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Linux .....................................................12 Linux , , .

WIFIWI-FI ...........21 Wi-Fi o oad, .

SQLMICROSOFT SQL SERVER 2012: ................................................26 , - Microsoft SQL Server 2012, .

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VOLVO CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT: 180 ! .......................72 Volvo - - : , .

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3 06 2012

TOOLSTabletsCHANGE OF POLES ..........................................4The main news in the eld of tablets become peculiarities of their application in corporate segment, certainly due to constant growth of their technical characteristics.

LinuxNEW HORIZONS .............................................12On Linux fronts we see the same tendencies as in tablet segment not forgetting about individual users developers move accent on the interests of corporations.

WI-FIWI-FI WILL CHANGE APPEARANCE OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION .........................................21In the networks of next generation Wi-Fi will be not only a mobile o oad, but also a platform for innovative services.

SQLMICROSOFT SQL SERVER 2012: FIRST IMPRESSIONS ......................................26Impressions of users which used for solution of practical tasks new version of DBMS Microsoft SQL Server 2012, which o cial release has been planned on the rst half of this year.

WindowsWINDOWS 8 FOR PC AND TABLETS WILL APPEAR IN OCTOBER ....................................31Corporation Microsoft is at the nal stage of development of Windows 8, which will be nished by summer and will be oriented for application both with traditional PCs and with tablets. Ready solutions will enter the market in October this year.

MATERIALSMAGIC OF NATURAL LIGHTING ....................34During designing and building of side chambers in unheated premises, designers can allow fancy to play round and refuse from

traditional methods of glazing and use modern solutions allowing to use natural lighting more effectively.

METHODOLOGY OF DESIGNINGDEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTIONS AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OFPARAMETERS OF FERROALLOY FURNACES (historical and technical overview) ...................37Shkirmontov A.P.Constant growth of manufacture of quality and heavily alloyed steel causes necessity of increase of production of ferroalloys and consequently effective usage of operating ferroalloy furnaces and also developments and exploration of new, more energy-efficient ferroalloy aggregates. On the basis of experience of exploitation from the first industrial ferroalloy furnaces to modern aggregates and results of researches, various technical solutions and constructions of furnaces, including with round, square and triangular and other types of baths, have been considered. It is shown that increase of the power of furnaces is accompanied by reduction of active resistance of furnaces bath which worsens energy and technological parameters of ferroalloy aggregate. Variants of various developments for improvement of exploitation parameters have been stated. Furnaces with round, square and hollow self-baking electrodes and furnaces operating on industrial frequency alternative current, on under frequency and direct current have been considered. Comparison of parameters of direct current plasma furnace with hollow electrode and common alternative current ferroalloy furnace has been given.Key words: ferroalloys, ferroalloy furnace, electrodes, furnaces bath, dc furnace, plasma furnace.

HISTORY OF ENGINEERINGVOLVO CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT: 180 YEARS SINCE THE DAY OF FOUNDATION! ..........................................72Throughout the history Volvo improves its production and remains faithful to its foundational principles of quality, safety and environmental protection.

ontents

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06 2012

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06 2012

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17

06 2012

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18

06 2012

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19

06 2012

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20

06 2012

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[email protected] (499) 346-2073, : (495) 749-2164, 211-5418, 749-4273.

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21

06 2012

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22

06 2012

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, - , Wi-Fi - , - MWC 2011. Wi-Fi (- offload) - . , 3G/4G/Wi-Fi -, - .

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23

06 2012

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24

06 2012

- ; - , Wi-Fi ; - Wi-Fi - .

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25

06 2012

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27

06 2012

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28

06 2012

2010 . 2011-. , - . -, , - - , .

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29

06 2012

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30

06 2012

,

[email protected] (499) 346-2073, : (495) 749-2164, 211-5418, 749-4273.

http://glavenergo.panor.ru

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06 2012

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33

06 2012

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06 2012

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120 80 0

90 82 40

- 100 86 20

60 82 0-

4-

240 90 20

Suntuf

-

120 90 0

37

06 2012

-. 1899 . . -

- [1]. . , 1906 . - . - 225 -

669.168.3:621.365.2

(- )

.., . . ,

127015, , , . 14, . 2. .(495)664-27-46 E-mail: [email protected]

, , - , , . - - , , , - . , - , -. . - , , , , . - . : , , , , , .

DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTIONS AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OFPARAMETERS OF FERROALLOY FURNACES (historical and technical analytical overview)Constant growth of manufacture of quality and heavily alloyed steel causes necessity of increase of production of ferroalloys and consequently effective usage of operating ferroalloy furnaces and also developments and exploration of new, more energy-efficient ferroalloy aggregates. On the basis of experience of exploitation from the first industrial ferroalloy furnaces to modern aggregates and results of researches, various technical solutions and constructions of furnaces, including with round, square and triangular and other types of baths, have been considered. It is shown that increase of the power of furnaces is accompanied by reduction of active resistance of furnaces bath which worsens energy and technological parameters of ferroalloy aggregate. Variants of various developments for improvement of exploitation parameters have been stated. Furnaces with round, square and hollow self-baking electrodes and furnaces operating on industrial frequency alternative current, on under frequency and direct current have been considered. Comparison of parameters of direct current plasma furnace with hollow electrode and common alternative current ferroalloy furnace has been given.Key words: ferroalloys, ferroalloy furnace, electrodes, furnaces bath, dc furnace, plasma furnace.

38

06 2012

14 8 .

- 1910 . . . - - , - , . - - . ., - . ., . . . . [2].

XIX XX - - , . - - , - : -, (1025% Mn), - (915% Si) -. , - . - .

- - , - . - . . . - 35 - . - 1908 . 1910 . . , -, , - . .

: , - , - . -: , - , , -

, , -. -, - , , . , , - - . 560 , , , 1909 . , . 50 - -. - 5 , . , -.

- - (. . . , ). - , -. ( -). - , - [3,4]. - 400400 200200 . - - .

-:

, 6080 , 67

(-), 3040 , 25

(I/U) 185. - - . 18001800 . - . - : 13001300 (),

39

06 2012

10001000 () 1550 . - 2,05 . . - - . - - , - . - . : ( ), . .

12 1910 . 19 1910 , - - . - , , -, [4]. 2229% 4160%. - - 1,31,9 /c 50%- - 34 / 25%- -. 25%- 3100, 50%- 5500 /. 255280 .

- -. 24 1910 . - 63,5%. - . 23 . -

, , , - . : 6065% Cr; 5,56,0% ; 3,0 7,5% Si. 280320 - . - - . 1918 . . 1926 . - - - -, . 1931 - - - - .

1926 . , -, , - , , . - . ., . ., . ., . ., - . . 19301931 . - - .

1939 . - , - , - 750 - 25 - 375 / [4]. - . - . 1. - 400400 - 600 - -. - (. 1 ).

1925 . - - - . - - () . -

. 1. ( 1930- ; 19401950- ):1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4

40

06 2012

. - , - - , . - 1928 . - - . , - - - 550 . 1200 : - 820820 15001500 [5]. , - - -, - . - . . . () . - . . 1930 . () - [6]. 1930 . - -

(. 2). - - 1125 ASEA, . , :

3080; 1400; 1000. -

400400 2000 . - 400400 , 500 . - -. 900 2 . - 440 , 500 . 60100 10 . 57 . I/U = 83117. 60 - . - - 6281%. - (8081%) - - . 2250 / - 50,4% n. -

. 2. 1125

41

06 2012

, . - 72,4%, 61%. - 60 . - 9001000 - - . -, - - .

, - - , 19281929 - - - - . . , -; . , ; . -, , - , , - [7].

7 1930 ., . - . 25 1931 . 1 . - - 7,8 , - , .

- , - - (. 3). . - 130 [1].

1300 . - 1300 . - , .

- - 1933 . - 7,5 -, . - 30 . . - - (. 4). 1100 [3], - -. - - -. -

. 3.

. 4.

. 5. ,

42

06 2012

1934 1935 . - . - - - . 129141 33 ( I/U = 234256). 10,3 . - 126 120 - 40 ( I/U = 318333).

- ( - ). 1934 . , , - 13 , . - , (. 5). 1600 .

- , - , -. , - 3,85 , - 230250 2856 , - 0,830,85 [8].

, - , , -, , - 1920- . - , , - . - 1016 , -, -. - -. . - 56 . -

( - ). -. , -, . . - , - 100 . - 1 100 . - .

, 45%- , - 57 - 230 , I/U = 4107. 19361938 . ( - . A.) - 90 130 , [9,10]. , - , - 32,3%, . - . 1.

1 [7]

--

-

--

, h/d 0,029 0,078

, 3850 3850

-, 56,0 90,0

- (I/U) 4107 1444

, 35,8 83,8

, 0,156 0,645

, % 310,8

, 8234 10894

, % 32,3

0,770 0,970

0,830 0,960

-, / 145 192

43

06 2012

57 , 45%- -. 75%- - , - - . - - 75%- , - . - - .

- . - , - -. , 1941 ., - [6, 7] . 2.

- , - - , , - -. , - . - - . (-) - . , ,

.

1941 ., . , . 1943 1944 . - . - 1946 . - - . . -. - -. - , - -. , - - - - , , - .

1940 . - 5 , 1958 . 7 , 1965 . 10 [11]. - - - : (-

); (-

, , , -

2 1941 .

/ , 7,35 7,50 7,8 9,0 10,0 13,0 13,0

1 , 750 1100 900 1000 900 3850 3850

2 , 30 33 31 36 39 230 130

3 , 140 145 129/141 130 148 56 90

4 0,94 0,90 0,88 0,90 0,80 0,83 0,96

5 , 4200 7800 3000

4880 4900 4900 5300 5300

6 FeSi FeMn,SiMn, FeSi

SiCr, FeSi, Fer

FeSi FeSi FeSi FeSi SiCr

44

06 2012

.) ;

- (, );

( ) -.

1960 . [8]. , -

- - . , - 25- - [12], - . - - , - : , ; -

: .

- ( ), - (. 69). - - - - . , [56] , - - , - , - . - -, : - - (. 7) - - - - (. 10). ( -48, -63, -80)

- , - - . - . - - - .

, 1960- - :

, - , -

. 6.

. 7. - - - - -

. 8. - -

. 9. - - -

. 10. - ()

45

06 2012

- , ;

- -;

.

.

-

, - - 3035%. 65% - -. , , 10,5 105 .

- , . 16,5 016,5 ( ), -16,5 ( ) 170210 56 59 , I/U = 329347; (cos ) 0,84 [8]. - , - cos - . -16,5 9 - - - - - () [13], - - . - 2127 29 .

- -33 - 40 (31,7 ).

- () - 2527 . - 231 82,6 , I/U = 358. cos 0,96 [14], cos 0,669 [15].

-63 - 81 (59,5 ) (5060 ) -: 257 , - 142 , I/U = 552, cos 0,94 [14], cos. =0,614 [15].

105 - . - 75 (45 ); - 25 ; 140 . - - , - - , - - [16]. -, 105 (50 ). - 160 [17], cos 0,600 0,476. - , - - 69 .

, , - , - [18]. -

3

[19]

,

,

- ( -

-)

- ( - -

)

7,5 900 2,56 2,23

10,5 1000 2,50 2,18

13,5 1100 2,46 2,14

16,5 1200 2,42 2,10

24,0 1400 2,71 2,26

40,0 1500 2,60 2,26

75,0 1800 2,48 2,16

81,0 1900 2,84 2,47

46

06 2012

- . - - (. 3).

- 2,16 2,47 d (- ). , - , , - , 0,60,7. , - 40% - 11%.

, , -, , 1012 ; 2430 [20].

- - 0,900,92 . - , - -. - -. - -, - [21].

- - , - - - .

-

. - 89 1 . - 11,1522,5 6381 . - 11,15 (

) , . - 139143 , 45 , cos = 0,79 [15, 22]. I/U = 315323.

- 12,8 144 , - 40 , cos = 0,78 [8]. - I/U = 278.

- . -16,5 - 168185 53,455 . , - , , -, 0,840,85 [15, 23]. - I/U = 298323.

- -48/63 -80. -48/63 - 21 . , -. , - , - . . - 112 . - - 53,4 [14], - - 0,68 0,92. - 193223,5 90 . I/U = 403466. - - (145210 ), (100 ) [24]. I/U = 477690.

- , - [25]. - 18 . - 150 , - 36 , - : 0,93. -

47

06 2012

I/U = 240. 120 1 /144 - . - . - 2,18 d, - 1,84 d. , , - - .

Union Carbide Canada ( ) - - 72 [26]. 24 - (54 ). 133 . 32 ( 5 ). - 180320 104196 . I/U = 467 . cos = 0,4890,502, cos = 0,90. , 800 - . - 2000 - .

- - - 81 (- 75 ) [27]. - - 27 - 54 . - 2000 - 160 . - -: 180290 -; 290340 . - , - -, 0,92. - . 4.

- , -, , , - . -

, - 2000 . , 1 2 - , - -16,5 -63 (45 ) - 500 440 [29], - , -, 730750 . -, -, , - - .

- ( 1012%) -16,5, 1,0 1,41 d.

, - , , - -, , - - cos . - , - . -, , 1012 [31], 6 . - - 1316 , 2430 .

- 18 - , - - . - - - 3540 - 4550 - [31]. , -

48

06 2012

4

,

d

,

,

7,5

FeM

n, S

iMn

311

00

1,91

1,14

0,8

678

00

3000

[8]

10,

0Si

Mn

394

02,

612,

270,

8049

00 [2

3]

11,

15Fe

Mn

, SiM

n3

1000

2,

201,

100

,95

7600

29

00 [8

]

12,

8Fe

Mn

310

002,

502,

180,

8552

00 [8

]

16,5

SiM

n3

1200

2,58

2,25

1,0

6700

[22]

18

FeM

n6

950

4,17

2,18

1

,84

1,04

7900

[28]

38,5

Fe

Mn

317

002,

882,

521,

1510

500

[28]

48/6

3Si

Mn

,Fe

Mn

6

2800

65

030

00

750

3200

85

0

2,17

2

,12*

1,01

*20

300

62

0022

600

8200

2040

071

00 [1

4, 2

7, 2

9]

72

FeM

n3

1900

2,84

2,47

1,26

1210

0 [3

0]

81

FeM

n3

2000

2,82

2,44

1,41

1330

0 [2

2, 2

7]

*

.

49

06 2012

-48/63 - .

-

. , - - - - . 7,5105 - 900 18002000 , . . 2,02,2 . 3237 160 , . . 4,35,0 . , 130155 257 1,661,98 . -, (-) - , - - - , - 0,480,50 . - , .

- - , - - . , [32] - [33,34] - : U = C P n, (1)

: U , ; C ; P , ; n , 0,250,33.

, - : U = P/I, : I , , - (1), - -

, (2):

I = 1/ P 1-n. (2) , -

- n = 0,33 n = 0,25 - .

(1) (2) :

R = C 2 P k, (3)

: R - ;

k (k = 2n 1).

, - n, : (0,250,33) (2n 1), - , , [32]. - - - -, (3). - [35] - . 11. ,

. 11.

y = 6933,8 x-1,19R2 = 0,886

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100

,

,

50

06 2012

, : - . - , - - - , - .

- , - [36]. - 16,520 I/U 300350, 40 - 400. - - 7581 I/U > 500, , .

86- - , -, - - (. 12). - :

, ( ) - , . - , - , . - 8 12- . .

950 ( 10,5 ) 2000 ( 81 ) - 3 5,28 16,02 . - [37] - - (. 13). - 23002400 - 18 .

3850 [38]. : - . , - 2280 , 100 .

. 12.

y = 468 ,3 x0,31

R 2 = 0,925

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 25 50 75 100 125

,

,

R 2 = 0,959

y = 0,0095 x - 3,85

2

6

10

14

18

800 1100 1400 1700 2000 2300 ,

,

. 13.

51

06 2012

2500 , - - [8], - .

- , : - , - 1000 - , - (. 14).

- 1 . . 1 . . , - . 950 19002000 5,7 9,210,6% [37]. 1 . . , - (. 15).

- - , - - . - - . , - , -

- .

, [38], , -

. 16.

. 14. 1000

R 2 = 0,946

y = 1828 x-0,52

100

200

300

400

500

600

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85

,

,

1000

y = 0,42 x - 355 ,61R 2 = 0,952

y = 0,0006 x2,09

R 2 = 0,998

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

800 1100 1400 1700 2000 2300

,

1

.

.

,

y = 0,80 e0,0021 x

R 2 = 0,985

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 ,

,

. 15. 1 . .

52

06 2012

(. 16). 1200 (16,5 ) 6,2 , - 1500 (40 ) - 2,7 16,7 . 19002000 (81 ) - 4453 , . . 7,18,6 , - 16,5 1200 . 81 132159 [39]. , - . - - 2000 . [27], - 12002400 2,5 ; - 10 , - 1 - 1520 .

, , - - , , - . - - - , - [40, 41]. , - ( - I/U), , . , 45%- - 2,18 4,56,0 - , - - 2,222,60 , - .

. - - -, - - - .

, -

- -, - .

, . (, - ) - , - [42]. - - , [43]. - - , - , , . - (Sh) :

Sh = cos , (4)

: - ;

cos ; ; ;

. , -

-, - , -.

53

06 2012

- [44], [45]. - .

- - - 1. 0,750,80 (. 17). -, -33 33 ( 40 ) = 0,825, -63 ( - 81 ) = 0,778.

- - 0,500,60 (. 18). - cos - 0,92 , - , (. 19). - , - . , - - 0,500,94 (-

0,806), - 0,9200,937 ( 0,926).

- -. - 0,800,92 ( 0,88). - - . - -

. 19. - -

y = -0,0034 x + 1,04R 2 = 0,335

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

,

. 17. (R = 0,579; N = 98 )

y = 1,37 x-0,19R2 = 0,770

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

,

. 18. (R= 0,878; N = 87 )

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

10 30 50 70 90

,

( )

54

06 2012

-, - (-) - , , . , - , - . - [46] . 5.

. 5, (8725 /) - - - 0,3153. , , 9278 /, - . - - [44].

- . - 0,460,52. - 1030 0,420,47, 6075 -

0,440,48 [47]. - -: 0,520,54 ( ) 0,52 ( ).

- . - , - 9295%, - . - - . -, - - 6075%. - - . - - - . , - -80 [27]: 80 ; - 0,935; - 0,881 ( 0,52), - - , :

Mn , Mn 0,65 0,70 0,75

, Sh 0,2167 0,2333 0,2500

Sh - -80 - , 81 - (. 19).

- - -: (. 20), (. 21), - (. 22) .

, . 2022, , - - -

5

75%-

1 2 :

, 148 160

, 39,0 36,2

:

-, 1

, cos 0,810 0,830

, 0,833 0,852

, 0,525 0,496

, Si 0,890 0,863

, / 8725 9278

, Sh 0,3153 0,3027

55

06 2012

(12,4314,08%), - . - - - 21,92 21,03% .

- - 16,8%. - - . 19,9621,53%, - - 23,8924,96%, - 20,5321,53%. - - 0,3644 0,3153, 0,1974. - . - - .

-

[48]: -

;

-, -;

;

- . -

- -. , , - . - . - - -

. 20. (Sh=0,3153)

. 21. (Sh=0,3644)

. 22. (Sh=0,1974)

, . . - 24,65%

. 19,96%

Si 21,92%

. 20,53%

12,94%

, . .- 23,89%

. 21,00%

. 21,65%

Cr 21,03%

12,43%

...-

24,96%

Mn

16,79%

.

21,53%

. 22,64%

14,08%

56

06 2012

, - [4952].

- - , - . - . - , - . , , , , - , - (- , , , .). - , . -, - , - ( ), - -, - -. - - - ( -). , , , - . - - , . , , - ( 69%) - . 1535%,

.

-

: - . , - -. - -, - .

, - , - - . - - . , - , - 10 , - [21].

1200 2400 (-) 2,5 - 10 - [53]. . - 12- (. 23) - , - - . , - 150 - , - . , - - ( , -

57

06 2012

-, , ). - - - - . - - ( , - - ).

- [54]. , - 25 [2]. 15 , - [55]. - - [56]. - - 200 2 [57].

2, 4, 9 50 . 110 ; 39,7 ; - 1 . , - - - , - 2, 4 9 . - : 50 4

, / 252 258

, 127 76

, / 26 700 17 800

, % 27,6 34,1

0,95 0,98

- - 1200 -, - 912500/75. - - (. 6.).

- : - ; -

. 23. 12-

6

1200

,

5,6 6 8,5 10 50 , 1040 1060 1050 900 1080

, 5,1 5 4,8 4,7 5,1

, 64 66 67 62 70

- ,

13 13 14 13 14

1 ,

4290 4670 4590 4580 5020

0,93 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,85

* [57]

58

06 2012

; - .

24 - - (38 ) - . 45%- 20 -. - - [57] . 7.

- 6065 - 1619 12,5 . 10% - - 812% 35%.

- . , -, , , - , - . - - - . , .

-

1969 - - [58]. , (-, -) . , [59] - - 18%- 45%- -, - . - - , - 120 . - , - -, - : 45%- - 94,695,2% - 89,0% ; - - 78,080,5%, 73,5% . - - .

- 1000 700900 - - [60]. - [61], [62] - .

- - - - [6365]. -9- - : - 710 ; 6,4 ; - ( ) 12 / [66]. -, - 12800 / . - - -. - . 8.

- -

7

45%-

,

12,5 50 , 17,1 19,4

0,91 0,82

, 62 72

, / 4625 4760

, . / 37,2 33,7

* 0,85 0,71

*.:

59

06 2012

- (Sh), [42, 69] (4) . (4) :

Sh = , (5)

: , - (6,4 ) (9 ).

, - (5,45,6 ), 1520%, 10% .

, - - (Sh = 0,2707) - , (Sh = 0,31530,3429).

- 1230012500 / , -

(12800 /). .

, - - [22, . 65], . - - - .

, - . - - - -, (Sh = 0,2707) - (Sh = 0,31530,3429).

-

- , -

8

1 2 3

1 2 2 2

2 , 6,44 6,50 9,0

3 , 6,16 6,49 . .

4 , 5,60 5,36 6,40

5 , 171,2 168174 60117

6 , 36,0 38,0 . 2 53 *

7 0,909 0,826

8 0,917 0,903 0,903

9 0,957 0,999 = 0,711

10 0,516 0,508 0,496

11 0,833 0,833 0,850

12 - Sh 0,3429 0,3153 0,2707

13 , / 12300 12500 12800

14 [67] [68] [6366]

*.: , .

60

06 2012

- -. - , -, - -48 ( - 63 ) - - 2800 650 2150 650 - [29]. ( 20%) , - -. - - (238223,5 , 198 188 ). - 20%. - 0,920,95 0,880,93 . , - , - .

- - [70]. - -16,5 - , - 2 , 225 / 12% [71]. - , . - - . - , , - , - [72]. , - 1:1 . - 0,0750,078 /. - - 20%, - - - 1517%. -

45% - - . - - .

, - , 0,52,0 d [73]. - - . - - . 250300 - 60% (- ) - [54]. () 10%. [74] , - 45%- -. 40% 84% -. - , - , - , -, . , , - .

- - , : - ( - ) [40, 41]. . - , -, - . - , - - . -

61

06 2012

, , - .

45%- - - - 2,18 4,56,0 d -, - , 2,222,60 ( - ), - - . - 0,854 0,9350,949 - 0,981 0,9860,989 [40].

- - - , - :

) ; ) ; ) -

. , -

- 45%- - - [41]. - 330 . - 5,6 d 2,18 d. - 1200 , - 9 4 . : 200 ; 100105 ; - 100107 . - 2 .

- - 2,18 d. . - 1,51,7 d. 0,760,91 d. - . - 5659

6,06,5 . - 0,883. - 300350 (0,91,1 d). -. - .

- 5,6 d, - , - . - (1,41,5) d. - 115119 6,06,5 . - - 0,935. - 3 . , - 2 , - . - (43,446,4% Si) . - . - . 9.

9

1 2 d, 330 330

, d/d 2,18 5,60

, 6,06,5 6,06,5

, 5659 115119

-, / 2 203 234

0,883 0,935

0,966 0,993

0,515 0,628

0,498 0,624

1 . , 7487 6237

, % 94,7 94,2

, ./. 1,11 2,70

.: 1 ; 2 .

62

06 2012

, - - , - , , - : - ( 2 ); - 15,3%; ; ; ; 49,8 62,4%, ; .

, - - , , , . - . , - - : -, , -. .

- . - - - - - . - - (, , , ), - - .

- - , [67, . 39].

- 12 - (. 24). , - , . - - 500 . - , - . - ,

. 24. : 1 ; 2 ; 3

. 25.

63

06 2012

. , - , . 0,4 - 1000C - . 0,8 - .

- [48, . 120]. , - . - . - - c [48, . 326]. - (. 25). - , , - , - - .

, -, , - 9 - [75, . 199]. - 890 . 145 , 39 . -, I/U = 269 - 10 0,90. , - 900 , - 1400 0,9. -, - : 1400 - 900 - , . . - [67]. , - 10,5 -

600700 , 0,8 900 [75]. - 148,5 40 (- I/U = 269).

- 60 (320 ) 50%- - -, . - 4550 60 . - [18,76,77]:

, 1400

, 3810

, 107120

, 280300

, 3037

, 18

, / 6140

, / Si 10470

: - 50 ; 320 ; 0,79; 114 ; I/U = 356.

- [78, 79]. - 23 . - :

, 177 (117192)

, 69,25

, 1200

, 3000

, 6600

, 7620/7270

, 3200

, / 4150

- - - . - I/U = 391. - , -

64

06 2012

, - , - - 60 .

[40, 41], - - 2,22,6 . - - [80].

, . , :

S = 0,25 (2 d/ 3 + 2 + d), (6)

: d ( - );

;

d .

- :

S = 0,25 d 3 + 0,25 (d + 2) + + 3 d (0,5 d + ). (7)

. 26, (6) (7). , - - (d/d = 2,18) 10,8%. - - d/d = 3,0 35,5%, d/d = 4,5 - 71,6%. , - - . - - .

- [81]. - [33] - (8):

RB d = = , (8)

: RB ; .

[69] - Sh, (4). - - . 10.

- 3,6 d (2,142,32 d) , , .

. 26. ,

10

20

30

40

50

2 3 4 5

,

65

06 2012

I/U 160, I/U = 250260 10,5 I/U = 339 16,5 . , 1,5 . - - Sh - , - .

- :

1: , -

- ( ) - 2: , - 3: [82] - (. 27) - 4: (. 28) - [83].

, - - , -. - . -

10

/

10,5

10,5

16,5()

16,5,(

)123456789

101112131415161718192021222324

25

, , , , d, ( ), d, . , d/d , , , , , cos , , , , , H/d , / , / , ( = ) ( ) 103, (Sh) - ( Si = 0,92)

10,510,298,12900

20902,32

651,798

67,570,5148154,5

38,40,8610,9170,980

1

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06 2012

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11

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67

06 2012

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- Cr: Fe = 1,5 - - . - . - 12 . - 14 .

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, - . 12.

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68

06 2012

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3 ( ): 1 . 2 3 4 5 6

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214250

256 278329 347403 460552 538

4 ( ): 1 2 3 4 5 6

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FeMnSiMnFeMnFeMnFeMnFeMn,SiMn

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5 ( ) 18,0 FeMn 240

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69

06 2012

, 12- , - , .

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5. 4,56,0 34 - ( ) - - 2,22,6 . - , , - . , - : , , - .

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7. , -

.

1. . . -

. : . 1961. 256 .2. . .

( 100- - ) // . 2010. 9. . 5456.

3. . ., . . - . .: . 1983. 208 .

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5. . ., . ., . ., - . . . . 1. - . : . 2007. 414 .

6. . ., . ., - . . / - . .- .: . 1935. . 118 122.

7. . . - 1941 / . .: - . 2009. . 634637.

8. . ., . . - . . 2. . .: -. 1970. 264 .

9. . . - // . 1937. 45. . 5666.

10. . . - // : -. 2009. 5. . 2533.

11. . . - // - . . . .: . 1961. . 48.

12. . . - // - . . . .: . 1961. . 6171.

13. . . // -. 1975. 2. . 1922.

14. . ., . ., . ., . . - // . 1978. 1. . 4445.

15. . ., . ., . . . - -. .: . 1974. 147 .

70

06 2012

16. . . 75 , 75%- . // - - 1977. . 5. . 1. . 18.

17. Journa1 du fou e1ectrique. 1977. V. 82. 25. P. 1519.

18. . . - , // . . 1980. . 10. . 2837.

19. . . - - // . 2012. 3. . 2629.

20. . . . .: . 1973. 163 .

21. . . . .: . 1975. 312 .

22. . ., . . - . .: . 1978. 288 .

23. . ., . ., . . - . : ia. 1971. 99 .

24. . . . : ia. 1979. 167 .

25. Japan Steel Notes. 1974. V. 14. 3. . 3.26. Okitsu A. Possible hazards involved in totally

enclosed large FeMn furnace operation // Electric furnace proceedings. 1980. V. 38. P.111 117.

27. . ., . ., . . . .: -. 1988. 784 .

28. . . - - - // : -. 2009. 6. . 5057.

29. . . - . .: -. 1976. 368 .

30. Ratzlaff R. G. Construction and operation of a new ferromarganese facility // Proceeding of electric Furnace Conference AIME. Manchester: 1975. V.32. P. 183186.

31. . . . .: . 1982. 232 .

32. . ., . ., - . ., . . - // . 1979. 10. . 761762.

33. . . - . .-.: . 1964. 87 .

34. . . -. .: . 1966. 280 .

35. . . - // : . 2011. 4. . 4249.

36. . . - // - . -: .

- 3031 2010 . .: -. 2010. . 1417.

37. . . - . .: -. 1982. 208 .

38. . ., . ., . . . : - . .: -. 1981. 296 .

39. . . - // . 2010. 10. . 2124.

40. . . - - - // . 2009. 6. . 6872.

41. . . - - // . 2009. 10. . 6467.

42. . . - // -. 2010. 5 . 4450.

43. . . . -: . 1999. 140 .

44. . . - - / . : . - 3031 2010 . .: -. 2010. . 1820.

45. . . - - // -. 2010. 5. . 5254.

46. . ., . ., . . . - . .: . 1957. 436 c.

47. . . -. .: . 1985. 280 .

48. ., . -. .: . 1976. 480 .

49. . ., . . - / .: . : - . 1964. 10. . 313.

50. . ., . . - . .: -. 1976. 272 .

51. . ., . ., . . - - // . 1995. 8. . 3435.

52. . . - // -. 2009. 1. . 2025.

53. . . - // . . . .: . 1975.

71

06 2012

54. . ., . . // -. . 9. .: . 1979. . 311.

55. . . - / - . .-.: . 1935. . 41 75.

56. .. . .: -. 1960. 400 .

57. . ., . ., . ., . . - // - -: . . : , . 1989. . 7175.

58. . ., . ., . . - - // - - . 1971. . 5. 1. 12 .

59. . ., . ., . . . - // : . . -: . 1972. . 1. . 3639.

60. . ., . ., . . . - // : . . -: . . 1991. . 712.

61. . ., . ., . . . - - // . 2009. 1 . 810.

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63. . ., . ., . . . - // . 1998. 1. . 1116.

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65. . . // . 2008. 6. . 4347.

66. . ., . ., . . . - // . 2008. 2. . 1619.

67. . . -. .: . 1982. 192 .

68. . ., . . -. .: . 1972. 206 .

69. . . - // . 2010. 12. . 2023.

70. . ., . ., . .

. // . 1969. 89. . 1113.

71. . . - - // . . . .: . 1974.

72. . ., . ., . . - . .: -. 1997. 176 .

73. 503917. F27D 1/00, 21 5/52. - // . 25.02.1976 . 7.

74. . . - // : . . . .: . 1980. . 8791.

75. . . . .: -. 1975. 336 .

76. roceeding of Electric Furnace Conference. Manchester. 1972. V.30. P. 89.

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78. . ., . ., - . . . - 17 // . -. 1982. . 5. . 3739.

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80. 10163372. 21 5/52. - // . 07.05.1983 . 17.

81. . . - // . 2011. 4. . 6164.

82. . . - // . . . , 1980.

83. 870895. F27D 1/00. - // . 07.10.1981 . 17.

84. . . - - . -/- . 1979 . 5. . 1. 20 .

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89. Anonymous. A world first the DC plasma arc furnace, SA Mech // Engineering. 1989. V. 39. May. P. 223229.

72

06 2012

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73

06 2012

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74

06 2012

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1832 - 1853 - 1880 - - 1893 (- ) 1897 - 1906 1913 Munktell - 1914 1924 1932 Bolinder Munktell, - Bolinder-Munktell 1935 1939 1940 1950 Volvo Bolinder-Muntkell 1952 -, 1954 - Volvo H10 - 1955 - Moon Rocket 1966 - 1968 15- DR860 -

75

06 2012

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B 2002 Volvo -, Tier 2, Stage 2 compliance - 2003 - Volvo Volvo 2005 Volvo EC700B, 70- 2006 - Volvo Volvo , - Tier3 Volvo , - 11- 2007 Volvo - - - Volvo. 50- - L350F 2008 - - B-Prime- - CareTrack - 2011 F- G- B- - B- - MC115 , MC135C, MCT110C 2012 D-c EW145B Prime MC70C, MC95C

76

06 2012

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