信息处理技术. 2chapter 3: computer software 111chapter 4: file management, virus protection,...

信息处理技术信息处理技术

2Chapter 3: Computer Software 111Chapter 4: File Management, Virus Protection, and Backup

1Chapter 1: Computer, Internet, Web, and E-Mail Basics

3Chapter 3: Computer Software

After this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe the components of a typical software

package– Trace the development of a computer program– Describe the differences between system

software and application software– Describe the way an operating system manages

each computer resource– Identify operating systems for personal

computers, PDAs, and servers

Chapter 3 Preview


学习完本章应该能够 :–描述典型软件包的构成描述典型软件包的构成–了解计算机程序的发展了解计算机程序的发展–描述系统软件与应用软件的不同描述系统软件与应用软件的不同–描述操作系统管理计算机资源的方式描述操作系统管理计算机资源的方式–识别识别 PCPC 机、机、 PDAPDA 、服务器的操作系统、服务器的操作系统

第三章预览第三章预览


After this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe key and features of database and

spreadsheet software – List types of software available– Explain how to install and uninstall software– Describe the differences among new software

versions, software patches, and service packs– Describe rights associated with software: for

users and programmers

Chapter 3 Preview


–描述数据库和表格制作软件的基本特性描述数据库和表格制作软件的基本特性 –列举典型的有用软件列举典型的有用软件–解释如何安装及卸载软件解释如何安装及卸载软件–描述软件新版本、软件补丁、服务包之间描述软件新版本、软件补丁、服务包之间的不同的不同

–描述软件用户与软件开发者之间的联系描述软件用户与软件开发者之间的联系

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Chapter 3 Outline

• Section A– Software Basics 软件基础

• Section B– Computer Operating Systems 操作系统

• Section C– Application Software 应用软件

• Section D– Software Installation and Copyrights –软件安装及版权

Computer Concepts 8th Edition

Chapter 3Computer Software

计算机软件Section A: Software Basics

软件基础


• Consists of computer programs and data files that work together to provide a computer with the instructions and data necessary for carrying out a specific type of task

What is software?

Page 116


• Software includes– A computer program is a set of

instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task

– Executable files– Support modules– Data files

What kinds of files are included in a typical software product?

Page 116


• Computer programmers write the instructions for the computer programs

• Software publishers distribute the software– They specialize in packaging, marketing,

and selling commercial software

Programmers and Programming Languages: Who creates computer software?

8


• Most software is designed to provide a task-related environment

• Programmer defines the properties for each element in the environment– Height– Label– What happens when you click it

• A computer language provides the tools that a programmer uses to create software– High-level languages– Source code

How does a programmer “write” software?

Page 118


How does a programmer “write” software?

Page 118


• A compiler translates all of the high-level instructions in a program as a single batch (of 1s and 0s)

• The resulting machine language instructions are called the object code

How are instructions converted to machine language?

Page 119


• An alternative to a compiler is an interpreter, that converts one instruction at a time while a program is running

How are instructions converted to machine language?

Page 119


So how does software work?

Page 120


• Software is categorized as either application software or system software– Application software is designed to be

used for a purpose – System software is designed to help the

computer carry out the basic operating functions

• Operating systems, utilities, and drivers

Application Software and System Software: How is software categorized?

Page 120



Section B: Personal Computer Operating Systems


• The master controller for all of the activities that take place within a computer– E.g Microsoft Windows XP, Mac OS,

Linux, UNIX

• Controls and manages all of the resources on a computer– Memory, hard drives, printers, etc.

• Interacts with the application software

Operating System Overview: What does an operating system do?

Page 122


What does an operating system do?

Page 122


Why does an operating system manage memory?

• Must ensure that instructions and data from one area of memory don’t “leak” into an area allocated to another program

• If it fails, data can get corrupted, programs can “crash”

Page 123


• Acts as a filing clerk

• Remembers the names and locations of all your files

• Keeps track of empty spaces where new files can be stored

How does the OS keep track of storage resources?

Page 124


• To ensure that they function correctly, using drivers (code that know how to talk to specific hardware, each type of printer must be spoken to differently)

• To ensure input and output proceeds in an orderly fashion

Why does the operating system get involved with peripheral devices?

Page 124


• A user interface can be defined as the combination of hardware and software that helps people and computers communicate with each other– Graphical user interface (GUI)– Command-line user interface

How does the operating system affect the user interface?

Page 124


• The OS’s small bootstrap program resides in ROM and supplies the instructions to load the core parts into memory when system boots

• This component is called the kernel

Where is the operating system stored?

Page 125


• Yes, typically through helpful tools called utilities– Launch programs– Manage files– Get help– Customize the user interface– Configure equipment

Do I ever interact directly with the OS?

Page 125


• Single-user operating system

• Multiuser operating system

• Network operating system

• Multitasking operating system

• Desktop operating system

Are different operating systems needed for different computing tasks?

Page 126


• Developed several years before windows, it still has a GUI interface

• Both have windows, icons, menus and pointers

Is Mac OS similar to Windows?

Page 128


Is Mac OS similar to Windows?

Page 128


• UNIX was developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell Labs

• Linux was developed in 1991– Is distributed under the terms of a General

Public License (GPL)• Mandrakelinux, Linspire, College Linux, and

Xandros Desktop

Are UNIX and Linux the same?

Page 129


Are UNIX and Linux the same?

Page 129


• First operating system that most people have used

• DOS (Disk Operating System) was developed by Microsoft

• Part of the kernel of Windows 3.1, 95, 98 and ME

Why do I keep hearing about DOS?

Page 130


What are the options for handheld operating systems?

• Palm OS

• Windows Mobile OS

Page 130



Section C: Application Software


Document Production Software: How can my computer help me with my writing?

• Word processing software• Desktop publishing software • Web authoring software

Page 133


How does document production software help me turn my ideas into sentences and paragraphs?

Page 134


• The format for a document refers to the way that all the elements of a document are arranged on the page– Font– Point size– Paragraph style– Paragraph alignment– Line spacing (leading)– Style

How do I get my documents to look good?

Page 135



Page 136


• Page Layout refers to the physical position of each element on a page– Headers and footers– Page numbers– Graphical elements– Tables


Page 136



Page 137


• Mail Merge - process of creating a series of personalized letters by combining information in a mailing list with a blank form letter

• Some additional capabilities– Automatically generating a table of contents and

index– Automatically numbering footnotes and positioning

them– Providing document templates– Exporting a document into HTML format

Does document production software increase productivity?

Page 137


• Spreadsheet - numerical model or representation of a real situation– Checkbook

• To use spreadsheet software, you:– Enter numbers– Row & Column labels– Indicate how the computer should manipulate

those numbers

• Particularly useful for what-if analysis

Spreadsheet Software: What is a spreadsheet?

Page 138


• Worksheets– An on-screen spreadsheet– Based on grid of columns and rows

• Cell - intersection of columns and rows• A cell can contain

– Numbers (values)– Labels– Formulas (tells computer how to calculate)

What does a computerized spreadsheet look like?

Page 138


What does a computerized spreadsheet look like?

Page 138


• Cell reference - unique address given to cell– A1 = column A, row 1

• You can modify a spreadsheet by– Changing text, numbers, formulas– Inserting rows and columns– Deleting rows and columns

• Formulas can contain– Cell references– Mathematical operators– Numbers

How does spreadsheet software work?

Page 139


How does spreadsheet software work?

Page 139


• Automatic recalculation – recalculates all formulas whenever contents of any cell are changed

• Relative reference - cell reference

• Absolute reference - never changes when you insert rows or move formulas

What happens when I modify a worksheet?

Page 140


What happens when I modify a worksheet?

Page 140


• Statistical software

• Mathematical modeling software

• Money management software– Personal finance software

• Tax preparation software

Aside from spreadsheets, what other “number crunching” software is available?

Page 141


• Database software helps you to enter, find, organize, update and report information stored in a database

Database Software: What is database software?

Page 142


What is database software?

Page 142


How do I create records?

Page 143


• A query language is a set of command words to direct the computer to:

– Locate information

– Sort records

– Change data in records

• SQL ( Structured Query Language)

• Some software even allows a natural language query

How do I locate specific data?

Page 144


How do I locate specific data?

Page 144


• Print reports

• Export data to other programs

• Convert the data to other formats

• Transmit data to other computers

How can I use search results?

Page 144


• Graphics – refers to any picture, drawing, sketch, photograph, image or icon that appears on your computer screen

• Graphics Software– Paint software– Photo editing software– Drawing software– 3-D graphics software

Graphics Software: What kind of software do I need to work with drawings, photos, and other pictures?

Page 145


• CAD software (computer-aided design software)

• Presentation software– Slides– Combine images,

text, sounds,

animation, etc.

What kind of software do I need to work with drawings, photos, and other pictures?

Page 146


• Audio editing software lets you make your own digital voice and music recording– Ear training software– Audio encoding software

Music Software: Why would I need music software?

Page 147


Music Software: Why would I need music software?

Page 147


• Provides a set of tools for:– Transferring video footage– Clipping out unwanted footage– Assembling video segments in any sequence– Adding special visual effects– Adding a sound track

• DVD authoring software offers tools for creating DVDs with Hollywood-style menus

Video Editing Software: Is video editing software difficult to use?

Page 148


Software Suites: What is a software suite?

• A collection of application software sold as a single package– Microsoft Office– Star Office– Open Office– WordPerfect Office

Page 149


• Educational software helps you to learn and practice new skills– MindTwister Math– 3-D Froggy Phonics– SAT– GMAT– LSAT

Educational and Reference Software: How can I use my computer to learn new things?

Page 149


• Reference software provides a collection of information and a way to access that information– Encyclopedias

• Microsoft Encarta• Britannica

– Dictionaries

What’s reference software?

Page 149


• Over $6 billion of computer and video games are sold each year in the U.S. alone– 90% are people 18 and older– 13% are people over 50– About 43% are women

Entertainment Software: What’s the best-selling entertainment software?

Page 150


• Computer games– Role-playing– Action– Adventure– Puzzle– Simulation– Sports– Strategy

What’s the best-selling entertainment software?

Page 150


• Vertical market software

• Horizontal market software– Payroll software– Accounting software– Project management software

• Groupware

Business Software: Do businesses use specialized software?

Page 151



Section D: Software Installation and Copyrights


• The key ingredients necessary to install new software are the files that contain the programs and data

• Usually supplied on distribution media

Installation Basics: What’s included in a typical software package?

Page 152


• System requirements specify the operating system and minimum hardware requirements necessary for a software product to work correctly

How do I know if a software program will work on my computer?

Page 152


• When you install software, the new software files are placed in the appropriate folders on your computer’s hard disk– Copies files from distribution disk– Uncompresses files – Analyzes computer’s resources– Analyzes hardware components and peripheral

devices– Looks for any system files and players– Updates necessary system files

Why is it necessary to install most software?

Page 153


• A setup program guides you through the installation process

• Following the program will make installation easy

Installing from a Distribution Media: How do I install software from distribution media?

Page 154


• Sometimes files are zipped, so they must be unzipped

• Other types– Self-installing executable file– Self-executing zip file– Non-executing Zip file

Installing Downloaded Software: Is the installation process different for downloaded software?

Page 155


• Similar to installing a full version

• Update provides a setup file that checks to make sure that your computer contains a valid version of software to upgrade

• Software patches

• Service packs

Is installing a software update different from installing a the original version?

Page 156


Uninstalling Software: How do I get rid of software?

• Uninstall routine deletes the software’s files

Page 156


• A copyright is a form of legal protection

– Purchaser has right to copy software to a computer’s hard disk in order to install it

– Purchaser can make a backup copy

– Purchaser is allowed to copy and distribute sections of a software program for use in critical reviews and teaching

• Most software displays a copyright notice

Software Copyrights: Is it legal to copy software?

Page 157


• A software license is a legal contract that defines the ways in which you may use a computer program

• A shrink-wrap license goes into effect as soon as you open the packaging

Software Licenses: What is a software license?

Page 157


• An installation agreement is displayed on the screen when you first install the software

What is a software license?

Page 157


• Commercial software• Shareware • Freeware • Open source software• Public domain software

Are all software licenses similar?

Page 158


You should now be able to:– Describe the software components of a typical

software package– Trace the development of a computer program– Describe the way an operating system manages

each computer resource– Describe key features of popular software– List types of software available– Explain how to install and uninstall software– Describe rights associated with software: for

users and programmers

Conclusion

信息处理技术. 2chapter 3: computer software 111chapter 4: file management, virus protection,...

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