3.1.1 () ()

3.1.2 1962ClarkLyons (biosensor)

(recognition element) (transducer) (acquisition system)

Surface modifications

Nanowires + Transistor

(NWFET

()

(quartz crystal microbalance, QCM) (serial piezoelectric quartz crystal, SPQC) (surface acoustic wave, SAW)

(enthalpy)

3.1.3

3.2 (biotics) (abiotics) (bioaffinity) (biocatalytic)lectinsavidin/biotin

3.2.2

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1. (van der Waals force)

2.3. (NH2) (COOH) (SH) (OHCRCHO)

4.5. (entrapment) 6. (cross-linking)

3.2.3

OHOHHOR (R)

(self-assembled monolayer)

(plasma)

3.2.4

H2O2H2O2 (Glucose oxidase, GOD) (lactate oxidase, LOD) (uricase) (cholesterol oxidase) (choline oxidase) H2O2 PtPdPd/AuH2O2 H2O2 H2O2

3.3.1 ()

(b)(a)

()

()

()

3.3.2

(quasi-equilibration) (working electrode) (counter electrode) 0 (Wk Ref)

NernstNernst

() (1 M)

Gibbs

n (2) (96487 Cmol-1)E0Gibbs(G)

/

/

1125CGibbs0G0EH0=010

+ 0.34 V

(linear sweep voltammetry, LSV) (initial potential,Ei) (end potential,Ef) (scan rate,v)LSV (ifar) (ichg) (iads) (ibkg)

(a) (b)

(b)

C

B

A

Ep/2

E1/2

ip

Ep

(a)

Ei

Ef

LSV

(+ / -)E0E0E1/2

(EP) (Ox/R) (couple)

Ep/2

(cyclic voltammetry, CV)

(b)

EMBED Equation.3

(a)

_1246271786.unknown

(a)0.1MNaOHCV(b)(NaOH,KC1,H2SO4)

Au

GC

Pt

Au-NaOH

Au-KCl

Au-H2SO4

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

3.10

(Ox) (Red) (Eeq) (3-19)

E25C1 Ma () (C) 1

E

E

E

M + + e- M

M + + e- M

M + + e- M

Eeq

(Fermi level) (E) E>EeqEeq=E

n e-

Redbulk

Oxbulk

Red

Redsurf

Oxsurf

Ox

Redads

Oxads

(cyclic voltammetry, CV)

i V (a) (b)

(b)

(a)

i

V

V

i

(planar electrode) (semi-infinite linear diffusion)Cottrell (I(t)) (t)

(semi-infinite spherical diffusion)

0

Clark

Clark

Pt

Ag

(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) () (affinity)

(1)

ViV0Vmi0Im (rad/s)R (resistance)X (reactance)Z

RsCdlRetZw

ne-

Red

Rs

Cdl

Zw

Red

Ox

Red

Ox

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Faraday

abc0

Rs

Ret

Zre/

(0

c

b

a

(

-Zim/

(2)BodeNyquistNyquist

(3) (constant phase element, CPE)

Bode plotNyquist plot(a)(b)

Bode plotNyquist plot(d)(c)

01Nyquist plot1Nyquist plotCPE

Nyquist plot

3.4.1 (ion-sensitive field effect transistor, ISFET) 1970 Bergveld(metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor, MOSFET)ISFETMOSFETISFETISFET

ISFETSiO2Si3N4 Al2O3 Ta2O5 SnO2-WO3 -Si:HAlNPbTiO3 ISFET

(a)--(b)

ISFET CMOS

3.4.2 (extended gate field effect transistor, EGFET)ISFETEGFETMOSFETEGFETMOSFET

-

3.4.4 (temperature effect) (drift effect) (hysteresis effect)

ISFET(1)(2)(3)(4)

ISFETISFET

V0ISFETTIDS Eref0VT*ISFET

ISFETpHpH ( (Nernst) 25C59.16 mV/pH)

ISFETISFETISFETpHH+OH-H+OH-pHOH-

(a)(b)

xh

xh

(b)

(a)

s

x

M

-

-

+

+

Solution

Membrane

ISFET

Time

H

pHx

pHz

pHy

pHx

V1

0

V2

3.5 (electromagnetic radiations) (gamma ray) (radio wave)

(a)(b)

3.5.1 1. (wave) (quantum)

(photon)(E)()()E=hc/=hhPlanck(6.6310-34Js) c(=3108m/s) Extz, k( )E0c

2. (reflection) (refraction) (transmission) (photoemission) (thermal)

3.cvnn=c / v () (dispersion) (Snells law of refraction)

()clBeer Lambert( ) (absorption coefficient)

3.5.2 1.UV-VIS

2.IR

3.5.3 (Rayleigh) Mie

(Nephelometry)

(photon) (optical phonon) IR

(a) (b)

3.5.4 (absorption) (emission) (Stokes shift )

Jablonski

3.5.5 1. (surface plasmon) (surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 100200 nm () SPR ()

(dielectric constant,) (m) (b) SPRSPR(1)SPR ()(2)SPR ()(3)SPR ()(4)SPR ()

2. (two photon microscopy)10-15

3. (fluorescence correlation spectroscope, FCS) ()

Observation volume

t5

t4

t3

t2

t1

t6

time

F(t+)

time

F(t)

7.5nM FITC

3.6.1 (piezoelectric substrate, PZT)

(dipole) (polarization)

3.6.2 1. (thickness-shear-mode (TSM) resonators) (bulk acoustic waves, BAW) (resonant frequency)

(quartz crystal) AT

F (Hz)FM (g)A (cm2)

2. (surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensors) (piezoelectric substrate) (piezoelectric film) (interdigital transducers, IDTs)IDT IDT

SAW Hz0.01Hz MHz GHz

Piezoelectric substrate

Input transducer

Output transducer

SAW

3. (flexural-plate-wave (FPW) resonators)PZT

(FPW)

IDT

PZT

Membrane

Ti/TiN/Pt

Si wafer

Silicone Nitride/Oxide

3.6.3