ..............323

13. : ....................... 324 ...................................................................................... 325 .......................................................................................................... 326 / / ..................................................................................... 328 ........................................................................ 330 ..................................................................................... 332

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..................................................... 333 7. ............................................338

14. .................................. 339 ................................................................... 340 ........................................... 341 ............................................................................................................................................ 341 ......................................................................................................................................... 342 ............................................................................................................................................. 343 .................................................................................................................................................. 344 ............................................................................................................................................... 345

............................................................................ 346 ................................................................................................................. 346 ........................................................................................................................... 347 8. ....................................................................349

................................................................. 349 ................................................................................ 350 (. : 3) ............................... 350 (. : 4) ........... 350 (. p: 5) ............................................ 351

............................................................................. 351 (. . p, 6) .................................. 351 p (. pp: 7) .................. 352

................................................................................. 352 (. p: 8) .................................................................................................................................. 352

.............................................................. 353 (. : 9) ............... 353 pp (. . : 10) ....................................................................................................................... 353 (. : 11) ................ 354 (. p : 12) ................................................................................................................ 355

.............................................................................................. 356 .................................................. 367 .................................................................................................................... 368

16

, , , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , . . , . . . 1950 ! , , ( ) , . , , , , , , . . , , , . , , 30 , . , , ( , , , , ) , , . 16 , ,

, . , , , . . , , : . , . . , (Q ) . , . , . , , (, ). . . , , , , . , ? , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , , . ( ) , . . , , , , . , , ( , , , ). , ( ) , . , . .

17

( , , !), , ( , , ). , , . . , , , . , , . , , , XXI . 16 , , , , , . , , . , ( ) . ( ) . (, . .) ( , . .), . , , (, ), . , , , , , ( , . .), , , () . , . , ( ) , , , . ( ) , , , . , , , , ( , ), . : , .

? , , . , . , , . . , , . . , . , , ( ) , , , , , . . , , , , . , ( ). , , , . , . , , . , ( ) , . , , , . XXI , , , , , (psycho neuroendocrinoimmunology) , . , . . . . . . 08. 08. 2002 .

18

, , , . , , 1950 . , , , , , . , . , , XX . , , , , , , , ; . , . , , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , ,

. , : , , , . , , ; , . , , , , , , . , ; ; , , , ( , , . ). . , , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , . ( . 6364 .) , . . , (Smith, 1973). , , , () , . , , ,

19

, , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . : , , , , (, ). (, , ), ( ) . , , . , V ( 912). , . , , , ; . ,

, [ ]. . , , , . . , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . . . , N. W. Smith Deartment of sychology State University of New York lattsburgh, NY 12901 e mail: nwsmith@lattsburgh.edu

1

1

22

I.

? . ? (Melvin Marx, 1963) , : (biases) (, , ) (. 9) () () (. 43). . , (McGoech, 1933), . , , , . , , , . , , , ; (. 14). . (Lichtenstein, 1967), , (. 233), c (McGoech) , . , , ; ( ) , , .

, , , 13. , . , ,

(Chou), 3000 , . , , , , . . ; , . , . , , , . , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , . . . , , , , . , , , , , . , , (Attneave, 1974). , , , , .

1.

23

(. 8), : , , , (Marshall, 1996, p. 30). (Stam, 1990) , . , , , .

1 2: 2 , , . , . ( Hergenhahn [1997], Kantor [1963, 1969], Leahy [1997].) 2 , .

(. 9), , , , . , . (. 12), , . , , . , , . (Schafer) , .

14: , , , , ( 2) . .

3 13: , , , , () ( ), () ( ), () () , () (: ). *, , 13. , . (. 8) . , , .

c 3 12 . , , , . . (. ), , , , . , . , , , . , ,

* . . . .

24

I.

. : ; , , ; / ; .

. , (McGeoch, 1933), . , , , , , . , , , . , , (. 6). (Gergen, 1994), (. 8), ; (. 4), . , (Kantor, 1959) . , . . , , . , , ? , ? (ultimates) ? , . , ; , , , . ., , ; , ;

, . , . . . , , . , . , . (Pronko, 1988) , , , (. 155). , , , , , , , . . : , . , , , , (Kingry Westergarard & Kelly, 1990, p. 23). ,

1.

25

, , , . ( , , , .) , . , , :

() ; () ; () , () (), () () () . , , ; , . , .

2

2.

27

. . , , . . (Life of Reason I)

? ? ? ? , . , (., : Denmark, 1980; Skinner, 1963; Wile, 1977). , , , , , , , , . ? , . , , , .

. ; , ; . , , , . , 1, , . , . , , , . . , , , , , , , , . . (Smith, 1985). , , ( ), (Smith, 1992) , , 15 30 (Clottes, 1996). 2 , (Smith, 1989). , , . . , (Hultkrantz, 1953; Bremmer, 1983). , , , . (free power) , .

1 , , , (. 9). , , , . , . , , , , , , , , . (unextended) . . , , . 2 .

28

I.

, , . (body power), , , . . , (soul), , . , , , , , , , , , . . , . , , (Saliba, 1976; Spiro, 1966). . , , , (Smith, 1985, 1989). (Hultkrantz), . , , (Fortes, 1949, 1965; Lienhardt, 1961). . , , , . , , (Smith, 1993b). ( [An]), (Ki), ( , ). (Enlil), , . ,

. , : , , (Oppenheim, 1964; Smith, 1974, 1993b). , , , , . ( .) (20001780 . . .)3 , (Sia), . , , . (ba), (Smith, 1990b). , . (Zabkar, 1968) , , , , , . ... (. 113), : , ... (. 56). , . . , , (Kuo & Lam, 1968; Maspero, 1978; Granet; 1975, 1922). , , . . , . ,

3 . ., (. BCE, Before Common Era), . ., (. BC Before Christ); , . ., , (. . A. D., Anno Domini). .

2.

29

. , , , , , . (= ) . , (xinli xue) (Petzold, 1987). , . , , (Yue, 1994; Petzold, 1994). , , (Kuo, 1976). , . (Maruyama, 1974; Watanabe, 1974), , . , , (Kojima, 1984). . , , , , ( , ). , , , , , , , , , , , . , , (Smith, 1989). . , , , 5700 . , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , ,

, (Bhawe, 1960). ( .) . . , . : . , , , ( ), , . , , . (Florens Denmark, 1980) , (psyche) (soul) (spirit) . , , /psuche ( /psyche) . , , , . . . , , . (Smith, 1989): (Kardia), , . (Menos), , . , mind (, ) . (Frenes), , , . , , (awe), , . , frenetic (, ), frantic (, ), frenzy (, ) schizophrenia ( )*.

* , , . . .

30

I.

, , . (fren) 350 , , , . ( ) (noos, nous) . (appreciation) , , , . , , , (the first grade of actuality of a natural body (Aristotle, De Anima, 412, 30))4*. (Thumos) , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , . , VIII . . ., ( , (Tain Bo Cuange), **, , ) , , , . (Sawol), soul (), , (Smith, 1989). , , ( 2818) . ( 184, 2422, 2820) ( 1742). ( 801), , , , ( 1406, 3303). , (life's gore, sawuldriore,4

2693). , () , ; () () . , . (nefesh) ( , , ), , (living being) (acting being) (Murtonen, 1958).

: . , , (graikoi), . , 600 . . . () 323 . . . , , . , , , , . , 96 ( ) , . , , , , , . VIV . . . (Leucippos, fl. 440) (460 370 . . .) , , . , , . (469399 . . .). V . . . , , . , ,

Smith (1974). * : ... ... (. . . 1 / . . . . ., , 1976. . 395.) . . . ** . . .

2.

31

, . (), , . , , , , , , . , , . , (, 99, . . )5. , , , , ( , 99) . , , . , , , , , . , , , ( : ... , , 99). , IV . . . , . , . , , , . , , . XXI . , , , , , , , , . , . (427347 . . .). 5

, . , . , , . . , , 6. , , . , (doer), , . : , . . , . , . , , , , . . ( , Leahey, 1987). , , . , . , . , (.: ) , , , .

(Henri Estienne), 1578 ., , , . . 6 , . Kantor (1963); Smith (1993b).

32

I.

, , , , , ( : , , , , , 114). . , (immortality, persistence and transmigration) (Kantor, 1963) (Green, 1990). , , (recollection). , . , . , , , , , , (Kantor, 1981a). , , (Cairns, 1961).

, , , , , . (384322 . . .). . , , , , , . (Everson, 1997). , , , . , (Kantor, 1963; Randall, 1960; Shute, 1944; Smith, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1993b; Tolman, 1994)7. 8, , (De Anima, 412, 2829)9 ,

. 2.1. . (De Anima), . (De Sensu) Parva Naturalia, VIII IX (Historia Animalium). (Bekker) , 18311870 . : ( , 412, 31) : 412, , 31 . , , . , , . , , , , , , , : (Shute, 1944), 5 (Randall, 1960) 9 (Kantor, 1963). 8 psuche (soul), , , , , . 9 . , . ; , , (Everson, 1997).7

2.

33

. . 2.1 ( , ) . , , , , , , . , . ; , . . . , , , , , , (De Anima, 41825; De Sensu, 43640). , (Everson, 1997). , . , , () , () () , , (Smith, 1971, 1983). , , . [ ] , (De Anima, 425b, 2627), , , (De Anima, 420, 1920). , , . , , . , . , . , (De Anima, 418, 2024),

, , . (De Anima, 428434) . , , , . , . , , , , ( ), . , . , , , , (figure), , (indirect) , , , , . . , detachment) (Kantor, 1963; Randall, 1960). , . , , . , , , , . , , , (generalities), , , . , , , ; , , , . , 10, . , , , (De Anima, 429b, 33) , o (De Anima, 431b, ff.) , (nousing). (remembering and recollecting), , , (dreaming), , ,

10 (mind), . , . . .

2

34

I.

, , , (), , , , , (respiraton), , (locomotion), . . , , , . , IV . . . , , . , , , . (Sorabji) , , , , "" (Sorabji, 1972). (Modrak, 1987) , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , (Everson, 1997). . , , . , , , , , , . , ,

(. . 27), . , IV . . . , , , .

. , 323 . . . , 30 . . . (323146) , , , ( ), . 404 . . . (356323 . . .). (399 . . .). , , () (), . , , . , , . , , , . , , (Green, 1990). , , : , , (domestic) , . ,

2.

35

. , . , , , , , , , (Rostovtsev, 19381939, . 16). , , , . , , . , , : , ( ), . , . . , , . () , . ( / cynics11, : ), , , . , . , . ( , , .) , , , , , . 11

, . , , . , . ; . (stoics), stoa () porch () , , . , . , ( ), , , , , . (reason), . , . , , , , , , , , . . . , . ( ), . , , . , , . , , , . . , , , . . , . , , .

(cynics) ( kunikos kuvikos), , , , ( , k , s, ) , , ( , Y).2*

36

I.

, . (Hegesias), , , , , . , , . ( , 340270 . . .) , , . , . , . , , , . , . , IVIII . . . , , , , . , , , , . . . , . , . , . , . , , , , . , , . ( , , ) , . , , ,

, . (310230 . . .), , , , . ( ) , . , (Sarton, 1959). , (Singer, 1959). , . (275195 . . .) . , , , . (. 300 . . .), , ; (287212 . . .), , (III . . .), ; , . , , , . . , . , , , . , , . . , , . , . , , , . ,

2.

37

(Green, 1990). . , (Green, 1990). . . , , , . , , (ublicani) (Green 1990). , , : ; , , . , . , , . , , . ; , . , (Graeculus), : , , ; , ... (Rostovtsev, 193839, . 1819). . 223 . . ., , . 200 150 . ( : 100 000 ), 296 . (Green, 1990). , , . , 75% . 136131 . 104101 . . .

. , , , , , 133 ., . ( ) , . 121 . , . , , . , , . , (Angus, 1975). . , , . . , . . , , , . . * (underlying) . . , , , . II . . . (, Thrax) , . , , , . . , , , . . ,

* scholars , . . .

38

I.

, , , ( ), , . , , : , . , , , , (Randall, 1970a). . , , , , (Kantor, 1963). . 146 30 . . (Actium), . , . , , . ; . , (Murray, 1955; Rostovtsev (ff), 1957). , . , . , , . ( , , ) , . V . . . , , . (Tyche), .

, , , . : , , , , , . . , . , . , ; ( ); ( ) . , ( JHWH, ), , ( ), ( ) . , , , , , ( , ). , , , . . , (Brandon. 1963, 1969; Eliade, 1954, Haydon, 1967; James, 1960, 1961, Turcan, 1996). , , , ( , ) , , , . , , . , , .

2.

39

: . (ax Romana) , . , , , . , , . (284305), (Barnes, 1965). , , , , . , , , , , (Randall, 1970a). , , (Kantor, 1963). , , , (Randall, 1970a). , , , , , (syche), . , , , I . . . (658 . . .), , . (9555 . . .), , , , . , , , . . (mind):

a , , , , . , , , . (Lucretius, 1951, III, 178 80 / , 1958, III, 170176, . . . ) , , , , . , : . , , , , . , , , . , . , , . , . . IIVIII . , , . , , , . , , , . , () . , .

40

I.

(Kantor, 1963). III , , . , , , . , , . , . . IV . ( 394 .) . , , ; . , . , , , . , (. . 51), . , , : , , , , , (Kantor, 1963 p. 236). . , , , , , , , , , . . ? ? ? ? ? , , ? . , .

, , , . , . III . . . , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , . . . , , , ; , , . , , , , , , . : , , .

. , , (Smith, 1990a). , ( ). , , , , ; . ,

2.

41

(, 10.33.23). ; (10.129.4). , , , ; , , . . , . (non world), , . . , , , ? (Who?) . . , . , (the Ultimate). , , , . ( ) , ; . , (the All). , . . . . , , . . . . , , . . , ( , , (Chhandogya U. 6.8.6, 6.9.4, 6.10.13, )). , , . , (undemonstrable). ,

, . , . ; . , , , , , , . . , . , , , . , (Mundaki Up., 2.2.1) (Kena Up., 3) (Kena Up., 11). . , , , , , . , , , , , . (, , (mind)) , , . , 600 200 . . . , , . , , (mental). , , , , . . , , . , , . , . . , .

42

I.

, . , , , . , , , . , . () , . , ? , , . , , , . , . , , . . , , , , , . , , , . (). , , . . . 2.2 .

, . , , , ,

, . , , , . , . , (31 . . 14 . .) , , . . (6312) , . ( I . . .), , , . (131200), , , , . , . , 37 , , (23 79). (11627 . . .) , . . , , , . , , , . , , , (Barnes, 1965). , , , . . ,

2.

43

. 2.2. ** . ; , .

44

I.

. , . . , (One), . (204270), , , . , . 243 . , (Gordian). (233304), , (orhyry, 1934, ar. 23). , . , , , . (sensory events), , , . . , , , . , , () , , , , (. . 2.3). . . , , (), , , (Mind). , , , ( ) , . , , , . , . (. 8). .

, , . , , (orhyry, ar. 2). , . , , () , , , , . . , . , ( ) (. 3), . . , , , , . . , , , , . , , , . . . .., , (Barnes, 1965). , (. ) . 235 . , . , , . , . , . , 313 . . (Theodosius), (375 395) (392395) , , .

2.

45

. 2.3. . ,

, . (354430). , V . IVV . . ; . ; . , , , , , . , , 476 . 529 ., , , , . . , . .

, , , , . . (mind) (. . 2.4). , . . , . , (Barnes, 1965) , . , . . , ( ). , , , XIII . . , , . , , . (480524), , , . , (Theodoric), , . , . , . 430 . (Caella) . : , , , , , . ( , ), , (Master of Arts) . (VI .), (V),

46

I.

. 2.4. ( )

, . (490580) . (673735) ( . . . .), (Dionysius Exiguus, . . 545 .). (560636) , , VIIIIX . , . (Donatus, IV .) . , , (810880), , . . , , , . IX . , XII ., , . , , . , , , , , . , . IX X . , () (Bautier, 1971).

, . , 500 1000 ., . . , , , , , , . IX ., XII . (Barnes, 1965). VIII IX . , XI . . , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , . (, , .) . , . IX . , 1088 . . 1200 .; . , , , , . , , , , . (mind) (soul).

2.

47

, , . psuche/psyche . 2.5. ( , , ) . psyche, II . . ., (soul) IX . . ., (mind) XII . ( psyche). , (I have a mind to take a walk), , (kee in mind) .

( ): (have a mind of), . , , men , . mens , . XII . . , , . , , , , , , .

. 2.5. psuche/psyche soul () mind ()* , , , . ( ) . , , , , , , . ., . . .

48

I.

, *. . , , , , , , , . , , , 12. , , , , 750 . , . , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , . ( , . . 850; (Abu l wafa) . 998; (Ibn Yunus), . 1009; (Omar Khayyam), . 1124; (Nazir al Din), . 1274); ( (al Battani)), ; ( (Rhazes), . 924), ( ), ( (al Hazen), 9651039; (Kamal ad DIn), . 1320); ( ; (al Balkhi), . 934; , . 957; (al Maqdisi), X .), (; , . 994; /, 980 1037; / (Ibn Zuhr/Avenzoar), 1113 1162; , . 1369; (Masawaih al Mardini), . 1015 ( / (Abu l Qasim/Abulcsis), . 1013). , ; , , , . 12

, . . (Moorish Sain) , . . , . , , . , , , . () 1085 ., . 1492 . , , , . , , , . , . (1193 12061280) , , . ( , 11261198) , . 1209 . (Council of aris) , 1212 . , . (12251274), , ,

, , . , , , , , . , , , , , . . , . , , , , , . , , , , .

2.

49

(reason) . . . . , . , , , . , , , . , , , ( ), , , ; (12141294); / (Witelo/Vittelo, . 1270), . . : . ; XVI (1473 1543), , . , . 1600 . (15641642) , , , (non Hellenic Aristotle) , . , , ; , . 1616 . , .

, , 1601 . . , , ; , , , , , , , , , (Il Saggiatore, 1624). , . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , (. ), , (. 3). , (. 12), (. 10), (. 13) (. 13), , . XVI . (15141564) , (15401603) , . (14941549) , , . , , , , *. XVII , . (15711630) ; (15781657)

* De Anima et Vita . , o , , . , . . . .

50

I.

, , ; (16271695) . (16291691) , . (16421727) , . . , , . , , , . , . , , (. 10), ( 13) . XVIII . (17061790) . , ( , ). (17431794) , . (17341815) , , , , , , , . (Barnes, 1965) : , ; . , 16001800 ., , , .

; , . , , , . , . , , , , (gentlemen scholars). , , . , . , , . XVIII . . , . . , . , , , , . , (Kantor, 1969). , . (17451826) . XIX . (1834 1907) (Julius Meyer, 1830 1895) , , . , , , , .

2.

51

(18091892), . , (18001882). , , , , , () , , . , . , . , , ; , XVII , , , . , , . XIX . , . / . , , XVII , IV . (. . 40) , I . , (15961650) . , () (unextended) ( ), (). (sirits), , , . , , . , .

. , , , , ? , . , , ? , () , . , . ( , , , .) , , , . ( , 16231677), , , , , , , , , . . , , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , (1646 1716) . , , , , , , . , , , , . . , ( ),

52

I.

, . , , , , . () , , ; , , . , , , , . (16231704), , , , ; ( , ). , ( ) . (reflection) . , , , , , , , : , , , . , (1685 1753) , , , . , . , , (ackages) . , . , , . , , , . (. . 41) . : ; : ,

, , . (17111776) , , . , , , ( ) . (mental gravity), . ( ) (mental sensations). , , , . , . , , , , ( ). , . , , /, , , , , , . , , (16791754), . , , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , () , . , ,

2.

53

, , . (), . , . , . , , . : () ( ); () , , / () . , . (. 12). , , , , . , , () ( ); () ; () , . , . , , , . (17981857), () , ; () ( ), , . , , , . , , , . , (18381916), , ,

, , , ( ). , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , , (. 3) (. 4). () , . , , , . , , ( ) , 13 . . , XVIII , , : . , , , , , . (17091751) , (an assemlage of srings) , , ... ... (La Mettrie, 1912/1748). , , .

13 (empirical) , , (exeriential), .

54

I.

. , , . , , , . , , (17571805), , , , (, ) . , . , . , (emergentism), , (. emerges) . () , , (17421804), , . , . ( ). , , , , , , . . , . () ( , ). ,

, , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . . , , . , , . , . , , , , , , : . , (. 3), , , , . . 2.1 . , , . 2.1

: , : , , MB MB

M (mind) /, B (body) . . .

2.

55

, , . , , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , . . (= ) () , . , , , . , , , . , , XX . . . XIX , . (17741842) (17831855) . , ( ) . (: , experiences), . , (18011858), , , .

. , () . , . , , , , , . , , , . , . , (18211894), : ; , , . , , , . , . , , : .

: . , (17951878). , , . , , . , 40 , 39 , 20 19,5 . , 1/40. 1/300. , , . . , ,

56

I.

, , . , , , , , , , . , , . (18011887), , . , . . , , (sensation), , . . , . . , . , , (mental unit). , , , . , , , . : . (1832 1920). , , . , , , .

, , (1818 1889), , ( ), . ; . , . , , , 14. , , , (outworks) . , , . , , , , , . . , , , , . , , . , . , , , ; . , , , , . . , (apperceives)

14 consciousness () cum/com /, scio . Conscio ( ), : .... , conscienta , conscience (). , , , . , . XVII , (.: Lewis, 1960; Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Principles, 1955).

2.

57

. , , Volkersychologie ( ), , , . , , . . , , , , . , . . (1850 1909) , , . , , ( ), . , , , , . () , ; () () () . , , , . , , , . . , (1862 1915), , , , , . , ,

() . , (18791964) , , , (18711964) , . . , (18671927), , (17731836). , , , , . , , . ( , (18061873), , , , , .) , . (elementary sensations), ( ). , . , , (contiguity). , , . , . . , . (1969, . 301) : , , , (stimulus objects)? , , , , , , , . ,

58

I.

, , , , , . . (18421910), , , . , , . , . , . , . , , , . , , , . ( , 13.) , , , (fly wheels), . , . , , (cognitions), . (18591952) , . , : , , , . . , : (Dewey, 1896). (University of Chicago): ,

(18691949), . : () ( ) ; () , , , , () , . , , . (18731954), , , , , , . , , , . , (exeriences) . , , . (18691962) , . : S R ( ), , . ( S) (R). , (drive), . , , , , , , , . ., , () (. ). (18741949), , , (reason), . , . , , . , , ,

2.

59

(vigor) . SR . ( . connection ). . . . , , , . . (18291905) , . , , . (18871927) , , . , , . (18571927) , (18781958). , . , . , , . , . (Watson, 1913) , (. 174). , , . , , , , (Watson, 1919). , , .

, . , . . . , , . , : () ; () (, , ) ; () () , , . SR . , (inut), , (outut). , . (Natalicio), (Smith and Guthrie, 1921), , , , (. 3). : , . , . (18841952). , (drive state) , , . () (18861959) , , , . , , . ,

60

I.

///, . (18861959) , , . . . (19041990) (. 6). 1930 1950 ., , . . , . , () ; () , , , ; () . () , , () , . , . , , , , , , , , (Kantor, 1969). , , , . , , , , , (. 3), . , , , . ( (ictures),

, , . .). , () , () (de terminers) () , . . 1930 1950 . , , , . , . , , . , . , (Jenkins, 1993). . , , , (18671940), . , ( ), , , (Woodbridge, 1909, . 368). , , (unity) , . , ( ), , (Zing Yang Kuo, 18981940). , , . , , . (. 13). . . (18881984) () , (. 10),

2.

61

(interbehaviors), , , , . . , . , , (articiating conditions), , . (19041979), , ( ) , (. 13, 3). (. 11) , . . . (mental) , . , , . (. 13) . (. 9) . , , . , 15, , , . , , , , , . . ,

( , 4). , , , , , ( . . ) ( ). , , , , . , , , , , . , (, ) . , , , . . (18871967) . , . , , , : . . , , . , . (18901947) . , . (. 4) , . (. 7), (. 13) ( ) .

.

15 , , , .

62

I.

, , , . , , . , . . (), ; . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , ( ), . , XIX 50 60 . XX , , /// , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , ( ,

). (. 5), , , , , . (. 4) (self). (. 8) , , , . , , . , , . , , (. . ). , . , , IV . . ., . , . , , , . , , . , . , . , . , ? , ( )? ,

2.

63

, ? ? , ? ?

( ) . , 16 , . , . , (), .

. , , , . , , . , , (original) , : , , , , , ... , , . , , , , , , , , . . , . , , , (Ebel, 1974; Kantor, 1957, 1962; Lichtenstein, 1984; Observer, 1983). . , (believing), , , , , , . , ; , . , , (Bem & Looren de Jong, 1997), .

. ( ) . . , , . , , () . , , . , ? ? (osner & Rachel, 1994, . 24). , , . , . (Bornstein, 1988), (unobservables) . , , . , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , ? , . ? , ; , . , , . (construct of causality), , ,

64

I.

. , , , , . , . , ( ), , . , . , . () , , , , . , , . , , . , . , , , . , , . . , (Kantor, 1979), , . , , . , , , (. . 80). , , , ; , , (Kantor, 1938, 1973). , () (inferential) ,

(Clark & aivio, 1989). , , , , (. 510). , , . , (. 510)16. ? , , , ? (Kantor 1981b) , , (. 6), . (Lichtenstein, 1984): , , , . , , . , , , () . , , , , . , , [ ], (. 471). . , , : . ,

16 , , (. 3).

2.

65

. VIV . . . , , , , . , . XX , . , (historical) , , , . , , , . , (. . 7377). (Estes, 1989) , , , (). , , . , . , . , , ; , . , . , , , , , ( ) . . , . , (stimulus condition), , , (body condition)

, . , , , . , , 17. (Kantor, 1957), (Tolman, 1936) , , (impressions) . : , . : , (intervening) , (suervening) . , , , (extravening) (setting factors) []. , , , , , , (Kantor, 1957, . 59). (Marr, 1983) , : ... , . , . , ... , ... (. 13).

17 . , , , , , , .

3

66

I.

, . , , , , (Wasserman, 1983, . 8). , . , , , . , . (Lewin, 1951) (. 7), (. 13) ( ), : B = f(P, E), B = , P = , E = ( ). P (mind) , , , (B) (P), (B). , (P) (E). , . (Mahoney, 1977) , (: ), , . , . (Bandura, 1989) (triadic recirocal causation), , (: ) . . , , . S O R , , ( ) . , , ( ), , . , ,

, (cognized), , (Gergen, 1985, . 269). . , , , , , . , , ( , , ), , . ( , , Q , , . .) , , , , . , . , . , , (Kantor, 1957), (. 59). ( ) , , , . , () , () ( , ) () , . ( ) , , . , , (Kantor, 1983), . , , . , , , , (1957, . 59). . ,

2.

67

? , (Kantor, 1957, 1978, 1981b), , . . (. 8) , , , , . , , , , . . , . , , . , , , . , . , ; . , (interretive) ; . (intelligence), . (corrigible) . , , (. . 7577). , . (. . 80). .3*

(. . 80). , , , . ? , , . ( ). (Barber, 1981), , , , , : , , . . , , . , . , , . , . : , (MacCorquodale & Meehl, 1951). , , , . (Ebel, 1974) , . , , , , , . () . : (And Still the Dryads Linger) , . , , . . , , , , . , , , , ,

68

I.

, . , , , . , . . , . (. 491). , , . , , , , ( ). , , , . , , , , , . , . . . . . , (). (refers) , . , , , . . , , , . , , , , , (. Cole, 1983). , , , .

, , , (. 8), , , (Manicus & Secord, 1983). , , (multilayered acts of people), , , , , , , . ,