(История, Теория, Практика) 4 (24) 2012, tomi i · samecniero jurnali...

xelisufleba da sazogadoeba # 4 (24) 2012 tomi I

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samecniero Jurnali ,,xelisufleba da sazogadoeba (istoria, Teoria, praqtika)”

Scientific magazine

“AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY (History, Theory, Practice)”

Научный журнал “ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО (История, Теория, Практика)”

№ 4 (24) 2012, tomi I

ISSN 1512-374X

ჟურნალი დაარსებულია 2005 წელს საქართველოს ტექნიკური

უნივერსიტეტის სახელმწიფო მართვის კათედრის მიერ UDC 378(479.22)(051.2)

Ria diplomatiis asociaciis

samecniero Jurnali

Scientific magazine of

The Open Diplomacy Association

Научный журнал АССОЦИАЦИИ ОТКРЫТОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ


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x. 402

saredaqcio kolegia:

SoTa doRonaZe

mTavari redaqtori

oTar qoCoraZe mTavari redaqtoris moadgile

oTar baRaTuria pasuxismgebeli mdivani

nana avaliani, rudiger andreseni, meufe abraami (garmelia), evgeni baraTaSvili, giorgi baRaTuria, oTar baRaTuria, rasa belokaite, anastasia ganiCi, iuri goricki, vaxtang guruli, SoTa doRonaZe, elun drake, harald vertci, genadi iaSvili, serjo kamizi, riCard maasi, roin metreveli, ioSika micui, badri nakaSiZe, lizaveta Jaxanina, budi nurani ruCjana, ramon pietro-suaresi, gert surmiuleni, qeTi qoqraSvili, oTar qoCoraZe, rusudan quTaTelaZe, maia CxeiZe, endriu lenuqs hardingsi

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principebiT.

gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze pasuxismgeblia avtori. gamoqveynebuli masalebi gamoxatavs mxolod avtorTa

pozicias da SesaZloa ar emTxveodes redaqciis Sexedulebebs.

redaqciis misamarTi: saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0175, kostavas q. 77, VI korpusi,

I sarTuli, tel. 236-45-14, 77 Kostava st., 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia.

Tel. [+995 32] 2364514

e-mail: [email protected]

garekanis gaformeba: daviT baRaTuria Jurnalis eleqtronuli versia gamoqveynebulia vebgverdze:

http://www.odageorgia.ge/page=gamocemebi

Jurnalis referirebuli masala ganTavsebulia saerTaSoriso samec-

niero eleqtronul biblioTekaSi: http://www.eLIBRARY.ru

http://www.odageorgia.ge/page=gamocemebi


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s a r C e v i

Teoria

gasav (akaki) gasviani Tavisuflebis fenomeni---------------------------------------------------

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nana gamyreliZe

komunikacia - multidisciplinaruli paradigama--------

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giorgi ziraqaSvili informaciuli teqnologiebi rogorc sistema warmomqmneli komponenti da masTan dakavSirebuli riskebi--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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qeTi jijeiSvili, manana darCaSvili

globalurisa da erovnulis Tanafardobis problemebi saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove msoflio politikuri procesebis konteqstSi-------------------------------------------------------

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giorgi CxikviSvili dasavleTis idea niko nikolaZis SexedulebebSi------------

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istoria

mariam raqviaSvili ruseT-saqarTvelos omi da estoneTis

respublikis reaqcia-----------------------------------------------------------

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TinaTin afxaiZe rusuli emigraciuli faSizmi CineTSi XX saukunis

20-30-ian wlebSი-------------------------------------------------------------------

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ediSer gvenetaZe, maia yifiani dasavleTi da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxebi----------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ekonomika

gari gunia, zizi svaniZe, lili svaniZe, Tamar cercvaZe mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis moTxovnebi saqarTvelos bunebrivi garemos dacvis sferoSi------------

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Tamar abuaSvili informaciuli teqnologiebis gavlena qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaze-------------------------------------------------

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ilia Cibirovi Sidafinansuri analizi da firmis menejmenti-------------

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daviT advaZe mcire biznesis arsi da klasifikaciis kriteriumebi-----

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samarTali

ana kuWuxiZe

rekomendaciebi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

saqmianobis efeqturobis asamaRleblad------------------------

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sazogadoeba

guram qaSakaSvili, badri cxadaZe, eka cxadaZe metalurgiuli terminis grdeml’is warmomavlobisaTvis---------------------------------------------------------

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ia burduli fiureris mxatvruli kodi da nicSes “distanciis paTosi” postmodernistul WrilSi---------------------------------

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T e o r i a

gasav (akaki) gasviani

Tavisuflebis fenomeni

gaiazreb kacobriobis istorias da saxtad darCebi: adamianTa

da xalxTa mier erTmaneTis Zarcva, kvla da Jleta, gamudme-buli tragediebi... da amas dasasruli ar uCans. da amisi erTi umTavresi mizezTagania Tavisuflebis ukmarisoba, misi saklisoba, an sruli uqonloba.

mravali swavluli, cnobili mecnieri da filosofosi Taviseburad ganmartavs Tavisuflebis fenomens.

i. kanti [1] Tvlida, rom adamianis grZnobebi da nebisyofa gansazRvraven mis zneobriobas. magram zneobriobas mainc xom goneba aregulirebs, radgan nebisyofis simtkice gonebiseuli derivatia.

kantis transcendentaluri _ Semecnebis miRma arsebuli da imanenturi – Sinagani goneba hegelma [2] absolutur _ usazRvro gonebamde aiyvana da marTebulad askvnis: Tavisu-fleba absoluturi gonis gacnobierebaao.

a. Sopenhaueris [3] axsniT, adamiani maSin aris Tavisufali, rodesac ara gonebis, aramed aracnobieri, stiqiuri Zalebis karnaxiT cxovrobs. amas egoizmamde mivyavarT.

absoluturi substanciismieri, anu RmerTismieria yovelive materiuli _ yofieri. da RvTis mier Seqmnils arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli Tavisufleba Casaxvidanve aqvs boZebuli.

bioarsTagan `adamiani, rogorc biologiuri arseba, unikaluria Tavisi azrovnebiTa da emociebiT~ [4. gv. 87].

adamiani umaRlesi sulieri qmnilebaa. maSasadame, mas gaCenidanve sulis xarebisaTvis miniWebuli aqvs usakliso Tavisuflebis xarisxi.

adamiani moazrovnea, ganmsjelia, mizandasaxulia, kulturo-logia, dedamiwis mouravia, samyaros mWvretelia, anu Tavadac Semoqmedia.

amad aris Tavisufleba rwmenis fundamenturi Teologiuri Rirebuleba, kabalisturad _ mistikurad TviTSemecnebadi, TviTamaRlebadi gaxsnis SesaZlebloba pirovnuli unarebisa, filosofiurad – sazogadoebis ganviTarebis umaRlesi kredo. igia damtevneli adamianis Teozisisa – ganmRrTobisa, igia


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siyvarulisa da ndobis dvrita, WeSmaritebis gvirgvini, simarTlis libo, aseve samizne macdurisa, romelic moCvenebi-Tobis saburvelSi axvevs mas, amitom CviliviT mosafrTxile-belia.

`RmerTma adamians Tavisufleba misca, rogorc didi sikeTe. adamiani ki borotad iyenebs RmerTis mier boZebul sikeTes. amitom borotebis mizezi adamianSia da ara mis gareT. RmerTi aqac aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. igi adamians sjis Tavisu-flebis borotad gamoyenebisaTvis da am gziT uzrunvelyofs mis Semobrunebas sikeTisaken~ [4. gv. 201-202].

cxadia, adamianebs Tavisufleba ar hqoniaT velurobis xanaSi, roca sakuTari sicocxlis gadarCenis instinqti iyo mTavari mamoZravebeli. monas ar klavdnen imitom, rom sWirdebodaT rogorc muSa saqoneli. arc misi dammonebeli iyo Tavisufali, radgan Tavad xdeboda borotebis mona.

da omebi... omebi monebisaTvis, miwebisaTvis... ra moitana kapitalizmma, romelsac Cven loialurad

sabazro-ekonomikur urTierTobaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebriv sistemas vuwodebT da romelsac amJamad saqarTveloSi komunisturi diqtaturis nacvlad vamkvidrebT?

moitana virtualuri _ warmosaxviTi Tavisufleba. Tavad gansajeT: gadaeSvebi sabazro-ekonomikuri urTierTobis morevSi da an gacurav da miaRwev fons, an CaixrCobi masSi. orive SemTxvevaSi stiqiuri konkurenciis mona xar, radgan misi Sedegia ukiduresi socialuri polarizacia da polarize-bulad dapirispirebulTa Soris mZulvareba. da sadac mZulvarebaa, iq aris Tavisufleba? xolo sadac Tavisufleba ar aris, iq arc demokratiaa da arc mSvidoba, aramed aris yovelgvari mankiereba, romlis gadasafaravad amuSavdeba xolme saomari ganwyobis Semqmneli ideologia.

amrigad, socialur-ekonomikuri sistema, romelsac Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT ver ahyavs pirovneba Tavisuflebis umaRles filosofiur kredomde, piriqiT, akninebs misi cnobierebis potencials, xdeba yoveli konfliqtis wyaro: religiurisa, ojaxurisa, socialurisa, eTnikurisa, adamianisa saxelmwi-fosTan, saxelmwifoTa Soris da a.S. amitom igi aris antiRvTiuri da eqvemdebareba demontaJs.

vilhelm dilTai [5] werda, rom adamians RvTisagan moniWebuli aqvs sruli Tavisufleba imisaTvis, Tu ras emsaxuros.


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kierkegors [6] miaCnda, rom adamians Tavisuflebas yvelaze metad arTmevs SiSi, romlisagan mas mxolod RvTisadmi rwmena ixsnis.

amgvari msjelobebis fonze paradoqsulad JRers fridrix nicSes [7] mier gonebis imperativis – mbrZanebeli funqciis uaryofa. gonebisadmi damorCileba mas monobis gamovlinebad miaCnia, radgan es zekacis absolutur Tavisuflebas ewinaaRmdegebao.

RmerTma siyvaruli, Tanadgoma, erTmaneTis gadarCena dagviwesa adamianebs da ara erTmaneTisaTvis Tavisuflebis warTmeva, rac kacobriobisaTvis ubedurebis momtania. amitom aris Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba erTianobaSi, rogorc ambobda Jan pol sartri [8].

magram adamianebma Tavad daakanones is ekonomikuri wesebi, usazRvro gamdidrebisadmi miswrafebas rom qmnis. am wesebiT warmoeba viTardeba intensiurad, oRond aragegmazomierad, ris gamoc warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba uswrebs misdami moTxovnilebas, xdeba bazris gajereba saqonliT, Semdeg iwyeba finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi. xolo krizisis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa axali gasaRebi bazris mopoveba. dRis wesrigSi dgeba teritoriuli eqspansiis ganxorcieleba. am politikis gamtarebeli saxelmwifo qmnis da wvrTnis armiebs da nebismieri sababiT Tavs esxmis msxverplad SerCeul qveyanas.

omis dros ki aravisTvis ar arsebobs Tavisufleba! WeSmaritebaSi ver Tavsdeba imaTi fsiqoganwyoba, vinc

xotbiT moixseniebs asiaTasobiT deda-budianad adamianTa gamJlet keisrebsa da imperatorebs, mefeebs, mxedarTmTavrebs, xalifebs, yaenebs, Sahebs, sulTnebs. dariosi dasamxobi iyo, magram ra undoda aleqsandre makedonels indoeTSi, xolo napoleons ruseTSi? ra aucilebloba iyo imisaTvis, rom trumens xeli moewera xirosimasa da nagaskSi atomuri bombis Camogdebis Sesaxeb brZanebisaTvis? hitleri, rogorc politikuri avantiuristi, Seqmna iseTma socialur-ekonomikurma sistemam, rogoric aris dRes msoflioSi.

diax, nebismieri qveynis represiuli saxelmwifo meqanizmis amwyobia misive Sesabamisi socialur-ekonomikuri sistema da vidre igi iarsebebs, cneba Tavisufleba saSrobi qaRaldis tolfasia.

magram uzenaesiseuli pirovnuli Rirseba adamianebisa, erTa TavisTavadoba da, jamSi, kacobrioba gadaarCines bibliurma


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patriarqebma, RvTis mociqulebma, aseve rCeulebma: ligurkma, mefe leonidem, tiberius grakxma, daviT aRmaSenebelma, kutuzovma, jefersonma, mahaTma gandim, garibaldim, de golma da kidev da kidev ramdenma megzurma kacobriobisa.

rodesac ruseTis carizmma 1801 wels saqarTveloSi mefoba, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis atributi, gaauqma, qarTvel xalxs politikuri Tavisufleba waarTva.

rodesac ruseTis marTlmadideblurma eklesiam 1811 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma, qarTvel xalxs sulieri Tavisufleba waarTva.

rodesac ruseTis imperiis armiebi daundoblad xocavdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis ajanyebulebs: 1804 w. – mTiuleTi, 1812 w. – kaxeTi, 1819-20 ww. _ imereTi-raWa-leCxumi (saeklesio ajanyeba), 1832 w. _ Tbilisi, 1866 w. _ afxazeTi, 1875 w. _ svaneTi, 1878 w. _ kvlav afxazeTi da a.S., isini qarTvel xalxs arTmevdnen erovnul Tavisuflebas.

rodesac ruseTis imperiuli politikis gamoisobiT saqarTvelom dakarga soWi-tuafses olqi, tao-klarjeTi, hereTi (saingilo), lore-taSiri da a.S., qarTvelma xalxma dakarga teritoriuli Seuvalobis Tavisufleba.

rodesac ruseTis dRevandeli xelisufleba gamalebiT iTvisebs mis mierve damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad gamocxadebul saqarTvelos ZirZvel mxareebs – afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regions, rac aris imperiuli Tavxedobis apoTeozi XXI saukuneSi, igi qarTvel xalxs arTmevs saxelmwifoebriv Tavisuflebas. amave mxareebidan gamoZevebul qarTvelobas man waarTva moqalaqeobrivi Tavisufleba.

CamoTvlili gamaognebeli faqtebi samarcxvino qmedebad Seva ruseTisaTvis ruseTisave istoriaSi, rac mas didxans, didxans waarTmevs moralur Tavisulebas.

logikuria, rodesac Tavisuflebis amdeni atributi warTmeuli aqvs qveyanas, iq iqmneba konfliqturi situacia.

radgan yvela eri RvTisagan aris, isini Tanaswornia. rogorc didi wmindanebi gvaswavlian, TiToeul ers Tavisi mfarveli angelozi hyavs. igi Tavisi mrevlis sikeTiT xarobs da ukeTurebis gamo wuxs. RvTis angelozi WeSmaritebis msaxuria. nu ganarisxebT da ganiridebT sakuTari eris mfarvel angelozebs sxva erebisadmi gamoCenili siaugiT, radgan amiT maTi mfarveli angelozebis wyromasac gamoiwvevT. emsaxuraT WeSmaritebas da isini gadagarCenen Tqvenc.


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stumar-maspinZlobac RvTisagan aris, siyvaruls efuZneba da imitom. maspinZlis Tavazianoba Seifere stumaro, nu uganeb Sens Zmurad mimRebs, damsaxlebels, nu daimZimeb suls, Torem jojoxeTi aramc da aramc ar agcdeba!

msofliom gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi finansur-ekonomikur kriziss Tavi daaRwia samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsebis SeqmniT, 50-ian wlebSi _ birTvuli SeiaraRebiT, 70-ian wlebSi _ kosmosuri teqnologiebis warmoebaSi SejibriT, 90-ian _ wlebSi ssrk-s dangreviT da amiT axali gasaRebi bazris mopovebiT.

XXI saukunis 10-ian wlebSi iwyeba axali finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi. SeaCereben mas sabanko manipulaciebiT? Tu gaafarToeben lokaluri omebis areals, rac SeiZleba globalur procesebSi gadaizardos, radgan omi fulis gamomuSavebis da, gnebavT, gaTeTrebis upasuxismgeblo saSualebaa.

roca cxovreba normalurad aqvs awyobili adamians, mis Tavisuflebas teqnikuri progresi, informaciuli nakadebi ki ver SeboWaven, rogorc amas zogierTi Teoretikosi Tvlis, aramed gamoaTavisuflebs mis energias, ufro daakavSirebs sazogadoebasTan, saarsebo saSualebebis warmoebasTan, warmoebis saSualebebis warmoebasTan, geografiul garemosTan, gaamyarebs materialur-kulturul kavSirebs qveynis regionebs Soris, Tavad qveynebs Soris, Seanelebs mqonebel-uqonel fenebad xalxis dayofas, Semcirdeba mRelvarebaTa da revoluciebis albaToba, eTnokonfliqtebis mizezebi, wamowevs maRal zneobriv Rirebulebebs, misaReb adaTebs.

adaTi vaxseneT. igi xalxis kulturologiis gamomxatvelia. umaRlesi adaTobrivi zneobis nimuSad movitanT epizods vaJa-fSavelas genialuri poemidan `stumar-maspinZeli~. qistebma (CeCnebma) Seipyres maTi mosisxle xevsuri (qarTveli) zviadauri, roca igi stumrad imyofeboda qist joyolasTan. kavkasielTa adaTiT stumari Tavisufali da xeluxlebelia, rac daarRvies joyolas Tanasoflelebma. amis gamo ganrisxebulma joyolam zviadauris dasacavad xmali iSiSvla, magram Tavadac gakoWes. zviadauri gmirulad Sexvda sikvdils, ar Seewira misganve moklul qists. zviadauris gmirobiT aRfrTovanebulma aRazam, joyolas colma, daitira igi. Sin mosulma uambo qmars tirilis mizezi. pasuxi: `itire, madli giqnia, me ra gamge var magisa, diacsa mudam uxdeba, glova vaJkacis kargisa~.


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ai, udidesi zneoba, udiadesi Tavisufleba, romelic kacobriobis yvela epoqis damamSvenebelia.

Tavisuflebis Semmecnebeli bunebasTan konfliqtSi ar Sedis, piriqiT, masTan harmoniaSia. amitom ver gaviziarebT vilhelm vindelbandis [9] mosazrebas, rom bunebisagan gansxvavebiT istorias ar aqvs kanonebi, ris gamoc momavlis ganWvreta SeuZlebeliao. bunebac da sazogadoebac orive RvTis kanonebiT arsebobs da am kanonebis SecnobiT aris momavlis ganWvreta SesaZlebeli.

magram adamianebi arRveven am kanonebs, disharmonia SeaqvT bunebasTan urTierTobaSi. mizezi, cxadia, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebaa.

daundobelia konkurenciis sacecebi. isini ubiZgeben miliarders meti da meti kapitalis dagrovebisaken, modundeba da gakotrdeba, e.i. arc mas aqvs Tavisufleba.

fuli! fuli! fuli! _ ai, oligarqis mTavari sazrunavi da ara adamiani. oligarqi mamonas monaa, nivTis motrfialea. misi ritorika pirovnebis da erTa Tavisuflebaze farisevlobaa. swored oligarqebi aiZuleben maT mierve dasmul mTavrobebs ekonomikur da politikur eqspansiebs, rasac mesianisturi lozungebiT niRbaven. da iwyeba is, rasac RmerTi krZalavs: `ara kac hkla~.

sxva qveynis dasamorCileblad brZanebiT mimavali meomaric monaa. Tavisuflebis umaRlesi xarisxi – sicocxle SeiZleba dakargos sakuTari qveynis damcvelmac. `adamiani avtonomiuri arsebaa. es misi damoukidebloba, Tavisuflebaa~ [10. gv. 247].

msoflios yvela qveyanaSi eubnebian adamianebs: konstitu-ciuri Tavisufleba moniWebuli gaqvTo. samarTalic, rogorc Tavisufleba, absoluturi filosofiuri kategoriaa.

magram Tavisufleba ar arsebobs, roca: qonebrivi an inteleqtualuri sakuTreba ar gagaCnia; ar gaqvs samuSao da amis gamo SimSili gemuqrebaT Sen da Seni ojaxis wevrebs; sicocxlis gadasarCenad emigraciaSi waxvide; qonebrivi siduxWiris gamo qalma sxeuliT ivaWros; Sensave qveyanaSi devnili xar; socialuri da politikuri samarTlianobis moTxovnisaTvis Senive xelisufleba gsjis; ver afiqsireb Sens politikur mrwamss Seni da Seni axloblebis samuSaodan daTxovnis SiSiT; usmenen Sens satelefono saubrebs; gaupatiurebis SiSiT sakuTar Tavs cili unda daswamo; SantaJiT an mosyidvebiT arCevnebs giyalbeben; mama-papiseul


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miwas giyidian; deda enas giviwroveben; qurdebiT an zonderebiT gemuqrebian; prozelitur _ axal, cru religiur mimarTulebebs Semogiseven; ojaxs ver qmni umuSevrobis gamo; janmrTlobas ver icav usaxsrobis gamo; mecnieruli da SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis pirobebi ara gaqvs; sawarmoebs ar gaqmnevineben; importuli surogatiT unda ikvebo; sagareo valebi, uazro xarjebisaTvis aRebuli, Seni gadasaxdeli gaxdes; aTaswleulebSi gamotarebul Sens inteleqtualur da kulturul sunjes iparavdnen, sxvadasdxva eTnosebSi agTqvifon da a.S. da a.S. danarCeni Sen miumate, Cemo Zvirfaso megobaro, da yvelaferi es bevri qveynis problemaa.

axla Tavad gansaje: ra xarisxis Tavisuflebaa msoflioSi da ra xarisxis Tavisufleba gvaqvs saqarTveloSi.

literatura References

1. imanuel kanti. 1724-1804. germaneli filosofosi da mecnieri.

2. georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli. 1770-1831. germaneli filosofosi.

3. artur Sopenhaueri. 1788-1860. germaneli fulosofosi.

4. tariel rexviaSvili. vano Wiaureli. filosofia. Tb., 2008.

5. vilhelm dilTai. 1833-1911. germaneli filosofosi.

6. s. kierkegori. 1813-1855. danieli filosofosi.

7. fridrix nicSe. 1844-1900. germaneli filosofosi.

8. Jan pol sartri. 1905-1980. frangi mwerali da filosofosi.

9. vilhelm vildenbandi. 1848-1915. germaneli filosofosi.

10. avTandil ZamaSvili. filosofia. Tb., 2009.


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Gasav (Akaki) Gasviani

Phenomenon of freedom

Summary

In the history of humanity social systems have always been in conflict with

the fundamental laws of personal freedom. Therefore freedom has become a virtual

right.

Keywords: freedom, personal freedom, conflict

Reviewer: Professor Vano Chiaureli, Georgian Technical University

Гасав (Акакий) Гасвиани

Феномен свободы

Резюме

Пройденное человечеством и существуюшие ныне общественные

системы протеворечат законам свободи личности и свобода становится

виртуальным. Это является причиной всяких конфликтов.

Ключевые слова: свобода, свобода личности, конфликты

Рецензент: Профессор Вано Чиаурели . Грузинский технический

университет.


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nana gamyreliZe

komunikacia - multidisciplinaruli paradigama

Sesavali verbaluri komunikaciuri Teoria damoukidebel disciplinad bolo aTwleulebSi Camoyalibda. sazogadoebis mzardma moTxovnilebam komunikaciur codnaze da komunikaciur mzaobaze impulsi misca e.w. “komunikaciur bums” xolo termini komunikacia damkvidrda socialur, humanitarul da teqnikur samecniero sferoebSi. am fenomenis kvlevisadmi sul ufro mzardi interesis miuxedavad samecniero wreebSi mimdinareobs intensiuri kamaTi misi klasikuri, universaluri definiciisa da statusis dasadgenad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom komunikaciuri paradigma dominanturia Tanamedrove lingvistur azrovnebaSi. misi dRevandeli dominanturi statusi gulisxmobs mis Sinagan kavSirs lingvisturi azrovnebis sxva paradigmebTan, kerZod, sistemur-semiotikur da antropocentristul paradigmebTan. igi inarCunebs yvel im konceptis erTobliobas, romelic SemuSavda sxva paradigmaTa farglebSi, Tumca gvTavazobs maT axlebur interpretacias. komunikaciuri paradigma mTlianadaa orientirebuli enaSi kulturis, xolo adamianSi enobrivi faqtoris mniSvnelobaze. ZiriTadi nawili verbaluri komunikacia adamianisa da sazogadoebis Tanaqmedebis fundamentaluri sawyisia. sazogadoeba aramarto TiToeuli Cvenganis Tanaziari sociumia, aramed intersubieqturi kavSirebisa da gaziarebul perspeqtivaTa komunikaciuri intenciaa. swored aRniSnuli faqtori ganapirobebs verbaluri komunikaciuri kvlevisadmi multidisciplinarul interess da misi terminologiuri diferencirebis mravalferovnebas. ase mag. komunikaciuri paradigma ganisazRvreba, rogorc intersubieqturi Tanaarsebobis meqanizmi, sivrcesa da droSi simboloebis akumulirebis, maTi retrospeqtul WrilSi warmodgenisa da gadacemis saSualeba. igi rTuli struqturuli Semadgenlobis mqone dinamiuri sistemaa, romlisTvisac Tvisobrivia codnis socialuri distribucia. komunikaciis cneba mravalwaxnagovania. aq diferencirdeba universaluri da


16

dargobrivi terminologiiT markirebuli komunikaciuri modelebi, Tumca universaluri da intersubieqturi socialurad markirebuli komunikaciaa. igi cdilobs pasuxi gasces Semdeg kiTxvebs: rogor vigebT Cven sxvaTa intenciebs? rogor vugebT sxvebs? rogoraa SesaZlebeli perspeqtivaTa Tanaziaroba? rogoraa SesaZlebeli erT semantikur mniSvnelobamde misvala? samyaro romelSic vcxovrobT ar aris piraduli, is yvelasaTvis identuria. Cven vcxovrobT masSi rogorc erTi subieqti sxva subieqtTa Soris da dakavSirebuli varT maTTan saerTo socialuri zegavleniT [1]. swored amitom komunikaciuri Teoriis swavleba multidisciplinarulia da Sordeba erTi romelime samecniero dargis farglebs. cnobili frangi eTno-struqturalisti k. levi-strosi ganmartavda, rom “socialuri mecnierebebi miemarTebian kopernikiseuli heliocentristuli revoluciisaken, sadac centrSi komunikaciuri Teoriaa, romelic universaluri da specifikuri meTodebiT manipulirebs sazogadoebas” [2]. cxadia komunikaciuri Teoriis gavrcelebis areali scdeba socialuri mecnierebebis farglebs. igi intensiurad ganixileba humanitarul, teqnikur da sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebTan erTad. ufro metic, komunikaciuri Teoria garkveulwilad damoukidebeli disciplinaa, romelsac gaaCnia kvlevis damoukidebeli obieqti da misTvis Tvisobrivi kvlevis meTodebi. igi Tanamedrove mecnieruli codnis kompleqsuri sferoa, romelic Tavis TavSi organulad aerTianebs kvlevis kompleqsur meTodebs komunikaciuri realiebis sxvadasxva safexurze – iqneba es zogadTeoriuli, teqnologiuri, specifikuri samecniero, Tu empiriuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom komunikacia materiis atributuli Tvisebaa, romelic samyaros materialuri erTobiT, mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis urTierT-damokidebulebiTaa ganpirobebuli. cxadia komunikaciuri intencia sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba obieqturi realobis sxvadasxva safexurze. igi erTgvari filosofiuri kategoriaa, dialogia subieqtsa da subieqts da ara subieqtsa da obieqts Soris. komunikacia TavisTavad Tvalsazrisia, msoflxedvaTa, stereotipul warmodgenaTa, logikisa da mentaluri aRqmis sinTezia. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom swored komunikaciis wiaRSi yalibdeba logikis, ritorikis, eTikisa da politikis fundamentaluri Teoriebi. swored


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komunikaciuri Teoria gansazRvravs komunikaciuri intenciis, misi interpretaciis da aRqmis ZiriTad parametrebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fsiqologiis, rogorc mecnierebis erT-erTi mTavari komunikaciuri aspeqti subieqtis mier obieqturi samyaros realuri aRqma da masTan urTierTobis formis regulirebaa. aRniSnulSi igulisxmeba rogorc verbaluri komunikaciis, aseve pirovnuli fsiqologiuri faqtoriT ganpirobebuli araverbaluri komunikaciis Taviseburebebi. mniSvnelovnad mesaxeba yuradRebis gamaxvileba komunikaciis socialur aspeqtebze. SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom sociologia sazogadoebis struqturisa da misi dinamiuri ganviTarebis fonze intensiurad Seiswavlis komunikaciis problemas sxvadasxva socialuri da eTno-kulturologiuri warmoSobis jgufebSi. bolo xanebSi socialuri komunikacia aqtiurad Seiswavleba da integrirdeba Tanamedrove socialur TeoriebTan. igi erTgvar qvakuTxeds qmnis politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, ideologiuri da teqnikuri komunikaciuri interaqciis procesSi. rac Seexeba verbalur komunikacias, misi kvleva uSualod lingvistikis sferos warmiadgens. aRniSnulSi igulisxmeba dialogi, monologi, zepiri da werilobiTi komunikaciis formebi, azris warmoqmnis, formirebis, interpretirebis, distribuciis da aRqmis logikuri, Tanamimdevruli fazebi. vfiqrob sayuradReboa bolo wlebSi ganviTarebuli komunikaciur-kibernetikuli mimdinareoba, romlis ZiriTadi Seswavlis obieqti “politikuri komunikacia”, politikuri procesebi da subieqtebs Soris politikurad markirebuli interaqciaa. k. doiCi naSromSi “politika da politikuri fsonebi”, politikas aigivebs kibernetikul sisitemasTan, romelic sinqronul WrilSi simetriuli moqmedebis principiT funqcionirebs [3]. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom dRemde ar arsebobs komunikaciuri Teoriis Seswavlis sagnis da kvlevis obieqtis unificirebuli koncefcia. am kuTxiT ori mimarTuleba SeiniSneba: pirveli - situaciuri, sadac komunikaciis terminologiuri diferencireba situaciuria da meore - komunikacia, rogorc mravalganzomilebiani sinqronuli sistema. aRniSnuli koncefciebi miuxedavad specifikuri Taviseburebebisa, simetriul urTierTmimarTebaSia da erTgvarad avsebs kidec erTmaneTs.


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komunikaciur paradigmaze saubrisas, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT komunikaciis dinamikur da statistikur kanonzomierebebze. dinamikur kanonzomierebaSi igulisxmeba mimdinare movlenebis determinirebuli asaxva, maSin roca statistikuri kanonzomiereba mTlianad eyrdnoba statistikis monacemebs da arainterpretirebul faqtebs. aRniSnuli kanonzomierebebi socialurad determinirebuli komunikaciuri situaciisaTvis aris Tvisobrivi. igi iTvaliswinebs subieqtTa saerTo socialur da kulturul Rirebulebebs, fsiqologiur faqtors da situaciur-stereotipul modelebs. igi xSirad araprognozirebadi da informaciuli distribuciis situaciuri modeliTaa markirebuli. daskvna komunikaciuri modeli, romelic komunikaciur sivrceSi realizdeba, ar unda gavigoT, rogorc erT romelime sferoSi Caketili sistema. komunikaciuri sivrce ar aris kerZo da piraduli, piriqiT igi sociumTan Tanaziari komunikaciuri kavSirebis sistemaa, romelic sazogadoebis wiaRSi warmoiqmnbeba da adamianSi enobrivi faqtoris axlebur interpretaciazea orientirebuli.

literaturა References

1.Schutz A. Der sinnhafte Aufbau der socialen Welt. Berlin 1967 S. 111 - 164

2.C.levi-Strauss. Strukturelle Antrophologie. Institute of Cultural Studies Unesco

Chair in Intercultural Dialogue. www.culturedialogue.com

3. k. doiCi. politika da politikuri fsonebi. politologiis instituti Tbilisi 2008. gv.64.

http://www.culturedialogue.com/


19

Nana Gamkrelidze

Communication - multidisciplinary Paradigm

Summary

The paper discusses the fundamental starting interrelating of human and

society, hes Terminological diversity and Multidisciplinary connections.

Keywords: Communication paradigm, Communicative intentions, Communication

model, Communicative space, Stereotypical model, Intersubjectivity

Reviewer: Professor Rusudan Tabukashvili, Georgian Technical University

Нана Гамкрелидзе

Коммуникация - мультидисцыплинарная парадигма

Резюме

В статье рассмотрена фундаментальная основа взаимодействия

человека и общественности - коммуникативная парадигма,

терминологическое разнообразие дефиницый и мультидисцыплинарные

связи.

Ключевые слова: коммуникативная парадигма, коммуникативная

интенцыя, коммуникативная модель, коммуникативное пространство,

стереотипный модель, интерсубиективность.

Рецензент: Профессор Русудан Табукашвили. Грузинский технический



20

giorgi ziraqaSvili

informaciuli teqnologiebi rogorc sistemawarmomqmneli

komponenti da masTan dakavSirebuli riskebi

gasuli saukunis miwuruls da mimdinare saukunis

dasawyisSi gamoTvliT teqnikaSi revoluciuri miRwevebis

Sedegad naTeli gaxda XXI saukunisaTvis informaciis saukunis

saxelis miniWebis arsi. aq gamovyofT or aspeqts: pirveli

aspeqti dakavSirebulia mecnierTa im mosazrebasTan, rom

informatizacia aris “mTeli adamianTa modgmis gadarCenis

kardinaluri meqanizmi” [1]. igulisxmeba, rom informatizaciis,

msoflio mosaxleobis masobrivi kompiuterizaciis meSveobiT

SesaZlebelia kacobriobis inteleqtualuri donis amaRleba

aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT. meore aspeqti dakavSirebulia

informaciis rogorc kacobriobis saaarsebo resursebis im

TaviseburebasTan, romlebiTac is gansxvavdeba tradiciuli

(materialuri, energetikuli) resursebisgan. kerZod: a)

informacia zemoqmedebas axdens warmoebis efeqtianobaze

tradiciuli resursebis fizikuri zrdis gareSe; b) informacia

zemoqmedebas axdens warmoebis subieqtur faqtorze –

adamianze, mis xasiaTsa da niWze; g) informacia aCqarebs

kvlavwarmoebis process saqonlis warmoebisa da mimocvlis

periodis Semcirebis xarjze. yvelaferi es ki moiTxovs

sruliad axlebur midgomas biznes-procesebis warmarTvisadmi.

cnobili espaneli mkvlevari manual kastelsi XXI saukunis

ekonomikas qselurs uwodebs. misi azriT uSualod

kompiuteruli qselis ganviTarebaze iqneba damokidebuli ama

Tu im qveynis da saerTod msoflios ekonomikis ganviTareba [2].

xolo amerikeli sociologi d. beli Tvlis, rom codnaze

dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT adamianuri saqmianobis

yvela sferos moicavs [3]. amerikeli ekonomisti l. turou

miiCnevs, rom informaciuli ekonomikis pirobebSi izrdeba

kompaniebSi dasaqmebuli personalis Tavisuflebis xarisxi da

maT gadawyvetilebis Tavisuflad miRebis saSualeba eZlevaT

[4]. aqve unda aRვniSnoT, rom mkvlevarebis didi nawili p.


21

draveri, m. kastelisi, l. turou da sxvebi iziareben Semdeg

Tezisebs:

tradiciuli kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SromiTi

urTierTobebis Secvla iwvevs industiurl sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli kerZo sakuTrebis bunebis radikalur cvlilebas;

informacia dominirebul sawarmoo resursad iqca;

icvleba sabazro infrastruquturis roli da

mniSvneloba;

informaciuli teqnologiebis danergvisas mniSvnelovnad

mcirdeba kompaniebSi, saaqcio sazogadoebaSi dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba;

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs ar gaaCniaT mza pasuxi

globaluri informaciuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan

dakavSirebiT misi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb,

erT rameSi isini erTsulovani arian, rom globalizaciis da

informaciuli teqnologiebis farTo danergvis da gamoyenebis

procesebi Seuqcevadia da msoflio sazogadeobas mouwevs

Seeguos am faqts. cxadi xdeba, am pirobebSi, Tu ra

mniSvneloba eniWeba TiToeuli msxvili Tu mcire kompaniebis,

nebismieri mizandasaxuli sistemebisaTvis, yoveli adamianis da

saxelmwifos CaTvliT, ara marto informaciuli teqnologiebis

danergvisas, aramed misi uaryofiTi gavlenebis gamovlena –

ganeitralebas. rogorc “didi Svideulis” jer kidev 1995 wlis

Sexvedraze aRiniSna, msoflio informaciul infrastruqturaSi

gaerTianebisas saxelmwifoebma aucileblad unda uzrunvelyon

Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebis Sesruleba:

daicvan moTxovnebi informaciuli sistemebis

integraciaze, romlebic uzrunvelyofen maT erTobliv

gamoyenebas;

xeli Seuwyon informaciuli qselebis da momsaxurebaTa

globaluri bazrebis ganviTarebas;

uzrunvelyos kerZo interesebis gaTvaliswineba da

informaciis dacva;

uzrunvelyon saavtoro uflebebis dacva;


22

xeli Seuwyon sakomunikacio teqnologiebis kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis sferoebSi TanamSromlobas;

ganaxorcielon informciuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

socialur da sazogadoebriv gamovlinebebze dakvirveba;

pirvel rigSi gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT im uaryofiT

faqtorebze, romlebic xels uSlian informaciuli

teqnologiebis danergva – ganviTarebas, seriozul safrTxes

uqmnian nebismieri masStabisa da kategoriis mizandasaxul

sistemebs, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis da msoflios

progresuli sazogadoebis CaTvliT, am teqnologiaTa

SesaZleblobebis aramarTlzomieri gamoyenebiT. mxedvelobaSi

gvaqvs ori ZiriTadi faqtori: erTi, romelic cnobilia

kompiuterul danaSaulebaTa saxeliT da mimarTulia

informaciuli resursebis arakanonieri gamoyeneba –

miTvisebaze, maT daizanebaze; da meore, rodesac

danaSaulebrivi jgufebi (magaliTad sxvadasxva teroristuli

dajgufebebi) globalur informaciul teqnologiebs iyeneben

TavianTi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.

aRniSnuli faqtorebis miyenebuli zarali Zalze

mniSvnelovan Tanxebs aRwevs informaciuli teqnologiebis

lider saxelmwifoebSi, rom araferi vTqvaT sxva

saxelmwifoebze. ase magaliTad, aSS-s oficialuri wyaroebis

cnobiT, jer kidev XXI saukunis damdegs, sainformacio –

telekomunikaciebSi arasanqcirebuli SeRweviT miyenebulma

yoveelwliurma zaralma Seadgina 150-dan 300 miliard

dolaramde. amerikis SeerTeebul StatebSi, am periodSi,

saSualo zarali erTi kompiutruli danaSaulebisagan Seadgens

450 aTas dolars, xolo maqsimaluri zarali – 1 milion

dolars. did britaneTSi yovelwliuri zarali Seadgens 2,5

miliard funt sterlings, xolo dasavleT evropis qveynebSi –

30 miliard dolars.

faqtia, rom interneti didi siswrafiT viTardeba rogorc

seriozuli profesiuli garemo, aseve faqtia isic, rom e.w.

kompiuteruli damnaSaveebi, maT Soris xakerebi, sxvadasxva

saxis virusebis Semqmnelebi ufro xSirad cdiloben TavianTi


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Cvevebidan miiRon materialuri sargebeli. isini sxvadasxva

meTodebiT, mavne progamebis gamoyenebiT, cdiloben

kompiuterebidan moiparon Rirebuli konfidencialuri

informacia, rogoricaa magaliTad, internetSi SeRwevis piradi

parolebi, sakredito baraTebis nomrebi, sabanko da komerciul

dokumentebTan SeRwevis kodebi da sxva.

aqve SeiZleba davasaxeloT potenciuri borotganmzra-

xvelobis ZiriTadi kategoriebi:

1) ofisSi momuSave personali;

2) provaiderebis da Sualeduri sakomunikacio kvanZebis

teqnikuri personali;

3) specialuri saxelmwifo samsaxurebi. ruseTSi, magaliTad

arsebobs specialuri samsaxuris СОРМ (система специальных

оперативно – розыскных мероприятий), romelsac SeuZlia specialuri

programul-aparatuli saSualebebi daayenos satelekomunikacio

kompaniebis kuTvnil farTze;

4) kerZo dacvis firmebi. zogierTi aseTi firma awarmoebs

informaciis arakanonier Segrovebas da gayidvas. magaliTad,

moskovSi aseT firmebs SeuZliaT ara marto satelefono

saubrebis Cawera, aramed eleqtronuli safosto werilebis

xelSi Cagdebac;

5) xakerebi. eqspertTa azriT xakerebis SesaZleblobebi

aSkarad gazviadebulia, magram maTi SesaZleblobebis

ignorireba ar SeiZleba.

amrigad, informaciuli tenologiebis sayovelTao

gavrceleba-danergvam, sawarmoebis, biznes procesebis,

saxelmwifo marTvis procesebis avtomatizebam, eleqtronuli

urTierTobaTa modelebis G2B, G2C, B2B, B2C, C2C sayovelTao

aRiareba-gamoyenebam wina planze wamowia informaciis rogorc

sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtis samarTlebrivi dacvis

aucilebloba. Tavis mxriv moyvanili magaliTebi aSkarad

migvaniSneben am amocanis problematurobaze. amis umTavresi

mizezi ki, Cveni azriT mdgomareobs, pirvel rigSi, informaciis

rogoc sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtis TaviseburebaSi – is

sakuTrebis uflebis tradiciuli materialuri obieqtebisagan


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gansxvavebiT advilad kopirebadia, advilad gadaecema sxva

sakuTrebis uflebis mqone pirs sakuTrebis uflebis raime

aSkara (SesamCnevi) darRvevis gareSe. garda amisa infomaciis

kopirebisas da gadacemis safrTxes amwvavebs is garemoeba, rom

is wesi gankuTvnili mesakuTrisagan, anu is inaxeba da

muSavdeba didi odenobiT subieqtebis misawvdom garemoSi,

romlebic ar arian am informaciis sakuTrebis uflebis

matareblebi. esaa, magaliTad, farTo speqtri sayovelTaod

gavrcelebuli avtomatizebuli sistemebisa, dawyebuli

calkeuli adamianebis kompiuteruli samuSao adgilebiT,

damTavrebuli korporatiuli avtomatizirebuli sistemebiT,

eleqtronuli xelisuflebiT da ineternetiT. dRes nebismieri

mizandasaxuli subieqti iZulebulia moaxdinos Tavisi

saqmianobis avtomatizeba da iqonios eleqtronuli kavSirebi

rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebTan, aseve

partniorebTan, saWiroebisas ki nebismier subieqtebTan. cxadia

pirvel planze gamodis aseTi sistemebis funqcionirebis, maTSi

personaluri monacemebiT dawyebuli, korporatiuli da

saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis monacemebiT damTavrebuli,

saxelmwifo doneze sakanonmdeblo – normatiuli mxardaWera.

rogorc ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs

personaluri monacemebis dacvis uzrunvelyofa mxolod

nawilia im rTuli RonisZiebebis kompleqsisa, romelmac unda

uzrunvelyos informaciuli teqnologiebis efeqturi marTva,

riskebis marTva da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebis Sesruleba.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi RonisZiebaTa kompleqss, romelic

mimarTulia aRniSnuli problemis gadasawyvetad ewodeba GRS –

Gavernance Risk management and compliance – efeqturi marTva, riskebis

kontroli da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebis Sesruleba. xolo

RonisZiebaTa erTobliobam, romelic mimarTulia problemis

gadasawyvetad da gamoxatulia fulad saxeSi, miiRo

saxelwodeba Compliance infrastructure Market-Compliance bazis

infrastruqtura - gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic mimarTulni

arian kanonმdeblobis moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad [5].


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Compliance bazis infrastruqtura – esaa erToblioba

xarjebisa aparatul da programul uzrunvelyofaze, agreTve

it momsaxurebaze, romlebic gankuTvnili arian it efeqturi

marTvis, riskebis kontrolis da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebeli zomebis gasatareblad. aSS

momqmedi sul cota rva normatiuli dokumenti moicavs yvela

donis riskebisa, romlebix dakavSirebulni arian informaciis

Seqmnis, Senaxvis da gadacemis wesebis darRvevasTan, rogorc

saxelmwifo da korporaciul, aseve personalur doneze [15].

Comliance – infrastruqturam unda uzrunvelyos Sesruleba

mocemuli normatiuli aqtebis mTeli erTobliobisa, amave

dros cxada, rom normatiuli aqtebi atareben aRwerilobiT

xasiaTs, amitom kompaniis amocanaa, romelic qmnis Compliance

infrastruqturas, gadaitanos es wesebi it-politikebis

nakrebSi, moaxdinos kompaniis yvela it – resursebis

identificireba, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian monacemebis

SeqmnasTan, mxardaWerasa da gacvlasTan da unda

Seesabamebodnen am politikebs, organicia gaukeTon

gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic mxars dauWeren mocemuli it-

politikebis danarTebTan, monacemebTan, informaciis Senaxvis

sistemebTan mimarTebaSi, da uzrunvelyofen maT Sesrulebis

kontrols. Compliance – infrastruqturam unda uzrunvelyos

saqmiani informaciis usafrTxo gamoyeneba da gacvla rogorc

kompaniis SigniT aseve kompaniebs Soris, uzrunvelyos

SeRwevadoba da urRvevoba informaciisa, saSualeba mieces

mewarmeebs ukeT marTon korporatiuli it-garemos cvlilebebi,

uzrunvelyon momsaxureba da xelmisawvdomoba it-procesebisa

im doneze, rogoc es SLA-Sia dafiqsirebuli.

informaciuli usafrTxoebis sferoSi gamoqveynebuli

samecniero Sromebis da sxva saxis publikaciebis analizma

naTlad dagvanaxa, rom dReisaTvis yvelaze saSiS muqarebad

iqcnen insaiderebi. [6,7,8]

saerTo SeSfoTeba, romelic dakavSirebulia am

problemasTan savsebiT gasagebia: msoflio statistikis

monacemebiT (magaliTad, aSS-s gamoZiebis federaluri biuros


26

angariSebi “Computer Cime and Security survey”) maqsimalur

danakargebs kompaniebi ganicdian swored am muqarebis gamo [9].

Tumca arsebuli publikaciebis analizi uflebas gvaZlevs

gavakeToT Semdegi SeniSvnebi:

termini insaideri yovelTvis mocemulia ganmartebis

gareSe, rogorc TavisTavad cxadi ram;

cneba insaideri da borotganmzraxveli, romelic

imyofeba qselis SigniT, praqtikulad erTmaneTs Seerwya;

mogviTxroben insaiderebis muqaraze, magaliTad moyavT

dakarguli nouTbukebi informaciiT;

saubaria ra insaiderebze xSirad adgili aqvs garkveul

dabnevas (an aRrevas) da miTiTebebi keTdeba iseT Setevebze

rogoricaa parolis morgeba, sxvisi logos gamoyeneba, kolegis

kompiuteris gatexva da a.S.

Cveulebriv, aseTi Seusabamobebi migvaniSneben avtorebis

mxridan gulwrfelad daSvebul Secdomebze, sagnis (problemis)

arsis gaugebrobaze da mcdelobebze daimalos es lamazi

terminis qveS, an Segnebul manipulirebaze mkiTxvelebisa.

insaiderebis Sesaxeb nebismieri Temis umTavresi sagania mis

winaaRmdeg brZola yvela xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT.

Seqmnili situacia gvagonebs spamebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

epopeas, es problema, raTqmaunda, dResac arsebobs, magram is

umeteswilad exeba provaiderebs, romlebic iZulebuli arian

TavianT serverebSi Seinaxon mniSvnelovani raodenoba

werilebisa, vidre korporatiul momxmareblebs, Tumca bevri

maTgani TiTqmis daarwmunes amaSi.

imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT da SevafasoT is muqarebi, romelTa

matareblebic arian insaiderebi nebismieri sawarmos mimarT da

SerCeuli iqnas namdvilad adekvaturi dacvis zomebi,

aucilebelia ganvmartoT cneba terminisa “insaideri”.

arsebobs aRniSnuli terminis mravalnairi ganmarteba, magram

Cveni Tematikidan gamomdinare Semogvaqvs Semdegi ganmarteba:

insaderi – pirovneba, romelsac Tavisi samsaxureobrivi an

ojaxuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare aqvs daSveba kompaniis

saqmianobis konfidencialur da sxva sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis


27

informaciasTan. saubaria Tanamdebobis pirze, direqtorze,

zogadad TanamSromlebze, romlebic muSaoben kompaniis

avtomatizebul sainformacio sistemasTan. am kategorias

vakuTvnebT aseve, korporaciis ZiriTad aqcionerebs da maT

axlo naTesavebs.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, rom yvela ganmartebaSi,

Cveni ganmartebis CaTvliT, sayrdeni sityvebia: “aqvT daSveba

informciasTan”. es ki saSualebas iZleva kidev ufro

davakonkretoT “insaiderebis” problema, gavacnobieroT, rom

arsebobs Sida borotganmzraxvelis problema, da is gavyoT or

nawilad: insaiderad, romelsac aqvs daSveba informaciasTan da

TanamSromlad, romelic cdilobs miiRos aseTi daSveba;

informacia – esaa ganmarteba, raRac cnoba.

monacemebi – esaa warmodgena faqtebis da ideebis

formalizebul saxeSi, romelic gamosadegia gadacemisa da

damuSavebisaTvis romeliRac sainformacio procesSi.

am cnebebSi kidev ufro ukeT gasarkvevad moviyvanoT

magaliTebi:

cx. 1. faqtebis, monacemebis da informaciis cxrili

faqti monacemebi informacia

kompania emzadeba

gamouSvas axali

produqti

teqnikuri

dokumentacia,

sareklamo masala,

distributiki,

produqtis sawyisi

kodi.

produqti jer kidev

araa mzad/araa

atestirebuli,

gamoSvebis vadebi iqneba

darRveuli/daculi

kompania cdilobs

gazardos Tavisi

aqciebis Rirebuleba

RonisZiebebis gegmas,

romlebic

mimarTulia-------,

prognozebi aqciebis

Rirebulebaze da a.S.

kompanias ubralod

amzadeben gasayidad

kompania agrovebs

axal TanamSromlebs

gancxadebebi

serverebze

maZieblebisaTvis

kompania emzadeba axali

momsaxurebis

gamosaSvebad male

gaxsnis axal filials


28

insaiderebi asocirdebian imasTan, rom insaiderebs: gamoaqvT

klientebis sia; gamoaqvT dokumentebi; gamoqavT monacemTa

bazebi; gamoaqvT informacia.

rogorc analizma gviCvena amocanebi, romlebic unda

gadawydes insaiderebTan brZolisas – aseTia: normatiuli

aqtebis da standartebis moTxovnebTan Sesatyvisoba;

informaciuli daculoba (uvnebloba); monacemebis daculoba;

gaJonvis arsebis gamovlena; uTanaziarobis damamtkicebeli

sabuTi.

SeiZleba gamovyoT informaciis gaJonvis aRkveTis Semdegi

ZiriTadi gzebi:

insaiderebis TviTkontroli, raTa ar moxdes am

informaciis uneblie gaJonva; xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze

daniSvna pasuxismgebeli, Semowmebuli, moralurad mdgradi

adamianebis; am adamianebis yuradRebis aqcentireba imaze, rom

ara yvela informaciaa gankuTvnili farTo publikaSi

gasavrceleblad.

es problema, rogorc Cans mTlianad Zevs adamianis

faqtoris sferoSi. samwuxarod, masTan gamklaveba uWirT

saukeTeso specsamsaxurebsac ki.

monacemTa gaJonvis problemis winaaRmdeg brZola

SesaZlebelia. diax swores brZolaa SesaZlebeli da ara am

problemis damarcxeba da ai ratom. rogorc ar unda

SevzRudoT adamianebis daSveba informaciasTan:

- adamians SeuZlia aCvenos dokumenti kolegas

monitorze/nabeWdi, romlisTvisac is araa gankuTvnili;

- adamians SeiZleba daaviwydes dokumenti printerSi,

sasadiloSi, datovos umeTvalyurod kabineti an keisi an seifi;

- adamians SeuZlia ekranidan furcelze amoweros;

- adamians SeuZlia waikiTxos telefonSi an bevri ram

Tqvas diqtofonze;

- SeiZleba monitoris ekranis fotografireba fiWuri

telefonis fotokameriT;


29

- adamians bolos da bolos SeuZlia ubralod

daimaxsovros dokumentis SigTavsi sxva ramesTan erTad, igive

nouTbuki monacemebiT SeiZleba daikargos an moparul iqnas.

dacvis nebismieri saSualeba qmnis mouxerxeblobas – es

aqsiomaa. nebismieri dasanergi (danergili) dacvis saSualeba

saWiroebs momsaxurebas – es cxovrebis kanonia. anu dayendes

dacvis saSualeba da ar gakontroldes is Tu ra Sedegs iZleva

is – sibriyvea.

unda aRiniSnos, rom cnebis “insaiderebis muqarebi” qveS

aranairad ar xvdeba, da Sesabamisad informaciis kontrolis

teqnikuri saSualebebis mier ar blokirdeba: dakargva

nouTbukebis, fleSebis da a.S. – esaa daudevroba

(gulgriloba); moparva nouTbukebis, kompiuterebis,

vinCesterebi sarezervo kopioebiT – esaa raRac monaTesave

gatexvis; informaciis gaJonva virusebis moqmedebiT;

informaciis gaJonva qselis gatexvisas, Tundac TanamSromlis

mier.

insaiderul muqarebs ar ganekuTvnebian iseTi SemTxvevebi,

rogoricaa gaJonva klientebis bazebisa gayidvebis

direqtorTan erTad.

mniSvnelovania ar mivceT Tavs ufleba CaTreuli viqnaT

iseTi problemis gadawyvetaSi, romelic ar arsebobs, an

romelic principulad gadauWrelia.


1. Урсус А.Д. Информатизация общества. Введение в социальную

информатику – М. АОН. 1990.

2. М. Кастельс. Информационная эпоха – М. ВЩЭ, 2000.

3. Bell D. The coming of Post-industrial society N.X. 2011.

4. Лестер К. Туроу. Будущее капитализма – «Сибирский Хронограф» 1999

5. Нуриев Г. Compliance – инфраструктура и контрол рисков – Компьютер

пресс, Октябрь, 2009.

6. Исследование Check Point: рост количества удаленных сотрудников

приведет к усломнению инфраструктуры безопасности в 2011 г.


30

7. www. ms-security.ru.

8. Взлом и защита 1с: Предприятия. Анализ проблемы цисайдерского взлома

для меподтлеров. – Оригинал статьи находится на сайте компании «Поликом

Про».Утечки корпоративной информайии и персональных даннфх в 2010 году

– www.stcurity.ru.

9. Зарубетный опыт защиты информации в процессе организации работы с

кадрами (напримере США) – http://security.meganet.md .

Giorgi Zirakashvili

Information technologies as backbone component and risks linked to it

Summary

The role and significance of contemporary information technologies is

analyzed in the work. The principal threats are revealed, neglect of which, from the

standpoint of protection from them, can put into question the existence of

organization. Special attention in this work is focused on the unsanctioned leakage

of information, which is the most important for organization, and one of the

predominant and most dangerous channels of it can be the corporate employee –

insider, which intentionally or unintentionally falsifies this information, acquaints

other person with it or makes it inaccessible.

As analysis shows, the following tasks should be accomplished with purpose

of combating insiders: compliance of statutory regulations and standards with

requirements; information save-keeping (harmlessness); data safety; revelation of

leakage.

The basic ways of prevention of information leakage can be separated:

Self-control over insiders, in order to eliminate unintentional leakage of

information; assignment of responsible, tested, well-conditioned people at

managerial positions; pay special attention of these people on the fact that not every

information should be the subject of expansion among wide audience.

It seems that this problem belongs to the area of human factor.

Unfortunately, even special services are not able to combat it.

Keywords: Information technologies, backbone component, risks

Reviewer: Professor Korneli Odisharia, Georgian Technical University

http://www.stcurity.ru/

http://security.meganet.md/


31

Георгий Зиракашвили

Информационные технологии как системообразующий компонент и

связанные с этим риски

Резюме

В работе проанализирована роль и значение современных

информационных технологий. Выявлены те основные угрозы, неучет

которых, с точки зрения защиты от них, может поставить под вопрос само

существование организации. В работе особое внимание заострено на

несанкционированной утечке важнейшей для организации информации,

одним из главнейших и опаснейших каналов чего может быть сотрудник

организации – инсайдер, который преднамеренно либо не преднамеренно

фальсифицирует подобную информацию, знакомит с ней других лиц или же

делает ее недоступной.

Как показал анализ, для борьбы с инсайдерами необходимо решить

следующие задачи: соответствие нормативных актов и стандартов

требованиям; информационная сохранность (ненанесение вреда); сохранность

данных; выявление наличия утечки.

Можно выделить основные пути предотвращения утечки информации:

Самоконтроль над инсайдерами, с тем, чтобы не произошло

непроизвольной утечки информации; назначение на руководящие посты

ответственных, проверенных, морально устойчивых людей; акцентирование

внимания этих людей на том, что не каждая информация подлежит

распространению среди широкой публики.

По-видимому, эта проблема лежит в сфере человеческого фактора. К

сожалению, бороться с ней затрудняются даже спецслужбы.

Ключевые слова: Информационные технологии, системообразующий

компонент, риски

Рецензент: Профессор Корнели Одишариа. Грузинский технический

университет


32

qeTi jijeiSvili, manana darCaSvili

globalurisa da erovnulis Tanafardobis problemebi

saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove msoflio politikuri

procesebis konteqstSi

Tanamedrove unikalur geopolitikur, geokulturul da

ekonomikur globalur procesebSi saqarTvelos adgilisa da poziciis sworad gansazRvras gadamwyveti mniSvneloba gaaCnia axalgazrda qarTuli demokratiuli saxelmwifos formirebisaTvis. erTi mxriv, man mxari unda aubas mimdinare globalur politikur procesebs, Caebas globalur proeqtebSi da gaxdes dasavleTis nawili, magram, meore mxriv, am SeuCerebeli globalizaciuri procesebis mimdinareobisas man unda SeZlos saukuneebgamovlili tradiciebis SenarCuneba; SenarCuneba im yovelive faseulisa, rac qarTvelebs sxvadasxva fenomenis – enis, sarwmunoebis, folklorisa da kulturis sxvadasxva originaluri komponentis saxiT aqvs Seqmnili da darCes qarTvelad.

saqarTvelo moiazreba dasavleTis nawilad im kriteriumebis umravlesobis safuZvelze, romlebic safuZvlad udevs evropul integracias. luqsemburgis evropuli kvlevebis institutis direqtorma armand klesim Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi wakiTxul leqciaze daasaxela eqvsi kriteriumi: geografiuli, politikuri, kulturuli, religiuri, strategiuli da ekonomikuri. amaTgan ukanaskneli calsaxad uaryofs Cvens mikuTvnebulobas evropul sivrcesTan, radganac igi dasavleTad warmogvidgens ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis umravlesobas (am niSniT iaponiac evropuli erTobis wevrad moiazreba), geografiuli kriteriumis mixedviT sadavoa aris Tu ara saqarTvelo evropis nawili. rac Seexeba danarCen oTx kriteriums, isini saqarTvelos evropis farglebSi aqceven.

religiuri kriteriumis mixedviT qarTveli eri dasavlur (evropul) sivrceSi moiazreba, radgan igi iyo erT-erTi pirveli evropuli qveyana, sadac qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad aRiares, xolo evropuli samyaro swored qristianul faseulobebs daefuZna.

kulturuli kriteriumis mixedviT saqarTvelo SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT evropas, vinaidan miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni qveyana mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze mudmivad ganicdida aRmosavluri kulturis moZalebas, rac iasaxa kidec mniSvnelovnad mis stilze, garegnul formasa Tu fasadze,


33

mainc misi Sinaarsi yovelTvis iyo qarTuli, erovnuli cnobierebisa da sazogadoebis socialuri ganviTarebis kuTxiT misTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis Rirebulebebi evropuli warmomavlobisa iyo da mTlianad gansxvavdeboda aziuri faseulobebisagan. am konteqstSi gansaxilvelad sainteresoa renesansis periodis saqarTvelo, romelic warmoadgenda mowinave evropul qveyanas adamianis uflebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT. man erT-erTma pirvelma Seqmna òmbucmenis instituti~ _ kari sajaro, romelic sxvadasxva saxis gadacdomebis gasaCivrebis saSualebas iZleoda. jer kidev Tamaris mefobisas ikrZaleboda àsoTa mokueTa~ anu dasaxiCreba – is, rac mxolod mogvianebiT Caiwera aSS-is konstituciis Sesworebidan erT-erT muxlSi _ `sastiki an uCveulo sasjelis gamoyenebis~ akrZalva. mogvianebiT yuTlu arslanis politikurma dasma moiTxova ìsnis karavis~ daarseba, romelic parlamentis msgavsi sakanonmdeblo uflebebiT aRWurvili mudmivi dawesebuleba unda yofiliyo. Cveni istoriidan kidev uamravi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba am Tezis sasargeblod.

politikuri kriteriumebis mixedviT, romelic evropis farglebSi aqcevs im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic dasavleTis politikur mrwamss iziareben, Cveni xelisuflebis mier deklarirebuli kursi evropis nawilad Cveni aRiarebis safuZvels iZleva.

rac Seexeba strategiul kriteriums, igi evropad moaizrebs saerTo strategiuli interesebis mqone qveynebis erTobliobas. saqarTvelosTvis, geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, satranzito funqciis miniWebiT da sxvadasxva proeqtebiT dasavleTis dainteresebiT es ukanasknelic Cveni evropelobis sasargeblo argumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

amrigad, saqarTvelos mier evropuli faseulobebis gaziareba da am faseulobaze orientacia unda warmoadgendes saqarTvelos ganviTarebis ZiriTad orientirs. dasavlur faseulobebze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs universaluri evropuli Rirebulebebi – xelisuflebis StoTa gadanawilebisa da dabalansebis, pluralizmis, demokratiis, TviTmmarTvelobis da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formirebis dasavluri ideebi, romelic aucileblad unda iyos morgebuli erovnul mentalitetTan. `demokratia ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT erTxel da samudamod damyarebul sistemad, moculobad an


34

Tundac calkeul statistikur modelad, romlis gamoyeneba nebismieri qveynis realobaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli... Tu ar gaviTvaliswineT civilizaciis maxasiaTeblebi, niSan-Tvisebebi, Cvevebi da tradiciebi da TiToeuli eris mentaliteti, Zalian Zneli iqneba zustad Sefaseba... ra formiT SeiZleba aq demokratiis damkvidreba _ wers portugaliis revoluciis Semoqmedi da prezidenti mario soaresi [1. 55].

iyo dasavluri ojaxis nawili da amave dros darCe qarTvelad sakmaod rTuli amocanaa, rasac adasturebs iuneskos eqspertebis daskvnac, romlis mixedviTac XXI s-is bolos amJamad arsebuli 2000 enidan mxolod 10% darCeba. magram amasTanave msoflio politikur avanscenaze arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac organulad moxda am ori faqtoris kombinacia. didi qarTveli moazrovne niko nikolaZe am mxriv samagaliTod Tvlida iaponias. man Seiswavla XIX s-is meore naxevris iaponiis e.w. `meiZis revoluciis~ periodi, romlis drosac qveyanam uzarmazari Tvisobrivi naxtomi gaakeTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da es SeZlo gonivrulad warmoebuli erovnuli politikis wyalobiT, romelSic axali cxovrebis sawyisad aRiarebuli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli memkvidreoba, tradiciebi, wes-Cveulebebi da iaponuri cxovrebis wesis mdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi. iaponia warmoadgens unikalur magaliTs, Tu rogor SeiZleba moargo demokratiis universaluri principebi sakuTar kulturas da darCe TviTmyofad erad, mxolod SenTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiT.

didi qarTveli, ilias politikuri memkvidre arCil jorjaZe saxifaTod Tvlida qarTul scenaze ucxouridan gadmoqarTulebul (qarTul realobas morgebulad) piesebis dadgmas, vinaidan erTi da igive faseulobebis aRqma sxvadasxva erebis mier gansxvavebulad xdeba. is, rac erTi kulturisaTvis pozitiurad aRiqmeba, meoresaTvis aris mTlianad miuRebeli. magaliTisaTvis, iaponelebs principulad ar SeuZliaT `ara~-s Tqma, radgan es maT kulturaSi uzrdelobad iTvleba, amitom molaparakebis dros isini aTasgvari zrdilobiani formiT cdiloben uaris Tqmis Tavidan acilebas, rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Sehyavs maTi dasavleli partniorebi; arabebi yavis smasa da saubars saqmis keTebad miiCneven, amerikelebi mas drois fuWad flangvad Tvlian, Cinelebi da iaponelebi udides pativs scemen ierarqiul urTierTobebs, amerikelebi ki ki


35

mudmivad Tanasworobis xazgasmas cdiloben. amerikuli instruqciebi imasac ki iTvaliswinebs, rom aziis warmomadgenlebTan fotografirebis dros sasurvelia jdoma, raTa TvalSisacemi ar iyos simaRleSi sxvaoba [2. 600]. Tanasworobis dacvis kuTxiT amerikelebi Zalian Sors wavidnen. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aSS-s moqmedi afroamerikeli prezidentis barak obamas mier Tanasworobis saxeliT jer kidev roland reiganis droindeli respublikelebis mier miRebuli kanonis gauqmeba, romlis mixedviTac armiaSi samsaxuri ekrZalebodaT gansxvavebuli orientaciis adamianebs; xolo Semdeg ki misi gancxadeba erTsqesiani qorwinebis dakanonebis Sesaxeb. rodesac obamas respublikelma konkurentma nik romnim prezidentTan winasaarCevno debatebis dros daufaravad ganacxada, rom qorwineba mas mxolod kacsa da qals Soris warmoudgenia, obamam mas upasuxa _ Cven ukan ver davbrundebiT. am sityvebis avtors, romelic aSS-s istoriaSi meore kaTolike prezidentia jon kenedis Semdeg, mxedvelobaSi hqonda jozef makartis periodi, rodesac amerika puritanul-konservatiuli faseulobebis matarebeli iyo da, Sesabamisad, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobda. magram Semdeg aSS-m uzarmazari naxtomebi gaakeTa liberalizaciis mimarTulebiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da maT Soris religiaSic. bevri kulturisaaTvis Tanasworobis saxeliT religiis amgvari liberalizacia miuRebelia, amitom Zalian bevri mkvlevari `amerikis deqristianizacias~ miiCnevs dasavleTis krizisis mTavar mizezad. magaliTisaTvis, SeiZleba davasaxeloT ukiduresi memarjvene amerikeli politikosi patrik biukenani, romelic Tavis wignSi `dasavleTis sikvdili: rogor emuqreba Cvens saxelmwifosa da civilizacias mosaxleobis kleba da imigrantTa Semosevebi~, akeTebs Zalian savalalo daskvnas: 2050 wlisaTvis aSS mesamexarisxovan qveynad gadaiqceva, evropis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisa da iaponelebis ricxvi katastrofulad daiklebs, sabolood ki isini sulac gaqrebian aziisa da afrikis muslimuri qveynebis demografiuli Semotevebis Sedegad. ganaxldeba islamis zewola evropis qveynebze, rasac ukve adgili hqonda istoriaSi, magram misi Sedegebi amjerad gacilebiT tragikuli iqneba evropelebisaTvis. rac Seexeba ruseTs, biukenani Tvlis, rom CineTi gandevnis mas cimbiridan, muslimuri samyaro ki


36

kavkasiidan da centraluri aziidan da, rac mTavaria, am procesebis mTavar mizezad politikoss qristianuli sarwmunoebis daqveiTeba miaCnia [3. 119].

ar gvinda gaviziaroT biukenanis mier daxatuli savalalo samomavlo perspeqtiva, magram misi garkveuli simptomebi saxezea. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs islamis warmoudgeneli siswrafiT gavrceleba dedamiwaze yvela mimarTulebiT. ukanasknel 25 weliwadSi muslimebis raodenoba zustad samjer gaizarda da istoriaSi pirvelad gadaaWarba qristianebisas. Tu 1973 wels muslimTa raodenoba 500 milions utoldeboda, axla es ricxvi 1,5 miliards gautolda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, planetis yoveli meoTxe mosaxle muslimia. rac yvelaze savalaloa, ganuxrelad izrdeba evropaSi mcxovrebi muslimebis raodenoba. evropaSi 17 milion emigrant-muslimans asi aTasobiT evropeli miemata. es gavrceleba imdenad Tavbrudamxvevia, rom is arnaxul gavlenas axdens maTze, vinc yoymanobs [4. 25].

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom evropis gadarCenis erTaderTi faqtori `fesvebisaken~ _ qristianuli faseulobebisaken mibrunebaa, iseve, rogorc qarTveli erisa da misi kulturis – qarTuli cxovrebis wesis SenarCuneba, romlis damcavi zRude da jebiri marTlmadideblobaa. religias uWiravs ganmsazRvreli adgili eTnikuri identurobis sxva determinantebs Soris. igi icavs qarTul kulturas Cveni tradiciuli erovnuli kulturisaTvis miuRebeli mankierebisagan. didi konstantine gamsaxurdia Tavis SesaniSnav werilSi `evropuli reaqcia da amerikuli kanibalizmi~ wers: `uzneo ideebi sarevela balaxsa hgvanan, Tu wvimebma xeli Seuwyves da gamomxSiravi ar gamouCnda yanebs, qveyanas walekavs sarevela balaxi~. gamomxSiravis roli Cvens religias akisria, radganac marTlmadidebloba gansazRvravs tradiciul sazogadoebas, mis maRalzneobriv normebs, erovnul kulturul da konfesiur TviTmyofadobas, rasac erovnuli cxovrebis wesi hqvia. qarTuli cxovrebis wesis da Cvens mentalitetze morgebuli dasavluri Rirebulebebis safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas erovnuli TviTcnobierebis Teoria, yvela samomavlo ganviTarebis erovnuli koncefcia, romelic qarTul samyaros msoflmxedveloba gaxdeba, romelic daicavs qarTvel ers da saSualebas miscems saqarTvelos darCes


37

msoflios nawilad da monawileoba miiRos dasavleTis globalur politikur procesebSi. literatura References

1. rurua n. Tavisuflebis kanoni, Tb., 2003.

2. Поченуов Г. Г. Теории коммуникации. М –Киев, 2001.

3. Ciqovani n. saqarTvelo kulturuli da civilizaciuri kuTvnileba civilizaciaTa

Teoriis konteqstSi, Tb., 2005.

4. gaz.: `saqarTvelo da msoflio~, #44 (135), 2011.

Keti Jijeishvili, Manana Darchashvili

Global and national correlation problems in Georgia in the Context of modern

World Political Processes

Summary

In the article: “Georgia in the Context of the World’s Globalizing Political

Processes”, the authors discuss the place and role of Georgia in the contemporary

unique geopolitical, geo-cultural, and economic global processes, which gain the

decisive significance for forming the young Georgian democratic state; they

analyze the idea of belonging of Georgia to the Western world, as well as the

national development conception based on the synthesis of the Georgian national

lifestyle.

Keywords: Global Political Process, West World, National life’s law,

National mental

Reviewer: Professor Zurab Kvetenadze, Georgian Technical University


38

Кети Джиджеишвили, Манана Дарчашвили

Соотношение глобальных и национальных проблем грузии в контексте

современного мирового политического процесса

Резюме

В статье «Соотношение глобальных и национальных проблем грузии в

контексте современного мирового политического процесса» авторы

обсуждают место и роль Грузии в современных уникальных геополитических,

культурных и экономических глобальных прцессах, которые имеют

решаюшее значение в формировании молодого грузинского демократического

государства. Они анализируют идею пренадлежности Грузии к западному

миру и национальную концепцию развития, основанную на синтезе

грузинского национального образа жизни.

Ключевые слова: Глобальные политические процессы, Западный мир,

Национальный образ жизни, Национальный менталитет.

Рецензент: Профессор Зураб Кветенадзе, Грузинский Технический

Университет


39

giorgi CxikviSvili

dasavleTis idea niko nikolaZis SexedulebebSi

xelisuflebis StoTa gadanawilebisa da dabalansebis,

demokratiis, TviTmmarTvelobis, federalizmisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formirebis dasavlur ideebs ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs niko nikolaZis politikur memkvidreobaSi.

niko nikolaZem aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvas miuZRvna Tavisi naSromebi: `mokle ganxilva mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebisa~, `absoluturi da konstituciuri monarqia da respublika~, `bulgaria~ da sxv. igi dasavleTis qveynebis politikis Seswavlis, ganzogadebisa da analizis safuZvelze ganixilavs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebs: monarqiuls da respublikurs. `monarqiuli~ ewodeba im mmarTvelobis formas, romelSic uzenaesi ufleba erTi piris xelSia. am pirs hqvian monarxi, anu xelmwife da saxelmwifos monarxs eZaxian~ [1. 273]. n. nikolaZe gamoyofs monarqiis or saxes: memkvidreobiTsa da arCeviTs da axdens maT klasifikacias mmarTvelobis wesis mixedviT: 1. despoturi monarqia; 2. gareSeusazRvreli, anu absoluturi monarqia da 3. gareSe sazRvruli, anu konstituciuri monarqia. igi farTod ganixilavs monarqiuli mmarTvelobis TiToeul formas, adgens msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas maT Soris da askvnis, rom yvelaze metad progresuli forma maT Soris aris konstituciuri monarqia, vinaidan es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs xalxis masebs monawileoba miiRon saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi. wina ori formis dros ki yvelaferi marto erT kacze `trialebs~. ar arsebobs stabiluroba, raime wesi, kanoni, tradicia, garda despotebis ganusazRvreli nebisa, `rom me var, sxva aravin, yvela me unda memsaxuros da ara qveyanasao~ [2. 185]. aq, `...yoveli axali Taoba yovlad uazro, aRuzrdeli, utradicio, uecrad spobs da lews winandeli Taobebis naSroms~ [2:185]. `aseT despotiebSi yvelaferi marto erT kacze trialebs da ara daweseulebaze; ...eris, idealis xseneba TandaTanobiT qreba didSi da pataraSi~ [2. 185]. aRmosavleTis despotiebSi `monuri erTguleba, mliqvneloba, monuri suli, pirferoba, brWyvialebisadmi gatacebaa gabatonebuli~ [3. 124]. aRmosavleTis despotiebi da, saerTod, erTmmarTveluri despotiebi yvela epoqaSi majlajunasaviT awva sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, cdilobda


40

yvelafris erT donemde gaTanabrebas, erT kalapotSi moqcevas da xalxis munj manqanad qcevas.

konstituciuri monarqiis funqcionirebis dros ki `xelmwife mefobs da ar marTavs~. saxelmwifos faqtiurad marTavs xalxisgan arCeuli warmomagenlobiTi organo – parlamenti, romelic Tavis mxriv ori palatisagan Sedgeba: `erTs hqvian qvemo parlamenti, deputatTa an warmomadgenelT palata, agreTve palata kommunebisa. franciaSi am deputatTa palatas sjulisdamdeb korpuss eZaxian... meores uwodeben zemo parlaments, zemo palatas... franciaSi da italiaSi zemo palatis magierad senati aris... zemo parlamentis wevrebi ufro aristokratiis warmomadgeneli pirebi arian. angliis zemo parlamentSi wevris adgili lordebs ekuTvnis STamomavlobiT. iq sxedan agreTve Tanamdebobis ZaliT angliis mTavar-episkoposebi da episkoposebi. garda amisa, karols SeuZlian uboZos zemo parlamentis wevroba damsaxurebul kacebs. franciaSi senatorebs TviTon imperatori niSnavs~ [1. 273].

Tumca, n. nikolaZe aRiarebs konmstituciuri monarqiis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da mmarTvelobis formis progresulobas despotiasa da absolutur monarqiasTan SedarebiT, magram saerTod monarqiul mmaTvelobas igi naklebi simpaTiiT ekideba. misi azriT, momavali respublikas ekuTvnis.

rac Seexeba mmarTvelobis respublikur formas, n. nikolaZe misi mxurvale damcveli iyo sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebamde. respublikas igi Semdgenairad ganmartavs: `im saxelmwifos, romelSiac uzenaesi ufleba ramdenime piris xelSia, respublika hqviano~ [1. 273]. umTavres gansxvavebad monarqiasa da respublikas Soris mas miaCnia is faqtori, rom respublikuri mmarTvelobis dros `memkvidreobiTi xelmwifis magivrad saxelmwifo warmomadgenlaT iTvleba xalxisagan amorCeuli piri – respublikis prezidenti~. respublikas ganagebs ara erTi piri, aramed ramdenime. n. nikolaZe arkvevs sityva `respublikis~ etimologias. igi miuTiTebs, rom sityva `respublika~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs `sazogado saqmes~. igi icnobs respublikis Semdeg saxeebs: aristokratiuls, oligarqiuls da demokratiuls. `rodesac respublikas marTaven aristokratebi, imas eZaxian aristokratiuls; Tu uzenaesi xelisufleba respublikaSi ramdenime gvarma an pirma Caigdo xelSi, maSin am mmarTvelobas oligarxiuls uwodeben. rodesac erTi kaci moigdebs xelSi


41

uzenaes uflebas respublikaSi, imas tirans etyvian da amgvars mmarTvelobas tiranias. Tu respublikas marTaven mTeli xalxisagan amorCeuli kacebi, imis mmarTvelobas demokratiuls eZaxian~ [1. 381:383].

aRniSnuli formebidan yvelaze win n. nikolaZe demokratias ayenebs. misi azriT, `demokratia Sehqmna burJuaziam. vinc odnav mainc icis istoria, misTvis cxadia, rom demokratia Seqmnilia burJuaziisagan. yoveliferi, rac arsebobs respublikis safuZvlebSi, es Sehqna burJuaziam Tavis SenaZeni uflebebis dasacavad~ [4. 55].

vinaidan demokratiis stabilurobisa da efeqtianobisaTvis gadamwyveti gaxda XIX-XX saukuneebSi evropasa da, gansakuTrebiT, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seqmnili centraluri saxelmwifo institutebi, n. nikolaZexc aSS-is magaliTiT xelmZRvanelobs, rodesac ayalibebs Tavis azrs demokratiul respublikaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom qveyanaSi kargad aris mowesrigebuli sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sakiTxi. `sami ufleba: sjulisdamdebi, aRmasrulebeli da samsjavro SeerTebuls StatebSi ukeT da ufro swored aris gansazRvruli, vinem evropis konstituciurs saxelmwifoebSi. samive ufleba xalxisagan warmosdgeba~ [1. 383]. n. nikolaZe aRmafreniT miuTiTebs xalxis farTo masebis monawileobaze yovelgvar saqmianobaSi da Statebis TviTmmarTvelobis damoukideblobaze. gaz. `ruskaia voliaSi~ gamoqveynebul stateibSi igi demokratiad miiCnevs politikuri wyobilebis iseT formas, romelic aRiarebs xalxis xelisuflebas, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi organoebis arCeviTobas, moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobasa da politikur uflebebs dafiqsirebuls konstituciaSi. konstituciis diqtats da amis safuZvelze samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas n. nikolaZe demokratiis ganviTarebis aucilebel Sedegad Tvlis. misi SexedulebiT, samarTals demokratiul sazogadoebaSi unda hqones zeklasobrivi xasiaTi da mas unda emorCilebodes sazoagdoebis yvela fena da wevri, dawybuli rigiTi moqalaqidan, damTavrebuli prezidentiT. imis nimuSad, Tu rogor unda moxdes demokratiis ZiriTadi principis – moqalaqeTa Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis principis – ganuxreli dacva n. nikolaZes mohyavs aSS-is magaliTi statiaSi `absoluturi da konstituciuri monarqia da respublika~. igi


42

aRfrTovanebuli mogviTxrobs, rom kanonis darRvevis gamo TviT prezidenti jonsonic ki 1868 wels `samarTalSi misces da kinaRamac dasajes~.

unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadod, demokratiuli wyoba n. nikolaZes idealurad ar miaCnia. `kacobriobas, _ wers is, _ arc erTi ganwyobileba, arc erTi Cveuleba ar hqonia da arc exla aqvs iseTi, rom samudamod keTili da SeucvlelaT gamosadegi yofiliyos. yovelifers niadagis gaumjobeseba eWiroeba... yvelaferi niadag unda icvlebodes, axldebodes da umjebesdebodes~ [5. 343].

magram arsebuli politikuri sistemebidan yvelaze misaReb humanur da praqtikiT Semowmebul sistemad n. nikolaZe demokratiul sistemas Tvlis. mogvianebiT didi ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe u. CerCilic ityvis: `demokratia saZaglobaa, magram ukeTesi kacobriobas jer araferi mougoniao~ [6. 144].

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pirobebSi rogorc moqalaqe agebs pasuxs saxelmwifos winaSe, aseve saxelmwifosac ekisreba pasuxismgebloba daicvas yovelgvari TviTnebobisagan moqalaqeTa uflebebi. am amocanis ganxorcieleba Tanamedrove pirobebSi n. nikolaZes warmoudgenia kerZo seqtorSi saxelmwifo seqtoris Carevis xarisxis gazrdili doziT misi regulaciis mizniT. 1868 w. `evropis cxovrebaSi~ n. nikolaZe miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi Tavisuflebis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi, mis umaRles stadiaze, roca sazogadoeba izrunebs `raTa yvela mis wevrs Tanabari Sansi hqondes arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gasamarjveblad~ [1. 417].

etatikuri tendenciebi gansakuTrebiT saWiro da Zlieri unda iyos kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze, _ Tvlis n. nikolaZe Tavis werilSi _ `vidre sazogadoeba yria amgvari moTxovnilebelisadmi, calke misi wevrebi, romelnic dajgufebulni arian asociaciebsa da msgavs sazogadoebebad, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miaRweven raime warmatebas, rodesac isini gaerTianebuli SromiT _ saerTo Zalebis, xolo gaerTianebuli moxmarebiT da uSualo gacvla-gamocvliT, saerTo simdidris ekonomizacias moaxdenen~ [7. 176].

mogvianebiT, am azrs daadasturebs cnobili iaponeli ekonomisti suburo okita, romelic Tvlis, rom Tu qveyanas ar gaaCnia Tavisufali bazris meqanizmis garkveuli tradicia,


43

gamocdileba da Sesabamisi socialuri kultura, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze gansakuTrebiT saWiro xdeba uSualo samTavrobo xelmZRvaneloba. aseT garemocvaSi saxelmwifo dagegmarebisa da sabazro meqanizmebis urTierTSewyobis aucilebloba gamowveulia wminda istoriuli mosazrebiT, xolo aseT SemTxvevaSi martooden Tavisufali bazari panacead ver iqceva.

n. nikolaZis koncefciis mixedviT Tavisufal TaosnobasTan erTad kanonzomierad iqneba agreTve Serwymuli administraciuli regulirebis formebi, sadac kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika amave dros mewarmeobis, komerciuli da finansuri saqmianobis sinTezi gaxdeba, xolo meurneobriv saqmianobaSi mmarTveli organoebis Carevis Sedegad moxdeba Tavisufali konkurenciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan acileba. rogorc vxedavT, saxeze gvaqvs socialuri saxelmwifos tipiuri suraTi.

n. nikolaZe erT-erTi pirveli moazrovne politikosia, ara marto qarTul sinamdvileSi, aramed globaluri masStabiTac, romelic orientirs iRebs socialuri tipis saxelmwifosa da social-demokratiul ideologiaze, romelsac Tanamedrove politologiur literaturaSi `mesame gzasac~ uwodeben. es koncefcia mogvianebiT mraval qveyanaSi sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebis mier iyo wamoweuli. aSS-Si `axali demokratebisa~ da bil qlinTonis mier, britaneTSi _ toni bleris mier. es ideebi aitaces Teoretikosebma germaniaSi, holandiaSi, italiasa da axal zelandiaSi. man Teoriuli dasabuTeba hpova Tanamedrove politikuri skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, nobelis premiis laureatis, holandieli profesoris i. tinbergis wignSi `ekonomikuri politika~, agreTve konvergenciisa da teqnoidiliis sxva TeoretikosTa SromebSi. praqtikulad ki xorci Seasxes Sveciis, daniis, norvegiis, fineTis, Sveicariisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa politikur modelebSi, romlebic msoflioSi cnobilia dasavleTis demokratiuli socializmis saxeliT.

n. nikolaZe Tbilissa da quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankebs iseTive RonisZiebebis gatarebas sTxovda, rogorsac dasavleT evropeli socialistebi nacionalur bankebs _ `samuSao Zalis~ rezervuarebs. sazogadoebrivi bankebi, _ wers n. nikolaZe, _ imisaTvis arian daarsebulni, rom moipovon da daixsnan gaWirvebuli xalxi... kapitalistebis xelidan. meore mxriv,


44

bankebi gamarTuli aqvT TviTon am kapitalistebsac rom `wesieraT~ da `kanonieraT~ Zarcvon xalxi. sazogado mecnierebam gamoigona sazogadoebrivi bankebi swored imisaTvis, rom am vaJbatonebs xeli Seuwyos Tavisufal glejaSi da ZarcvaSi.

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi n. nikolaZe orientirebuli iyo dasavlur socialur saxelmwifoze, sadac TviTmoqmedebisa da TviTmmarTvelobis gziT `adamianTa udidesi ricxvis udidesi keTildReoba ganxorcieldeboda~ da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom misTvis miuRebeli iyo is politikuri modeli, romelic CvenSi socializmis saxeliT Camoyalibda da damkvidrda. misi azriT, `lui blanis uTavresi damsaxureba im Secdomis darRvevaSia, viTom socializms da usazRvro monarqias erTad arseoba SeeZloTo~. magram realur sinamdvileSi sabWouri socializmi diqtaturasTan erTad Tanaarsebobda. amitomac iyo, rom n. niko-laZes bolSevizmis araferi swamda. mis Sesaxeb araorazrovnad acxadebda: `socializms demagogiis meti jer araferi Seuqmnia, is yovelTvis yofila despotizmis winamorbedi~ [8. 34-36].

dRevandel msoflioSi sul ufro metad izrdeba etatikuri tendenciebi. avstraliisa da safrangeTis konsitituciebSi specialuri Sesworebani iqna Setanili ekonomikuri da socialuri funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi saxelmwifos rolis gazrdis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

am sakiTxTa analizi dResac uaRresad aqtualuria. igi unda warmoadgendes saqarTvelos ganviTarebis ZiriTad orientirs. amitomac saWirod CavTvaleT dawvrilebiT gagveanalizebina niko nikolaZis Sexedulebebi demokratiis ZiriTadi konturebis: xelisuflebis StoTa dabalansebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, moqalaqes da saxelmwifos Soris pasuxismgeblobis gadanawilebisa da social-demokratiuli ideologiis Sesaxeb. literatura References

1. n. nikolaZe. Txz., Tb., t. I, 1931.

2. n. nikolaZe. ucxoeTis mimoxilva, bulgaria, Jurn.: `moambe~, #6.

3. n. skandeli. napoleon mesamis cxovreba. Jurn.: `krebuli~, 1873, #3.

4. o. janeliZe. niko nikolaZe (biografiidan amoxeuli furclebi), Tb., 1998.

5. n. nikolaZe, Txz., t. II, 1933.

6. vladimer WanuyvaZe, politikuri dialogebi, Tb., 1998.


45

7. bzignev bzeJinski. didi cvlilebebi. Jurn.: `sazogadoeba da politika~, #1, Tb.,

1996.

8. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, 1919 wlis 31 oqtombris 57-e sxdomis

stenografiuli angariSi, tf., 1918.

GIORGI CHKHIKVISHVILI

WESTERN IDEA OF NIKO NIKOLADZE’S VIEW

Summary

In this article of Giorgi Chkhikvishvili ,,Western idea of Niko Nikoladze’s

view’’ is discussed wievs of Niko Nikoladze about western values.

It’s given main western values such as: participation of government,

democracy, supremity of law analyzing obligation of state and citysen simphaties of

Niko Nikoladze to western idea. such as Federal government activities of people in

polities. He prefers self governments and people's activities.

Keywords: western idea, participation of government, democracy, Social

Democracy ideology.

Reviewer: Professor Zurab Gamezardashvili, Georgian Technical University

ГИОРГИЙ ЧХИВИШВИЛИ

ИДЕЙ ЗАПАДА ВО ВЗГЛЯДАХ НИКО НИКОЛАДЗЕ

Резюме

Изученная нами политико-публистическая литература в трудах Нико

Николадзе дает основания выделить западные идей, в которых

рассматривается понятие «Грузинская демократия» это: социаль-

демократическая идеология, разделение и балансирование власти, федерализм

в грузинской реальности распределение ответственности между гражданином

и государством и формирование правового государства. Сегодня эти

проблемы возникают с большей актуальностью и являются главным

ориентиром в развитии Грузии.

Ключевые слова: западная идея, Грузинская демократия, социаль-

демократическая идеология, правовое государство.

Рецензент: профессор Зураб Гамезардашвили, Грузинский Технический

Университет


46

i s t o r i a mariam raqviaSvili

ruseT-saqarTvelos omi da estoneTis respublikis reaqcia

ruseTis mier 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

ganxorcielebuli samxedro agresiis Semdeg, estoneTis

uprecedentod mtkice da mravalmxrivi mxardaWera

saqarTvelosadmi ganpirobebuli iyo aramarto obieqturad

arsebuli interesTa TanxvedriT, aramed ormxrivi politikuri

urTierTobebis maRali xarisxiT.[1]

2007 wlis aprilis “brinjaos Rame” q. talinSi da amis

Semdgomi ruseTis uxeSi politikuri zewola estoneTze,

faqtobrivad saqarTveloze ruseTis samxedro agresiis

preludia gaxda. erTis mxriv es obieqturad uwyobda xels Cven

qveyanaze ganxorcielebuli rusuli samxedro Tavdasxmis

dReebSi saqarTvelosadmi simpaTiisa da TanagrZnobis

gaRvivebas, magram meores mxriv estoneTis sakmaod gavlenian

sazogadoebriv-politikur wreebSi (mTeli rigi sxva evropuli

saxelmwifoebis msgavsad) mainc SeimCneoda saqarTvelosagan

gamijvnis survili, ruseTTan estoneTis isedac ukiduresad

gamwvavebuli urTierTobebis Semdgomi gauaresebis Tavidan

acilebis mizniT. zemoaRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT angariSgasawevi

iyo iseTi faqtori, rogoricaa estoneTis rusulenovani

mosaxleoba, romelic qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis mesamedze

mets Seadgens. aqedan 100 000 – ze meti rusuli pasportis

mflobelia.[2] meore nawils apatridebi Seadgenen.

rusulenovani mosaxleobis is nawili, romelsac estoneTis

moqalaqeoba aqvs aseve mravalricxovania da mniSvnelovani

zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebze

(estonuri eleqtoratis am nawilzea orientirebuli uaRresad

gavleniani da reitingiT meore politikuri Zala estoneTSi –

centristuli partia, romelic dRes saparlamento opozicias

warmoadgens).


47

2008 wlis 8 agvistos gaimarTa estoneTis respublikis

parlamentis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis gafarToebuli

sxdoma, romelic faqtobrivad estoneTis mTeli politikuri

speqtrisa da mTavrobis xelmZRvanelobis erToblivi Sexvedra

iyo. sxdomis dasrulebisTanave sagareo urTierTobaTa

komitetma miiRo specialuri, saqarTvelos mxardamWeri

uaRresad mkveTri gancxadeba, romelSic calsaxad iyo

dagmobili ruseTis federaciis SeiaraRebuli agresia

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. estoneTis parlamentis sagareo

urTierTobaTa komiteti kategoriulad moiTxovda ruseTis

agresiis dauyovnebliv, upirobo Sewyvetas da mxardaWerisa da

reagirebisaken mouwodebda gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos,

evrokavSirs, sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebs.

sxdomis Sedegi iyo estoneTis parlamentis mkveTri

gancxadebac. estoneTis xelisuflebis mier gamoxatulma

myisierma da efeqturma mxardaWeram mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seitana evrokavSirsa da msoflio TanamegobrobaSi

saqarTvelos mxardaWeris gaZlierebaSi, ramac Tavisi roli

Seasrula ruseTis samxedro agresiis Semdgomi eskalaciis

SeCerebaSi.[3]

10-11 agvistos manifestaciebi da mitingebi q. talinSi

gagrZelda didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da germaniis

saelCoebTan. momitingeebi TavianT gamosvlebSi kategoriulad

moiTxovdnen evrokavSiris wamyvani wevr-saxelmwifoebisagan

ufro gabeduli poziciis dafiqsirebas da saqarTvelos

calsaxad mxardaWeras, qarTuli qalaqebis dabombvis Sewyvetas,

ruseTis agresiis SeCerebasa da agresoris jarebis

dauyovnebliv da upirobo gayvanas. 12 agvistos aseve gaimarTa

didi saprotesto mitingi estoneTis parlamentis mimdebare

teritoriaze. saqarTvelos mxardamWeri sityvebiT gamovidnen

estoneTis TvalsaCino politikosebi, parlamentis wevrebi,

sazogado moRvaweebi. miRebul iqna saqarTvelos mxardamWeri

gancxadeba, romelzec xeli moawera mitingis yvela monawilem.

niSandoblivia, rom moxerxda TiTqmis mTeli estonurenovani

mosaxleobis darazmva saqarTvelos interesebis sadarajoze.


48

amis gamovlineba iyo zemoaRniSnuli, estoneTis istoriaSi 1980-

90–an wlis Semdgom arnaxuli masobrivi manifestaciebi,

romlebic mravali dRis ganmavlobaSi uwyvetad tardeboda

aTasobiT adamianis monawileobiT (es maSin, rodesac qarTuli

diaspora mTel estoneTSi sul 400–mde adamians iTvlis, q.

talinSi ki sul ramdenime aTeuli qarTveli cxovrobs).[4]

2008 wlis 1 seqtembers organizebul iqna masStaburi aqcia

“cocxali jaWvi – saqarTvelo Cvenia”. q. talinis erT-erT

mTavar magistralze Seikra sakmaod grZeli cocxali jaWvi,

romelSic mTeli qarTuli diasporisa da estoneTis

mravalricxovan moqalaqesTan erTad, idgnen estoneTis

cnobili sazogadoebrivi moRvaweebi, politikosebi,

parlamentis wevrebi. [5]

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis pirvelsave dReebSi estoneTis

mTavrobam gadawyvita aTi milioni estonuri kronis (100 000 aSS

dolari) gamoyofa saqarTvelosaTvis saswrafo humanitaruli

daxmarebis aRmoCenis mizniT, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada saerTo

jamSi 15,5 t. humanitaruli daxmarebis gagzavna estoneTis

respublikidan saqarTveloSi. [6]

niSandoblivia, rom estoneTis xelisuflebis mier

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis mxradamWeri pozicia

kidev ufro gaZlierda 2008 wlis omis Semdgom, rac

gamoixateba am principis siatematur xazgasmaSi estoneTis

xelisuflebis maRali da umaRlesi donis warmomadgenlebis

mier gakeTebul gancxadebebSi.

2011 wlis 22 seqtembers gaero–s generalur asambleaze

sityviT gamovida estoneTis respublikis prezidenti toomas

hendrik ilvesi. prezidentma isaubra saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebisa da usafrTxoebis aqtualur sakiTxebze.

estoneTis prezidentma gaero–s tribunidan kidev erTxel

gamoxata estoneTis mxardaWera saqarTvelos teritoriuli

mTlianobisa da suverenitetis mimarT:

2011 wlis 8 Tebervals estoneTis respublikis parlamentSi

(riigikogu) gaimarTa debatebi sagareo politikis sakiTxebze.

parlamentis winaSe sagareo politikuri saqmianobis angariSiT


49

sagareo saqmeTa ministri urmas paeti warsdga, romelmac

momavali wlebis prioritetebis Sesaxebac isaubra. gamosvlisas

ministrma ramdenime sagulisxmo gancxadeba saqarTvelos

Sesaxebac gaakeTa: [7]

• saqarTveloSi konfliqtis gadawyveta unda daefuZnos

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da saerTaSorisod

aRiarebuli sazRvrebis dacvis princips. mSvidobiani

gadawyvetis winapirobebia cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb

SeTanxmeba da Jenevis molaparakebebis gagrZeleba.

humanitaruli mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT aucilebelia

gaero-sa da euTo-s misiebis aRdgena okupirebul regionebSi,

aseve E EUMM-is misiis warmomadgenelTa daSveba am regionebSi.

2011 wlis 5 seqtembers estoneTis sagareo saqmeTa

saministros mier gakeTda gancxadeba afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo 26

agvistos Catarebuli e.w. “saprezidento arCevnebis” Sesaxeb.

gancxadebis Tanaxmad, estoneTi ar scnobs afxazeTSi,

saqarTvelo Catarebul saprezidento arCevnebs, romelic

ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da

suverenitetis principebs da Sesabamisad arakanonieria.

estoneTi srulad iziarebs sagareo urTierTobaTa da

usafrTxoebis politikis umaRlesi warmomadgenlis qeTrin

eSTonis pozicias imis Taobaze, rom evrokavSiri kvlav uWers

mxars saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobasa da suverenitets

saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier aRiarebuli principebis

Sesabamisad.[8]

2010 wlis 8 agvistos, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis 2 wlisTavTan

dakavSirebiT, estoneT-saqarTvelos megobrobis jgufma miiRo

specialuri gancxadeba, romelSic dagmobilia ruseTis mier

saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia:

“estoneT-saqarTvelos saparlamento jgufi gamoxatavs

SeSfoTebas imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos teritoriis didi

nawili isev okupirebulia, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis

regionebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs ar gaaCniaT

sakuTar sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabrunebis saSualeba,

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis,


50

samSvidobo da humanitaruli misiebis warmomadgenlebi

moklebulni arian okupirebul regionebSi SeRwevis

SesaZleblobas. estoneTi kidev erTxel gamoxatavs

pativiscemas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da

suverenitetis mimarT da mouwodebs ruseTs, gamoiwvios Tavisi

gadawyvetileba e.w. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis

damoukideblobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb, xolo saerTaSoriso

organizaciebs – idgnen saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis

aRdgenis moTxovnis principze da moiTxovon okupirebul

teritoriebze Sesvla.”

estoneTis respublikis sagareo politikis safuZvels

warmoadgens saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da

suverenitetis mxardaWera aramarto ormxriv, aramed

mravalmxriv formatebSi.

daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi

baltiis qveynebi da Sesabamisad estoneTi winaaRmdegobebis

koncentraciis centrad iqca sabWoTa kavSirSi.

Sedegad baltiis qveynebma Tavisi mniSvnelovani roli

iTamaSes sabWoTa kavSiris daSlaSi da postsabWouri qveynis

damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis specifiuri modeli

Seqmnes. yvelaze efeqturi reformebis gza ganvlo estoneTma,

radgan am qveyanam Tavidanve aiRo kursi evrointegraciisken.

mniSvnelovania, rom mTeli rigi ekonomikuri da politikuri

gadawyvetilebebisa miRebul iqna evrokavSirSi, evropis

saerTaSoriso struqturebSi gawevrianebis gavleniT.

evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianebam SesaZlebloba misca

estoneTs Tavidan aecilebina sakuTari suverenitetis dakargvis

safrTxe, gadaewyvita “uxeSi usafrTxoebis” problema, mieRo

sasurveli evropuli identoba, CarTuliyo msoflioSi

kapitalis, saqonlis, samuSao Zalis umsxviles bazarSi,

miezida investiciebi.

evrokavSiris standartebis miRweva mniSvnelovan motivad

iqca reformebis gatarebis gzaze. es motivacia dRemde


51

SenarCunebulia, radgan estoneTis winaSe dgas ufro Rrma

integraciis, izolaciis infrastruqturis daZlevis amocanebi.

estoneTi sxva msxvil qveynebTan erTad, monawileobas iRebs

zogadevropul, maT Soris saerTaSoriso problemebis

gadawyvetaSi, riTac istoriaSi pirvelad SesaZlebloba mieca

gavlena moaxdinos msoflio sagareo-politikur procesebze.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelo-estoneTis urTierTobebs, aq pirvel

rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo warmoadgens iseTive

postsabWour qveyanas, romelsac analogiuri gza unda gaevlo

suverenitetis mSeneblobisa, rac estoneTs dawyebuli hqonda

jer kidev sabWoTa respublikis daSlamde.

estoneTTan dRes damyarebuli urTierTobebi aris ukve

evrokavSiris wevr qveyanasTan urTierToba, romlis gatarebuli

reformebis Sedegad is integracia, romelic CvenTvis jer

kidev perspeqtivaa, - estoneTis dRevandeli realobaa.

estoneT-saqarTvelos TanamSromloba garkveulwilad saCve-

nebelia misi warmatebulobis da sagareo-politikuri

interesebis veqtorebis Tanxvedris TvalsazrisiT. estoneTi-

sTvis saqarTvelo mniSvnelovani partnioria evrokavSiris

aRmosavleTiT gafarTovebis TvalsazrisiT ganxorcielebuli

reformebis kuTxiT da qveyana, romelic identur evropul

faseulobebs iziarebs.

Zlieri agresiuli mezoblis imperialisturi politika,

msoflioSi ganviTarebuli finansuri krizisi da am fonze

saqarTvelos dinamiuri ganviTareba qveynis cxovrebis yvela

mimarTulebiT saWiroebs mxardaWeras ara mxolod msxvili

msoflio moTamaSeebis mxridan, aramed im partniorebisgan,

romelmac 20-wliani mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi ubralod

postsabWouri respublikidan gardaiqmna evrosivrcis srulu-

flebian da Tanaswor moTamaSed


1. EU Monitoring Accession Program. Budapest. Open Society Institute, 2002.

2. Estonia's Development Scenarios until year 2010// Estonian Institute for Future

Studies. Tallinn-Tartu, 1997.


52

3. Report on Conditions for Growth and Development in a Baltic Sea Region.

BSBS, 2000'

4. Граф М. Эстония и Россия 1917-1991. Анатомия расставания. Таллин,

«Арго», 2007. 536 с.

5. Boot L. Regional development policies in' Europe and Estonia// Regional Policy

and migration. Tartu, 1999. -pp.33-47

6. Norgaard O. (ed.) The Baltic States after Independence. Cheltenham, 1996.

Mariam Rakviashvili

Russian-Georgian war and the support the position of the

Republic of Estonia

Summary

After the aggression of the Russian federation against Georgia on August 8, 2008

the strong and unprecedented support of the Republic of Estonia towards Georgia

was not only the result of the existing equal interests between the two countries, but

also by the highest quality of the bilateral relations.

On 8th of August 2008 at the Parliament of Estonia was held the session of the

Committee for the international Relations where whole political establishment of

the country was present. After the session the committee for the international

relations has adopted the special resolution on Georgia which unilaterally

condemned the military aggression of Russia against Georgia. The Committee for

the International Relations of the Parliament of Estonia was calling to the Russian

side to stop the aggression without any preconditions and called UN SC, EU and

other international organizations for the adequate reaction.

As a result of the session, the Parliament of Estonia has adopted the declaration

with a strong rhetoric that played a vital role in the further support and reaction of

the international society on the position towards Russian military aggression in

Georgia and timely prevention of the escalation of the military intervention.

Keywords: Russian-Georgian war, Estonia

Reviewer: Professor Shota Dogonadze, Georgian Technical University


53

Мариам Раквиашвили

Российско-Грузинская война и реакция Эстонской республики

Резюме

После военной агресии России осуществленной в августе 2008 года против

Грузии безпрецедентная поддержка Эстонии в отношении Грузии была

обусловлена не только объективно существующими едиными интересами, а

также и высоким качеством двусторонних отношений.

8 августа 2008 года в парламенте республики Эстония было проведено

расширенное заседание комитета по международным отношениям, на

котором пресудствовал весь политический спектр Эстонии. По окончании

заседания комитет по международным отнощениям принял специальное

заявление в котором однозначно осуждалось вооруженная агрессия России

против Грузии. Комитет по международным отнощениям Эстонии

категорический требовал незамедлительного прекрашения агрессии со

стороны России без каких либо предварительных условий и призывал СБ

ООН, ЕС и другие междунпродные организации к поддержке Грузии и к

соответствующему реагированию.

Заявление Парламента Эстонии и эффективная поддержка внесла важный

вклад в усиление последующей поддержки со стороны ЕС и всего мирового

сообщества, что сыграла решающую роль в предотвращении последующей

эскалации агресии.

Ключевые слова: Российско-Грузинская война, Эстония

Рецензент: Профессор Шота Догонадзе . Грузинский технический



54

TinaTin afxaiZe

rusuli emigraciuli faSizmi CineTSi XX saukunis 20-30-ian

wlebSი

rusuli politikuri emigraciis istoria didi xnis manZilze negatiur WrilSi ganixileboda, romelic mecnierul analizs ar saWiroebda, dReisaTvis aseTi Sexeduleba usamarTlod gamoiyureba. 1917 wlis Zlierma socialurma afeTqebam sazRvargareT gadaisrola 2-3 milionamde adamiani, romelTa umravlesoba warmoadgenda ruseTis imperiis kulturul da politikur elitas. gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo kulturuli emigracia. Aaq Tavs iyridnen rusuli mecnierebis, mwerlobis, xelovnebis, gamomgoneblebis da sxvadasxva dargis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi. 1931 wlis maisSi xarbinSi Seiqmna rusuli faSisturi partia, romlis generaluri mdivani da ucleli xelmZRvaneli gaxda k.v roZaevski. Mman mTavari roli iTamaSa faSisturi organizaciis mZlavr politikur partiad gadaqcevaSi. TeTri moZraobis marcxis Semdeg warmoiqmna faSisturi organizaciebi, romelTa mizani sabWoTa ideologiis winaaRmdeg brZola iyo. emigraciuli faSisturi moZrobebi arsebobdnen evropis bevr qveyanaSi, aSS-Si, laTinur amerikaSi da Soreul aRmosavleTSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom emigraciul faSizms axasiaTebda mimbaZveloba da es ar iyo rusuli memarjvene

radikalizmis evoluciis Sedegi. რusuli faSizmis ideologiaze manjuriaSi, gavlena moaxdina italiurma faSizmma da kerZod benito musolinim. 1933 wlis bolos roZaevskim wamoayena idea yvela emigraciuli faSisturi organizaciebis gaerTianebisa. Aamas gamoexmaura a. a. vonsiackoi, romelic gaxldaT rusi emigranti, aSS-s moqalaqe. 1934 wels Teberval-martSi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda ,,Всероссийская Фашистская Партия”

centriT xarbinSi. Oოrive liders hqondaT erTi saerTo mizezi gaerTianebis: stalinis koministuri rejimis siZulvili. orives sjeroda, rom ebrael-bolSevikebma moaxdines oqtombris gadatrialeba da Caigdes xelSi Zalaufleba rus xalxze. Oorive aRtacebuli iyo musoliniT da mis mier Seqmnili ,,korporaciuli saxelmwifoTi.” maTi ocneba iyo igive, gaexorcielebinaT ruseTSic nacionaluri revoluciis meSveobiT. iyo sakiTxebi, romlebzec liderebi ver SeTanxmdnen.


55

kerZod: roZaevski finansurad iaponiis mTavrobaze xelisuflebaze iyo damokidebuli da partiis SesanarCuneblad yvelaferze midioda, danaSaulzec ki. vonsiacki, romelsac mdidari amerikeli meuRle hyavda finansurad afsoliturad damoukidebeli iyo, misi organizacia ufro miTiuri iyo, vidre realuri. vonsiackis SefasebiT Tavisi partiis, misi damsaxurebebis Sesaxeb sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg diversiebis mowybaSi gadaWarbebuli iyo. swored am yvelafridan gamomdinare, maTi gaerTianeba ar yofila xangZlivi, ukve 1935 wels dekemberSi moxda ganxeTqileba. 1935 wels zafxulSi xarbinSi kvantunis armiis generalis minamis da iaponiis samxedro misiis xelmZRvanelis polkovnik andos sapatio xelmZRvanelobis qveS Sedga sruliad ruseTis faSisturi partiis (ВФП) s meore yriloba, sadac

vonsiackis partiidan garicxva moiwones. ყrilobam Sekriba 104 deleganti manjuriis, iaponiis, CineTis, siriis, marokos, bulgareTis, poloneTis, fineTis da germaniis rusuli faSisturi organizaciebidan. (ВФП)-s meTaurad daniSnul iqna roZaevski. maTi ZiriTadi ideologia iyo antikomunizmi.

Pპartiis mTavari mizani iyo ruseTSi nacionaluri revoluciis ganxorcieleba, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxoba da faSisturi diqtaturis damyareba. gansazRvruli iyo moqmedebis gegma: ,,mTeli aqtiuri sazRvargareTis mobilizacia” – yvelgan rusuli faSisturi partiis komitetebis Seqmna. ,,saxiT ruseTisken” –sabWoTa saxelmwifos cxovrebis yvela mimarTlebis safuZvlianad Seswavla. ,,propagandis talRebi ruseTSi” sabWoTa kavSirSi agitatorebisa da antisabWouri literaturis gagzavna. roZaevskis ganzraxuli hqonda rusuli sazRvargareTis xalxis gaerTianeba da xelmZRvaneloba. 1934 wels partiis liderebma gadawyvites axali programis Seqmna, am mizniT daarsebul iqna specialuri organo, e.w. ideologiuri sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis xelmZRvanelebi, sabWouri sinamdvilis mcodne kompetenturi pirebi, profesura- ekonomistebi, istorikosebi, iuristebi. am sabWos mier SemuSavebuli programis proeqti mowonebul iqna 1935 wels III yrilobaze. Ppartiis miznad gamocxadebul iqna yvela saSualebiT samSoblos gaTavisufleba ,,ebrauli komunizmisgan” ruseTis momavali saxelmwifos mowyobis


56

safuZveli unda yofiliyo ,,Tavisuflad arCeuli sabWoebi, romlebic daeyrdnoboda mosaxleobis gaerTianebebs profesiul da nacionalur sawarmoo kavSirebSi” xelmZRvanelis misia unda Seesrulebina nacionalur partias. Llozungad iyo arCeuli sityvebi: ,,RmerTi, nacia, Sroma” rac moiazreboda, rogorc religiis SeTavseba nacionalizmTan da gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis didi mniSvnelobis aRiareba. rusul emigraciul faSizms gaaCnda Tavisi perioduli gamocemebi: yoveldRiuri gazeTi ,,Cveni gza,” (xarbini) yovelTviuri Jurnali ,,nacia” (Sanxai) gazeTis yovelkvireuli damateba ,,aziis aRorZineba,” (tianZini) yoveldRiuri gazeTi ,,rusuli gazeTi,” (san-paulo) yovelTviuri gazeTi ,,Русь” (sofia) sruliad ruseTis faSisturma partiam SesZlo emigraciuli masebis profesiuli niSnebis mixedviT kavSirebSi gaerTianeba. 1935 wels roZaevskis TqmiT 20.000 Tanapartieli hyavda, romelTa umetesoba manjuriaSi iyo Tavmoyrili. Ggansxvavebul cifrebs asaxelebdnen sxvadasxva mkvlevarebi, Tumca es cifric sakmarisia, rom rusuli faSisturi partia miviCnioT rusuli emigraciis sakmaod mniSvnelovan da seriozul partiad. (ВФП)-s saprogramo dokumentebSi xazgasmuli iyo antisabWouri qmedebebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi: ,,faSisturi literatures Catana sabWoTa kavSirSi, teroristuli aqtebis mowyoba, mavnebloba.” rusi faSistebis qmedebani manjuriaSi samxedro xelmZRvanelobis mier kontroldeboda. 1936 wels iaponeli oficeris suZukis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibda samSoblos xsnis pirveli faSisturi razmi, romlis saTaveSi roZaevskis yofili mcveli maslakovi idga. Mmsgavsi razmebis moxvedra sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze iaponelebis sazrunavi iyo. bevri diversanti usaxelod iRupeboda. 1937 wels xarbinSi daarsebul iqna ,,organizatorebis

skola”, romelic gansakuTrebulad iyo gasaidumloebuli. Aაm skolaSi amzadebdnen momaval kadrebs sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze diversiuli aqtebis CatarebisTvis. U unda aRiniSnos, rom kvleviT literaturaSi organizacia Sefasebulia, rogorc damnaSaveebis partia, romlis sisxliani moqmedebebi- mkvlelobebi, adamianTa motacebebi, aterorebda

mosaxleobas da pirvel rigSi emigrantebs. Oოrganizacia am periodSi gadaiqca iapono-manjuriis mafiis Semadgenel nawilad, romelic CarTul iqna iaponel samxedroTa yvela


57

WuWyian saqmeSi, rogoric iyo reketebi, adamianTa gatacebebi, SpionaJi, diversiebi da provokaciebi sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg, agreTve Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTSi arsebuli sabWoTa organizaciebisa da dawesebulebebis winaaRmdeg da sxva.

რusuli emigraciuli faSizmis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba iyo antisemitizmi. maT sZuldaT ebraelebi da Tvlidnen, rom isini da masonebi komunizmis saxeliT iniRbebodnen. Aaqedan gamomdinare, movaleobad miaCndaT ruseTis gawmenda am elementebisgan. Mxolod 1934 wlis ganmavlobaSi faSistur presaSi antisemituri da antimasonuri

mimarTulebis 835 statia iyo moTavsebuli. Fფinansebis miRebis erT-erT formad faSistebs miaCndaT emigraciis mdidari ebrauli nawilis SantaJi da dayaCaReba. 30-iani wlebis bolos rusul faSistur organizaciis xelmZRvanelobaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba warmoiSva. Aaprotestebdnen iaponelTa mxardaWeras. Aaseve hitlers ruseTis da yvela slavis potenciur mtrad Tvlidnen. roZaevski da misi momxreebi ki piriqiT, miesalmebodnen hitleris Tavdasxmas ruseTze, Tvlidnen ra, rom es iyo saukeTeso saSualeba ruseTis ebraelebisgan

gasaTavisufleblad. Mმagram, miuxedavad azrTa sakmao gansxvavebisa Ria ganxeTqileba da partiis daSla ar mohyolia. II msflio omis dawyebis Semdeg, sakmaod moulodnelad manjuriaSi faSistTa mdgomareoba garTulda. rusul faSistur organizaciaze kontroli gaamkacra iaponiis mTavrobam, Semdeg akrZalul iqna spec nomeri gazeTisa ,,Cveni gza” romelic miesalmeboda sabWoTa kavSirze nacistTa Tavdasxmas, mogvianebiT gazeTis gamocema SanxaiSi iqna gadatanili, xolo 1943 wels iaponiis mTavrobam yoveli axsna ganmartebis gareSe rusuli faSisturi partiis saqmianoba akrZala. marTalia partias saxeli gadaarqves da uwodes ,,Союз национально-трудовой России“ magram moakldaT ra iaponelTa finansuri mxardaWera, partia nel-nela daiSala. manjuriaSi sabWoTa armiis SeWris Semdeg, roZaevski tianZinSi gaiqca. 1946 wels man sinanuli gamoTqva aRiara faSisturi moZraobis danaSaulebani da nebayoflobiT Cabarda sabWoTa xelisuflebas. sasamarTlom mas daxvreta miusaja, xolo yvelasgan miviwyebuli vonsiackic 1965 wels gulis SeteviT gardaicvala.


58

Tu SevajamebT rusuli faSisturi partiis saqmianobas manjuriaSi, vnaxavT, rom igi iyo erT-erTi yvelaze organizebuli emigrantuli partia Soreul aRmosavleTSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom am partiis mimarT TeTri emigraciis wevrebs uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqondaT. es gamowveuli iyo maTi Savbneli da saeWvo saqmianobiT, Zalmomreobivi qmedebebiT, iaponiis mTavrobisadmi Tavdadebuli samsaxuriT. rusuli faSizmis rigebSi gawevrianebulni iyvnen qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebic. Dd. Mdivani, al. andronikaSvili, gr. diasamiZe da sxva.


1. Mm. v. nazarovi ,, rusuli emigraciis misia” (stavropoli 1992 w)

2. ,,Звезда и Свастика'' Большевизм и русский фащизм'' М 1994

3. ,,Ролитическая история русскои эмиграции (1920-1940 гг) документы и

матералы '' (под ред проф А Ф Кисилева) М 1999

4. Абпова. Н.Е россиская фашистская партия в Манчжурий. (Бепорусслий

журнал международного права и межд. отнашений 1999 № 2)

5. Электронииый журнал После первой мировой войны в Европе


59

Tinatin Apkhaidze

Russian immigration Fascism in China in 20-30’s of XX centry

Summary

The Russian Fascist Party was established in 1931 in Harbin. Their purpose was

to implement the national revolution and to overthrow the Soviet government in

Russia. Financial support for the party was provided by Japan.

They also formed the subsidiary structures. Unions for women, children and

youth.

After the World War II the condition of the fascists in Manchuria deteriorated.

Japan suspended financial assistance and the party slowly was dissolved.

Keywords: Russian Fascist Party, Harbin, Japan

Reviewer: Professor Nino Gomarteli, Georgian Technical University

Тинатин Апхаидзе

Русский эмиграционный фашизм в Китае в 20-30 годах ХХ-го столетия

Резюме

В 1931 году в Харбине была создана русская фашистская партия. Ее целью

было осуществление в России национальной революции, свержение советской

власти и установление фашисткой диктатуры. Партии финансовую поддержку

оказывала Япония. Они также создали дочернюю структуру партии: союзы

женщин, детей и молодежи.

После начала второй мировой войны в Маньчжурии положение фашистов

осложнилось. Япония прекратила финансовую поддержку и партия

постепенно развалилась.

Ключевые слова: русская фашистская партия, Харбин, Япония

Рецензент: Профессор Нино Гомартели. Грузинский технический



60

ediSer gvenetaZe, maia yifiani

dasavleTi da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis

sakiTxebi

Tavisi umniSvnelovanesi geopolitikuri poziciisa da strategiuli ekonomikuri mdebareobis gamo kavkasia antikuri xanidan moyolebuli yovelTvis iqcevda msoflios did

saxelmwifoTa yuradRebas. aq gadioda abreSumisa da warsuli

drois sxva mravali savaWro gza. regionTan sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebi hqonda iseT did saxelmwifoebsa

da imperiebs, rogorebicaa: saberZneTi, sparseTi, romis imperia,

arabeTis saxalifo, monRolTa imperia, osmaleTis imperia da a.S. amave dros kavkasiel erebs yovelTvis hqondaT sakuTari erovnuli

interesebi, romlebic ganapirobebdnen maT damokidebulebas

rogorc erTmaneTisadmi, agreTve, regioniT dainteresebuli didi

saxelmwifoebis mimarT. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos yovelTvis ekava mowinave pozicia kavkasiis regionaluri

politikis SemuSavebis sakiTxSi.

rac Sexeba kavkasias, es regioni saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo

ruseTsa da dasavleTs Soris metoqeobis adgili. ruseTs

nebismieri xerxis fasad unda SeenarCunebina masze kontroli, radgan regionidan gadis gza samxreT zRvebze da igi aseve

esazRvreba kaspiasac. garda amisa, kavkasia SeiZleba im sanitaruli

kordonis nawilad iqces, romlis agebasac ruseTis garSemo

dasavleTi eswrafis. XX saukunis bolos “civi omis” dasrulebas msoflioSi axali

wesrigis Camoyalibeba mohyva. am procesma politikur rukaze

axali saxelmwifoebi gaaCina, romelTa Soris saqarTveloc

aRmoCnda. 22 wlis win saqarTveloSi Catarda pirveli demokratiuli

saparlamento arCevnebi. arCevnebSi damajerebeli gamarjveba

moipova erovnuli politikuri partiebisa da organizaciebis

saarCevno blokma “mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo” z.

gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobiT. arCevnebis Sedegad qveyanas

saTaveSi Caudga erovnuli parlamenti – saqarTvelos respublikis

uzenaesi sabWo.


61

amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba iyo – 3 444 002 monawileoba

miiRo – 2 406 742 anu amomrCevelTa 69.88 procentma. miRebuli

mandatebis raodenoba mrgvali magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelo 54% 155 saqarTvelos komunisturi partia 30% 65 damoukidebeli kandidatebi 12,6% 31 sul 100% 250 dRis wesrigSi dadga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da misi cnobis sakiTxi msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier.

ruseTis interesebs seriozuli safrTxe 1980-iani wlebis

bolos daemuqra, roca saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans

nacionalisturi moZraobebi moedo. moskovs Zalian uWirda

erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis procesis SeCereba, romelsac samive

respublika sruli damoukideblobisken mihyavda. 1989 wlis

aprilSi qarTvelebis, xolo 1990 wlis ianvarSi azerbaijanelebis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebulma Zalam nacionalisturi ganwyoba mxolod kidev ufro metad gaamZafra da gaaZliera saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos dasavlur sivrcesTan urTierTobis sakiTxi ZvelTagan aqtualuri iyo da gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dadga XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi msoflio geopolitikur ruqaze momxdari cnobili movlenebis gamo. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli politikuri istebliSmenti da Sesabamisad diplomatia gamoucdeli iyo faqtiurad SeiZleba iTqvas, rogorc profesionalizmis saxiT ar arsebobda. Aamitom saqarTvelos urTierTobis sakiTxebi dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi nela da rutinulad mimdinareobda. Aaq mTavar xelisSemSlel faqtors warmoadgenda moskovis agresiuli politika Tbilisis mimarT, romelic uzarmazari dezinformaciuli manqanis meSveobiT cdilobda saqarTvelos axalarCeuli xelisufleba warmoeCina msoflios TvalSi, romelic Cagravda erovnul umciresobebs da ar icavda adamianis uflebebs. Aam mizniT kremlma gaaqtiura Tavisi politika, rac gamoixata mis mier inspirirebuli konfliqtebiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. dasavleTi frTxilad ekideboda sabWoTa kavsiris teritoriaze mimdinare socialur-politikur procesebs. dasavleTSi garkveulwilad saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mimarT gaorebuli damokidebuleba iyo politikosTa erTi


62

nawili uWerda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mxars. Aamis dasturia amerikis senatis 1989 wlis 19 aprilis prezidentis misamarTiT miRebuli rezolucia romelic mxars uWerda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo im periodis msoflioSi Zalian didi interesT aRiqmeboda. Uufro metic

1989 wlis gazafxulze mTel maSindel komunistur samyaroSi antikomunisturi demokratiuli moZraobis centri iyo ara

moskovi, ara varSava an praRa, aramed Tbilisi. ruseTSi 1989 wlis 9 aprilis mxardasaWerad Seiqmna iseTi brwyinvale demokratiuli

organizacia rogoric iyo solidaroba. saerTod ruseTis 80-iani

wlebis demokratiuli moZraobis mamadac saqarTvelo iqca. imisaTvis rom momxdariyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis samarTlebriv safuZvlebze dasavleTis mier cnoba amitom xelisuflebam Caatara sayovelTao-saxalxo

referendumi mTeli qveynis teritoriaze: “Tanaxma xarT Tu ara,

aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba 1918 wlis 26 maisis

damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze?” -es kiTxva iyo dasmuli

referendumze 1991 wlis 31 marts. Mmosaxleobis 98%-ma SekiTxvas(maT Soris araqarTulma) dadebiTi pasuxi gasca, rac gaxda kidevac 1991 wlis damoukideblobis aqtis samarTlebrivi

safuZveli. 1991 wlis 9 aprilis damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT

saqarTvelos istoriaSi Tvisobrivad axali etapi daiwyo. dasavleTi iZulebuli gaxda ecno realoba amis Sedegi iyo

is, rom aSS-is 102-e mowvevis kongresma imave dRes, 94-e sagangebo

rezoluciiT legitimurad cno 31 martis referendumis Sedegebi. Mmagram momdevno xanebSi igive aSS da mTlianad dasavleTi zedmet sifrTxiles iCenda da ar cnobda oficialurad saqarTvelos damoukideblobas.

zviad gamsaxurdias Zalian kargad esmoda, rom

damoukideblobis Semdeg saqarTvelos mimarT dasavleTs,

gansakuTrebiT amerikas, garkveuli interesebi gauCndeboda.

amitom, imisTvis, rom aq ZalTa dabalanseba momxdariyo, man

konstituciaSi Tavis xeliT Seitana cvlileba, romlis

Tanaxmadac saqarTvelo neitraluri qveyana unda yofiliyo. es

niSnavda, rom Cven, dasavleTTan partniorobis paralelurad,

minimum megobruli urTierToba mainc unda gvqonoda ruseTTan.


63

rac Seexeba gamsaxurdias, is mosazreba, rom zviadi ar iyo

politikosi da mas ar unda emarTa qveyana mimaCnia, rom arasworia,

vinaidan igi swored rom politikosi iyo. amis magaliTad

moviyvanT erT faqts: roca sabWoTa kavSiri iSleboda, gamovida

jorj buSi (ufrosi) da Tqva, gamsaxurdias ar esmis procesi da

dinebis sawinaaRmdegod midiso. bevrma maSin es gancxadeba aRiqva,

rogorc yvelaze iracionaluri Sefaseba im movlenebisa, rac im dros xdeboda Cvens qveyanaSi da mTlianad sabWoTa kavSiris

sivrceSi. magram gavida dro da vin gamodga marTali - buSi Tu

gamsaxurdia? sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala. Uunda aRiniSnos rom Tavisi erovnuli mrwamsidan gamomdinare gamsaxurdia ver Cajda im politikur TamaSebSi romelsac misgan moiTxovdnen. SeiZleba iTqvas gamsaxurdia Tavisi xedvebiT dasavleTisaTvis darCa “mourjulebel da simarTlis mTqmel politikosad”, aman is amoagdo saerTo politikuri sivrcidan. Aamis dasturia 1991 wlis agvistoSi moskovSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi da

masze saqarTvelos prezidentis reaqcia. sapasuxod ki - j.buSis

(ufrosi) formula – “gamsaxurdia mdinarebis sawinaaRmdegod

midis” (1991 wlis 19 agvistos 12:00-sT-ze moskovis putCis gamo

TeTri saxlis ezoSi gamarTuli j. buSis pres-konferencia,

romelzec man ganacxada, rom ar scnobs da gmobs putCistebs. mxars

uWers realur xelisuflebas da gorbaCovis politikas. amerikis

prezidentis am gancxadebis gamo, mandilosanma Jurnalistma

ikiTxa.

“Tqven aseT Sefasebas aZlevT moskovis putCs, magram

saqarTvelos prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam mas “gorbaCovis

Sou” uwoda”.

buSi uecrad anerviulda da sakmaod uxeSad, demokratiuli cnobierebis saxelmwifo moRvawisaTvis Seuferebeli toniTa da

sificxiT Tqva, rom es sisulelea. “gamsaxurdia mdinarebis

sawinaaRmdegod midis. droa, gamoerkvios da realobas gausworos

Tvalio”.

amerikis telekompania CNN-ma SekiTxva dausva saqarTvelos

prezidents, Tu ras fiqrobda am putCis Sesaxeb:

“me vfiqrob”, iyo pasuxi, “es putCi TviT gorbaCovis mieraa

dagegmili da ganxorcielebuli am pirebTan (igulismeba iazovi,

pugo da a.S) erTad, radgan es aZlevda politikur dividendebs“.


64

meore dRes imave CNN -ma aCvena jorj buSi, romelmac ganacxada:

“me vfiqrob, rom am kacma (anu gamsaxurdiam) cotaTi mainc unda

daamuSaos is gancxadebebi, romelTa gakeTebasac apirebs… es aris

kaci, romelic micuravs dinebis sawinaaRmdegod. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, me ase meCveneba… is unda mihyves dinebas da gaigos, ra

xdeba msoflioSi” .[2]

1991 wlis zafxulSi TbilisSi Camovida amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis eqs-prezidenti riCard niqsoni, romelic Sexvda president z. gamsaxurdias. jerjerobiT istoriisaTvis ucnobia maTi saubris Sinaarsi. Jurnalistebis SekiTxvaze Tu ra STabeWdileba datova masze z. gamsaxurdiam niqsonma upasuxa: “Tqven gyavT uaRresad ganaTlebuli da mamaci prezidenti, magram mis mamacobas momavalSi didi gamocda elis”.

1991 wlis agvistodan dekembris damlevamde saqarTvelos

respublikis damoukidebloba de-iured cnes rumineTma, ukrainam,

TurqeTma, yazaxeTma, monRoleTma, litvam, kanadam, moldovam,

azerbaijanma da somxeTma. 1991-1992 wlebis dekember-ianvris cnobili movlenebis dros da mis Semdeg pirdapir kaskadi moxda dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa mier saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobis. Mmagram gulsatkenia is, rom droze rom momxdariyo qveynis saerTaSoriso aRiareba vfiqrobT Tbilisis cnobili putCi ar moxdeboda da qveyna ar CaiZireboda eTnokonfliqtebsa da qaosSi, romlis damangreveli Sedegebi dRes saxezea. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom dasavleTisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobis sakiTxi garkveulwilad liriul sferomdedac ki iyo asuli jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris dros. moviyvanT erT

magaliTs. 1974 wels sabWoTa kavSirs erTi kviriT ewvia amerikeli

senatori eduard kenedi. man sami qalaqi moinaxula: jer,

TavisTavad cxadia, moskovi, Semdeg didebuli peterburgi

(leningradi) da bolos Tbilisi. samSobloSi gamgzavrebis win senatorma preskonferencia gamarTa sabWoTa kavSiris

dedaqalaqSi. moskovis frangulenovanma gazeTma “le nuvel de

moskum” (4 maisi, #18) preskonferenciis angariSi gamoaqveyna. am

angariSis erT qveTavs aseTi saTauri aqvs: “mxolod erTi SekiTxva

darCa pasuxgaucemeli”.


65

es “pasuxgaucemeli” SekiTxva qarTulad ase JRers: “romeli

regioni mogewonaT CvenSi yvelaze metad?”

kenedim gaiRima da Tqva:

“me karga xania politikis sferoSi vmoRvaweob da vici, rom

amgvar SekiTxvebs pasuxi ar unda gavce. yvela Zalian momewona.

mogzauroba zRapruli iyo, rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve

sxvaganac”.[1]


1. gaz. “xali saqarTvelo”, 21-27. 05. 1998.

2. http://lib.ge/book.php?author=237&book=4511

Edisher Gvenetadze, Maia Kipiani

West and the issues of the Georgian Statehood

Summary

In the work the political situation existed in Georgia in 90-th years of the

XX century is shown. Indicated is that because of the very significant geopolitical

position and strategic economic location the Caucasus beginning since antiquity

was always under the great attention of the world biggest states.

The Caucasian nations always had their own national interests, which

favored their attitude towards each other as well as towards the big states having

interests in the region. One must notice, that Georgia always was in the vanguard in

the issue of drawing up the Caucasus regional policy.

In the West the attitude towards the independence of Georgia was double.

Part of the politicians supported the independence of Georgia. This is confirmed by

the Resolution adopted on April 19, 1989 by the American Senate addressed to the

President, supporting the independence of Georgia. However, due to some reasons,

the West did not pay the proper attention to Georgia.

Keywords: Georgia, West, Statehood

Reviewer: Professor Tengiz Grigolia, Georgian Technical University

http://lib.ge/book.php?author=237&book=4511


66

Эдишер Гвенетадзе, Мая Кириани

Запад и вопросы государственности Грузии

Резюме

В работе освещено политическое положение сложившееся в Грузии в

90-ых годах XX века. В ней указано, что из-за своей важнейшей

геополитической позиции и стратегического экономического положения

Кавказ, начиная с античных времен, всегда обращал на себя внимание

крупнейших стран мира.

Кавказские нации всегда имели собственные национальные интересы,

которые обусловливали их отношения как к дгуг другу, так и к

заинтересованным регионом большим государствам. Следует отметить, что

Грузия всегда занимала лидирующие позиции в вопросах относящихся к

выроботке Кавказской региональной политики.

На западе существовало определенно двойное отношение к

независимости Грузии. Часть политиков поддерживала независимость Грузии.

Это подтверждается резолюцией принятой сенатом Америки 19-го апредя

1989 года в адрес президента, которая поддерживала независимость Грузии.

Однако по ряду причин Запад все же не уделил Грузии должного внимиания.

Ключевые слова: Грузии, Запад, государственность

Рецензент: Профессор Тенгиз Григодиа. Грузинский технический



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e k o n o m i k a gari gunia, zizi svaniZe, lili svaniZe, Tamar cercvaZe

mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis moTxovnebi

saqarTvelos bunebrivi garemos dacvis sferoSi

Tanamedroveobis erT-erT aqtualur problemas garemos dacva warmoadgens. mecnierTa da praqtikopsTa mier, bunebrivi garemos mdgomareobaze negatiuri zemoqmedebis ZiriTad faqtorad misi dabinZurebaa miCneuli. amasTan damabinZurebel nivTierebaTa speqtri Zalze farToa: – gazebi, mZime metalebi, organuli nivTierebebi, radioaqtiuri elementebi da sx [1]. saqarTvelos bunebrivi garemo, romelic rTuli orografiiTa da klimaturi pirobebis nairsaxeobiT, mdidari cxovelTa samyaroTi da mravalferovani mcenareuli safariT xasiaTdeba, dacvisa da anTropogenuri gavlenis monitoringis praqtikuli da Teoriuli sakiTxebis damuSavebis mimarT did yuradRebas moiTxovs. kerZod, garemos calkeuli komponentebis ekologiuri mdgomareobis xarisxobrovi da raodenobrivi maxasiaTebeli parametrebis Sefasebasa da maTi mosalodneli cvlilebebis tendenciebis gamovlenas. am sakiTxebis mecnieruli damuSavebis Sedegebi ki, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas iZleva daigegmos da ganxorcieldes garemoze mavne zegavlenis Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis praqtikuli RonisZiebebi. saqarTvelos teritoriis sakmaod rTuli ekologiuri mdgomareobis pirobebSi, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia dakmayofildes saerTaSoriso valdebulebebiT da qveynis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili moTxovnebi bunebrivi garemos dacvis sferoSi, rac mniSvnelovan garantias warmoadgens sayovelTaod miRebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. mosaxleobis mzardi moTxovnilebebi energetikuli resursebis, samrewvelo produqciisa da, agreTve, am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli samecniero-teqnikuri da teqnologiuri RonisZiebebi, Tavis kvals aCenen da zegavlenas axdenen Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da momavali Taobebis bunebrivi da socialuri garemos mdgomareobaze. aRniSnulis Seufasebloba, xSirad, istoriulad Camoyalibebul ekologiur wonasworobis SenarCunebisaTvis


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safrTxis Seqmnis mizezi xdeba. xSirad es gauTvaliswinebel uaryofiT (rig SemTxvevebSi Seuqcevad da gamanadgurebel) zemoqmedebas iwvevs bunebrivi garemos mdgomareobaze, cocxal organizmebze, da istoriul-kulturul memkvidreobaze. dabinZurebis saSiSi donis gansazRvra garemos calkeul komponentebSi (atmosfero, zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebi, niadagi) moiTxovs profesiul midgomas, radgan, xSirad, es garemoeba Tavidan cxadad ar SeigrZnoba da Semdgom xdeba adamianis janmrTelobis dazianebis da garemoze gansakuTrebiT saSiSi zemoqmedebis safuZveli. aseTi mavne zemoqmedebis donis Sesatyvisi maxasiaTeblebis dasadgenad da garemoze uaryofiTi gavlenis droulad Tavidan acilebis mizniT, garemoSi mavne nivTierebaTa emisiebisaTvis SemoRebulia zRvrulad dasaSvebi koncentraciebis (zdk) sidideebi da dawesebulia maT gadaWarbebaze saxelmwifo kontroli. dasaxlebul adgilebSi, Tanamedrove pirobebSi, aRiniSneba garemos dabinZureba erTdroulad mravali nivTierebiT. am narevis an nazavis zemoqmedeba xSirad iZleva jamur efeqts. aqedan gamomdinare, sanitariul-higienuri samsaxuris mier dgindeba zdk-s sidideebi rogorc calkeuli nivTierebebisaTvis, aseve maTi kombinaciebisTvisac (sumacia). garemos dacvis sferoSi gamoyenebuli standartebis kompleqsi dafuZnebulia mavne nivTierebaTa zdk-sa da adgilmdebareobis dabinZurebis fonuri maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelobaTa mareglamentirebel sidideebze. es ki, sawarmoo obieqtis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas, saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes zdk-s normebi warmoebis specifikis Sesatyvisi emisiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mavne nivTierebebisaTvis. garemos dabinZurebis arsebuli done, misi zrdis tendencia aqtualurs xdis, garemos dacvis da bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT, urTierTobebis regulirebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis aucileblobas saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso masStabebiT. amisaTvis saWiroa saerTaSoriso praqtikiT rekomendebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis moTxovnebis dacva [2]. “mdgradi ganviTareba” aris sazogadoebis ganviTarebis iseTi sistema, romelic sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis interesebiT uzrunvelyofs adamianis cxovrebis donis xarisxis zrdas da momavali Taobebis uflebas –


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isargeblon Seuqcevadi raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi cvlilebebisagan maqsimalurad daculi bunebrivi resursebiTa da garemoTi. mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis damkvidreba unda efuZnebodes saerTaSoriso urTierTobebiT aRiarebul Semdeg principTa ucilobel dacvas: - adamianebs aqvT ufleba hqondeT jansaRi da nayofieri sicocxle bunebasTan harmoniulobis pirobebSi; - saxelmwifoebs aqvT suverenuli ufleba gamoiyenon sakuTari resursebi Tavisi garemosdacviTi da ekonomikuri politikis mixedviT. isini pasuxismgebelni arian imisaTvis, rom maT kontrols daqvemdebarebulma saqmianobam ziani ar miayenos bunebrivi garemos sxva qveynebis teritoriebze; - ganviTarebis uflebis realizacia unda moxdes ise, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes dRevandeli da momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebaTa samarTliani dakmayofileba ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis sferoSi; - mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebelia, rom garemos dacva iqces ganviTarebis procesis ganuyofel nawilad da ar ganixilebodes misgan mowyvetiT; - mdgradi ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa siRaribis aRmofxvra. yvela saxelmwifom da xalxebma unda iTanamSromlon am mizniT, raTa Semcirdes mkveTri gansxvaveba cxovrebis doneebs Soris da dakmayofildes msoflios mosaxleobis umravlesobis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebi; - gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ekonomikur - ekologiurad CamorCenili qveynebis mdgomareobas da moTxovnilebebs; - saxelmwifoebi TanamSromloben globaluri TanamSromlobis suliskveTebiT, raTa SenarCunebuli, daculi da aRdgenil iqnes dedamiwis ekosistemis sijansaRe da mTlianoba. yvela saxelmwifo inawilebs saerTo pasuxismgeblobas globaluri garemos degradaciaSi Tavisi “wvlilis” mixedviT. monawileoben ra mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevisaTvis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaSi, ganviTarebuli qveynebi acnobiereben saTanado pasuxismgeblobas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben isini garemoze da ra teqnologiuri da finansuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT.


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- mdgradi ganviTarebis da yvela adamianisaTvis cxovrebis ufro maRali donis uzrunvelsayofad saxelmwifoebma unda SezRudon da gaauqmon warmoebisa da moxmarebis arasicocxlisunariani modelebi da gaataron Sesabamisi demografiuli politika; - saxelmwifoebma unda iTanamSromlon erovnuli kompleqsuri samecniero potencialis ganmtkicebisaTvis mdgradi ganviTarebis misaRwevad samecniero-teqnikuri progresis sferoSi gamocdilebis gaziarebis gziT; - saxelmwifoebi Rebuloben samarTlebriv aqtebs garemosdacviT sferoSi sakuTari specifikis safuZvelze, vinaidan erTi qveynis standartebi socialur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT savsebiT miuRebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes sxva qveynebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT – ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisaTvis; - ekologiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad, saxelmwifoebma unda iTanamSromlon xelsayreli da Ria saerTaSoriso sistemis Seqmnis mizniT, rac uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur zrdas da mdgrad ganviTarebas yvela qveyanaSi; - saxelmwifoebma xeli unda Seuwyon ekologiuri danaxarjebis internacionalizacias da iseTi ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebas, romelTa mixedviTac dambinZurebeli uxdis saTanado safasurs dazaralebul mxares. amasTan aucilebelia ar dairRves sazogadoebrivi interesebi da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis da investirebis wesebi; - ekologiuri problemebis gadaWraSi udidesi roli eniWeba mkvidr mosaxleobas, mis codnas da tradiciul praqtikas. saxelmwifoebma mxari unda dauWiron adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TviTmyobadobas, kulturas, interesebs da uzrunvelyon misi efeqtiani monawileoba mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevis saqmeSi; - mSvidoba, ganviTareba da garemos dacva mWidrod dakavSirebuli da ganuyofeli cnebebia. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis yvela ubanze mTlianad araa aRiarebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi da am mimarTulebiT sustad mimdinareobs mizanmimarTuli RonisZiebebis gatareba, romelTa masStabebic unda moicavdnen problemaTa rogorc lokalur, aseve regionul da globalur xasiaTebs.


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amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtors unda warmoadgendes: - qveynis bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis, materialuri dovlaTis warmoebisa da moxmarebis harmonizacia; – ekologiurad optimaluri da usafrTxo meTodebis danergva-gamoyeneba da qveynis winaSe mdgari prioritetuli problemebis gadawyveta. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika da sakanonmdebllo baza garemos dacvis sferoSi mWidrod ukavSirdeba qveynis sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebis dacvas garemos dacvis sferoSi. “saqarTvelos konstitucia” warmoadgens garants qveynis mosaxleobisaTvis – janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo bunebriv garemoSi cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis uflebebis dacva miiRweva saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. garemos dacvis sferoSi miRebuli kanonebi gamoxataven saxelmwifos pozicias da asaxaven qveynis politikas saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganxorcielebisas. saxelmwifoSi funqcionirebs garemos dacvis uzrunvelyofis Sesabamisi aRmasrulebeli saxelmwifo struqturebi, romelTa Sorisac gansakuTrebuli roli, saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebisas, miniWebuli aqvs saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros. aqedan gamomdinare, garemos dacvis sferoSi miRebuli kanonebis efeqturoba didadaa damokidebuli im RonisZiebaTa gatarebaze, romelTa ganxorcielebaze kontroli kanonmdeblobiT evaleba saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros, mis dargobriv da regionul organoebs. aRniSnuli saministro sazRvravs da afasebs realur da savaraudod mosalodnel saSiSroebas bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis dros. amasTan, mas evaleba miiRos gadawyvetileba saqmianobis subieqtebisaTvis garemoze zemoqmedebis mimarTulebiT dawesebuli saqmianobebis ganxorcielebaze nebarTvis gacemis Taobaze. am nebarTvebis gacemis ZiriTadi principebi, miznebi da procedurebi daregulirebulia saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo baziT da Sesabamisi normatuli aqtebiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania moqmed sawarmoTa garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa.


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am mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSi miRebulia rigi CarCo xasiaTis sakanonmdeblo aqti, garemos konkretuli komponentebis dacvis miznobrivi kanonebi da saxelmwifos Sida da gare urTierTobebis maregulirebeli mravali samarTlebrivi da normatuli aqti. saqarTvelo, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, axdens im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa dadebas, ratificirebas, denonsacias, an maTTan mierTebas, romlebic aregulireben garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos urTierTobebs sxva saxelmwifoebTan, saerTaSoriso kavSirebTan da organizaciebTan. amasTan, saqarTvelos mier ganxorcielebul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas da maTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetas, Tu isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian saqarTvelos konstitucias da kanonmdeblobas, aqvT upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. kacobriobam gasuli saukunis ukanasknel aTeul wlebSi yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom Cvens planetas, miuxedavad misi moCvenebiTi usazRvroebisa, SezRuduli resursebi gaaCnia. amasTan, xazi gaesva im garemoebas, rom mTlianad adamianis arseboba bunebaSi Camoyalibebul rTul urTierTkavSirebzea damokidebuli. adamianis Carevam am kavSirebSi, saxeldobr, dedamiwis zedapiris mdgomareobis SecvliTa da garemos calkeul komponentebze zemoqmedebis tempebis zrdam, seriozuli SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. arsaniSnavia, rom „ekologiis“ cnebis mravalricxovan ganmartebebs Tu ganvazogadebT, SeiZleba gamovyoT misi Semdegi gansazRvrebi: ekologia – biologiur mecnierebaTa Soris erT–erTi mniSvnelovani dargia, romelic organizmebsa da garemos Soris arsebul urTierTobebs ikvlevs; ekologia – adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis samecniero da praqtikuli problemebis erTobliobaa. am ganmartebebidan: pirveli – klasikurad da sayovelTaod aRiarebulad iTvleba; meore ki – ukanasknel aTwleulebSi gaZlierebuli anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad, bunebrivi garemos ekologiuri datvirTvis kvlevebis speqtris gafarToebis reaqciad unda CaiTvalos. samecniero literaturaSi bunebrivi garemos mdgomareobis rigi saxeoba ganirCeva:


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bunebrivi – adamianis sameurneo moRvaweobiT ucvleli garemo; gawonasworebuli – aRdgeniTi procesebis siCqareebi anTropogenuri rRvevebis tempebis tolia an maTze maRalia; krizisuli– anTropogenuri rRvevebis siCqare bunebrivi sistemebis TviTaRdgenis tempebs aRemateba, magram maTi Zirfesviani cvlilebebi jer kidev ar mimdinareobs; kritikuli– mimdinareobs adre arsebuli bunebrivi sistemebis jer kidev ukuqcevadi Secvla naklebad produqtiul sistemebze; katastrofuli – ukve Znelad ukuqcevad, naklebad produqtiuli bunebrivi sistemebis ganmtkicebis process aqvs adgili; kolapsis mdgomareoba – bunebrivi sistemebis produqtiulobis Seuqcevadi dakargva. ra Tqma unda, bunebrivi garemos optimaluri mdgomareobaa – bunebrivi. am SemTxvevaSi bunebriv komponentebs SedarebiTi mudmivoba axasiaTebT. magram, planetis bunebrivi garemos Tanamedrove mdgomareobis niSans krizisuli etapis dadgoma warmoadgens, xolo calkeul regionebSi –kritikulis da katastrofulis, rac ase Tu ise teqnogezTanaa dakavSirebuli. amasTan, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mier bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli mravalgvarovani Sedegebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia klimatis Secvla. igi mravali mecnieris mier iqna aRniSnuli, rogorc ukanasknel aTeul wlebSi atmosferoSi naxSirorJangisa da aerozolebis koncentraciebis gamudmebuli zrdis Sedegad gamovlenili fenomeni. kargadaa cnobili, rom mzis gamosxivebis im nawilis Secvla, romelic STainTqmeva dedamiwis mier, sxva pirobebis mudmivobis SemTxvevaSi, iwvevs misi saSualo planetaruli temperaturis cvlilebas. xolo dedamiwis temperaturis cvlilebas Tundac 10C-iT SeiZleba hqondes didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan es sakmarisia dedamiwis zedapirze izoTermebis 260km-iT gadawevisaTvis. es ukanaskneli ki gamoiwvevs dedamiwis zedapirze sxvadasxva raionebis ganeduri ganlagebis cvlilebas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am raionebSi, ZiriTadad, xaroben mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli


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sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi, naTeli xdeba mecnierTa SeSfoTebis mizezi. atmosferos dabinZurebis gavlena klimatze SedarebiT ufro mkafiod gamoixateba qalaqebSi, Tavisi Sors mimavali SedegebiT. amasTan erTad, maTi didi nawili scildeba qalaqis sazRvrebs da SeiZleba mezoklimaturi mniSvnelobis warmomqmnel faqtoradac CaiTvalos. is faqti, rom atmosferos dabinZureba axdens mavne zemoqmedebas cocxal organizmebze da mcenareul safarze, aris erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi, romelic gvaiZulebs mivaqcioT seriozuli yuradReba atmosferos dabinZurebis monitorings. Tanamedrove pirobebSi Zneli warmosadgenia urbanizacias daqvemdebarebuli teritoria (regioni, dasaxlebuli punqti), romelSic misi bunebrivi da kulturuli garemos calkeuli komponentebis negatiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebebisagan dacvis aucilebloba ar arsebobdes. ukve aravis ar epareba eWvi imaSi, rom garemos ekologiuri monitoringi adamianis organizebuli yofis erT-erTi mTavari ganuyofeli nawilia. is mimarTulia bunebis garemosa da misi resursebis frTxili da racionaluri moxmarebisaken, raTa adamianis yofisaTvis Seiqmnas ufro xelsayreli pirobebi da amaRldes misi keTildReoba. saqarTvelo miekuTvneba iseT mcirericxovan qveyanaTa rigs, romelTac garemos mdgomareobis monitoringis (maT Soris: hidrometeorologiuri, magnitur-seismuri, bunebrivi garemos ZiriTadi komponentebis: haeris, niadagisa da wylis obieqtebis dabinZurebis da sx.) sakmaod kargi qselis xangrZlivi da regularuli funqcionirebis monacemebi gaaCnia. am monacemebis mecnieruli analiziT dadgenili kanonzomierebebisa da Taviseburebebis amsaxveli analitikuri masalebi kargadaa gaSuqebuli qarTvel da sazRvargareT moRvawe mecnierTa, maT Soris avtorTa, statiebsa da monografiebSi. aq moZiebuli masala didad uwyobs xels saqarTvelos regionebSi bunebrivi garemos ekologiuri mdgomareobis Seswavlisa da SenarCunebis saqmes.


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1. gunia g. atmosferos ekologiuri monitoringis

meteorologiuri aspeqtebi. - Tb.,saq. mecn. akademia,2005,265 gv.

2. saqarTvelos kanoni garemos dacvis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos

parlamentis uwyebani, 1997, N1-2, 21gv.

Gunia G., Svanidze Z, Svanidze L., Tsertsvadze T.

Requirements of maintenance of stable economic development

to sphere of protection of environment of Georgia

Summary

The environment of Georgia characterized by difficult orography, a variety of

the climatic conditions, rich fauna and a vegetative cover, demands great attention

to working out of questions of protection and monitoring of anthropogenous

influence.

In particular, to questions of qualitative and quantitative estimations of

characteristic parameters of an ecological condition of separate components of

environment and revealing of tendencies of their expected changes. It, in turn, gives

the chance to plan and carry out practical actions for the prevention of results of

negative influences on environment.

In ecological conditions of Georgia the satisfaction of the requirements

established by the international obligations and the state legislation in sphere of

protection of environment, that is a considerable guarantee of carrying out in life of

the standard principles of stable economic development of the country, first of all, is

necessary.

«Stable development» is such system which, by combination of interests of

economic development of a society and wildlife management, provides growth of

quality of a standard of living of the person and the right of the future generations –

to use, as much as possible protected from irreversible quantitative and qualitative

changes, natural resources and environment. Use of principles of stable

development should be based on obligatory observance of the principles recognized

as the international mutual relation, including:

- People have the right to conduct a healthy and fruitful way of life in the

conditions of harmonization with environment;

- Realization of the right of development should be carried out so that in

sphere of economic development and wildlife management lawful requirements of

the present and the future of generations have been satisfied;


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- For sustainable development achievement it is necessary, that wildlife

management became an inseparable part of development and wasn't considered in a

separation from it;

- Sustainable development indispensable condition is poverty eradication. All

states and the people should cooperate with that end in view that sharp distinctions

between standards of living have decreased and vital needs of the majority of a

world's population have been satisfied.

Keywords: economic development; nature protection

Reviewer: Professor Tengiz Tsintsadze, Institute of hydrometeorology of the

Georgian Technical University

Гуния Г.С., Сванидзе З.С., Сванидзе Л.С., Церцвадзе Т.

Требования обеспечения стабильного экономического

развития к сфере охраны природной среды Грузии

Резюме

Природная среда Грузии, характеризующаяся сложной орографией,

разнообразием климатических условий, богатым животным миром и

разновидным растительным покровом, требует большого внимания к

разработке вопросов охраны и мониторинга антропогенного воздействия.

В частности, к вопросам качественных и количественных оценок

характерных параметров экологического состояния отдельных компонентов

природной среды и выявления тенденций их ожидаемых изменений. Это, в

свою очередь, дает возможность планировать и осуществлять практические

мероприятия по превенции результатов негативных воздействий на

природную среду.

В экологических условиях Грузии, прежде всего, необходимо

удовлетворение требований, установленных международными

обязательствами и государственным законодательством в сфере охраны

природной среды, что является значительной гарантией проведения в жизнь

общепринятых принципов стабильного экономического развития страны.

«Стабильное развитие» это такая система, которая совмещением

интересов экономического развития общества и охраны природы

обеспечивает рост качества уровня жизни человека и право будущих

поколений –пользоваться, максимально защищенными от необратимых

количественных и качественных изменений, природными ресурсами и

средой. Внедрение принципов стабильного развития должно основываться на


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обязательное соблюдение принципов, признанных международным

взаимоотношением, в том числе:

- люди имеют право вести здоровый и плодотворный образ жизни в

условиях гармонизации с природной средой;

- реализация права развития должна осуществляться так, чтобы

в сфере экономического развития и охраны природы были удовлетворены

законные потребности настоящего и будущего поколений;

- для достижения устойчивого развития необходимо, чтобы охрана

природы стала неотделимой частью процесса развития и не рассматривалась в

отрыве от него;

- обязательным условием устойчивого развития является искоренение

бедности. Все государства и народы должны сотрудничать с этой целью,

чтобы уменьшились резкие различия между уровнями жизни и были

удовлетворены жизненные потребности большинства населения мира.

Ключевые слова: экономическое развитие; охрана природы.

Рецензент: Профессор Тенгиз Цинцадзе. Институт гидрометеорологии

Грузинского технического университета


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Tamar abuaSvili

informaciuli teqnologiebis gavlena qveynis ekonomikis

ganviTarebaze

ekonomikis sferoSi momuSave mecnierTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom Tavisufal bazarTan da mewarmeobis survilTan erTad ekonomikis warmatebul ganviTarebaze moqmedebs informacia. rac met informacias flobs mewarme an qveyana, miT ufro warmatebulia. 60-iani wlebidan sabWoTa qveynebis liderebma dauSves kibernetikis, rogorc namdvili mecnierebis arseboba. am droisaTvis Camoyalibda saqarTveloSi kibernetikis instituti, romlis mravalspeqtriani samuSao programebidan erT-erTi “Wkviani” manqanebis Seqmnac iyo. TbilisSi ramdenime samecniero centri arsebobda, romlebic muSabdnen sxvadasxva tipis kibernetikuli programebis Seqmnaze. maT Soris liderebi iyvnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politeqnikuri institutis kibernetikisa da gamoTvliTi teqnikis fakulteti, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis kibernetikis instituti, meqanika-maTematikis instituti, mioni da samecniero teqnikuri informaciis instituti. yoveli maTgani muSaobda sxvadasxva tipis kibernetikul da sainformacio problemaze, dargobrivi programebis Sedgenaze da amave dros saxlxo meurneobis dargebisTvis monacemTa bankebis Seqmnasa da damuSavebaze. adamianTa sazogadoeba viTardeba komunikaciis sistemis srulyofasTan erTad. Tavis droze damwerlobam udidesi roli Seasrula sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. dReisaTvis ki miiCneven, rom momavali komunikaciuri sistemis, kerZod, internet-qselis ganviTarebiT ganisazRvreba. Tanamedrove etapze informacia gvevlineba rogorc ganZi, xolo informaciuli teqnologiis ganviTareba qveynis ganviTarebis indikatorad miiCneva. informaciulma teqnologiebma gaaerTiana da daakavSira mTeli planeta. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda drois umcires monakveTSi msoflio masStabiT finansuri kapitalis, sawarmoo da SromiTi resursebis, agreTve informaciis mimoqceva. swored eleqtronuli teqnologiebi, uwinares yovlisa, ki interneti, rogorc globaluri qseli da urTierTdakavSirebuli kompiuterebis erTianoba, gaxda kacobriobis ganviTarebis safuZveli, romelmac Secvala msoflios xalxTa cxovreba, urTierToba da, Sesabamisad, biznesic. sazogadoebis


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kompiuterizacia da internetizacia iqca strategiul resursad, romelic gansazRvravs qveynebis ganviTarebas. interneti, rogorc informaciuli teqnologiebis globaluri eleqtronuli bazari, teqnikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da komerciuli fenomenia. igi amave dros aris unikaluri sistema, romelic marketingis efeqtur garemos da saSualebas warmoadgens. korporacia Microsoft-is damfuZnebeli bil geiTsi internets ganixilavs, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli komerciuli da arakomerciuli kompiuteruli qselebis qaotur nakrebs. saqarTveloSi internetSi pirveli realuri CarTva moxda 1991 wels, xolo 1992 wlis dekemberSi daregistrirebuli iqna saqarTvelos nacionaluri domeini GE. Cvens qveyanaSi internetis moqmedeba 1993 wlidan daiwyo, magram es kavSiri internetTan ar niSnavda instituciur CarTvas. es imdenad mcire masStabiT xdeboda, rom am umniSvnelo maCvenebels kompiuteruli saqmianobis ganviTareba ar mouxdenia. ZiriTadi procedura satelefono xaziT xdeboda da igi arsebobda mxolod TbilisSi, quTaissa da baTumSi, isac umniSvnelo momxmareblebis raodenobiT. is raionebi, sadac satelefono xazebi ar arsebobda, mowyvetilni iyvnen internet momsaxurebas. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi umZimesi politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba iyo. eleqtroenergiis SezRuduli miwodeba rogorc dawesebulebisaTvis, ise farTo mosaxleobisaTvis SeuZlebels xdida internetis normalur muSaobas. aman ganapiroba, rom globalur qselTan mudmivi IP

SeerTeba saqarTveloSi mogvianebiT ganxorcielda. 90-iani wlebis Sua periodidan nel-nela daiwyo erovnuli sakomunikacio kompaniebis Camoyalibeba da aRorZineba. am dris Seiqmna ZiriTadi telesakomunikacio provaiderebi, rogorebicaa magTi, jeoseli, kavkasusi da a. S. 1996 wlidan saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelda mobiluri satelefono kavSiri. gadamcemi anZebi daidga ara mxolod did qalaqebSi, aramed raionebSic. dReisaTvis mTeli saqarTvelos teritoria dafarulia mobiluri satelefono kavSiriT da is informaciis miRebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens, Tumca es mobiluri satelefono kavSiri yovelTvis ar aris gamoyenebuli internet kavSirisTvis. internetiT daintereseba mosaxleobaSi 90-iani wlebis bolodan daiwyo. Tu manamde personaluri kompiuterebi


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ojaxebSi mxolod TamaSebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda an sabeWdi manaqanis funqcias asrulebda, 90-ian wlebis bolodan, ara mxolod samecniero dawesebulebebi da kompaniebi, aramed kerZo pirebic iyenebdnen internets, romelic uamrav funqcias asrulebda. saqarTveloSi internet-provaiderTa Soris monopolisti Caucasus Online iyo, romlis momsaxurebiTac momxmarebelTa 95% sargeblobda. dResdReobiT ki yvelaze axali telesakomunikacio operatori saqarTvelos bazarze aris Silknet, romelmac muSaoba daiwyo 2010 wlidan. silqneti momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis mizniT gaerTianebuli telekomis, vaneqsisa da aWaris eleqtrokavSiris konsolidaciis Sedegad daarsda. is momxmarebels sTavazobs uaxlesi teqnologiis telekomunikaciuri momsaxurebis farTo speqtrs, maT Soris fiqsirebul satelefono xazebs, swraf da uwyvet ukabelo DSL boWkovan-optikur internetsa da mobilur telefons, saerTaSoriso kodebs da saerTaSoriso momsaxurebis paketebs, IP axali Taobis interaqtiul televizias. dReisaTvis silqnets hyavs fiqsirebuli sakabelo xazebis telefonebis 350 000 abonenti, daaxloebiT 110 000 brodbendis abonenti, 55 000 CDMA abonenti da maTi ricxvi sul ufro izrdeba. telekomunikaciebis sferoSi kapital dabandebebi erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia qveynis ekonomikis sxva dargebs Soris. Tu telekomunikaciis sferos xvedriTi wili qveynis mTlian erovnul Sida produqtSi 2000 wels 3.7% iyo, 2010 wlisTvis man 6.8%-s, xolo 2011 wlis I kvartlis monacemebiT 12%-s miaRwia. 2000-2009 wlebSi dabandebebma am sferoSi 395 milion dolars gadaaWarba, xolo 2011 wlis pirvel kvartalSi 480 milionamde avida. 90-iani wlebis bolodan da 2000 wlis dasawyisamde didia sakuTari domeinis SeqmniT daintereseba. sainteresoa, rom samxreTkavkasiis qveynebs Soris saqarTvelo pirvel adgilzea rogorc personaluri kompiuterebis raodenobiT, aseve biznesSi internetis gamoyenebiT, internetiT biznesis warmoebaSi da internetSi CarTuli kerZo momxmareblebis raodenobiT. sainteresoa aseve saerTaSoriso statistikuri organizaciebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi. am Sedegebis mixedviT saqarTvelo pirvel adgilzea samxreTkavkasiis qveynebs Soris internetis SeuzRudavi (cenzurisagan


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Tavisufali) moxmarebisa da SeuzRudavi informaciis moxmarebis mxrivac. dRes saqarTveloSi internet-kavSiri da kompiuterizacia mTavrobis upirveles prioritets warmoadgens. amitom saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava araerTi proeqti: Seiqmna kompiuteris Semswavleli ufaso kursebi, moxda pedagogebis gadamzadeba, aseve saqarTvelos yvela skolis uzrunvelyofa kompiuteruli teqnikiTa da internet-kavSiriT da a. S. saqarTveloSi internet-momxmarebelTa udides nawils sxvadasxva tipis biznesebi warmoadgenen. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia mTlianad kompiuterizebuli da eleqtronuli sabanko, saxelmwifo-sauwyebo, msxvili savaWro, Zalovani, saganmanaTleblo sistema, ganaTlebis saministro da umaRlesi saswavleblebi, agreTve saSualo skolebi did qalaqebSi mTlianad kompiuterizebulia, nawilobriv-raionebsa da rTuli reliefis mqone centridan moSorebul soflebSi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sxva did qalaqebs, rogorc kvlevis monacemebi cxadyofs, baTumis mosaxleoba sakmaod aqtiuria komunikaciis am saSualebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT _ TiTqmis yoveli mesame baTumeli sargeblobs internetiT (58%); quTaiselebi SedarebiT pasiurebi arian (36%); sxva qalaqebis maCvenebeli ki 23% Seadgens. maRali dinamiurobiT gamoirCeva saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mier personaluri kompiuteris flobis maCveneblebic. aRsaniSnavia, rom momxmareblebi didi interesiT ecnobian da iZenen bazarze Semosul uaxloes teqnologiebs _ iPod, iBoock,

iPad da a. S. gansakuTrebuli dinamiurobiT gamoirCeva mobiluri telefonebis bazaric, uaxlesi modelebis mobiluri telefonebi mosaxleobaSi Zalian didi populaerobiT sargebloben. marketingis sferoSi praqtikulad nebismieri saqmianoba dakavSirebulia bazris, saqonlis, momxmareblebis, konkurentebis Sesaxeb informaciis Ziebasa da analizze. marketinguli saqmianobis analizis, dagegmvis, realizaciisa da kontrolisaTvis saWiroa marketinguli informacia. marketinguli informaciis ZiebisaTvis ki gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva wyaro, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT optimaluri, operatiulad misawvdomi, mravalferovani masalebiT mdidaria internet-qseli. igi SesaZleblobas iZleva praqtikulad usazRvrod gamoviyenoT msoflio informaciuli resursi,


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SeviswavloT marketinguli saqmianobis msoflio gamocdileba, miviRoT saerTo ekonomikuri, finansuri, statistikuri, demografiuli informacia, ganvaxorcieloT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis samamulo da msoflio bazrebze dakvirveba. globaluri qseli gamoirCeva informaciis miRebis siswrafiT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom racionalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli samuSao dro da moxdes sawarmoo procesis optimizacia. eleqtronuli marketingis ZiriTadi amocanaa bazris kvleva, mimdinare moTxovnisa da moTxovnilebis gageba, bazris segmentireba, miznobrivi segmentis SerCeva, am segmentze miznis Sesabamisi web-saitis Seqmna da pozicionireba. unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul eleqtronul bazarze marketinguli komunikaciis sistema, warmatebiT dainerga, gavrcelda da ganviTarda. sazogadoebaSi sul ufro metad mimdinareobs reklamis, rogorc miznis miRwevis efeqturi saSualebis, aucileblobis gacnobiereba. Tumaca qarTuli veb-sivrce saWiroebs srulyofas, met informaciulobas, reklamas, gamWvirvalobas, marketingul strategias, informaciuli nakadebis zrdis xelSewyobas da sainformacio seqtoris formirebas. aseve aucilebelia qselSi marketinguli komunikaciis ZiriTadi instrumentis _ saitis winsvlis meTodebis Camoyalibeba, romelmac unda moizidos internet-auditoriis axali nakadi. aseve, maTi SenarCuneba, mudmiv klientebad da partniorebad gardaqmna, unda gaxdes saqarTveloSi eleqtronuli marketingis upirvelesi amocana. interneti aris masobrivi informaciis pirveli saSualeba romelSic gaCnda dialogis SesaZlebloba. igi aaxlovebs adamianebs da amcirebs manZils. eleqtronuli fosta warmoadgens mZlavr marketingul instruments, aTeul da aTasobiT adamianTan komunikaciis saSualebas, sareklamo da PR

kampaniis, agreTve potenciuri klientebisa da partniorebis moZiebis, veb-saitis popularobisa da saitze damTvalierebelTa zrdis iaf da efeqtur saSualebas. igi saqmiani mimoweris xelsayreli formaa da warmoadgens biznes-informaciis gadacemis magistrals, agreTve umniSvnelovanes sainformacio arxs klientebis mopovebaSi. interneti gaxda nebismieri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebis ZiriTadi wyaro da gasaRebis gza, aseve biznesis warmatebiT marTvis mTavari iaraRi.


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eleqtronuli komercia saqarTveloSi ganviTarda ukanaskneli 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs, aseve did, saSualo da mcire kompaniebs aqvT TavianTi veb-gverdebi. isini momxmareblebs awvdian uaxles informacias, sTavazoben servisebis axal paketebs. yovelive aman ganapiroba, rom internet momxmarebelTa raodenoba msoflioSi uprecendentod gaizarda. Tu 2007 wels internetiT sargeblobda 1,133 mlrd adamiani, rac Seadgenda msoflio mosaxleobis 17,2%-s, 2012 wlisaTvis msoflioSi internetis momxmarebelTa raodenobam 2,267 mlrd-s gadaaWarba, rac mosaxleobis 32,7%-s Seadgens. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom internetiT msoflio mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis mixedviT yvelaze aqtiurad CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis mosaxleoba sargeblobs (78,6%), meore adgilze avstraliaa (67,5%), evropelebi mesame pozicias ikaveben (61,3%), meoTxes _ laT. amerika (39,5%), mexuTe adgilzea axlo aRmosavleTi (35,6%), meeqvse pozicia ukavia azias (26,2%), xolo meSvide _ afrikas (13,5%). uaxlesi monacemebiT, msoflioSi kompiuterizaciis TvalsazrisiT pirvel adgilze israelia. es aris erTaderTi qveyana, sadac kompiuteris flobis indeqsi 1-s aWarbebs da erT sul mosaxleze 1.25 kompiuteri modis. eleqtronuli biznesi, komercia, virtualuri biznes saqmianoba, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi ara marto did interess iwvevs, aramed am Tanamedrove procesebSi saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi da kerZo struqturebi aqtiurad arian CarTulebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom nebismier biznesSi upirveles yovlisa mniSvnelovania sawarmos ganviTarebisa da warmatebiT funqcionirebis strategiis Camoyalibeba, romelic marketinguli kvlevebis safuzvelze unda SemuSavdes, Semdeg ki aucilebelia gadawydes, Tu rogor moxdes am strategiis ganxorcieleba mudmivi konkurenciisa da arastabiluri bazris pirobebSi. swored gaTvlili da Camoyalibebuli strategia nebismier bizness saSualebas aZlevs Sevides internet-bazarze, fexi moikidos iq Tavis specifikur segmentSi da warmatebiT ganviTardes. internet bizness aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi da Sedegebi. dadebiT Sedegebs miekuTvneba qveynis inteleqtualuri potencialis amaRleba, biznesis axali dargebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba, msoflio procesebSi aqtiuri Cabmis SesaZlebloba. uaryofiTia is, rom am sferos jer ar aqvs dacvis srulfasovani meqanizmebi, Tavisi


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gaxsnilobisa da xelmisawvdomibis gamo advili xdeba ukanono qmedebebis Cadena da internetSi moqmedi biznesebi xSirad msxverplni xdebian am tipis qmedebebisa. saerTaSoriso doneze Tu qveynis SigniT, Tavi iCina am axali dargis samarTlebrivi regulirebis obieqturma saWiroebam. yovelive amis Sedegad ki Seiqmna da swrafad viTardeba axali iuridiuli specializacia _ internet-kanonmdebloba. interneti axali aTaswleulis revoluciuri teqnologiaa, romelic aZlierebs momxmareblebisa da biznesebis urTierTkavSirs. axali ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela inovacias Soris, romelTac bolo aTwleulSi iCines Tavi, internetma yvelaze mniSvnelovani, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, “saukeTeso mxardamWeris” roli Seasrula. ukanasknelma gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom momxmareblebi mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebamde, informacias internetis meSveobiT moipoveben. yoveli sami momxmareblidan erTi maqsimalurad eyrdnoba internetis informacias iseT qmedebaTa ganxorcielebisas, rogoricaa skolis SerCeva, manqanis yidva, samsaxuris moZebna, avadmyofobis dadgena Tu investiciebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba. internet-bazris ganviTarebis gareSe SeuZlebelia nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis ganviTareba, globalur sivrceSi integrireba, rac saqarTvelosTvisac Zalian mniSvnelovania.


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10. http://www.research world statistics.com

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Тамар Абуашвили

Влияние информационных технологий на экономическое развитие

страны

Резюме

В статье внимание заострено на значении информации и

информационных технологий. В любой сфере принятые государством

решения зависят от принятия и обработки соответствующей информации.

Электронные технологии, в первую очередь Интернет, как глобальная сеть,

стала основой развития человечества.

Интернет-инфраструктура и его ресурсы все более возрастают.

Вместе с непрерывной эволюцией компьютерной техники и сетевой

технологии постоянно увеличивается и количество интернет-потребителей.

Для любой страны без развития Интернет-рынка невозможно

развитие экономики, интегрирование в глобальную сферу, что также является

весьма важным и для Грузии.

Ключевые слова: информационные технологии, интернет бизнес, интернет

полъзователъ, интернет маркетинг, электронный рынок.

Рецензент: Профессор Ш. Вешапидзе. Грузинский технический университет.

Tamar Abuashvili

Effect of informational technologies on the development of the country‘s

economic

Summary

In this article we pay attention to the importance of information and

informational technologies. The decision taken by the state in any sphere depends

on finding out the information. Electronic technologies, first of all internet, as the

global net has become the foundation of the humanity development.

The internet infrastructure and its resources are constantly increasing.

Together with computer and Net techs uninterrupted evolution is permanently

raising the quantity of the internet customers.

Without the development of the internet market it`s impossible to develop

the economics of any country, integration in global spare which is very important

for Georgia.

Keywords: informational technologies, internet buziness, internet customer,

internet marketing, electronic market.

Reviewer: Professor Sh. Veshapidze, Georgian Technical University


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ilia Cibirovi

Sidafinansuri analizi da firmis menejmenti

aris aseTi gamoTqma `fuli kompaniis xelebia, romelic uqmad ki ar unda aqnio, aramed fuli unda akeTebino~. maSasadame, fuliT unda gakeTdes fuli, bunebrivia, ufro meti, vidre sawyisi fulia.

yvelanairi samewarmeo saqme fulis investirebiT iwyeba saqmianobis mravalferovnebidan kompaniis topmenejerTa gundi irCevs saqmes, gadawyvetilebas am saqmeSi investiciis ganxorcielebaze ki iRebs kompaniis finansuri menejeri.

es gadawyvetileba, Tu yvelaze saukeTeso ara, erT-erTi saukeTeso mainc unda iyos. es ki imas niSnavs, rom finansurma menejerma unda ganixilos mis xelT arsebuli fulis investirebis (dabandebis) ramodenime varianti da kompaniisTvis is saqme da inevsticiis is moculoba miiCnios misaRebad, romelic maT Soris mosalodneli efeqtianobiT yvelaze opti-maluri aRmoCndeba.

finansuri menejeri amas im SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs, Tu man kargad icis fuladi kapitalis fasi da misi investirebis samomavlo efeqtianobis gamoangariSebis maTematikuri aparati. imis miuxedavad, rom es meTodika ekonomikis da biznesis fakultetebze yvelgan iswavleba (sagnebSi _ `finansuri menejmenti~, `korporaciuli finansebi~, `proeqtebis marTva~, `investiciebis menejmenti), misi dauflebiT da Semdeg misi damaxsovrebiT saqarTveloSi mravali finansisti ver moiwonebs Tavs. saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo mewarmeTa kavSiris (Tavmjdomare b. zarnaZe) daxmarebiT Cvens mier Catarebul sociologiur gamokiTxviT davadgineT, rom ara Tu mcire, aramed saSualo sididis sawarmoebis mesakuTreni da finansuri meneje-rebic ki, am sakiTxs did yuradRebas ar aqceven da fulis dabandebis sakiTxs intuiciis doneze wyveten. es exeba, rogorc fulis miRebis wyaroebis arCevas, rac maTTan mxolod bankis procentis sididiT fasdeba, ise am fulis saqmeSi dabandebas.

Cvens mier anketirebul TbilisSi momuSave 12 saSualo sididis sawarmodan (isini ludis, Sokoladis da makaronis nawarmis mwarmoebeli firmebia) mxolod sams aRmoaCnda finansuri menejeris Stati, romelTagan kiTxvaze Tu `rogor axdenT fuladi saxsrebis generirebas firmaSi da rogor irCevT misi investorebis saukeTeso variants~, vercerTisgan ver miviReT maRalprofesionaluri pasuxi. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom


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saqarTvelos kompaniebis finansur menejerebs ar gaaCniaT saTanado Teoriuli codna. verc firmebis mesakuTreni moiwoneben am mxriv Tavs. xSirad maT, araTu finansuri sakiTxebi, aramed zogad menejmentsa da marketingSiac ar gaaC-niaT elementaruli codna. aseT pirobebSi, raRa Tqma unda, isini, verc TviTon gauZRvebian damoukideblad firmis safinanso meurneobas da verc daqiravebuli finansuri menejeris codnas gaakontroleben.

SeiZleba msxvil firmebSi aseTi savalalo mdgomareoba ar aris, radgan iq finansuri menejerebi albaT ufro mkacr SerCevas gadian, magram esec mxolod savaraudoa, radgan araTu saqarTveloSi, aramed sazRvargareTac ki maRalkvalificiuri menejeris daqiraveba problemaa.

albaT amis mizezia, rom saqarTvelos samTavrobo struqturebSic ar xdeba fulis nakadebis moZraobis saTanado kriteriumebiT dasabuTeba. magaliTad, gana sakmarisia sagareo valis (romelmac saqarTveloSi 2011 wlisTvis 3,8 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina [1, gv. 154] da 2007 welTan SedarebiT 2-jer da metad gaizarda) marto im kriteriumebiT dasabuTeba, rom igi ar unda aRematebodes mTliani Sida produqtis 30%-s da misi zrdis tempic ar unda iyos masze meti? gasagebia, rom amis zeviT sagareo vali safrTxes uqmnis qveyanas, magram nuTu finansistebma ar unda iangariSon mTliani Sida produqtis es 30%-mde aRebuli sagareo vali, rogor gamoadga qveynis erovnuli Semosavlis zrdas? sazRvargareT amas angariSoben da asabuTe-ben uZveles Tezas, rom simdidres aqtivis iuridiuli floba ki ar iZleva, aramed ekonomikuri floba.

raRa Tqma unda, rom roca finansuri meurneobis gaZRolis es moTxovnebi samTavrobo doneze darRveulia, rasic albaT finansTa saministros finansistebi unda davadanaSauloT), ra gasakviria rom igive xdebodes sameurneo subieqtebis doneze.

erTxel avRniSneT da kidev gavimeorebT, rom fulis swori marTva ojaxSic, kompaniaSic da qveyanaSic ZiriTadi, sakvanZo sakiTxia. Tu fuli ar imarTa sworad, profesionalurad, ojaxic gakotrdeba da qveyanac, mas sxva sferoSi miRebuli veranairi warmateba veRar uSvelis (1991-2011 wlebSi saqarTveloSi registrirebul sawarmoTa naxevarze meti am mizeziT gakotrda).


88

yovelive zemoTnaTqvamis gamo, am saqmes droulad unda mixedva. pirvel rigSi, saWirod migvaCnia qveynis umaRles saswavleblebSi finansuri menejmentis da korporaciuli finansebis gansakuTrebuli swavleba, rogorc daTmobili kreditebis raodenobiT, ise swavlebis gamkacrebiT. meore RonisZiebad migvaCnia finansuri menejeris vakansiaze mkacri gamocdis da testirebis Catareba, xolo mesamed _ finansuri menejeris mier araefeqturi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, misi dajarimeba zaralis 10-20%-iT, xolo normaze meti mogebis (msoflio praqtikaSi igi Seadgens 15%-s) miRebis SemTxvevaSi _ dajildovebas zemogebis aseve 10-20%-iT.

dRes saqarTvelos arcerT kompaniaSi es meqanizmi ar muSaobs. adamianebi finansur menejerebad miiRebian kvalifikaciis damadasturebeli saTanado dokumentebiT da zogadi gasaubrebiT (ara gamocdiT). gasaubrebas atareben kompaniis generaluri direqtorebi (am rolSi ZiriTadad kompaniis mesakuTreebi gvevlinebian) da kadrebis menejerebi. arcerT maTgans ar gaaCnia kompetencia finansebSi gasaubrebis Casatareblad da amitom zogadi gasaubrebiT kmayofildebian. aseTi gasaubreba ki met-naklebad dasaSvebia sxva Statis dasakaveblad, magram aramc da aramc finansuri menejerisa. swored amitom aris, rom Sedegad gvaqvs, is rac gvaqvs.

Cvens mier gamokiTxul kompaniebidan, romelTagan rogorc avRniSneT, sams yavda finansuri menejeri, amovarCieT erTi, kerZod firma `dore~ da es sakiTxebi masTan ufro detalurad SeviswavleT.

kompania `dore~ samuSaoebs usrulebs `yazgaztranss~. misi samuSaoTa wliuri moculoba 0,5-1,0 mln laris farglebSi meryeobs, aris momgebiani organizacia, aqtivebis naxevars faravs sakuTari saxsrebiT, meore naxevars ki bankis sesxebiT, ara aqvs vadagadacilebuli debitoruli davalianebebi, 20-25% aqvs realizaciis rentabeloba da sxv. kompaniis finansuri menejeri angariSobs da aanalizebs rentabelobis da mimdinare likvidobis koeficientebs da Tvlis, rom es sruliad sakmarisia kompaniis momavlis saprognozod, rac Cven ar migvaCnia sworad. aq ar analizdeba da ar kontroldeba kapitalis struqturis koeficientebi, saqmiani aqtivebis koefi-cientebi, sainvesticio proeqtebis efeqtianobis mosalodneli maCvebelbi da sxva. ar xdeba moziduli saxsrebis (kapitalis) fasis angariSic.


89

Cven gavarkvieT, rom kompania did dros ar uTmobs fulis generirebis process da misi alternatiuli wyaroebidan ukeTesis amorCevas. amisaTvis igi pirdapir banks mimarTavs da Tvlis, rom Tu misi sesxis procenti misTvis misaRebia, maSin sesxic aris misaRebi. bankis sesxis mizanSewoniloba mxolod sxva bankebTan misi SedarebiT wydeba. es aris da es. Teoriul finansebSi miRebuli meTodiT kompaniis finansur menejers eva-leba iangariSos asaRebi sesxis realuri fasi, romelic iangariSeba formuliT [2, gv. 88]:

tбсбс rЧK 1

formulaSi

бсK _ aris nasesxi kapitalis fasi

бсЧ _ sesxze bankis procenti

tr _ mogebis gadasaxadi

rogorc formulidan Cans, kapitalis fasis angariSSi

Sedis nasesxi kapitalis procenti ( бсЧ ), magram igi kapitalis

fasis mxolod nawilia. kompania `dore~ kreditis wyaros amosarCevad aseT

gaangariSebebs unda akeTebdes ramdenime bankze da Semdeg iqidan irCevdes umciresi mniSvnelobis kapitalis fasis mqone

banks minбсK .

meore nabijia ukve kapitalis fasis Sedareba im saqmis (proeqtis) momgebianobis Siga normasTan (IRR), romel saqmeSic

kompaniam es kapitali unda daabandos. Tu IRRKбс -ze, maSin

kompaniam es sesxi unda aiRos, xolo tolobis an metobis

SemTxvevaSi IRRKбс _ uari unda Tqvas masze.

amJamad kompania `dore~-s 87 000 lari sesxi aqvs saqarTvelos bankidan aRebuli wliuri 16%-iT da Tvlis, rom es 16% aris nasesxi kapitalis fasi. sinamdvileSi misi realuri

fasi aris %6,1315,0116 бсK .

saqarTvelos kompaniebis finansur marTvaSi aseTi lafsusebi Zalze bevria. aqedan gamomdinare, finansuri maCveneblebis analizsa da kontrolSic mravlad miiReba araswori finansuri gadawyvetilebebi da amaze aravin agebs pasuxs. finansur analizidan meti yuradReba eqceva maCveneb-lebis horizontalur da vertikalur analizs, xolo naklebi


90

_ finansur koeficientebs. Cveni azriT, analizi es erTad, kompleqsurad unda xorcieldebodes.

amasTan analizic da kontrolic unda mimdinareobdes ara mxolod periodis bolos, rogorc es am kompaniaSi xdeba, aramed periodis dasawyisSive, anu keTdebodes misaRwevi maCveblebis prognozi da Semdeg kontroldebodes maTi Sesruleba.

radgan kompania `dore~ momgebiania da likviduria Tvlian, rom mas gakotreba ar elodeba. cxadia, momgebianoba finansuri simyaris metad wonadi maCvenebelia, magram gakotrebis yvelaze masiurad gavrcelebuli _ e. altmanis koeficienti, marto mogebas rodi Seicavs. igi ase iangariSeba [3, gv. 375]:

54321 0,16,03,34,12,1 xxxxxZ

formulaSi

jami aqtivebis

kapitali sabrunavi wminda1x

jami aqtivebis

mogeba eligaunawileb2x

jami aqtivebis

mogeba sabalanso ssaqmianobi ZiriTadi3x

saxsrebi nasesxi

Rirebuleba sabazro kapitalis sakuTari4x

jami aqtivebis

amonagebi wminda danrealizacii5x

e. altmanis mixedviT, Tu kompaniis Z _ koeficienti 1,81-ze naklebia, maSin mas gakotrebis safrTxe elodeba, Tu 2,99-ze metia _ ar elodeba, xolo Tu igi 1,82-dan 2,98-is farglebSia, maSin aris saeWvo mdgomareoba (altmani mas `Waobs~ uwodebs) da mxolod am koeficientis dinamikam unda dagvanaxos Tu ra gzas adgas igi _ gakotrebis gzas, Tu finansuri gaZlierebis gzas.

kompania `dore~-sTvis Cven viangariSeT gakotrebis albaTobis prognozi. gavakeTeT misi dinamikac 2008-2011 wlebSi (cxrili 1). rogorc cxrilidan Cans, kompania `dore~-s Z _


91

maCvenebelma 2008 wels Seadgina 4,1, 2011 wels ki _ 4,8. orive SemTxvevaSi igi metia 3,0-ze da Tanac misi dinamika umjobesdeba, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom kompanias gakotrebis safrTxe ara aqvs.

marTalia Cveni am gaangariSebis Sedegi daemTxva kompania `dore~-s finansuri menejeris azrs, rom maTi kompania Zlieria da maT gakotrebis safrTxe ara aqvT, magram aseTi damajerebeli gaangariSebebis gakeTebis gareSe maTi azri mainc intuiciuria da erT mSvenier dRes SeiZleba ar gamarTldes.

amrigad, Cvens moxsenebaSi ganxiluli problemis analizi uflebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom kompaniis finansurma menejerebma Sidasafirmo analizic unda gaamkacron da Sidasafirmo kontrolic.


1. a. TvalWreliZe, a. silagaZe, g. qeSelaSvili, d. gegia, saqarTvelos socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa, Еb., 2011, gv. 154.

2. z. RuduSauri, finansuri menejmenti, Tb., 2007, gv. 88.

3. Прувпринимфтульство, под. ред. В. Горфинкеля, М., 1999. с. 375.

Ilia Chibirov

Internal Analysis and Control of the Company Requires More Attention from

Financial Manager

Summary

Ilia Chibirov’s article “Internal Analysis and Control of the Company Requires

More Attention from Financial Manager” considers and estimates critically work of

the manager in that field by the example of the Company “Dore”.

It is identified that financial analysis and control in the companies are carried out

at the end of period and it is not complex. Financial ratio is less controlled. Failure

risks are not predicted as well. It is controlled only periodically

The article summarizes critically established procedure and gives

recommendations for its improvement

Keywords: Financial Manager, Company “Dore”

Reviewer: Professor Akaki Gvarutsidze, Georgian Technical University


92

Илья Чибиров

Внутренний финансовый анализ и управление фирмами

Работа финансового менеджера на примере компании «Доре» была

рассмотрена и оценена критически. Было утверждено, что анализ и контроль

осуществляется в конце периода. Существующая практика в приведенной

статье была оценена отрицательно и приведены мероприятия для ее

улучшения.

Ключевые слова: финансовый менеджер , компания «Доре»

Рецензент: Профессор Акакий Гваруцидзе . Грузинский технический



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daviT advaZe

mcire biznesis arsi da klasifikaciis kriteriumebi

mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da praqtikulad dadasture-bulia, rom adamianTa sazogadoebis mamoZravebel Zalas piradi interesebis dakmayofilebi¬saTvis swrafva warmoadgens. ikmayofilebs ra Tavis pirad interesebs, adamiani amiT sulac ar ugulebelyofs sazogadoebis interesebs. piriqiT, rogorc a. smiTi gvaswavlis, yoveli individis interesebis dakmayofileba aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis interesebsac. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, yo¬veli adamianis bunebrivi Tvisebaa iSromos da icxovros Tavisi da sazogadoebis moTxov¬nilebis dasakmayofi¬leblad, ukeTesi momavlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. am RirebulebaTa warmoebis realuri gzaa sakuTar Sromaze damyarebuli, sxvisi diqtatis gareSe ganviTarebuli mci¬re biznesi. igi sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fenomenia. qarTveli xalxi¬saTvis es gza mxolod XX saukunis bolo aTwleulidan gaixsna. mcire biznesi sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis arsebiT da ganuyofel nawilia. igi inglisuri sityva «business»-idan modis da saqmianobas niSnavs. swored am niSnis gamo, praqtikaSi xSirad aigiveben biznessa da mewarmeobas. mewarmeobac xom fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis mier ganxorcielebuli saqmia¬nobaa. magram maT Soris tolobis niSnis dasma yovelTvis ar SeiZleba. Tumca, uka¬nasknel periodSi gamocemul leqsikonebSi biznesi da mewarmeoba gaigivebulia. magaliTad, didi ekonomikuri enciklopedia bizness ganmartavs, rogorc saqmes, mewarmeobas, ekonomikur saqmianobas, romelic xorcieldeba sakuTari an nasesxebi saSualebebis xarjze, Tavisi riskiT da Tavisive pasuxismgeblobis qveS. misi mTavari mizania mogebis miReba da sakuTari saqmis ganviTareba. mewarmeoba, marTalia, adamianebis saqmianobaa, magram ramdenadme SezRuduli formiT, romelic materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis, gacvlis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis process gulisxmobs. biznesi ki adamianis saqmianobis farTo sferos moicavs [1, gv. 60]. saerTod, Tu mkacri kriteriumebiT mivudgebiT, ar arsebobs mcire biznesis sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmarteba. mcire biznesis mTavar figuras warmoadgens sawarmos mflobeli. sazo¬gadoeba, bankirebi, mTavrobis wevrebi da TviT


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sawarmoebis mflobelebic ki rom misuliyvnen am daskvnamde, didi dro dasWirdaT. miTumetes rom, adamianis piradi egoisturi interesis Sesaxeb pirvelad 1776 wels Camoyalibda ingli-seli mecnieris adam smiTis naSromSi - «gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris bune¬bi-sa da mizezebis Sesaxeb. iman, vinc mcire biznesSi apirebs Tavis saqmianobis daw¬yebas, an ukve am sferoSia Cabmuli, unda icodes, rom biznesi emyareba sawarmos mflobelis an misi mmarTvelis unars - miiRos damoukidebeli da swori gadawyvetileba. aseTi daskvna, ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba xalxSi damkvidrebul araswor Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom TiTqos mcire biznesis warmatebis safuZvels warmoadgens fuli. mcire biznesis awyobis dros mTavari yuradReba unda daeTmos ara misgan miRebuli fulis raodenobis daTvlas, misTvis kreditebis gamoyofas, aramed, imas, Tu rogoria am sawarmoebis marTvis xasiaTi. swored es aZlevs mcire bizne¬sis mflobels imis garantias, rom daxarjuli yoveli erTi lari auci-leblad mogebiT daubrundeba. ufro metic, mcire biznesSi sawarmos bevri mflobeli gulwrfelad aris darwmunebuli, rom procentiT miRebuli ses-xi, kargi mar¬T¬vis pirobebSi, mogebiT iqneba ukan dabrunebuli. unda vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi TanTdaTan icvleba warmodgena mcire biznesze. Tu firmis xelmZRvanelobas (an axali sawarmos damaarsebels) unari aqvs miiRos gonivruli gadawyvetileba da Seasrulos kidec is, finansu¬¬ri mxardaWera, Sesabamisi misaRebi pirobebiT, yovelTvis SeiZleba moinaxos. unda vicodeT, rom termini «mcire biznesi» pirvelad aSS-Si ixmares 1953 wels miRebul kanonSi «mcire biznesis Sesaxeb». amas win uZRoda britaneTis ministris m. milanis mier 1934 wels gakeTebuli moxseneba «didi britaneTis samrewvelo da finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb», romelSic pirvelad iqna gamo¬yenebuli termini «mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi», xolo 1948 wels aSS-Si miRebul iqna kanoni «momsaxurebis garkveuli saxeebis Sesaxeb». aqac laparakia mcire sawarmoebis Sesaxeb. samive aRniSnuli dokumenti warmoadgens biznesis klasifikaciis (mcire, saSualo, msxvili) pirvel mcdelobas. did ekonomikur enciklopediaSi mcire biznesi ganmartebulia, rogorc mcire da saSualo kerZo sawarmoebis erToblioba. es aris ekonomikis yvelaze mobiluri seqtori,


95

asrulebs mniSvnelovan damabalansebel rols da aerTianebs qveynis SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils. igi aris ekonomikurad mowinave qveynebis mewarmeobis erT-erTi yvelaze ganviTarebuli forma. mcire bizness, upirveles yovlisa, miekuTvneba sawarmoebi, romlebic pasuxoben CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebidan ors mainc: damoukidebeli marTva; sakuTari kapitali; moqmedebis lokaluri raioni; warmoebis SedarebiT mcire sidide; TanamSromelTa mcire raodenoba; sabrunavi kapitalis SedarebiT mcire moculoba. mcire biznesi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri urTierTobis erT-erTi mniSvne¬lo¬vani segmentia. igi warmoadgens ekonomikis Tanamedrove neolibe¬raluri mo¬delis safuZvels da sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi uzrunvelyofs ZiriTad konkurenciul upiratesobas, sabazro meqanizms aniWebs aucilebel moqnilobas da qmnis ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis wanamZRvrebs, erTi mxriv, axdens Sesabamisi konkurenciuli garemos formirebas, xolo, meore mxriv, - axali ideebis generirebas. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, mcire biznesi warmoadgens msxvili korporaciuli, monopoliuri kompaniebis safuZvels. amerikaSi gavrcelebulia gamonaTqvami, romlis mixedviTac «amerikuli ekonomikis xerxemals didi korporaciebi warmoadgenen, mis kunTebs ki, mcire firmebi qmnian». niSandoblivia, rom ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-Si mcire bizness amerikuli ekonomikis tvinsac ki adareben. es imitom, rom mravali axali mecnierebatevadi sawarmo, romelSic qveynis samecniero da teqnikuri potencialis didi nawilia CarTuli, mcire kerZo organizaciebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis sawarmoebi funqcionireben ara marto iseT tradiciul dargebSi, rogoricaa msubuqi da kvebis mrewveloba, aramed sul ufro farTo masStabebs iReben manqanaTmSeneblobaSi, optikuri xelsawyoebis warmoebaSi, qimiur da eleqtroteqnikur mrewvelobaSi, ganaTlebaSi, xelovnebaSi, kulturaSi, fizkulturasa da sportSi, samedicino, sakonsultacio, sayofacxovrebo, rekreaciuli, turistuli da momsaxurebis yvela sxva sferoSi, romelSic kanonmdeblobiT adamianis saqmianoba akrZaluli ar aris. maTi klasifikacia xdeba raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis mixedviT.


96

raodenobrivi maCveneblebia: sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba (yvelaze gavrcelebuli maCvenebeli); warmoebis wliuri moculoba; gayidvebis wliuri moculoba; aqtivebis saSualo wliuri sabalanso Rirebuleba. amasTan, raodenobrivi Skala gansxvavebulia calkeuli qveynebisa da dargebis mixedviT (zogierT qveyanaSi regionebis mixedviTac). xarisxobrivi maCveneblebia: sawarmo flobs bazris mcire wils; sawarmos marTva xorcieldeba piradad misi mflobelis mier; sawarmo warmoadgens damoukidebels, e.i. ar emorCileba msxvil kompanias. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli maCveneblebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba sxvadasxvanairia sxvadasxva qveynebis, mocemuli qveynis regionebisa da dargebis mixedviT [2. gv. 113]. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso organi-zacia (ОЭСР), romelSic Sedian ganviTarebuli qveynebi, gansazRvravs sawarmoTa Semdeg klasifikacias: 19 kacamde raodenobiT - rogorc «metad mcires», 90-mde kacs - rogorc «mcires», 100-dan 499 kacamde - rogorc «saSualos» da 500-ze meti – rogorc «msxvils». ssrk-is da maT Soris ruseTis praqtikaSi mcire mewarmeobis, rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianobis arseboba daiwyo 1988 wels. am periodSi mcires miakuTvnebdnen saxelmwifo sawarmoebs, romelSic yovelwliurad dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateboda 150 kacs. ssrk-is ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebis Sesabami¬ad, romelic miRebuli iyo 1990 wils agvistoSi, mcire sawarmoebs miekuTvnebodnen sawarmoebi, romlebSic yovelwliuri dasaqmebuli ar aRemateboda: mrewvelobaSi – 200 kacs, mecnierebaSi da mecnierul momsaxurebaSi – 100 kacs, sawarmoo sferos sxva dargebSi – 50 kacs, aramwarmoeblur sferos dargebSi – 25 kacs, sacalo vaWrobaSi – 15 kacs. amasTan erTad, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sameurneo brunvis moculobac. dasaqmebulTa raodenobrivi mniSvnelobis gansazRvris ufleba eniWebodaT mokavSire respublikebs, magram sameurneo brunvis moculoba praqtikulad, mainc, ar iqna dadgenili. «mcire mewarmeobis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb» rf-is federaluri kanonis Sesabamisad (14.06.1995 w.), mcire mewarmeobis subieqtad miCneulia: komerciuli organizaciebi, romelTa sawesdebo kapitalSi ruseTis federaciis subieqtebis, sazogadoebrivi da religiuri organizaciis (gaerTianebis),


97

saqvelmoqmedo da sxva fondebis wili ar aRemateba 25%-s, wili, romelic ekuTvnis erT an ramodenime pirs, romlebic ar warmoadgenen mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebs, ar aRemateba 25%-s da romelSic dasaqmebul muSakTa saSualo ricxovnoba saangariSo periodSi ar aRemateba Semdeg zRvrul dones: mrewvelobaSi, mSeneblobaSi, transportze – 100 kacs; soflis meurneobasa da samecniero-teqnikur sferoSi – 60

kacs; sabiTumo vaWrobaSi – 50 kacs; sacalo vaWrobasa da mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo

momsaxurebaSi – 30 kacs; danarCen dargebsa da sxva saxis saqmianobis

ganxorcielebaSi – 50 kacs. mcire sawarmoebi, romlebic axorcieleben ramdenime saxis saqmianobas (mravalprofilianebi), kriteriumis mixedviT miekuTvnebian mcires im saqmia¬nobis saxiT, romlis xvedriTi wili warmoadgens yvelaze mets brunvis wliur moculobaSi an mogebis wliur moculobaSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sabazro ekonomikis subieqtebis klasifikaciis mizniT, gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva kriteriumebi. ase magaliTad: evropis sabWoSi Semaval qveynebSi ekonomikis yvela subieqti iyofa Semdeg¬¬nairad: mikrosawarmoebi, mcire, saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebi. amave qveynebSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis misakuTvneblad gamoyenebulia Semdegi kriteriumebi: mikrosawarmoebi – 1-dan – 9-mde adamianis ricxovnobiT; mcire sawarmoebi – 10-dan – 49-mde; saSualo – 50-dan – 249-mde; msxvili sawarmoebi – 250 da meti.

amrigad, evrosivrceSi mcire sawarmos rom mivakuTvnoT, adamianebis zRvruli sidide unda Seadgendes ara umetes 49-s, maSin, rodesac ruseTSi, ekonomikis calkeul dargebSi, Seadgens ara umetes 100 adamianisa. mTlianad am qveynebSi ricxovnobis garda gamoiyeneba sxva kriteriumic – saqonelbrunva - araumetes 40 milioni evro. mniSvnelovan kriteriums warmoad¬gens agreTve mcire sawarmoTa damoukidebloba, magram evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi raodenobrivi kriteriumebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian: avstriaSi aseTi kriteriumebia: momuSaveTa ricxovnoba


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araumetes 50 kacisa, amasTan, wliuri Semosavali – araumetes 5 mln evro, an aqtivebis sabalanso Rirebuleba – araumetes 2 mln evro. orive SemTxvevaSi sawarmos sakuTrebaSi gare mesakuTreebis xvedriTi wili ar unda aRematebodes 25%-s. es ukanaskneli kriteriumi Seesabameba ruseTis praqtikas. germaniaSi mcire da saSualo sawarmos miekuTvneba – araumetes 500 kaci, wliuri brunva – ara umetes 100 mln evro. italiaSi mikrosawarmos akuTvneben: ricxovnoba - ara umetes 19 kacisa, xolo mcires – 20-dan 49 kacamde. mcire da saSualo sawarmos warmoadgens sawarmo, romelSic momuSaveTa ricxvi Seadgens 100-dan 199 kacamde. portugaliaSi mcire sawarmos miekuTvneba sawarmo, romelic dasaqmebulia materialuri warmoebis sferoSi, samTo-mompovebel mrewvelobaSi, sxva sawarmoebisaTvis momsaxurebis gawevaSi, agreTve sawarmoebi, romlebic moqmedeben sabiTumo da sacalo vaWrobaSi. wliuri brunva mcire sawarmoebSi ar unda aRematebodes 12,1 mln evros, xolo sxva sawarmoebis kapitalSi wili ar unda aRematebodes 50%-s. SveciaSi mcire da saSualo sawarmos miekuTvneba sawarmoebi momuSaveTa ricxovnobiT - ara umetes 200 kacisa. mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa klasifikaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi maCveneblebi: zrdis stadia (sawyisi, gadarCena, zrda); saqmianobis geografiuli sfero (lokaluri, regionuli,

nacionaluri masStabebi); dargobrivi kuTvnileba; mflobelebisa da mmarTvelebis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi

(magaliTad, qali – mewarme, ucxoelebi da a.S.); problemebis tipi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia sawarmosaTvis

(magaliTad, produqciis xarisxis marTva, finansireba da a.S.). iaponiaSi gamoiyeneba mcire masStabiani sawarmos cneba momuSaveTa ricxov¬nobiT 20 kacamde, vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi – 5 kacamde. praqtikul interess iwvevs aSS-is gamocdileba. ase magaliTad, mcire sawar¬mod iTvleba sawarmo, romelic imarTeba damoukidebeli mesakuTreebis mier da romelsac dominirebuli mdgomareoba ar ukavia bazarze. raodenobriv kriteriumebs (daqiravebuli muSakebis ricxvi an wliuri brunva), yoveli calkeuli dargisaTvis, standartuli samrewvelo klasifikatoris Sesabamisad dargis


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Taviseburebebisa da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgens mcire biznesis administracia. magaliTad, mSeneblobaSi mcire sawarmos miakuTvneben sawarmos wliuri brunvis moculobiT 7 mln dolaridan (saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT), soflis meurneobaSi – wliuri brunviT 3,5 mln dolaridan, calkeul dargebSi – 0,5 mln dolaridan. did britaneTSi, «kompaniebis Sesaxeb kanonis» Sesabamisad (1981, 1986 da 1989 ww.) cvlilebebiT, mcire sawarmo unda akmayofilebdes Semdegi sami kriteriumidan ors mainc: brunva - ara umetes 2,3 – mln f. sterlingi, aqtivi – araumetes 1,5 mln f. sterlingi; dasaqmebulTa saSualo ricxovnoba – 50 kacamde. gamoiyeneba, agreTve, ufro konkretuli dargobrivi maCveneblebi: momuSaveTa ricxovnoba, brunva, xolo tvirTzidvaSi – avtomobilebis raode¬noba. yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi, rogorc wesi, sawarmoTa mcire sawarmod mikuTvnebis kriteriumebs warmoadgens momuSaveTa ricxovnoba, magram zogierT qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba sxva maCveneblebic. ukrainaSi, magaliTad, aseT kriteriumebs warmoadgens mxolod momuSaveTa ricxvi. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli dargis sawarmoa, mrewvelobaSi, mSeneblobaSi da transportze – araumetes 100 kacisa; kvlevebSi da damuSavebebSi araumetes 60 kacisa, sabiTumo vaWrobaSi – araumetes 50 kacisa, sacalo vaWrobaSi – araumetes 20 kacisa. moldaveTSi gamo¬yofen mikrosawarmoebs momuSaveTa ricxviT 20-dan 75 kacamde. baltiispira qveynebSi gamoyenebuli kriteriumebi iwveven interess. latviaSi, magaliTad, mcire sawarmos akuTvneben sawarmos, romelSic momuSaveTa ricxvi ar aRemateba 25 kacs, brunva Seadgens araumetes 200 aTasi latisa, xolo ZiriTadi saSualebebis sabalanso Rirebuleba araumetes 70 aTasi latisa. estoneTSi – mcire sawarmos da miakuTvneben sawarmos momuSaveTa ricxviT araumetes 80 kacisa da 15 mln estonuri kronis wliuri brunviT. litvaSi, Sesabamisad, araumetes 100 kacisa da 2 mln litisa. sazRvargareTuli da samamulo gamocdilebis analizis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom mcire biznesis sawarmoebs axasiaTebs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. dadebiTi mxareebia: adgilobriv pirobebTan ioli adaptacia; mcire sawarmoTa moqmedebis didi damoukidebloba, moqniloba


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da miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebasa da SesrulebaSi operatiuloba; saqmianobis ganxorcielebis (gansakuTrebiT marTvis dros) SedarebiT dabali xarjebi; individis didi SesaZlebloba - realizacia gaukeTos Tavis ideebs, gamoavlinos Tavisi unari; pirvelsawyis kapitalze SedarebiT mcire moTxovnileba da adgilobrivi bazris moTxovnis sapasuxod swrafi cvlilebebi produqciasa da warmoebis procesSi; sakuTari kapitalis ufro maRali brunvadoba da sxva. aSS-s saerTaSoriso biuros moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs, msxvil kompaniebTan SedarebiT, gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani konkuren¬tuli upiratesobebi: erT muSakze gaangariSebiT Txouloben nakleb kapitaldabandebebs da farTod iyeneben adgilobriv materialur da SromiT resursebs. mcire biznesis mflobelebi ufro metad mimartaven saxsrebis dazogvisaken da orientirebulni arian investirebaze, warmatebis miRwevaSi maT yovelTvis piradi motivaciis maRali done aqvT, rac dadebiTad moqmedebs sawarmos saqmianobaze. mcire biznesi ukeTesad aris informirebuli adgilobrivi bazris moTxovnis Sesaxeb, xSirad saqonels awarmoebs konkretuli momxmareblis SekveTiT, daqiravebuli muSebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs. mcire biznesi msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT xels uwyobs umuSevari mosaxleobis dasaqmebis zrdas, da profesionali muSakebis momzadebasa da praqtikuli codnis gavrcelebas. mcire bizness, msxvilTan SedarebiT, calkeul qveynebSi ukavia dominirebuli mdgomareoba, rogorc ricxovnobiT, iseve saqonlis (Sesrulebuli samuSaos, momsaxurebis) warmoebis xvedriTi wonis mixedviT. magram, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, mcire bizness axasiaTebs garkveuli uaryofiTi mxareebic, romelTa Sorisaa: riskis ufro maRali done, rac ganapirobebs bazarze mdgomareobis nakleb simyares; msxvil kompaniebze didi damokidebuleba; Tavisi sakuTari saqmis marTvaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi; xelmZRvanelTa susti kompetenturoba, meurneobriobis pirobebis cvlilebebisadmi amaRlebuli mgrZnobeloba; damatebiTi finansuri saxsrebis sesxebaSi da kreditebis miRebaSi siZneleebi; sameurneo partniorebis naklebi


101

TviT¬dajerebuloba, xelSekrulebebis dadebisas sifrTxile da sxva. ra Tqma unda, mcire biznesis subieqtebis uaryofiTi mxareebi da warumatebloba ganisazRvreba maT funqcionirebaSi arsebuli rogorc Sinagani, ise garegani mizezebiT, pirobebiT. mcire firmebis warumatebloba yvelaze metad dakavSirebulia maTi mesakuTreebis menejeruli gamoucdelobiT, anu profesiuli arakompetenturobiT. aSS-Si regularulad mimdinare gamokiTxvebis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom mcire biznesis warumateblobis mTavar mizezad yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben biznes¬menebis arakompetenturobas, daubalansebel gamocdilebas, (magaliTad, gamocdili inJineria, magram gamoucdeli komersanti); roca komerciaSi, finansebSi, mowodebebSi warmatebebi aqvs, magram marTvaSi gamoucdelia; saqmiani kontaqtebis damyarebasa da ganmtkicebaSi uunaroa da a.S. mcire biznesis warmatebis Sansi izrdeba misi momwifebisa da ganviTa¬rebis Sesabamisad. firmebi, romlebic didxans arseboben erTi mflobelis xelSi, iReben ufro maRal da stabilur Semosavals, vidre is firmebi, romlebic xSirad icvlian mflobels. amerikuli statistika gviCvenebs, rom – mcire firmebis mflobeli qalebi ufro warmatebuli arian biznesSi, vidre mamakacebi. kvlevebis Sedegebi adasturebs, rom warmatebebs aRweven is mcire firmebi, romlebic bevrs muSaoben, magram, amave dros, ar gadadian gonivruli azris sazRvrebs. mcire biznesis warumateblobis mizezia, agreTve mewarmeTa dabali kvalifikacia. mewarme, romelmac mcire firmis gaZRolaSi ukve daagrova gamoc-dileba, rogorc wesi, ufro warmatebulia. Tu firmis marTvaSi monawileobs ara erTi adamiani, aramed mewarmeTa gundi, romelic Sedgeba ori, sami da oTxi adamia¬nisagan, gadarCenis Sansi ufro maRalia, vinaidan gadawyvetilebis koleqtiuri miReba ufro profesionaluria, mcire firmebis sicocxlisunaria¬nobaze gavlenas axdens, firmis arsebobis pirvel etapze finansirebis sidide, rac ufro meti sawyisi kapitalia dabandebuli firmaSi, miT meti Sansi aqvs mas SeinarCunos Tavisi saqmianoba krizisul periodSi. sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis mudmivi Zieba da maTdami uwyveti morgeba warmoadgens mcire biznesis strategiis


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safuZvels. zogierTi dasavleli specialisti mcire bizness ganixilavs, rogorc axali pirovnuli urTierTobebis skolas, momavalSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis organizaciis meTodebisa da principebis gamocdis poligons. magram, mravali sawarmosagan gansxvavebiT, mcire biznesis meurneobriobis naklebad xelsayreli pirobebi ganapirobeben maT nakleb simyaresa da nakleb konkurentunarianobas, amitom igi saWiroebs saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeras. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi es mxardaWera xorcieldeba saxelmwifo centraluri da regionuli programebis Sesabamisad. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mcire biznesisadmi mxardaWeris mwyobri sistema jerjerobiT ar arsebobs.

literaturა References:

1. Большая экономическая энциклопедия. -М., 2007.

2. М.Г.Капуста, Ю.Л.Старостин. Малое предпринимательство, учебник. -

Москва, 2007.

3. gvelesiani r. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia da kultura. -

Tb., 1999.

4. samadaSvili u. biznesis safuZvlebi. - Tb., 2009.

5. Todua gr., gogoxia r., qutiZe r. ekonomikis principebi. mikroekonomika

(leqciebis kur¬si). - Tb., 2008.

6. Sengelia T. Tanamedrove biznesis safuZvlebi (nawili I). - Tb., 2007.


103

David Advadze

Essence of small-scale business and criteria of its classification

Summary

The article dedicates to the study of the role and place of small-scale business in

national economy. The article, on the base of newest sources considers crucial

issues connected with development of small-scale business: essence and economic

content of small-scale business; quantitative indicator of classification of small-

scale business: number of employers in enterprise, annual production, annual sale,

average annual book value of assets; qualitative indicator of classification of small-

scale business: enterprise owns small part of market, managing of enterprise carries

out personally by the owner, enterprise represents independent unite; Criteria for

recognition as small-scale business and its characteristic in different countries of

the world; positive and negative sides of enterprises of small-scale business.

Keywords: small-scale business, classification, criteria

Reviewer: Professor Merab Vanishvili , Georgian Technical University

Давид Адвадзе

Сущность и критерии классификации малого бизнеса

Резюме

Статья посвящается изучению роли и места малого бизнеса в

национальной экономике. В ней, на основе новейших литературных

источников, поочерёдно рассмотрены такие важные вопросы связанные с

развитием малого бизнеса, как: сущность и экономическое содержание малого

бизнеса; количественные показатели класификации малого бизнеса:

количество занятых на предприятии, годовой объём производства, годовой

объём продаж, среднегодовая балансовая стоимость активов; качественные

показатели класификации малого бизнеса: предприятие владеет малой частью

рынка, управление предприятием осуществляется лично его владелцем,

предприятие представляет собой независимую единицу; критерии признания

предприятием малого бизнеса и их параметры в разных странах мира;

положительные и отрицательные стороны предприятий малого бизнеса. Ключевые слова: малый бизнес, сущность, критерии

Рецензент: Профессор Мераб Ванишвили . Грузинский технический



104

s a m a r T a l i

ana kuWuxiZe

rekomendaciebi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianobis

efeqturobis asamaRleblad

sasamarTlo xelisuflebas eniWeba udidesi mniSvneloba saxelmwifos normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis. swored amitom, mocemuli statiis mizania warmoaCinos saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis susti mxareebi, dasaxos maTi gamosworebis gzebi da amiT xeli Seuwyos maT aRmofxvras. am mizniT statiaSi gaanalizebulia ramdenime problemuri sakiTxi.

1. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos adgilmdebareoba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis statistikuri analizis safuZvelze cxadi xdeba, rom 2007-2011 wlebSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi sarCeliTa da wardginebiT mimarTvis maCvenebeli mkveTrad daeca. (ix. sqema #1). [1]

1996-

1999წ.წ.

2000-

2003წ.წ.

2004-

2007წ.წ.

2008-

2011წ.წ.

პარლამენტის

წევრი8 10 1 0

ფიზ. პირი 103 109 128 49

იურიდ. პირი 1 18 35 12

სახალხო

დამცველი2 4 10 7

საერთო

სასამართლოე

ბი

9 6 1 0

020406080100120140


105

gamomdinare iqidan, rom 2007 wels saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Seicvala adgilmdebareoba, albaT mizanSewonilia daisvas sakiTxi Semdegnairad: xom ar iqonia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos baTumSi gadatanam uaryofiTi gavlena mis qmediTunarianobaze? sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sakonstitucio wardginebisa da sakonstitucio sarCelis Setanis uflebis mqone subieqtebisaTvis xom ar iqca es faqti damatebiT dabrkolebad mimarTon sasamarTlos? cxadia, seriozuli kvlevis gareSe am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. aseTi cvlileba SesaZloa bevri sxva garemoebiTac iyos ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, SeiZleba amis mizezi iyos saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organos efeqturi muSaoba da arakonstituciuri normatiuli aqtebis raodenobis Semcireba, stabiluri politikuri garemo, sasamarTlosadmi ndobis maCveneblis kleba da sxv. Tumca, mainc metad sayuradReboa, rom aseTi cvlileba droSi zustad daemTxva sakonstitucio sasamarTlos adgilmdebareobis Secvlas, amitom aucilebelia kompetenturi saxelmwifo organos an damoukidebeli organizaciis mier am mimarTulebiT Catardes Rrma da safuZvliani kvleva raTa miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze daisaxos momavali moqmedebis gegma.

2. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa nawili aRusrulebeli rCeba an arajerovnad sruldeba, nawilis aRsruleba ki gaurkveveli vadiT Wianurdeba. amis mTavari mizezi aris is, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis moqmedi normebi sakmaod bundovania da ar Seicavs zust miTiTebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu vis ekisreba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba da pasuxismgeblobis ra zomebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli im organos/Tanamdebobis piris mimarT, romelic daarRvevs gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis valdebulebas.

aRsrulebaze pasuxismgebeli organoebis sakiTxi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuladaa regulirebuli. avstriis konstituciis Tanaxmad, garkveuli saxis davebs aRasruleben Cveulebrivi sasamarTloebi, xolo “sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sxva gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba ekisreba federalur prezidents. aRsruleba xorcieldeba misi


106

miTiTebiT uflebamosili pirebis mier da misi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad.” xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom es sakiTxebi avstriaSi mowesrigebulia konstituciis doneze. [2]

“federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb” germaniis kanonis 35-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki: “Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi federalurma sasamarTlom SeiZleba ganacxados, Tu vis mier unda moxdes aRsruleba konkretul SemTxvevebSi; mas aseve SeuZlia daakonkretos aRsrulebis meTodi.” germaniis modelze dayrdnobiT, sasurvelia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos daevalos yvela gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi miuTiTos, Tu romeli organoa pasuxismgebeli aRsrulebaze, xolo saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobam detalurad daareguliros aRsrulebaze pasuxismgebeli organos mier Tavisi valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis zomebi da misi dakisrebis meqanizmebi.

aranakleb yuradsaRebia faqtebi, rodesac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba xdeba mxolod nawilobriv. magaliTis saxiT SesaZloa vimsjeloT saqmeze “saxalxo damcveli da qeTevan baxtaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”. mosarCele q. baxtaZe iyo mosamarTle, romelic Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla mosamarTleTa sadisciplino sabWom. kanonis Tanaxmad, sabWos gadawyvetileba iyo saboloo da ar eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas. q. baxtaZem mimarTa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos konstituciuri sarCeliT vinaidan CaTvala, rom sadavo aqtiT ezRudeboda sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis ufleba. sarCeli ZiriTad nawilSi dakmayofilda. parlaments daevala Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saTanadod ar aRsrulda. marTalia, kanonSi Setanili cvlilebis safuZvelze mosamarTles ufleba mieca gaesaCivrebina sadisciplino sabWos gadawyvetileba, magram mxolod kasaciis wesiT, ramac gamoricxa saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis realizeba kvlav SeuZlebeli gaxda. [3]

aseTi faqtebi, iseve rogorc gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis gaWianureba da gadawyvetilebis aRusrulebloba, mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs ara mxolod sasamarTlos imijs, aramed tvirTavs mas zedmeti saqmeebiT. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom imis gamo, rom parlamentma saTanadod ar aRasrula zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, arakonstituciuri kanonis moqmedebiT sxva


107

mosamarTleebic dazaraldnen da saqme kvlav sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gansaxilveli gaxda. amdenad aucilebelia konkretuli sanqciebi gatardes aramxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs gadawyvetilebis aRusruleblobasTan an aRsrulebis gaWianurebasTan, aramed maSinac, rodesac sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba arajerovnad Sesrulda. 3. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTeba

sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTeba marTlmsajulebis xarisxis erT-erT ZiriTad komponents warmoadgens. igi aris umniSvnelovanesi faqtori sazogadoebrivi ndobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, radgan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mxares saqmis sxvagvari dasasrulis imedi hqonda, kargad dasabuTebul da argumentirebul gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia aiZulos igi daeTanxmos sasamarTlos pozicias. [4]

aRniSnuli sakiTxi Tavisi mniSvnelobis gamo Sevida agreTve USAID-is mier 2010 wlis agvistoSi momzadebuli raodenobrivi kvlevis angariSSi “sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa kvleva”, romlis Sedegebma Semdegi maCveneblebi gamoavlina (ix. sqema # 2 da # 3).

sqema # 2 Tu gangimartes, dawvrilebiT dagisabuTes mogebis/wagebis mizezi?

movige wavage dawvrilebiT ganmimartes 79.90% 43.50

nawilobriv ganmimartes 19.30% 39.90%

saerTod ar ganmimartes 0.80% 16.10%

sqema # 3

ganaCenis sicxade sisxli samoqalaqo administraci

uli

dawvrilebiT ganmimartes 79.2% 65.3% 73.9%

nawilobriv ganmimartes 16.7% 30.2% 22.5%

ar ganmimartes 3.7% 4.5% 3.6%

rogorc aRniSnuli monacemebidan Cans, sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba ganumartebeli darCa sisxlis saqmeebis 3.7%-Si, samoqalaqos 4.5% da administraciulis 3.6%-Si, [5] rac miuTiTebs, rom miuxedavad dadebiTi tendenciisa, garkveuli


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xarvezebi mainc SeimCneva. amitom, am mxriv sasurvelia kvlav gagrZeldes muSaoba, raTa aseTi faqtebis raodenoba minimumamde iqnas dayvanili. 4. sasamarTlos finansuri resursebi

Sesabamisi finansuri resursebi sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. arasakmarisi dafinansebis pirobebSi safrTxe eqmneba samarTalwarmoebis iseT fundamentur principebs, rogoricaa sasamarTlos damoukidebloba, marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba da sxv. swored amitom, evropis sabWos yvela ZiriTadi dokumenti, romelic exeba sasamarTlo menejmentsa da biujets, saxelmwifoebs akisrebs valdebulebas uzrunvelyon sasamarTloebi saWiro odenobis saxsrebiT. [6]

rasakvirvelia, saxelmwifo biujetis proeqtis Sedgenisas gasaTvaliswinebelia sasamarTlo sistemis moTxovnebi da saWiroebebi, Tumca sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebulia aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis procedurebi. zog saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo biujetis gansazRvris sakiTxSi CarTulia iusticiis ministri, romelic aRniSnulis Taobaze molaparakebas awarmoebs finansTa ministrTan. rig SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTloebi uSualod warudgenen finansTa ministrs biujetis Sesaxeb TavianT winadadebebs. amis magaliTia estoneTisa da slovakeTis uzenaesi sasamarTloebi, romlebic waradgenen winadadebebs sakuTari biujetis Sesaxeb da kviprosisa da sloveniis uzenaesi sasamarTloebi, romlebic waradgenen winadadebebs yvela donis sasamarTloebis biujetis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, SveicariaSi federalur uzenaes sasamarTlos miniWebuli aqvs uflebamosileba sakuTari biujeti (romelsac amtkicebs sami mosamarTlisagan Semdgari administraciuli komisia) Tavadve warudginos federalur parlaments.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetSi saerTo sasamarTloebisa (garda uzenaesi sasamarTlosi) da saerTo sasamarTloebis departamentis dafinansebis nawilis proeqts, saerTo sasamarTloebis departamentis winadadebebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos mTavrobas warudgens saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis proeqts waradgens uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli


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biujetis proeqts waradgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba warmoadgens imis garants, rom qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri cvlilebebi ver moaxdens gavlenas sasamarTlos dafinansebaze. saqarTvelos 2009 wlis 18 dekembris sabiujeto kodeqsis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad “saxelmwifo biujetSi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio da saerTo sasamarTloebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebis moculobis Semcireba wina wlis Sesabamis moculobasTan SedarebiT, SesaZlebelia mxolod saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos winaswari TanxmobiT”.

miuxedavad amisa, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos is, rom saqarTvelos sabiujeto kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs raime specialur regulaciebs sasamarTlo biujetis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo sistemis biujetis momzadebisa da wardgenis procedurebi igivea, rac yvela sajaro organizaciisaTvis. [7] es maSin, rodesac sasamarTlo warmoadgens xelisuflebis damoukidebel Stos da ara calkeul organos. ukeTesi iqneboda, sasamarTlos hqonoda meti uflebamosileba biujetis formirebis procesSi.

sakmarisi dafinansebis miRebis garda, sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia am finansuri resursebis saTanadod marTvis meqanizmi.

sasamarTlo biujetis Sesrulebis procesi unda iyos daxvewili, kargad organizebuli da dokumenturad aRricxuli. amas garda, sasurvelia biujetis xarjvis Semowmeba xdebodes damoukidebeli auditoris mier, vinaidan IFCE-s gegmaSi Camoyalibebuli rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, efeqturi da gamarTuli finansuri menejmenti gulisxmobs sabiujeto wlis bolos sasamarTlo angariSebis Semowmebas gare auditoris mier. 5. mosamarTlis imuniteti

saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad mosamarTle xelSeuxebelia. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTlis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, misi binis, manqanis, samuSao adgilis an piradi gaCxreka dasaSvebia mxolod uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris TanxmobiT, xolo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrisa _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos


110

TanxmobiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da wevrebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, maTi binis, manqanis, samuSao adgilis an piradi gaCxreka dasaSvebia mxolod parlamentis TanxmobiT.

aRniSnul konstituciur debulebebTan dakavSirebiT sasurvelia kanonmdebels gaeTvaliswinebina veneciis komisiis 2005 wlis 14 martis No. 328/2004 mosazreba “sasamarTlo xelisuflebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb konstituciuri kanonis proeqtze”, romelSic yuradReba or aspeqtzea gamaxvilebuli:

I. dokumentSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, marTalia, sasamarTlos Tavisufali da Seuferxebeli interesebidan gamomdinare, savsebiT gamarTlebulia, rom dakavebisa da dapatimrebis sakiTxSi mosamarTleebi garkveuli Tanamdebobrivi imunitetiT sargeblobdnen, magram, meores mxriv, Zneli gasagebia sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT maTTvis sruli xelSeuxeblobis miniWebis marTebuleba. garda amisa, mosamarTles dacvis zustad igive uflebebi unda hqondes, rac nebismier sxva moqalaqes, arc meti da arc naklebi, miT umetes, rom konstitucia arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ra saxis danaSaulisTvis pasuxisgebaze vrceldeba aseTi imuniteti.

II. konstituciis Tanamedrove redaqciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da misi wevrebisaTvis imunitetis moxsnis sakiTxs wyvets saqarTvelos parlamenti. parlamentisaTvis aseTi uflebamosilebis miniWebam, savaraudod, sasamarTlos politizireba SeiZleba gamoiwvios. umjobesi iqneboda imunitetis moxsnaze gadawyvetilebas iRebdes sxva sasamarTlo da ara sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organo. SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, parlamentis monawileobis gareSe sakonstitucio da uzenaesi sasamarTloebi erTmaneTis mimarT axorcielebdnen aseT uflebamosilebas, anu sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iRebdes gadawyvetilebas uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrisaTvis imunitetis moxsnaze da piriqiT.

6. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa daniSvnis procedura

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares da uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs saqarTvelos


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prezidentis wardginebiT, siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT irCevs parlamenti. marTalia, aRniSnuli principi am ori Stos gavlenis dabalansebas emsaxureba, Tumca prezidentis eqskluziuri uflebamosileba daasaxelos umaRlesi instanciis mosamarTleTa kandidaturebi, faqtiurad uzrunvelyofs, rom mxolod prezidentis ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi daikaveben am Tanamdebobebs. amitom, sasurvelia moxdes aRniSnuli principis gadaxedva. [8]


1. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos oficialuri veb-gverdi

www.constcourt.ge)

2. Sanava a., “zogierTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

saqmianobisa da gadawyvetilebis savaldebuloobis Sesaxeb”, eleqtronuli Jurnali

“konstitucionalizmis

dilemebi”.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:z83BRf9AP_oJ:

www.constcentre.gov.ge/index.php%3Fid%3D1337153727+&cd=1&hl=ka&ct=cln

k&gl=ge

3. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis

angariSi,

http://www.article42.ge/index.php?lang=geo&action=publications&cat_id=4

4. Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) Opinion no.11 (2008) of the

Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) to the attention of the Committee

of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the quality of judicial decisions.

5. “sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa kvleva” raodenobrivi kvlevis angariSi

momzadebulia USAID-is mier, Tbilisi, agvisto 2010w.

6. Opinion N2 (2001) of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) for

the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the funding

and managmant of courts with reference to the efficiency of the judiciary and to

article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

7. sasqarTvelos sasamarTlo administrirebisa da menejmentis reformis proeqtis

(JAMR) SefasebiTi angariSi, 28 oqtomberi 2008, angariSi gamoica aSS-s

saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos mxardaWeriT da momzadda “di-fi-

qeikonsaltingis” mier.

8. evropuli komisia demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveobiT (veneciis komisia),

strasburgi, 2005 wlis 14 martis No. 328/2004 mosazreba “sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

reformasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis

Setanis Sesaxeb konstituciuri kanonis proeqtze”.

http://www.constcourt.ge/

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:z83BRf9AP_oJ:www.constcentre.gov.ge/index.php%3Fid%3D1337153727+&cd=1&hl=ka&ct=clnk&gl=ge



http://www.article42.ge/index.php?lang=geo&action=publications&cat_id=4


112

Ana Kuchukhidze

Recommendations for rising of activity effectivity of the Court Government

Summary

Court Government is given great meaning for normal functioning of the state.

The aim of the given article is to reveal weak points of court government in

Georgia, issue the challenge of its improvement ways and by that support their

exhaustion. For this purpose in the work is analyzed several questions. These are: 1.

Results of change of location of Georgian Constitutional Court. 2. Problems of

fulfillment of decisions of Georgian Constitutional Court. 3. Approving the

decisions of the Court, as the most important factor from the point of view of giving

a vote of confidence of society and existed statistical data. 4. Recommendations

about formation of the court budgets and production of financial management. 5.

Problematic questions connected to a judge’s immunity. 6. Procedure of

appointment of judges of Georgian supreme court.

Keywords: Court Government Georgian, Constitutional Court, Georgian supreme

court.

Reviewer: Professor Irakli Gabisonia, Georgian Technical University


113

Анна Кучухидзе

Рекомендации по повышению эффективности деятельности

судебной системы

Резюме

Судебной власти придаётся важнейшее значение для нормального

функционирования госудаства. Цель данной статьи - выявить слабые стороны

судебной власти в Грузии, наметить пути их исправления и тем самым

способствовать их искоренению. С этой целью в статье проанализированы

несколько вопросов. Этими вопросами являются: 1. Результаты изменения

местонахождения конституционного суда Грузии. 2. Проблемы исполнения

решений конституционного суда Грузии. 3. Обоснование судебных решений,

как важнейший фактор в плане завоевания общественного доверия и

существующие статистические данные. 4. Рекомендации о формировании

бюжета судов и ведения правильного финансового менеджмента. 5.

Проблемные вопросы, связанные с иммунитетом судьи. 6. Процедура

назначения судей Верховного Суда Грузии.

Ключевые слова: Судебная власть, Конституционный Суд Грузии,

Верховный Суд Грузии

Рецензент: Профессор Ираклий Габисониа. Грузинский технический



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s a z o g a d o e b a guram qaSakaSvili, badri cxadaZe, eka cxadaZe

metalurgiuli terminis grdeml’is warmomavlobisaTvis

dasavleT saqarTvelo, maT Soris imereTi (zemo, qvemo da Sua), mWedel-metalurgTa istoriuli keraa. amitom gasakviri ar unda iyos is leqsikur-terminologiuri da fonetikur-semantikuri msgavseba-sxvaobani, rac am kuTxis mcxovrebTa metyvelebaSia dRemde SemorCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemo imereTis soflebSi grdemls dgemli // dgvevli (sof. perevi, SomaxeTi) // dgvemli (sof. zvare, waqva, bajiTi, mandaeTi, xidari) // dgvlemi (sof. gezruli) hqvia [1, 134-135]. sofel vaxanis erT-erTi mcxovrebi dgemls da mis daniSnulebas ase ganmartavs: `mcelavs celis gasalesaT waRebuli aq dgemli, romelic erT kuTxeze wamaxvilebulia da miT xeze asoben. mopirdapire mxareze sworia, deben masze celis pirs da zevidan urtyaven Txelpirian CaquCs. amas celis gamopirvas eZaxian~. grdemlis ganuyofeli atributia kveri, romelic mTel imereTSi CaquCis sinonimia: `mica erTi glaxa dgvevli da kveri (sof. perevi); saberveli, dgvlemi, kverebi, marwuxebi Ceibara am Zmiswulma da Toxs veRar gamopiram axla Sida (sof. gezruli) [1];

zemoimerulSive dgvlems piriani zmna niSnavs `afuWebs, axdens~ (`doudgvlemia indourefs Wuris kunWuloebi~ sof. boslevi) [1], dgvlamadgvlumi ki Roris mier simindis WamiT atexil xmaurs niSnavs. es reduplicirebuli Ziri igivea, rac dgvlems _ dgvlima, romelsac imerulSive sxva saxecvlili fuZec moucia `didi xmis gamocemis~ mniSvnelobiT: dgvefs _ dgvifa // dgvlefs // dgvlifa (niSnavs agreTve: Zirs dasca, gatexa, dafSvna, daamtvria). Sdr. imerulSive ,,dgvlafi’’ Zlieri Tavsxma wvimis Semdeg gaCenili gauvali talaxi; aseT talaxSi dgvlafadgvlufiT siaruli, romelsac dgvlafunic ewodeba. yvela maTganSi arqauli Ziria dgv, romlis TemisniSniani variantia dgvlem _ dgvlema (_> dgvlima), saidan warmodga dRes qarTul saliteraturo enaSi normad qceuli grdeml terminadqceuli leqsema: grdeml <_ gdeml; grdeml’Si r sonori bgera gvian ganviTarebili Cans. Sdr. degs _ degli _> Zegli; grdeml’Si l sonantis win (xmovania aRsadgeni: grdemli <_ *grdemeli// grdemili, Sdr. [da]v-deg, (devs _> // Zevs) _>


115

Zegli); amrigad, grdema istoriulad dglema, dgvlema’s variantuli saxesxvaobaa, raSic didi wvlili bgeriT simbolikas miuZRvis. aseTi saxeluri da zmnuri Zirebi da fuZeebi qarTul enaSi araerTia.

samwuxarod, grdemli, rogorc termini, ar SeutaniaT `metalurgiis xuTenovan terminologiur leqsikonSi~ [2], aseve axlaxans gamocemul eqvsenovan ,,metalurgiul terminTa leqsikonSi’’ [3]. rogorc Cans, dRes is terminad ar ixmareba an avtor-SemdgenelT mxedvelobidan gamorCeniaT. barem aqve davZenT, Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT, grdeml’is arqauli formaa gurdemli [4]. sulxan-saba ki mas ase ganmartavs: `grdemli ilekros gasaWedi Zirs sadebi~. cnobil leqsikografs mis variantebad mohyavs gurdemli da qÂrdemli [5]. es ukanakneli yru-fSvinvieri variantia arqauli formisa: gurdemli _> grdemli _> qurdemli. iranisti mz. andronikaSvili qÂrdeml//grdeml’s osur sityvad miiCnevs [6, 65]. mas SesaZlebliad miaCnia am sityvis dakavSireba osur k0yrd

/rurd ~mWedel~ sityvasTan. v. abaevs es kur-Ziri nawarmoeb sityvad esaxeba aseTi mniSvnelobiT: `gaxureba, gacxeleba, gavarvareba~. Zv. *kur-ta, 7kur-tar aris nomen agentis (moqmedebis saxeli) [7, 84-85].

specialur literaturaSi es Ziri dakavSirebulia Zv. ind. kuudaiati `swvavs~, somx. kurak `cecxli~, Zveli slav. kyuritu, litv. kurti `nTeba~ guT. hairi `naxSiri~. Zveli slav. кръчии , Zv. rus. корчий da naxevarkunZul qerCis saxelic Керчь ZirTan aris gaigivebuli [7, 96-99].

am Ziris (kur) grdeml sityvasTan dakavSireba gaWirdeba. zemo damowmebul ucxour Zirebs, Cveni azriT, unda daukavSirdes qarTuli enaSi arsebuli qura leqsema, romelsac `nTebis~ mniSvneloba marTlac aqvs.

SeniSvna: sulxan-saba qura sityvas ar icnobs, quro’s ki ase ganmartavs: `quro ars farTo bewviani saTbobad orTave xelTa Sesayofeli~... ase rom qur-a//qur-o, romelic arabuli sityvaa (niSnavs sabervlian –samWedlo liTonis gasaxurebel–gasalxobel keras). amave ganmartebas emyareba qegli’c [8, 373] .marTlac araqarTuli, ucxouri warmoSobis leqsema Cans.

PS. saintereso werilobiT wyaros wavawydiT qarTul mwerlobaSi:

aRorZinebis xanis droindeli qarTuli mwerlobis erT-erT sasuliero-saeklesio krebulisTvis Cvens winaparT `grdemli~ uwodebiaT, rac SemTxveviTi movlena srulebiT ar unda iyos..


116

XX saukunis sabWoTa epoqis cnobil mwerals k. lorTqifaniZes erT dros gaxmaurebul Tavis romanSi `kolxeTis ciskarSi~ grdemlis `ragvarobis~ Sesaxeb aseTi pasaJi aqvs erTgan CarTuli (davimowmebT im amonarids, roca nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi piris `akrZaluli ileTiT~ Widaobisas xaJomiasTan damarcxebuli meqi vaSakiZe metoqes gadaawydebaa). mwerali wers: `auCqareblad moabijebda guSindeli falavani. mamiseuli wablisferi kravelis boxoxi gverdze dardimandulad moegdo da gzadagza Surduls esroda RobemZvrala Citebs.

meqis danaxvaze arawminda Tvalebi moWuta da Caicina. _ xom gagSale orive beWze! _ miaxala da gza ganagrZo..

meqi win gadaudga. _ moicade, sityva maqvs. _ ra sityva!

_ ra da.... meqim is sityva ver ipovna da umweod miixed-moixeda, mere

uecrad uTxra: _ aswev imas? samWedlos saCexSi Jangiani grdemli egdo. _ magis gamotanaze mWedelma kinaRam weli moiwyvita. Tavi ki

ar momZulebia! _ aba, me miyure! _ uTxra meqim, grdemls daswvda, da

rodesac sami fuTi rkina miwas moswyvita, daZagruli tani erTbaSad aukankalda, saxeze sisxli moawva. mkerdamde kidev araferi, mere ufro gauWirda, dabarbacda, grdemli mainc bolomde azida, mere xeli gauSva da ganze gaxta.

saCexi Seirya, ise mZimed daeca grdemli. xaJomia mixvda, ratom gaakeTa es meqim. Tavxedurad Caicina. _ Rone virsac qe aqvs, biWo! RoneSi ki araa saqme! _ uTxra

da pirdapir gulSi moaxvedra~ [9, 17-18]. aq CvenTvis saintereso isaa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

kerZod, imereTSi, adre sofels ver naxavda kaci, minimum erTi `samWeduri~ - samWedlo Tavisi mowyobiloba-aRWurvilobiTa (ramdenime mWedliTa da SegirdiT) rom ar hqonoda. gavixsenoT isic, rom istoriuli pirovneba, 1857 wlis samegrelos glexTa ajanyebis monawile, sulisCamdgmeli da TanaxelmZRvaneli utu miqavac (TanamebrZol marTalia ToduasTan erTad), romelic profesiiT mWedeli iyo. Rirssacnobia is faqtic, rogorc zemoT moyvanili nawyvetidan Cans, samWedloseuli grdemli sam


117

fuTs anu 48-50 kilograms mainc aRemateboda, Tumca mindor-saTibSi celis an namglis piris gamosaWed-gamosakveTad wasaRebi grdemlis wona (aseve gamosakveri CaquCi anu `kveri~) gacilebiT mokrZalebuli iyo (ramdenime kg-s iwonida da formac sxvagvari hqonda).

PS. xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gavrcelebuli iyo velxanosi _ bunebis mfarveli RmerTi (uwveruli vaJis saxiT), romelic sruliad sxvaobda romauli vulkanusisagan, romlis atributika iyo cecxli, grdemli da CaquCi [10, 64]. hyavda Tu ara mWedlobis RmerTi qarTvelTa Zvelebs _ winaprebs, Zneli saTqmelia, Tumca amis arseboba mTlad gamoricxuli ar unda iyos. rogorc SeniSnaven, `safiqrebelia, rom etruskul sinamdvileSi ikonografiuli efestos `importirebis~ droisaTvis ukve arsebobda berZnuli RvTaebis Sesabamisi mWedlobis RmerTi, romlis funqciebi droTa ganmavlobaSi saocrad Seezarda hefestoss~.

amasTan erTad, varaudoben, rom seTlans-vulkanus-hefesto xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gavrcelebuli erTi arqauli kultis sxvadasxva onomastikuri varianti SeiZleba iyos [10, 65], miT umetes, rom berZnuli religiis specialistTa azriT, Tavad hefesto elinur samyaroSi aSkarad mcire aziidan Semosuli RmerTi unda yofiliyo [11, 260-262]. Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls `mijaWvuli promeTes~ miTsac davumatebT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi mWedlobis RmerTi marTlac arsebuliyo. literatura Referenses

1. ZoweniZe q., zemoimeruli leqsikoni, arn. Ciqobavasa da m. alaviZis

redaqciiT. Tb., 1974 (Georgian)

2. metalurgiis terminologiuri leqsikoni (qarTul-rusul-inglisur-germanul-franguli),

Seadgina teqnikis mecnierebaTa kandidatma omar SuraZem, prof. g. qaSakaSvilis

saerTo redaqciiT, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 1999 (Georgian)

3. metalurgiuli terminebis leqsikoni (qarTul-rusul-ukrainul-inglisur-germanul-

franguli), t. 1, Tb., 2011 (Georgian)

4. abulaZe i., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonisaTvis (masalebi), Tb., 1973).

(Georgian)

5. orbeliani s-s., Txzulebani. tomi IV. leqsikoni qarTuli. avtografuli nusxebis

mixedviT gamosacemad moamzada i. abulaZem, Tb., 1966(Georgian)


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6. andronikaSvili mz., narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan. I. Tb.,

1966 (Georgian)

7. см. Из истории слов Древнерусское кръчий «кузнец» и топоним Керчь.

Вопросы языкознания. 1, 1959 (Russian)

8. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (rvatomeuli), arn. Ciqobavas saerTo

redaqciiT. t. VII, Tb., 1962 (Georgian)

9. lorTqifaniZe k., rCeuli nawerebi or tomad. t. I. kolxeTis ciskari (romani),

saxelgami, Tb., 1955 (Georgian)

10. kobaxiZe e., etruskuli sakulto terminologia (semantika, genezisi), prof. r.

gordezianis redaqciiT, `logosi~, Tb., 1994 (Georgian)

11. Burhert W., Grichische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Eposh,

Stuttgrt, 1977 (Germeny)

Guram Kashakashvili, Badri Tskhadadze, EkaTskhadadze

Origin of metallurgical term “grdemli” (anvil)

Summary

The western Georgia, including Imereti region (upper, lower, middle) is smith-

metallurgists historical homeland. No wonder, that lexico-terminological and

phonetic-semantic similarity and difference are remain in the local language till

present days. It’s notable, that in villages of upper Imereti is still meeting the term’s

“grdemli” (old Georgian “gurdeml -i”, “qurdeml-i”) different forms of the

word: “grdeml-i”, “dgeml-i”, “dgvevl-i”, “dgveml-i”, “dgvlemi”. By informant’s

information and explanation “for shaping the mow, mower is taking a “dgemli”

(anvil), which from the one side is sharpen and drives into the tree, and another side

is plane. On this plane surface are putting the scythe and hitting by hummer. It is

calling scythe serrate”.

By our explanation, “grdeml-i” and its different derivatives forms are created

from verbal forms, which are a lot in Georgian language’s Imeretian dialect:

“dgvlema” (to spoil something, damage), “dgvlamadgvlumi” (pig’s noise making

while eating a corn), “dgvephs – dgvipha // dgvlephs // dgvlipha” (making a

terrible noise, using during the damaging, wrecking, dropping), “dgvlaph-i”

(impassable watery mud, formation after heavy shower). By our conclusion, in all

examples is an initial root “dgv”, which other theme version is “dgvlem” (

“dgvlima”), where the “grdem” is represented in Georgian language and

transforms as linguistic lexical standard and term. It looks, that this word has

Georgian beginning and is not borrowed (as in special literature it’s considered

famous Iranian professor Andronikashvili). And we express our assumption about

existence of the smithery God in Kartvelian world (as known by Greek mythology

specialist’s opinion, Gefest, by himself was the God, entered from the small Asia


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into Greek world, what is from our side, is approving the myth about of “chained

Prometheus”).

Keywords: The western Georgia, Origin of metallurgical term “grdemli” (anvil),

smith-metallurgists, Georgian language’s Imeretian dialect, professor M.

Andronikashvili, Kartvelian world, Gefest, Greek world, chained Prometheus.

Reviewer: Professor Irakli KashakashvilI, Georgian Technical University

Гурам Кашакашвили, Бадри Цхададзе, Эка Цхададзе

К происхождению металлургического термина грдемл’и (გრდემლ’ი

«наковальная»)

Резюме

Западная Грузия, в том числе Имеретия (верхняя, нижняя, средняя)

является исторической родиной кузнецов-металлургов. Поэтому нас не

должны удивлять те лексико-терминологические и фонетико-семантические

сходства-разновидности, сохранившиеся по сей день в речи жителей этого

уголка. Необходимо отметить, что в селах Верхней Имеретии и сейчас

встречаются вариационные словоформы грдемли (გრდემლი)

(древнегрузинского გურდემლ-ი // ქ¢რდემლ-ი): грдемл-и // дгемл-и //

дгвевл-и// дгвемл-и// дгвлеми (გრდემლ-ი // დგემლ-ი // დგვევლ-ი //

დგვემლ-ი // დგვლემი). По сведениям и разъяснениям информатора, «для

того, чтобы заточить косу, косарь берет с собой дгемл-и (დგემლ-ი), который

заострен с одного конца и им забивается в дерево, а противоположная сторона

у него прямая, на нее кладут лезвие топора и сверху ударяют молотком с

тонким наконечником, то есть квери (молоточек). Это называется вострением

(затачиванием) топора»).

По нашему мнению, грдемли (გრდემლი) и его вариационные

словоформы происходят от лицевой и отглагольной (вербальной) форм,

которые в множестве встречаются в имеретинских диалектах грузинского

языка: дгвлема (დგვლემა) (портить что-то, вредить), дгвламадгвлуми

(დგვლამადგვლუმი) (шум, поднятый свиньей при поедании кукурузы),

дгвепс// дгвипа// дгвлепс //дгвлипа (დგვეფს _ დგვიფა // დგვლეფს //

დგვლიფა) (издавание громкого звука; используется при поломке,

рассыпании, падении вниз), дгвлап-и (დგვლაფ-ი) (непроходимая жидкая

грязь, возникшая от сильного проливного дождя). По нашему заключению, во

всех этих словах есть архаичный корень дгв (დგვ), вариантом которого

(имеющим общинный признак) является дгвлем (-->дгвлима) (დგვლემ (-->


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დგვლიმა)), откуда и произросла лексема грдемл (გრდემლ), ставшая

языково-лексической нормой и термином в грузинском литературном языке.

По-видимому, это древнее слово имеет грузинское происхождение, а не

заимствованное (как это указывается в специальной литературе известным

иранистом, профессором Мз. Андроникашвили). Здесь же мы высказываем

предположение о существовании бога кузнечного дела в древнейшем

картвельском мире (как известно, по мнению специалистов по греческой

религии, сам Гефест в эллинистском мире очевидно должен быть богом,

пришедшим с Малой Азии, что, с нашей стороны, подкрепляется также

мифом «О прикованном Прометее»).

Ключевые слова: Западная Грузия, Имеретия, имеретинский диалекты

грузинского языка, кузнец-металлург, словоформ, косарь, лексема грдемл,

Гефест, проф. Мз. Андроникашвили, металлургический термин грдемл’и

(გრდემლ’ი «наковальная»).

Рецензент: профессор Ираклий Кашакашвили, Грузинский технический



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ia burduli

fiureris mxatvruli kodi da nicSes

“distanciis paTosi” postmodernistul WrilSi

SeuZlebeli iqneboda Sinagani zrda da formireba ,,adamianad~, Tu mudmivad ar moxdeboda ,,adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis daZleva~, _ aRniSnavs nicSe da am moralur formulirebas zemoralurad ganixilavs. misi azriT, distanciis paTosi adamians sisxlSi aqvs gamjdari, romelic gamorCeulobis grZnobasTan erTad Rvivdeba da farul paToss aRZravs _ distanciis zrdas sakuTar sulSi da sul ufro metad amaRlebul, iSviaT da Soreul mdgomareobas. Mmagram aRsaniSnavia, rom distanciur ganwyobas nicSe adamianis instinqtad ganixilavs da Tavis naSromSi ,,sikeTisa da borotebis miRma~ ,,distanciis paToss~ ,,elituri kastis~ winaSe Tayvaniscemis Sinagan moTxovnilebas uwodebs (1). Semoqmedis distanciuroba gamokveTili niSania Tomas manis, rainer maria rilkes, herman heses intraverti xelovani-personaJebisaTvis, rac laitmotivad gasdevs maT Sinagan tragizms. Amavdroulad sagulisxmoa, rom postmodernistul da, garkveulwilad, modernistul mxatvrul diskursSi am sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba ambivalenturia:Tu WeSmaritad romantikuli, suliT poetis mimarTeba masasTan da sazogadoebasTan umetesad SeumCneveli an distanciuri, kamerulia da misi distanciuroba misive, ase vTqvad, faqizi Sinagani samyarodan momdinareobs, dRes distanciuroba, ZiriTadad, elitis pozaa, Soubizness ukavSirdeba da xSirad fsevdointeleqtualizms gamoxatavs. Tanamedrove germaneli mwerlis patrik ziuskindis ambivalenturi ironia idealebisadmi narcisuli Sexedulebebis gadasinjvas gulisxmobs, rasac nicSe ,,grZel-ierarqiul kibesa~ da ,,Rirebulebas~ uwodebs, romelic erT adamians gamoarCevs meorisgan, im sazogadoebisgan, romelic monobas mieltvis am sityvis sxvadasxva gagebiT. Tanamedrove informacias, ziuskindi ase vTqvaT, prizmaSi atarebs, rac permanentul gadafasebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mweralTan ironizebulia `socialuri interesi~, socialuri jgufis misia, rac adleris mixedviT, zRudavs umwifar individualur Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianma unda daamtkicos sxvebTan SedarebiT Tavisi araCveulebrioba da rom, meore mxriv, TviTSefaseba ufro Rirebulia, roca


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individi sakuTari Tavis saWiroebas grZnobs SedarebiT farTo speqtris, anda mTeli kacobriobis konteqstSi. adleris individualuri fsiqologia miiCnevda, rom sakuTari Tavis aRmatebuli Sefasebisas, kacobriobis gaTavisuflebisaken am Sefasebis mimarTva, umetesad aTavisuflebs gandidebis maniiT Sepyrobil adamians paTologiuri narcisizmisagan (2). ziuskindi am saWiroebis parodiul imitacias qmnis Tavis romanSi `sunamo~, Tavisi gmirisa, Tu antigmiris _ grenuis Semoqmedebis saboloo, mTel kacobriobaze gaTvlili „diadi“ miznis dasaxviT. grenuis TiTqos sargebeli unda moetana sazogadoebisTvis misi araCveulebrivi SemoqmedebiTi talantis wyalobiT, _ ,,is surnelTa Semoqmedi unda gamxdariyo. yvela drois saukeTeso menelsacxeble~ reformatori da revolucioneri. es swored is Temaa, razec ziuskindi parodias agebs. mwerali menelsacxebleze, rogorc mesiaze, ironiulad SeniSnavs, rom ,,mas unda ganexorcielebina revolucia surnelTa samyaroSi~ (3). yovelive aman ki, rogorc napoleonis, hitleris periodSi msxverpli moiTxova. grenuis geniam Msxverpli moiTxova qalwulTa saxiT, ramac grenui sabolood erT-erT mkvlelad `tipur revoluciur urCxulad~ Camoayaliba. ziuskindi imitaciis procesSi eyrdnoba rogorc sensorul, ynosviT informacias, rogoricaa `revoluciis suni~, `daxvavebuli gvamis suni~, `sikvdilis, siRaribis suni~, aseve rogorc postmodernisti mwerali, eyrdnoba mkiTxvelis mexsierebasa da mis warmosaxvaSi ukve arsebul informacias, gamocdilebas, mogonebebsa da gancdebs. germaneli literaturaTmcodne verner friceni, romelic grenuize avadmyofobaTa mTel struqturas agebs, SeniSnavs, rom ziuskindis gmirSi ironiulad imitirebulia miTi migdebul bavSvze, romelic Tavisi xalxis mxsnelad unda gaizardos (4). romanSi parodirebulia ganmanaTlebluri, moderni-stuli da Tavad postmodernistuli yofa da am ukanasknelis damokidebuleba am garemoSive aRzrdili mxsnelis mimarT. es mesianizmi, gansakuTrebuli genialuroba, iseve rogorc am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli nicSes xazis ironiuli interteqstualoba, mTel nawarmoebs laitmotivad gasdevs.


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dekadensuri xelovanis distanciis paTosis parodirebisa da aseve xelovanis zemoraluri yaribobis, gandegilobis ironiul imitirebas exmianeba nicSes ganmarteba, rom ,,adamiani mraval-mxrivi, matyuara, xelovnuri cxovelia, avadmyofuri cxovelia~, anda rom ,,adamiani mamaci cxovelia, riTic man yvela sxva mxecze gaimarjva~ (5).

ase gadarCa magaliTad, yvela situaciaSi grenui _ „tkipa~, romlis wasvlis Semdeg yvelaferi nadgurdeboda da yvela misi gamzrdeli Tu patroni kvdeboda. sizmarSi Tu xilvisas, Waobidan anaorTqlze ufro myrali, sakuTari sulis sunis SegrZnebiT, grenui mxolod erTxel aRmoaCens misTvisac ki gausaZlis, amyralebul sakuTar `me~-s. sakuTari sunis arqona grenuis sakuTari `me~-s arqonaze mianiSnebs, sizmarSi qvecnobieris nakadis gaxsniT, Tu xilvisas `Seican Tavi Senis~-is gaazrebiT, postmodernistulad erwymis erTmaneTs tabus moxsnis froidis fsiqoanalitikuri da romantikuli, religiur-mistikuri, Tu Sopenhaueris ,,me~-s Secnobis ironiuli interteqstualoba, xolo grenuis cxoveluri instinqtebis eqspresiul-naturalisturi gamosaxviT nicSes `Tavisufali nebis~ kodebi ikiTxeba. grenuis Svidwliani „gandegiloba“, sxva mraval kodTan erTad, nicSes zaratustras gamoqvabulSi SviddRiani gamoketvis ironiuli imitaciaa. `Tumca nicSesTvis umaRles Rirebulebas pirovnuloba da misi Rirseba warmoadgenda... magram nicSes hqonda sxva mxarec, ramac xeli Seuwyo misi filosofiis reaqciuli miznebisTvis gamoyenebas, rasac Tomas mani simbolurad da konkretulad gviCvenebs Tavis `doqtor faustusSi~. nicSe eweoda instinqtebis Tavisufali nebis propagandas, uaryofda gansjis kontrols~ (6).A aRsaniSnavia, agreTve rom nicSe akritikebda Sopenhauers TanagZnobis gamoxatvisas: „Sopenhaueri cxovrebis mteri iyo: amitomac masTan sibraluli saTnoebad iqca, rac upirispirdeba ganviTarebis kanons“. .F. (7). ziuskindTan nicSes es tendenciebi ormagadaa ironiulad kodirebuli grenuiSi. masSi interteqstualurad ikveTeba Tomas manis romanis “doqtor faustusis“ mTavari personaJis: leverkiunis satanasTan wilnayari, gamZafrebuli distanciis paTosis mqone intraversis, `dionisuri~ xelovanis postmodernistulad imitirebuli saxe, romlis erT-erT


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prototipsac Tavad nicSe warmoadgenda. xolo SeSlilobisa da degeneraciis elementebi Tavidanve Cndeba grenuis saxeSi, rasac logikurad exmianeba romanis finali, da sadac aseve moCans nicSesa da leverkiunis cxovrebis dasasrulis, SeSlilobis kodebi da nicSeseuli biologiuri, vitaluri moTxovnilebebis, Tavisufali _ sicocxlis nebis gamoTavisuflebis tendenciebi. nicSesTan, es rogorc cnobilia, Zalauflebis nebas ukavSirdeba _ „Cemi formula, misi gageba RaRadebs _ sicocxle _ es aris Zalauflebis neba.“ _ Meine Formel dafür lautet, Leben ist

Wille zur Macht (8). ziuskindis romanSi Zalauflebis neba zeimobs, roca grenui sabolood, qalwulTa seriuli mkvlelobebiT, MmaTi surnelTa SeTviseba gadamuSavebiT, RvTaebrivi sunamos avtori gaxdeba da sazogadoebas eqstazSi gaaxvevs, yvelasTvis `zekacad~, `genialur grenuid~ gadaiqceva. aq ironiul kodad nicSes geniosi ikveTeba _ Sualeduri arseba damnaSavesa da SeSlils Soris, romelsac erTdroulad gaaCnia mgrZnobiaroba da sisastike da romlis Sesaxebac _ ,,gviandeli nicSes~ Sesaxeb, Tomas mani werda: ,,misi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi da aqcentebi, cxadia, gamowveuli iyo demonuri SepyrobiT da Sesabamisad im sulieri mdgomareobiT, rac mis fsiqikur mdgomareobas axlda~ (9). grenuis izidavda zRvis qafiT, Wermis yvaviliT Sezavebuli haeri, Semdeg ki fausturi danaSaulis aRmZvreli qalwulebrivi mSvenierebis surneli, rasac mohyva wameba da sikvdili _ mkvleloba, sabolood ki „akldama“ _ grenuis brboSi „ganbneva“. Semoqmedi-mkvlelis es parodi-rebuli gza da aseve Tavad xelovneba etapobrivi, sakarnavalo msvlelo-biT sunis azrobriv determinizmTan aris gaigivebuli. musika, romelsac jer kidev nicSe mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis umaRles formad miiCnevda, identurobas poulobs surnelTan rogorc absatraqtuli gamomsaxvelobiT, aseve fiziologiuri aRqmis TvalsazrisiT. ziuskindTan aRqmis organo _ yuri _ Secvlilia cxviriT. am identurobaze miniSnebas mwerali TviTonve axdens _ „rogorc musikaluri bavSvi iqneboda Sepyrobili orkestris axlos naxvis wadiliT, anda aRmafrenas igrZnobda taZarSi orRanis idumali klaviaturis naxviT aRelvebuli, swored ise iyo Sepyrobili grenui parfiumeriaSi Caxedvis surviliT“. grenuis es paTologiur swrafvaSi


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gadasuli SemoqmedebiTi muxti Tomas manis gmirebis musikaluri aRtyinebis ironiul imitaciad ikiTxeba. surnelTa gadacemis musikaluri modeli Tavidanve wina planze iwevs „sunamoSi“. ziuskindi Tavad mianiSnebs bavSvi-grenuis talantze, rom misi es zeWeSmariti saocari unari yvelaze kargad swored musikalur samyaroSi iqneboda gamoyenebuli. „marTlac, yvelaze ufro zusti iqneboda, rom igi Segvedarebina im musikaluri niWis vunderkindTan, romelmac melodiidan da harmoniidan calkeul bgeraTa anbani aitaca, axla ki TviTon qmnis sruliad axal melodiasa da harmonias, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom surnelTa anbani, bgeriT anbanTan SedarebiT, bevrad masStaburi da mravalferovania“(10). ziuskindi Tavis romanSi nicSes mravalmxriv kodirebas axdens, riTic inarCunebs Tavad nicSes ambivalentur aRqmasa da paradoqsul weris maneras. Ggrenui, erTi mxriv, nicSeseul avadmyofuri sulis xelovans esadageba, nicSes ver warmoudgenia xelovani, romelic avad ar iqneboda xolo, meore mxriv ki, geniosi menelsacxeble „fiureris“ parodiulad imitirebul saxes iRebs(11). distanciis paTosi ki Savi iumoriT ixsneba “mesiasTan” urTierTobisas, roca ubiri brbo siyvaruliT aRtacebuli daglejs grenuis da TiToeuli maTgani „gabrwyinebuli zeadamianisagan“ siyvarulis saxeliT igemebs TiTo wils, eziareba mas da TviTkmayofilebas SeigrZnobs. „Tqveni codva ki ara, Tqveni TviTkmayofileba RaRadebs zecaSi; Tqveni codvebis araraoba RaRadebs zecaSi!“ (12). „me“-s ganzogadeba, romanSi realurad ver axerxebs siyvarulis, qalwulebrivi mSvenierebis Sesislxorcebas da postmodernistul imitacias axdens, rac TviTon romanSi arsebul postmodernistul diskursze mianiSnebs. amas amZafrebs grenuis, rogorc brbos borotebis masazrdoebeli wyaros saxe da brbos nicSeseuli aRqmis imitacia, roca nicSe zaratustras qveTavSi „brbosaTvis“ ambobs: „sicocxle wyaroa sixarulisa, xolo sad brbo svams, moSxamulia iq yoveli wyaro“ (13). grenui gadis zekacis ganviTarebis stadiebs _ `Sen unda“, „me msurs“ da „gabavSvebis“ _ pirvel sawyisTan dabrunebis periods. `igi iZens Tavis samyaros, Tavis qveyanas“... magram Tavis pirvel sawyisTan dabruneba ziuskindTan, aseve nicSes


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„ukanasknel adamianad“ gardaqmnis ironiul imitaciad moCans, rac romanSi brbos sazrdod, masSi mistikur gadasvlad aris parodirebuli. nicSesTan vkiTxulobT: „ra aris siyvaruli? ra aris Semoqmedeba? ra aris ltolva? ra aris varskvlavi? _ kiTxulobs ukanaskneli adamiani... dedamiwa pataravdeba, masze daxtis ukanaskneli adamiani da yvelafers akninebs, misi modgama miwis rwyiliviT Seumusravia, acxadebs nicSe, _ patara adamiani marad mobrundeba!“ (14). ziuskindi postmodernistuli gamomsaxvelobiT, avtoris Carevis, axsna-ganmartebis gareSe bunebrivad ukan abrunebs grenuis brboSi, sadac misi saboloo gabrwyineba moxda. grenuim mTlianad gadaisxa momajadoebeli sunamo da sakuTari nebiT mivida dasasrulamde, magram, meore mxriv, boroteba gadanawilda, TiToeul maTganSi gaaZliera ukve Rrmad gadgmuli borotebis fesvebi da marTveli gaxda _ gagrZelda sisxliani kvali. `boroteba adamianis ukeTesi Zalaa. „adamiani unda ukeTesi da ufro boroti iyos“, _ amas movaswaveb. `uborotesi uxms zekacis sikeTisaTvis“, acxadebs zaratustra „maRali adamianisTvis“(15). niSandoblivia, rom kodebis urTierTSerwymiT, polifoniurobiT ziuskindis teqsti postmodernistulad mravalmxrivi inerpretaciis saSualebas iZleva. „sunamoSi“ ironiuli ormagi kodebis TamaSi, maTi erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTva Tavad nicSes fenomensa da nicSes teqstis ambivalenturobaze mianiSnebs, risi interteqstualobac ziuskindTan zogjer ara ironiulad, aramed Tavisive nicSeseuli paradoqsuli mniSvnelobiT iCens Tavs. „sunamoSi“ grenuis ar iRebs sazogadoeba, radgan mas ynosviTi SegrZnebis doneze suni ar gaaCnia da xvrelidan gamomZvrali, mxolod „adamianis sunis“ sunamos SeqmniT, romelic simyralis da keTil surnelTa nazavia, iqcevs adamianTa yuradRebas, uTanabrdeba maT da am qarizmiT cdilobs maTze amaRlebas da Semdgom grenui-xelovani warmoaCens Tavis distanciis paToss. mas, usiyvarulod Sobilsa da gazrdils, sZuls adamianebi da sakuTari Tavis gandidebiT unda maTze Suri iZios; adamianebis gabatonebas eswrafvis maTi gabruebiTa da eiforiiT. nicSes „zaratustraSi“ xvrelidan gamomZvrali tarantulis sulSic aseve RvarZlia, rac suls Tavbrus axvevs da igi SurisZiebaze ocnebobs.


127

`amas igaviT getyviT Tqven“, _ ambobs zaratustra, _ ,,romelni abruebT suls, Tqven mqadagebelno Tanasworobisa! tarantulebi xarT da Ffaruli Surismgebelni! ... Tqvenidan gadmoxeTqs es, viT cecxli da Surisgebis SeSliloba“ (16). grenui _ „tkipa“, swored Waobidan anaorTqli simyralis _ sakuTari samyaros wamieri SegrZnebis Semdeg acnobierebs bolomde sakuTar araCveulebriobasa da sakuTari talantis gansakuTrebulobas. igi tarantulasa da zaratustras nazavia. Tavdapirvelad grenui cxoveliviT mxolod Tavis grZnobas mihyveboda, rogorc „WaobSi xelCayofili, wurbelebis nakbenebiT dasisxlianebuli, miwaze garTxmuli ucnobi, romelsac zaratustram fexi wamohkra. kacma mas uTxra: „ramdeni xania erT rames veZieb, wurbelis tvins, raTa slipi WeSmariteba ar gamisxltes! aq Cemi samefoa! ... wurbelis gulisaTvis viweqi aq, am WaobTan... da kvlav ufro mSvenieri cxoveli iwyebs Cemi sisxlis wovas, TviT zaratustra!“ (17). sisxlismwoveli zaratustra grenuis, geniosi xelovanis gandidebisa da distanciis paTosis interteqstualobad moCans. grenuisTvis ar arsebobda moralis gageba: erTi mxriv, igi yvelafers rogorc cxoveli, ise aRiqvamda, xolo, meore mxriv, xelovanis mizani amarTlebda moqmedebas, ris erTerT ironiul kodad nicSes wurbelebiani kaci ikveTeba. igi zaratustras eubneba _ `amisTvis gulgrili var danarCenisTvis; da Cemi codnis gverdiT dabanakebulia Cemi Savi uvicoba... Cemi sulis patiosnebas esa swadia, erTi vicode da danarCeni ar vicode: mZuls yvela suliT gaorebuli, meocnebe, aRtacebuli...sisxliT gavimagre me Cemi codna!~. grenuisac ar ainteresebs materialuri yofa. is codnis gaRrmavebisTvis iRvwis, Sromobs da yvelafers Tavis SemoqmedebiT mizans uZRvnis. ar esmis qalisadmi sasiyvarulo-seqsualuri ltolva. grenuis JRalTmian axalgazrda qalwulTa survili mxolod maTi gansakuTrebuli surnelis dasapyrobad izidavs, masalad sakuTari Semoqmedebis mwvervalisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, is rogorc “zemoraluria”, aseve usqesoa, is _ misi jadosnuri sunamo, misi qarizma, erTnairad xvevs eiforiaSi qalsac da kacsac da is yvelaSi ganibneva, rogorc cxovrebis boroti marcvali. is instinqtebis matarebeli es-ia, romelic yvelaSi cxovrobs.


128

mravali ambivalenturi kodis miuxedavad, romliTac ziuskindi TamaSobs, avtoris ironiul-kritikuli damokidebuleba sazogadoebrivi yofisa da grenuisadmi aSkaraa. grenui Tavis gamomsaxvelobis kodTa imitaciaa. grenui-,,es~-Si froidis libidozuri instinqti Tavidanve ironiulad sublimirdeba, xolo mis mier àdamianis sunis~ SeZena: _ „me“-s, anu ìch~-is, ès~-sa da `über ich~-s („zeme“-s) Soris arsebuli Sualeduri fazis imitaciaa. `über ich~-s xelSi bavSvayvanili grenui ganasaxierebs, romelic

cdilobs keTilSobilebis gamomJRavnebiT sakuTari Tavi-ès~-i dafaros. sinamdvileSi ki dascinis adamians da mis Semoqmed RmerTs, romelsac is miiCnevs `mdare aromatTa moyvarulad~, romelsac mas adamianebi ukmeven da àqoTebulad~ moixseniebs. grenui eklesiaSic zizRiT SeigrZnobs yvela mZafr suns, rac adamianis yofas axlavs. es diskursi kvlav zaratustras zizRis imitaciad ikveTeba, roca zaratustra Tavis gamoqvabulidan gamodis, da roca es ukanaskneli ambobs: ,,yvelgan vynosav me patara farul mrevls; da sad TavSesafaria, iq axali Tanamlocvelia da simyrale Tanamlocvel ZmaTa~ (18). postmodernistuli kvlevisas aRsaniSnavia, rom postmodernistuli ambivalenturi gamomsaxveloba _ sinTezis gareSe urTierTsawinaaRmdego winadadebaTa dialeqtikuri mTlianoba, fsiqoanalitikuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorc mastruqturirebeli principi _ nicSes filosofiidan da froidis Rrma fsiqologiidan momdinareobs (19). zigmund froidi miiCnevda, rom ara marto gaucnobiereblad, aramed gacnobierebuladac xdeba maRali idealebiT, anu ze – „me“ – Ti qvena doneze dafaruli instinqtebis SeniRbva (20). nicSes eseistur dakvirvebaSi mudmivad ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego eqstrema, romlebic Zveli SexedulebiT erTmaneTisgan mkacrad ganirCeoda, dRes erTmaneTs Seerwya. ziuskindTan grenui zekacad pirvelad swored morwmune sazogadoebas evlineba, distanciis paTosiT Sepyrobili da es sazogadoeba eiforiaSi vardeba, orgias awyobs, adamianebi iviwyeben RmerTs da sakuTar „me“-s, sanam grenuis jadosnuri surneli ifrqveva. ziuskindis imanentur ganwyobas fons uqmnis nicSes nihilisturi aRiareba adamianebis, maTi dafaruli grZnobebis mimarT, romelTaTvisac WeSmariti Rirebulebebi gaufasurda (21).


129

zaratustra qristeze ambobs, rom RmerTi `sikeTea, iqneb, im mqadagebelTaTvis patara xalxisa, rom is itanja da adamianis codvebi itvirTa. xolo me maxarebs didi codva, viT Cemi didi nugeSi~ (22). codva-tanjva nicSesTan ganxilulia, rogorc zogadad daZleva. igi Tavis sayvarel adamianebs am tkivils usurvebda _ Solchen Menschen, welche mich etwas angehen, wünsche ich Leiden, Verlassenheit,

Krankheit, Misshandlung, Entwürdigung... (23). nicSesTan gvxvdeba ara marto erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego terminebi, aramed mTeli semantikuri paradigmebi. sikeTe da boroteba, aRorZineba da dacema, tkboba da askeza, simarTle da tyuili erTmaneTSia Sezrdili. nicSes ideaTa Sesaxeb valter beniamini aRniSnavs, maTze dakvirvebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es ideebi ara erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod dganan, aramed qmnian virtualur wres, saidanac SesaZlebeli eqstremebi amoWrili ar aris (24). simarTle da tyuili SeduRebulia nicSes diskursSi, rogorc samyaros mTlianoba, da rasac nicSe TviTon aRiarebda. xolo mizanTropiulobas, rogorc adamianis savaldebulo siyvaruls, `kaciWamiobis~ gagrZelebad miiCnevda. mTlianobis aseTma interpretaciam samyaro fsiqoanalizmamde miiyvana, sadac siyvaruli da siZulvili, erosi da Tanatosi, sadizmi da mazoxizmi ambivalentur mTlianobas qmnian (25). froidis am fsiqoanalitikur siZulvil-siyvarulis (Hass-

Liebe) parodireba ziuskindTan romanSi `sunamo~ aracnobieris doneze SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rasac grenui gogonaTa mkvlelobiT ikmayofilebda, maT surnelTan gaigivebiT, rogorc dedisken _ sisxlis kvalisken gaucnobierebel ltolvas. arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsma, romelic grenuis bavSvobaSi usiyvarulobiT Camouyalibda, dionisuri xelovanis paTosi `mamismieri~ fiureris sado-mazoxisturi distanciis paTosiT Caanacvla (eines Elternteils, des Vaters oder der Mutter, gesetzt wird) (26). amrigad, postmodernistul romanSi ziuskindi pirovnulobis ara axal Sexedulebebs aviTarebs, aramed warsulisa da awmyos cnobil literaturul SexedulebaTa mravalmxriv parodirebas axdens. ziuskindTan SeimCneva, rom Ziebis aseTi procesis dros, igi polaruli poziciebidan erTs irCevs da Tundac hqondes Tavidanve saboloo mza pasuxi, igi TamaS-TamaSiT SeumCnevlad midis misken. aseTi pozicia gamoricxavs yovelgvar calmxriv


130

dogmatur seriozulobas da absolutizacias ar axdens arc erT Sexedulebaze, cxovrebisa da azris arc erT polusze. yvela calsaxa seriozuloba (cxovrebisa da azris), calsaxa paTosi gmirs, rogorc Semoqmeds, mkvlels, fiurers da rogorc Tavad avtors eniWeba. postmodernistuli erT-erTi aqtualuri Temis _sikvdilTan TamaSis sakiTxi ziuskindTan Tavs iCens rogorc avtoris sikvdili. problemas moris blanSo metafizikuri interpretaciiT ganixilavs, rogorc aryofnis upirovno stiqias, ,,subieqtur epopeas~ subieqtis gareSe da rogorc metaforas, romelic ideis zRvaris warmodgenaSi gvexmareba. es sakiTxi romanis polifoniur saxeobaze mianiSnebs. igi metafizikur subieqtivizmTan erTad, postmodernistuli problematikidan gamomdinare gaxda aqtualuri. ideis zRvari ziuskindTan teqstis polifoniurobis Sedegad gabundovanebulia. romanTan mimarTebaSi subieqtis sikvdili jer kidev goeTem gansazRvra rogorc subieqturi epopea (27). aRsaniSnavia, rom “avtoris sikvdilis” miuxedavad, polofoniur romanSi avtoris xma mainc ismis, oRond igi personaJis xmis Tanasworuflebiania, radgan ironia xSirad swored avtorisaken, an misi yofiTi diskursisakenaa mimarTuli da avtori ar zRudavs gmiris sityvebsa da Tvalsawiers (28).


1. Nietzsche F. 1980: Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Bd. 8, S.235. S. 218.

2. Adler A. (1933), 1979: Der Sinn des Lebens Individualpsychologie

und Schule (1929). Fankfurt a.M.

3. Süskind P. 2004: Das Parfüm. Die Geschichte eines Morders. Zürich, S.23,

54.

4. Friten W. 1996: Patrick Süskind, Das Parfüm. Interpretation Oldenbourg.

München, S.30.

5.Nietzsche F. 1980: Zur Genealogie der Moral, Samt. W., Bd. 5, S. 413-417.

6. Какабадзе Н. 1985: Томас Манн, Грани творчества. Тбилиси, 126-127.

7. Nietzsche F. 1980: Der Antichrist. Samt.W., Bd. 6, S. 458.

8. Nietzsch F. 1984: Briefwechsel. Bd.5.

9. Mann Th. GW., Bd. XII. S.462.

10. Süskind P. 2004: Das Parfüm. Die Geschichte eines Mörders. Zürich, S.49.

11. Nietzsche F. Bd. X, S.66


131

12. Zima P. 2001: Moderne/Postmoderne, Nietzeschs Erben. Tübingen und Basel,

S.130.

13. nicSe f. 1993: ase ityoda zaratustra: gamojansaRebuli, (Targmani erekle

tatiSvili). Tbilisi, gv. 165

14. igive. gv. 165-166

15. igive, 214.

16. igive, 77-78.

17. igive, 186-187.

18. igive, 138.

19. igive, 303.

20. Freud S. Das Ich und das Es, Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse, Frankf,

1982

21. nicSe f. 1993: ase ityoda zaratustra: gamojansaRebuli, (Targmani erekle

tatiSvili). Tbilisi, gv. 250

22. igive, 214.

23. Nietzsch. F. 1980: Werke, München, Bd. 10, S. 139.

24. Benjamin W. 1978: Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels. Frankfur a. M., S.

31.

25. Zima P. 2001: Moderne / Postmoderne: Moderne Liteatur und Ambivalent

Zwischen Nietzsche und Freud. Tübirgen und Bassel, S.304.

26. Freud S. Studienausgabe. Frankfurt, Fischer.1982, S413.

27. Goete J. W.1968: Maximen und Refl exionen, München, DTV, (2 Auf.), S.

16.

28. Ryan J. 1991: Pastische und Postmoderne. Patrick Süskinds Roman das

Parfüm in: P.M. Lützeler Spätmoderne und Postmoderne. Beiträge zur

deutschsprachigen Gegenwarts Literatur. Frankfurt: S.99.


132

Ia Burduli

The artificial code of Fuehrer and the “Distance Pathos” of Nietzsche within

the postmodern

Summary

For the ideology of most of the extreme right movements in the world

Nietzsche's philosophy was the theoretical basement. At the same time it was

playing a social role in supporting these trends in politics, philosophy and art

(individualistic, liberal, anarchist, etc.). These trends either express the most

common and essential interests of the monopoly elite, or generally express the vital

interests of the transition, "middle" classes.

Nietzsche believed that the division of society into castes is eternal and their

roots lie in the biological nature of man. In his opinion”dominant caste” or "master

races” are in all respects of higher rank than the oppressed "race of slaves," in

respect of which represent the idea of “over-man”.

“Every elevation of the type "man" has been and will be a matter of aristocratic

society, because the society believes in the rank-ordering, as well as both in the

different values of people. Pathos of distance, the desire of increasing the distance

of the soul itself, as well as achieving everything being more elevated, rarer , more

distant, more intense and broad states; In this way, the internal growth, as well as

the development in “man” would be impossible if “one didn’t overcome himself”–

declares Nietzsche and discusses the following moral formulation as “ausser-

moralisch”.

Nietzsche refers himself to the “master race”, as philosopher as well as

ideologist, one of the “creators of the new values.” Indeed, all higher culture has

been created and will be created exactly by the dominant castes. Superiority of it is

not in physical strength, but in soul–they were more upright men "more solid

beasts." Nietzsche’s extreme elitism has become very popular for the "middle

strata" of society.

Postmodernist Susskind’s famous novel “perfume” provides fertile ground for

interpretation of Nietzscheanism. It is the play with the concept of European culture

in modern times.

Key Words: ambivalence, literary codes, Zarathustra and “aussermoralisch”,

Inferiority complex

Reviewer: Professor Rusudan Tabukashvili, Georgian Technical University


133

Ия Бурдули

Художественный код фюрера и “пафос дистанции” у ницше в рамках

постмодерн

Резюме

Философия Ницше стала теоретической основой идеологии большинства

крайне правых движений в мире, В то же время играла социальную роль для

обоснования таких тенденций в политике, философии и искусстве

(индивидуалистических, либеральных, анархических и пр.), которые либо

выражают самые общие и существенные интересы монополистической элиты,

либо вообще выражают коренные интересы переходных, "средних" классов.

Ницше полагал, что деление общества на касты, вечно, а его корни лежат в

биологической природе человека. господствующие касты" или "расы господ"

являются, по его мнению, во всех отношениях более высокого ранга, чем

угнетённые "расы рабов", по отношению к которым первые представляют

собою "род сверхчеловека".

"Всякое возвышение типа " человек" было до сих пор - и будет всегда -

делом аристократического общества, как общества, которое верит в длинную

лестницу рангов и в разноценность людей и которому в некотором смысле

нужно рабство. пафоса дистанции, стремление к увеличению дистанции в

самой душе, достижение все более возвышенных, более редких, более

отдаленных, более напряженных и широких состояний, словом, не могло бы

иметь места именно возвышение типа "человек", продолжающееся "

самопреодоление человека", - если употреблять моральную формулу в

сверхморальном смысле.

Ницше причисляет себя к "расе господ" в качестве её философа и идеолога,

одного из "созидателей новых ценностей". Ведь высшая культура создавалась,

создаётся и будет создаваться именно господствующими кастами.

превосходство ее заключалось прежде всего не в физической силе, а в

душевной, - это были более цельные люди_ " более цельные звери".

Знаменитый роман постмодерна Зюскинда «Парфюмер» даёт богатую почву

для интерпретаций ницшеанство. В нем лежит, игра с концепцией развития

европейской культуры Нового времени.

Ключевые слова: амбивалентность, литературные коды, и Заратустра

"aussermoralisch", комплекс неполноценности

Рецензент: профессор Русудан Табукашвили, Грузинский технический



134

CONTENTS

THEORY


Phenomenon of freedom--------------------------------------------------------

5

Nana Gamkrelidze Communication - multidisciplinary Paradigm------------------------------

13

Giorgi Zirakashvili

Information technologies as backbone component and risks

linked to it ---------------------------------------------------------------

18

Keti Jijeishvili, Manana Darchashvili

Global and national correlation problems in Georgia in the

Context of modern World Political Processes-----------------------------

30

GIORGI CHKHIKVISHVILI

WESTERN IDEA OF NIKO NIKOLADZE’S VIEW--------------------

37

HISTORY

Mariam Rakviashvili

Russian-Georgian war and the support the position of the

Republic of Estonia-------------------------------------------------------------

44

Tinatin Apkhaidze

Russian immigration Fascism in China in 20-30’s of XX centry---------

52

Edisher Gvenetadze, Maia Kipiani

West and the issues of the Georgian Statehood----------------------------

58

ECONOMIC

Gunia G., Svanidze Z, Svanidze L., Tsertsvadze T.

Requirements of maintenance of stable economic development

to sphere of protection of environment of Georgia--------------------------

65


135

Tamar Abuashvili

Effect of informational technologies on the development of the country‘s

economic--------------------------------------------------------------------------

76

Ilia Chibirov

Internal Analysis and Control of the Company Requires More

Attention from Financial Manager-------------------------------------------

84

David Advadze

Essence of small-scale business and criteria of its classification---------

91

LAW

Ana Kuchukhidze

Recommendations for rising of activity effectivity

Of the Court Government-----------------------------------------------------

102

SOCIETY

Guram Kashakashvili, Badri Tskhadadze, EkaTskhadadze

Origin of metallurgical term “grdemli” (anvil) ------------------------------

112

Ia Burduli

The artificial code of Fuehrer and the “Distance Pathos” of Nietzsche

within the postmodern---------------------------------------------------------

119


136

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ТЕОРИЯ


Феномен свободы----------------------------------------------------

5


Коммуникация - мультидисцыплинарная парадигма--------------------

13

Георгий Зиракашвили

Информационные технологии как системообразующий компонент и

связанные с этим риски -------------------------------------------------------

18

Кети Джиджеишвили, Манана Дарчашвили

Соотношение глобальных и национальных проблем грузии в

контексте современного мирового политического процесса----------

30

ГИОРГИЙ ЧХИВИШВИЛИ

ИДЕЙ ЗАПАДА ВО ВЗГЛЯДАХ НИКО НИКОЛАДЗЕ--------------

37

ИСТОРИЯ

Мариам Раквиашвили

Российско-Грузинская война и реакция Эстонской республики----

44

Тинатин Апхаидзе

Русский эмиграционный фашизм в Китае в 20-30 годах

ХХ-го столетия------------------------------------------------------------------

52

Эдишер Гвенетадзе, Мая Кириани

Запад и вопросы государственности Грузии----------------------------

58

ЭКОНОМИКА

Гуния Г.С., Сванидзе З.С., Сванидзе Л.С., Церцвадзе Т.

Требования обеспечения стабильного экономического

развития к сфере охраны природной среды Грузии-------------------

65


137

Тамар Абуашвили

Влияние информационных технологий на экономическое

развитие страны--------------------------------------------------------------

76

Илия чибиров

Внутренний финансовый анализ и управление фирмами------------

84

Давид Адвадзе

Сущность и критерии классификации малого бизнеса---------------

91

ПРАВО

Анна Кучухидзе

Рекомендации по повышению эффективности деятельности

судебной системы-------------------------------------------------------------

102

ОБЩЕСТВО

Гурам Кашакашвили, Бадри Цхададзе, Эка Цхададзе

К происхождению металлургического термина грдемл’и

(გრდემლ’ი «наковальная»)------------------------------------------------

112

Ия Бурдули

Xудожественный код фюрера и “пафос дистанции” у ницше в

рамках постмодерн----------------------------------------------------------

119


138

avtorebi

TinaTin afxaiZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis doqtoranti Tamar abuaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis doqtoranti daviT advaZe wminda andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti

ia burduli saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

gasav (akaki) gasviani

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

nana gamyreliZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

ediSer gvenetaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

gari gunia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis hidrometeorologiis institutis bunebrivi garemos dabinZurebis monitoringisa da prognozebis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli

manana darCaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

giorgi ziraqaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

ana kuWuxiZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

mariam raqviaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

zizi svaniZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

lili svaniZe akademiuri doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

guram qaSakaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

maia yifiani saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori


139

ilia Cibirovi wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti

giorgi CxikviSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universtitetis doqtoranti

Tamari cercvaZe


eka cxadaZe


badri cxadaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

qeTi jijeiSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori


140

Authors

Tinatin Apkhaidze

Doctoral Candidate, Georgian Technical

University

David Advadze Doctorate Candidate, Georgian Patriarchate

St. Andrew Georgian University

Ia Burduli Professor of Georgian Technical University

Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Doctoral Candidate, Georgian Technical

University

Ilia Chibirov

Doctorate Candidate, Georgian Patriarchate

St. Andrew Georgian University

Tamar Abuashvili


University

Nana Gamkrelidze Professor of Georgian Technical University



University

Edisher Gvenetadze Professor of Georgian Technical University

Garry Gunia

The Chief Scientific Collaborator of

Department of the Forecast and Monitoring

of Pollution of an Environment of Institute

of hydrometeorology of the Georgian

technical university

Keti Jijeisgvili Professor of Georgian Technical University

Manana Darchiashvili Professor of Georgian Technical University

Ana Kuchukhidze


University

Guram Kashakashvili Professor of Georgian Technical University

Maia Kipiani Professor of Georgian Technical University

Mariam Rakviashvili Doctoral Candidate, Georgian Technical

University

Zizi Svanidze Professor of Georgian Technical University

Lili Svanidze

The Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics Sciences.

Academic Doctor. Georgian Technical

University.

EkaTskhadadze Professor of Georgian Technical University

Badri Tskhadadze Professor of Georgian Technical University

Tamar Tsertsvadze Professor of Georgian Technical University

Giorgi Zirakashvili Professor of Georgian Technical University


141

Авторы

Тинатин Апхаидзе Докторант Грузинского технического

университета Тамар Абуашвили

Докторант Грузинского технического

университета

Давид Адвадзе докторант Грузинского Университета

Aндрея Первозванного Патриархата Грузии

Ия Бурдули

Профессор Грузинского технического






Докторант Грузинского технического


Эдишер Гвенетадзе Профессор Грузинского технического


Гарри Гуния Главный научный сотрудник отдела

мониторинга и прогнозов загрязнения

природной среды Института

гидрометеорологии


Кети Джиджеишвили



Манана Дарчашвили Профессор Грузинского технического


Анна Кучухидзе Докторант Грузинского технического

университета Мая Кириани



Георгий Зиракашвили Профессор Грузинского технического


Гурам Кашакашвили Профессор Грузинского технического


Лили Сванидзе

Кандидат физико-математических наук;

академический доктор. Грузинский

технический университет

Зизи Сванидзе




142

Мариам Раквиашвили Докторант Грузинского технического


Тамара Церцвадзе Профессор Грузинского технического


Бадри Цхададзе Профессор Грузинского технического


Эка Цхададзе Профессор Грузинского технического


Илья Чибиров докторант Грузинского Университета

Aндрея Первозванного Патриархата Грузии

Георгий Чхиквишвили Докторант Грузинского технического



143

Jurnalis redkolegia nana avaliani

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, egvipteSi saqarTvelos saelCos despani (saqarTvelo)

rudiger andreseni berlinis universitetis profesori ekonomikis dargSi, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sapatio doqtori (germania)

meufe abraami (garmelia)

dasavleT evropis mitropoliti (saqarTvelo)

evgeni baraTaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori, ekonomikisa da biznesis marTvis departamentis xelmZRvaneli (saqarTvelo)

giorgi baRaTuria saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori (saqarTvelo)

oTar baRaTuria pasuxismgebeli mdivani, politikis doqtori (saqarTvelo)

rasa belokaite vitautas didis universitetis profesori (litva)

anastasia ganiCi ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis centraluri aziis, kavkasiisa da ural-volgispireTis Semswavleli centris mecnier-muSaki, docenti (ruseTi)

iuri goricki moskovis energetikuli institutis profesori (ruseTi)

vaxtang guruli ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori (saqarTvelo)

SoTa doRonaZe mTavari redaqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori, saxelmwifo marTvis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli (saqarTvelo)

elun drake evropis sabWos eqsperti (safrangeTi) harald vertci sorbonas universitetis `pari-8~-is

profesori informatikis dargSi (safrangeTi)

genadi iaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori, ekonomikisa da samarTlis saerTaSoriso germanulenovani institutis xelmZRvaneli (saqarTvelo)

serjo kamizi “la sapienZa”-s universitetis profesori. (italia)


144

riCard maasi notrdamis universitetis profesori (niderlandebis samefo)

roin metreveli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (saqarTvelo)

ioSika micui iokohamas erovnuli universitetis profesori (iaponia)

badri nakaSiZe m. lomonosovis saxelobis moskovis universitetis saxelmwifo marTvis fakultetis profesori (ruseTi)

lizaveta Jaxanina kanzasis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi)

budi nurani ruCjana pajajaranis universitetis profesori. (indonezia)

ramon pietro-suaresi evropis sabWos eqsperti (espaneTi gert surmiuleni doqtori, lojistikuri kompaniis

prezidenti (germania) qeTi qoqraSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

profesori, administraciis xelmZRvaneli (saqarTvelo)

oTar qoCoraZe mTavari redaqtoris moadgile, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori (saqarTvelo)

rusudan quTaTelaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori, biznes-injineringis fakultetis dekani (saqarTvelo)

maia CxeiZe saqarTvelos universitetis profesori (saqarTvelo)

endriu lenuqs hardingsi

kingskolejis profesori (didi britaneTi)


145

EDITORIAL BOARD

NANA AVALIANI PhD of History, Counselor-envoy of Georgia

in Egypt (Georgia) RUDIGER ANDRESEN Professor of Economics of Berlin University,

Doctor of Honour of Georgian Technical

University (Germany) His Eminence ABRAHAM

(GARMELIA) Metropolitan of Western Europe (Georgia)

EVGENI BARATASHVILI Professor of Georgian Technical

University, Head of Department of

Economics and Business Managemnt

(Georgia) GIORGI BAGATURIA Professor of Georgian Technical University

(Georgia) OTAR BAGATURIA Responsible Editor, Ph.D. (Georgia) RASA BELOKAITE Professor of the University of Vitautas the

Great (Litva) MAIA CHKHEIDZE Professor of University of Georgia

(Georgia) ELUN DRUCKE Expert of European Council (France) SHOTA DOGONADZE Chief Editor, Professor of Georgian

Technical University, Head of Public

Admimstration Department (Georgia) ANASTASIA GANICH Docent, Scientific worker of Central Asia,

Caucasus and Ural-Volga researcher center of

the Avcademy of Sciences of Russia (RF) YURI GORITSKIY Professor of Moscow Power Engineering

Institute (RF) VAKHTANG GURULI Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State

University (Georgia) ANDRU LENUKS HARDINGS Professor of King’s college (UK) GENADI IASHVILI Professor of Georgian Technical University,

Head of the International German Institute

(Georgia) SERGIO CAMIZ Professor of the University of Roma „La

Sapienza“ (Italia) KETI KOKRASHVILI Professor of Georgian Technical University,

Head of the Administration (Georgia) OTAR KOCHORADZE Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Professor of Georgian

Technical University (Georgia) RUSUDAN KUTATELADZE Professor of Georgian Technical University,

Dean of Business-Enginering faculty

(Georgia) RICHARD MAAS Professor of the University of Notrdam (The

Netherlands)


146

ROIN METREVELI Academy of Science of Georgia, Academician

(Georgia) IOSHIKA MITSUI Professor of National University of Yokohama

(Japan) BADRI NAKASHIDZE

Professor of M.Lomonosov Moscow State

University (RF) RAMON PIETRO-SUARES Expert of European Council (Spain) BUDI NURANI RUCHJANA

Professor of the University of Padjadjaran

(Indonesia) GERT SURMIULEN Doctor, preident of Logistic company

(Germany) LIZAVETA DJAKHANINA Professor of Kanzas State University (USA) HARALD WERTZ Professor of Informatics of Sorbona

University ”Pari-8” (France)


147

РЕДКОЛЛЕГИЯ

НАНА АВАЛИАНИ Посол по особым поручениям МИД

Грузии, доктор исторических наук

(Грузия) Владыко АВРААМ (ГАРМЕЛИЯ Митрополит Западной Европы (Грузия) РУДИГЕР АНДРЕСЕН Профессор экономики Берлинского

университета, почетный доктор


(Германия) ГЕОРГИЙ БАГАТУРИЯ Профессор Грузинского технического

университета (Грузия) ОТАР БАГАТУРИЯ Ответственный секретарь, Ph.D. (Грузия) ЕВГЕНИЙ БАРАТАШВИЛИ Профессор Грузинского

технического университета,

руководитель департаменгта экономики

и управления бизнесом (Грузия) РАСА БЕЛОКАЙТЕ

Профессор университета Витаутаса

Великого (Литва)

ХАРАЛЬД ВЕРТЦ Профессор информатики Сорбонского

университетета «Пари-8» (Франция) АНАСТАСИЯ ГАНИЧ

Доцент, научный сотрудник

исследовательского центра Центральной

Азии, Кавказа и Урал-привольжия АН

РФ (РФ) ЮРИЙ ГОРИЦКИЙ

Профессор Московского энергетического

института (РФ)

ВАХТАНГ ГУРУЛИ Профессор Тбилисского

государственного унивесритета им.

Ив.Джавахишвили (Грузия) ЕЛУН ДРАКЕ Эксерт Совета Европы (Франция) ШОТА ДОГОНАДЗЕ Главный редактор, профессор

Грузинского технического университета,

руководитель направления

государственного управления (Грузия) СЕРДЖИО КАМИЗ

Профессор Римского Университета «Ла

Сапиенза» (Италия)

КЕТЕВАН КОКРАШВИЛИ профессор Грузинского технического

университета, глава администрации

университета (Грузия)

ОТАР КОЧОРАДЗЕ Заместитель главного редактора,

профессор Грузинского технического

университета (Грузия)

РУСУДАН КУТАТЕЛАДЗЕ Профессор Грузинского технического

университета, декан факультета Бизнес-

инжинеринга (Грузия)


148

РИЧАРД МААС Профессор университета Нотрдам

(Нидерланды)

РОИН МЕТРЕВЕЛИ Академик АН Грузии (Грузия)

ИОШИКА МИЦУИ

Профессор национального университета

Йокогамы (Япония)

БАДРИ НАКАШИДЗЕ Профессор МГУ им. М.Ломоносова (РФ)

РАМОН ПЬЕТРО-СУАРЕС Эксперт Совета Европы (Испания)

БУДИ НУРАНИ РУЧДЖАНА Профессор университета Паджаджаран

(Индонезия)

ГЕРТ СУРМЮЛЕН

Доктор, президент логистической

компании (Германия)

МАЙА ЧХЕИДЗЕ Профессор Университета Грузии (Грузия)

ЛИЗАВЕТА ЖАХАНИНА Профессор государственного

университета Канзас (США)

ЭНДРЮ ЛЕНУКС ХАРДИНГС Профессор кингсколледжа

(Великобритания)

ГЕННАДИЙ ЯШВИЛИ Профессор Грузинского технического

университета, руководитель

Международного Германоязычного

института экономики и права (Грузия)

(История, Теория, Практика) 4 (24) 2012, tomi i · samecniero jurnali...

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