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KOTOPblH ,ZI;OJImeH yCBOJ1Tb Ka>K,Ilbill yqeHKK, Bbl,lleJIeH nepe,ll HaqaJIOM

Ka>K,Il;oro pa3,lleJIa - B xpoHOJIOmqeCKOH Ta6JJH~e (C. 16, 50, 122, 184) )KHp­

HbIM lllpltlq,TOM. IIpJ1 no,ltl'OTOBRe K YPOKY HY>KHO: 1-A war - CpaSHHTb 3TH

06R3aTeJlbHble,llJIJl Bcex cpaKTbI H nOH1ITI1JI C TeKCTOM naparpaQ>a; 2-M war­

BblJleJIJ1Tb rJIaBHble "'{aCTH TeKCTa, KOTOpble HeJIb3S1 nponycTHTb.

l13rm caMbie Ba>KHble YCJIOBHble 3H8KH H onpe,Zl;eJDi, KaKHe CBe,lleHJll8

MomHO nOJlY"'I}fTb, qHTaJI HCTOpJRecKHe cxeMbI H KaPTbl.

YCnoatiote lHaKH K (Ie""."" rocYAapcTHHHOr° apo-

~ 1- ':P'"aHbl rocyp,apcraeH­.... onacno

ICOM'CT~I HerocyAalpc'BeHHble opraHbl Bnacn ..

I n .. TP~: "I - 06w,ecTBeHHble cnOI1, rpynnbl

---.~ .. - Ha3Ha'"leHl1e, PYKOBOACTBO

___ ~.~ - COBeT

.•..••.••..... ~ - cnY>K6a, ynnaTa HanorOB

---{[> - H36paHHe

Ycnou-.te 3KMCM K KIIP'.""

~~.> --- - ..,: . . • •

(PElCti "._._._._._._.'1 ..... EJ1JIlET .. _._. __ ._.-

r ...... o ellMB ... ......

Kalili", X 218

:::::::::> :--.

-­.......-...-. """'" -~ ....... ~,­

...-'­""''''''''' ~- """"" ~ --M8CT8 M AIITW &mo

-.--­~rw::»CO.lII'"

7

BBeAeHHe 2: KaK 3arnliHYTio B npownoe! - liTo Ii 3ayeM H3y ... aeT HaYKa I1CTOPIo1S1l (CnOsapb) - 06'bACHH 3Ha'"leHlo1e enos: 06LU,eCTBO, 3pa, aeK, ¢laKT, aprYMeHT. (Cnosapb)

1. RaK Y3HaTb 0 npOmJIOM? l.JTo6bI YSHaTb, KaK JIlO,ll;H »tHJIH B npOllIJIOM, HCTOPHKY Heo6-

XOAHMO HaHTH HCTOpUqeCKHe HCTOqHHKH - TO, tITQ COXpaHH­

JIOCb C .n;peBHJ1X BpeM€H.n;O HallniX ,D;He:ti if MOmeT paCCKaaaTb 0

.n;aBHHX C06bITHRX. BOraTbIM J.:tCTQ'IHHKQM 3HaHHH 0 npOIIIJIOM

HBJIHlOTCR .n;peSHHe aaID1CH:[KHI1:rH, nHCbMa, .n;eJIOBbIe ,nOKYMeH­

TbI, Ha,n;nJ1CI1 Ha npe.n;MeTax, 3.n;aHHRxj CHaqaJIa HX HymHo

pa3hICKaTh BrcTapbIX roPQ,lJ;ax, apXHBax, 6w6JD10TeKaX, KOJIJIe~­.fiX JIlOfiJ.1TeJIe.i1: CTapl1HbI) IIoToM aTH 3aIlJ1CH HymHo nepeBeCTJi

C ,lJ;peBHJ1X R3hIKOB Ha COBpeMeHHhIe, Hat1:T11 CMbICJI HenOHRTHhIX

3a6hIThIX CJIOB, MHorl1e U3 KOTOPhIX 0603HaqalOT ,ll.aBHO J1CQe3-

HYBWJ1e Bern;J1 11 OfibIQaJ.1. CJIYQaeTCR, QTO pa3HhIe yqeHhIe

npe,ll.JIaralOT pa3HbIe BapJ1aHTht npO'LlTeHHH aTJ1X J.1CTOQHHKOB.

YTOQHJ1Th CMbICJI nOMOralOT CTapbIe BeI.IJ;H, KOTOpbIe TalOKe

CJIymaT J1CTOpHQeCRHMH lIfCTO'LlHHKaMH. tIarn;e BCerO 3TH Bern;lIf

COxpaHRIOTCR B 3eMJIe, TaM, r,n;e ROr,lJ;a-TO mHJIH JIIO,ll.lIf. ,lJ;oMa

MOrJIH ,ll.aBHO 06pYWHThCR, 3apaCTJ.1 TpaBoH. Ha.n; HI1MH ,ll.pyrl1e

JIIO,lJ;H nOCTpOHJIJ1 CBOH ,lJ;OMa, HO no,lJ; 3eMJleH npO,ll.OJlmalOT Jle­

maTh CTaphIe Opy,lJ;HR, YRpaweHlIfR, OfiJIOMKM nocy,lJ;bI lIf T.,n;. Bce

aTO Moryr ,lJ;o6blTb yqeHbIe-apxeOJwzu. OCTopomHO, CJlo.i1: 3a

CJlOeM, OHM CHI1MalOT HaKonHBwyroCR 3a CTOJleTJiR aeMJllO, J1 BOT

no,ll. JIOrraTOH 3BeHlIfT RaMeHb CTaporo cPYH,lJ;aMeHTa, 6J1eCTHT 30-

JIOTaH 3aROJIRa, 6eJIelOT KOCTH fiblBWJ.1X X03.f1eB. Ho MaJlO HaHTJ.1

lIfCTOpH'LleCRHJ1 lIfCTOqHHR, HymHo ern;e ero ,JJ;aTHpOBaTL - orrpe­

,ll;eJlJ.1Th, B KaKoe BpeMH OH 6blJl C03,lJ;aH, 0 RaKHX BeKax MomeT

HaM paCCKa3aTh. A aTO HerrpOCTO, ,n;ame eCJlJ.1 Ha BeI.QJ1 J.1J1U B

3anUClf yxa3aH ro.n; ee C03.n;aHHH. 3arrHCb MomeT fibITb TaRo:ti:

«IlHTbIH ro,ll. rrpaBJleHl1H CblHa COJIHIJ;a» l1J1J.f «535 ro,lJ; OT OCHO­

BaHl1.f1 PJ1Ma ». B pa3HbIx cTpaHax B pa3HbIe BpeMeHa cYI.IJ;eCTBO­

BaJIH CBOH apM - TOQKJ1 OTc'tJeTa l1CTOpHQeCKOrO BpeMeHH, CBOH

KaJleH,ll;apH. TaK:~1e ,lJ;aTbI Ha,lJ;O eI.IJ;e rrepeBecTH Ha cOBpeMeHHoe

JleTOJ.1C1.IJ.1CJIeHl1e : BbIC'llHTaTb, KaKo:ti aTO ro,lJ; «,ll;O» J1JIJ.1 «IlOCJle»

8

;

ApxeonorH'IecKHe pacKonKH

K4H(AYIO HBXOAKY OnHCI>'BtUOT - B Ko!KOM coce If 8 KlJJ(OM KS4APBT8 OH" 61>ln4 HaH­,.I:IaH". BepXHH8 cnON CHHMB/oT nOnaTlJMH, a HHJKHH8 - MI!neHbKHMj.f nOnaTKlJMH H

KHCTO'4K"MH. 8blHyry/O 113 paCKona 38MnlO npOCeHBi!lIOT.

ApxeoI10r~'leCK~e

Io1HcTpYMeHTbl

m 06l>RCHI1 npaSl1I1a, KOTopble AOn>KHbl co6nlOAaTb apxeonorl1, 'lTo6bl

«AOKonaTbCA AO npowl1oro».

3eMenbHblH ,c,orOBOp.

BBBunoH. XVIII B. AO H.3. ,lJ,peBHlo1e CKa3aHI1R.

KUpOf3UJl. XXI B.

KaMeHHoe py611I10. , MnH neT H"3"A

r"?l 06l>SlCHI1, Ha KaKI1X I1I1I1IOCTpau,HRX 11306pa>KeHb. n .... cbMeHHble I1CTO'l­

L..:..J HI1KI1, Ha KaKI1X - sew,eCTBeHHble, aHa KaKHX - yCTHble .

9

HOBOH 3pbl. TaR Ha3blBaeTCSI cOBpeMeHHaH TO'llKa OTCqeTa HCTO­

pHqeCRoro BpeMeHH, Ror,lta, COrJIaCHO u;epKoBHoH Tpa,ltHU;HH,

POII>lJICH MHCYC X P>lCTOC. ECJlH )Ke ~aTa Ha HCTOq}{HRe He YKa3aHa, HCTOPJiKY He06xo­

,ll;J1M0 YCTaHOBHTb ee no KOCBeHHbIM npJ13HaKaM. ECJIH :lTO

TeKCT, TO BpeMH ero C03,ll;aHHR MO)KHO onpe,ll;eJIHTb no ynoMH­

HaHHlO B HeM yme H3BeCTHblX C06bITHH H JIlO,ll;eti. IIoMomeT H

MaTepHaJI, Ha KOTOPOM C~eJIaHa 3aIU1Cb. M3BecTHo, HanpHMep,

'ITO 6YMara B EBpone nOHBMJIaCb He paHee XII -XIII Be"". ECJIH HCTOq}{HK - BeW;b H3 apxeoJIOrwteCKHX paCKonOK, TO BamRO, B

KaROM CJIoe 3eMJIl1 ee RalliJIH, RaKHe PH,ll;OM 6bIJrn BeW;H, BpeMH

C03p;aIDIH ROTOPbIX yme H3BeCTHO. HaROHeu;, ,ll;JIH Bew;eH, C,ll;e­

JIaHHbIX Ji3 «mHBOro» MaTepHaJIa (,ll;epeBa, paCTJiTeJIbHbIX TKa­

Heti H T.n.), npH,lJ;YMaHbI TeXHHqeCKHe cnoc06bl, n03BOJIHIOW;He

onpe,neJIHTb, CKOJIbRO BeROB HJIH ThICH1.:J:eJIenn1 Ha3a.n; om 6blJlH

C03p;aHbI. TOJIbRO nOCJIe TOro RaR Y,ltaJIOCb .n;a THpOBa Tb (onpep;e­

JU{Tb .n;aTY) CBe,ll;eHHH HCT01.:J:HHKOB, 3TH HCT01.:J:HHRH CTaHOBHTCH

HCTOpH'lJeCKHM 4»aKToM.

2. KaK nORHTb npolUJloe?

HaH60JIee 60raTbI ct>aKTaMH TaRHe HCT01.:J:HHRH, RaK ,ll;peBHHe

HCTOpHqeCKHe COqHHeHHH. RaR TOJIbKO JIIO,ll;H npHP;YMaJIH nHCb­

MeHHOCTb, OHH CTaJIH onHChIBaTb ,ll;JUI nOTOMKOB caMble aamHble

Co6bITHJl CBoen mJ1SHH: CTpOHTeJIbCTBO roPO,ll;OB, CMeHY npaBH­

TeJIeH, n06e,nbI B BOHHax H T • .n;. O.n;HaKO HCTOpH1.:J:eCKHe CO'llHHe­

HHH, cos.n;aHHble B paSHblX MeCTax pa3HbIMH JIIO,ll;bMH, MorYT

CJ1JIbHO OTJIWlaTbCH H .n;ame npOTlmOpe1.:J:HTb .n;pyr ,ll;pyry. Be,z:tb

Ramp;blti qeJIOBeK nO-CBoeMY BJ1)l;HT MJ1p. nepemHBaeT sa CBOHX

6JIHSKmc, 3a caolO CTpaHY H MomeT (COSHa TeJIbHO HJIH HeT) npH­

YKpallIHBaTb C06b1THH, nHcaTb 0 TOM, qero Ha caMOM ,z:teJIe He

6hIJIO J1J1H 0 'IeM eMY HeTO'IHO paCCKa3aJIH. yqeHOMY-HCTOPHKY

npmcO,lJ;J1TCH, CJIOBHO CJIe,ll;OBa TeJIIO-p;eTeRTHBY, pacnyTbIBa Tb

KJIy60R npOTHBOpetIHBbIX CBep;eHHH, 'IT06bI TOQHO I1JIH XOTJl 6bI

npH6JIHSHTeJIbHO BOCCTaHOBHTb HCTHHHbI:H: XO,ll; p;aJIeIrnX Co6bI­

THH. Co6paB H H3~HB caMble pa3HbIe ct>aKTbl H3 pa3J1J1QHhIX

HCTOQHHKOB, YQeHbti1:-HcToPHK co6HpaeT H3 HHX u;eJIOCTHYIO

Ka PTHHY H cosp;aeT CBOIO HaY'lHYIO peKOHCTpYKD;HIO - BOCCTa­

HOBJIeHHe H 06'ORCHenue xo.n;a C06bITH:H:, KOTopbIe OH H3yqaJI.

10

Bce JKHIIl>,e opraHH3MI>' (pacTaHHIf, JKI1110T_ HI>,a, nIOAI1) II Ta"aHI1a JKH3HI1 IInHTI>IBalOT "aCTI141>1 oco6oro XHMH'I8CKOrO anaMaHT18-yrnepOAfJ-'4. nocne cMepTH opraHH3M18 3TH '1c!CTH4I>' nOCTana~HO PfJ3PYW18IOTCIf. 4eM 6onl>we BpeMeHH npowno nocna ero CMepTH, TeM MeHI>We '1aCTHl.I yrnepOAit-'4 B

HaM OCTaerCR. C nOMOU4t>1O cna~"nt.Horo npH60p18 - YCKopHTenlf "aCTHl.I - MOJKHO H3MepHTI>, CKOnl>KO yrnepoAa-'4 OCTfJnOCI> a OCTaHKax HeKorAa JoKHBOrO opraHH3MfJ. 6narOAapIf 3TOMy JlaneHHIO MOJKHO onpeAenHTI>, CKonbKO neT Ha3a,q 61>1nH "aCTI>IO JKHBOrO opraHH3Ma H18HAeHHI>'e ap­xeonOr18MH KOCTI> 'IenOaeKa, AapeallHHalf

PilAHoyrnepOAHb'H MeTOA AClTltpOBKH MHCKfJ, KyCOK TKaHH H3 BonOKOH paCTaHHH HCTO"lHHKOB HnH wepCTH JKHIIOTHI>'X H T.n.

XpaM nOCeHAOHa. rpel.lHR. VB. 140 H.3.

CBWTOK penl1rH03HOH 06lL\11Hbl KYMpaHa. I II.

raA,aTenbHble KOCTH. KHTaH. II TI>'C.,qO H.3.

PI1MCKaR MOHeTa. /I B.

Morltf1a AeBO"lKI1. 6pacneT. naneCTHHa. OK. 1000 r. 140 H.3.

~pecl(a H3 3TpyccKorO norpe6eHHR. VB. 140 H.3.

[1] AnSI Ka>t<AOrO HCTO"lHHKa npeAnono)tOl: 1. K aK y-.eHble cMornH ero ACtTH­POBaTb? 2. 0 KaKHX CTopOHax )KH3HH HaWHX npep,K08 MO)t(HO Y3Han.l

11

xv Xll

Xl

neHTa ipeMettH 8ceMHpHOM

HcropHH

Xl

IIpaBHJIa opHeHTHpOBKH B HCTOpH"lJeCKOM BpeMeBH

L C nepBoro MrHOBeHHH ro,n;a, B KOTOPbIH PO,n;J1JICH MHCYC

XPHCTOC, HallHHaeTCSI I-H ro,n; HOBOH 3pbI, 3a HHM H,n;eT 2-H ro,n;

HOBOH 3pbI H TaR: ,n;aJIee ,n;o KOHu;a 100-ro ro,n;a, Kor,n;a I1CTeKalOT

nepBbIe 100 JIeT nOCJIe HOBOH 3pbI - I BeR. HOMepa BeROB 060-

3HalJalOT PHMCKJ1MH U;HcPpaMI1.

2. CJIe.n;YIOI.I.J;m1:, II BeR, Hat.{HHaeTC.fI C 1 .fIHBap.fl 101 ro,n;a 11 TaR

,n;aJIee. CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, ,lVI.fI Taro t.{To6bI onpe,ll;eJIHTb, R KaKOMY

BeRY OTHOCI1TC.fI TOT I1JIH liIHO!1 ro,n;, MomHo nOJIb30Ba TbC.fI CJIe­,n;yroI.I.J;MM npaBMJIOM:

- eCJlM 1.JMCJIO ro,n;a 3aKaHt.{HBaeTC.fI ,D;BYM.fI HYJI.f.IMJ1, TO rrepBa.fl

I1H<ppa - 3TO HOMep BeKa (100-;' roll: I BeK); - eCJIH 1.JHCJIO ro.n;a 3aKaHlJHBaeTC.fI He ,ll;BYM.fI HYJI.fIMH, TO K

nepBO;, I1I<<ppe HallO npH6aBHTb eIlHHHI1Y H nOJIyqHTb HOMep BeKa (101 -;' roll: 1 + 1 = II BeK).

3 . .u;o HOBOH 3pbI rO,ll;bI, BeRa H TbIC.f.IlJeJIeTJ1.R: C1.{HTaIOTC..f.I B

06paTHoM nOpSI,D;Ke 11 3anHCbIBalOTC.fI C YKa3aHMeM: « I ro,n; ,ll;0

H.a.» (HOBOH apbI), «II Belt,n;o H.3.» (HOBOH 3pbI) J1 T.,n;.

12

to

no cxeMe Ha c . 12: [IJ 1. H a30BH, Ha KaKHe 3nOXH TPa,D.HL.J,MOHHO AenHTCS! BceMlo1pHaSi HCTOPI1S!? KaKaSi H3 3THX 3nox caMaSi npOAOI1)KIo1TenbHaSi, a KaKaJl - caMaS! KopoTKaSi? 2. O npeAenH, B KaKYto Io1CTOplo1"4eCKYto 3noxy, B KaKOM BeKe I1nH TbICSi"le­neTl1101 np0l130WnH cneAytoUJ,He C06bITHSi: C03AaHlo1e nepBoro Tonopa, 101306peTeHHe Koneca, nepBble Onl1Mnl1i1cKHe Hrpbl, o6pa30BaHHe ro­CYAapCTBa PYCb, nYTeweCTBlo1e nepsoro naCCa>KHpCKOro noe3Aa, nep­Bbli1 noneT 4enoseKa B KOCMOC:. 3. n o Ha3BaHIo1to y"te6HHKa onpeAenl1, KaKo~ OTpe30K BCeMl1pHoi1 I1CTo­pHIo1 Tbl 6YAewb H3y"taTb B 310M roAY.

Ho t.{eM MeHbIlIe 6bIJIO I1CTOt.{HHKOB, qeM 60JIbilie B HI1X llPOTI1-

Bopet:mH, TeM lJaw;e HCTOPI1KH ,n;alOT pa3HbIe 06'bRCHeHJ1JI,

TPaKTOBKM. B Cllopax ,n;pyr C ,n;pyroM yqeHble CTapaFOTCR ,n;o­Ka3aTb CBOIO llpaBOTY, H3JIaraR CBOH apzyMeUmht B HayqHblX

CTa TbRX H KHHrax.

M3 3THX Tpy,n;OB CKJIa,n;bIBaeTCH 'H..ay'liuus/' Kapmuua ucmopu­'lieCKOZO npoUt..ltozo. STa KapTHHa JII1IlIb t.{aCTHt.{HO BOCCTaHaB­

JIHBaeT peaJIbHbrn: XO,n; npOlliJIblX C06bITI1H Ha OCHOBaHl111 Toro,

t.{TO OT HHX coxpaHYlJlOCb B I1CTOt.IID1Kax. HaXO,ll,H HOBble I1CTOlJ­

JrnKH, yqeHhIe nOCTOSIHHO ,ll;OnOJIHSIIDT M YTOt.{HHlOT 3TY Ka PTMHY.

Ha ee OCHOBe nHIlIYTCH nonYJIHpHble KHl1rH ,n;JIH Bcex JIl06MTe­

JIeH .J1CTOPHM, yqe6HJ1RI1 ,n;JIH IlIKOJIbHI1KOB M cTy,n;eHTOB. O,n;Ha­

KO, nOMHMO q,aKTOB H apryMeHToB, y JI1060ro, KTO paccKa3bIBaeT

06 HCTopHt.{ecKHX C06hITI1RX, B03HHKaeT CBoe OTHOIlIeHMe K HMM -

CBOH JIWIHble ou;eBKH 3TMX C06bITHH. KTO-TO ClJl1TaeT npaBJIe­

Hl1e HeKoero u;apH y.n;at.{HbIM, a KTO­

TO - npecTynHhlM, HayqHoe 11306-

peTeHMe - XOpOIlIMM MJII1 nJIOXHM 11

T . .n;. B cnopax 06 ou;eHKax C06bITHH

y Kam.n;oro lJeJIOBeKa MomeT 6bITb

CBOH npaB,n;a H CBOI1 .n;OKa3aTeJIb­

CTBa. r JIaBHOe, lJTo6bI OHM 6bIJIH oc­

HOBaHbI Ha HayqHo YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX

cPaKTax, t.{To6bI B yro.n;y cBoeMY

MHeHHlO 1.:JeJIOBeK He 3aKpbISaJI rJIa-

3a Ha Hey.n;o6HbIe ,n;JIH Hero CBe,n;e­

HI1H M He BbI,n;YMbIBaJI Taro, lJero HeT

B HCTopHt.{eCKHX MCTOlJHHKax. Hay"tHaSi Io1CTOpH"IeCKaR KOHq,epeH4"'f

13

TaK ..enoae'lecTao npH6nH)l(aeTCR K HCTHHHOMY 3HaHHIO H nottH­MaHHIO CBoero npownoro.

[i] 1. n epe'4l1cl1I't TPYAHOCTI1, KOTopble Hy>KHO npeoAonen. y~eHoMy-MCTo­PI1KY, ~To6bl Y3HaTb, ~TO 6blnO B npownOM. 2. n peAf1ono)t("" npl1 KaKI1X ycnoBHflX MO>KHO Y3HaTb npaBAY 0 Tex Hnl1 HHblX C06bITHfiX npownorol M O>KeM m1 Mbl y3HaTb BCtO npaBAY 0 npownoM? 3. n O'4eMY HeKoTopble C06blTHfi y~eHble-HcTopHKI1 06'bflCHflIOT no-pa3-HOMY (YKa>K11 HeCKonbKO I03MO>KHbIX npl1'4HH)l

Ha cJIe,I~YK>ll.Udf ,lJ;eHh A HTOW Ka CHOBa npJ1ID.en K KOCTpy apxeOJIo ros. • - MHe MaJIb<t{}1UIKH co CnapTaKoBcKoti YJrnI.J;bl CKaaaJIH , "ITO ynH~y 3Ty HaaBaJIH He B "IeCTb KaKoro-TO ,lJ;peBHero repoH, a B "IeCTb q,y-rOOJIbHOit KOMaH,lJ;bI (1( CnapTaK».

- Hy "ITO TbI! - YCMexHyJICfl Apxeo.nor. - OHH npOCTO He aHalOT, 'ITO B 1935 ro.n.y, KOr,lJ;a 6paTbJI CTaPOCTHHbl C03,lJ;aBaJIH cnopTHBHoe 06lll;ecTBO, OHH BbI6paJIH ,lJ;JIfl Hero HMff Bo)K,lJ;ff BOCCTaHHff paOOB, KOTOpoe npm130-

WJI0 B 74 ro.n.y ,lJ;0 HOBOH 3pbI. CnyCTff nO'ITH ,[J,Be TbICH"IH JleT B Hawen CTpaHe TOme 6blJ1o BOCCTaHHe, CMeHa BJlaCTJII, if Cpe,lJ;H HapO,lJ;a CTaJUf

O"leHb nonyJlHpHhI BC»K.lUi BOCCTaHIDf npoWJIbIX BpeMeH. II03TOMY cnop­TKBHoe 06lll;ecTBO H 6b1J1o Ha3BaHO .. CnapTaK». C eH"IaC me :no HM.H 1'13-BeCTHO 6o.n:blllHHCTBY yme npocTQ KaK KMH cnopnlBHOH KOMaH,lJ;bI . •

- Ho, B03MomHO, 3TH MaJ1b'iltWKH H npaBbI! - BMeWaJICH I1CTO"IHHKO­

Be,lJ;. - CnapTaKOBCKaH yJlH~a nOCTpoeHa H Ha3BaHa He,lJ;aBHO. Ha O,lJ;HOM ee ,lJ;OMe H BH,lJ;eJl Ta6JIHl.fKY .. Kny6 6oJIeJIblll;HKOB "CnapTaK8" lIJ , n03TOMY

He HCKJIlO"leHO, "ITO mHTeID1 nonpoCHJIH ,D;aTb TaKoe Ha3BaHHe HMeHHO B "IecTb cpyT6o.nbHO~ KOMaH,Abl.

- COBceM BbI MeHJI 3an)'T8J1H, - paCCTpoJ1JICff AHTOWK8, - TO JIH MaJIb­

'iJIIunut HenpaBbI, TO JlH BbI ... IIOJIy-"I8eTCH, ID1"1ero npo n poWJIoe y3HaTb HeJIb3fl.

14

• KaK 06ltflCHHTb nocneAHHe cnoaa AHTOUJKHl CornaceH nH Tbl C ero MHe­HHeMl KaKOH B03HHKaeT Ion pod

MO>KHO nH Y3HaTb npaBAY 0 npoUJnoM1

Pa3Aen I.

nEPBASI HCTOPHL4ECKASI 3nOXA (rJIaBa 1)

r .. IOBUOC. "1e"'ty Hco6xo,tf.IIMO u3y"lIlTbCH,

C TO"lKH 3peHHH 8aTOpoa:

- )"IHTbCIi onpe'z{eJIHTb npH"IHHbI H CJIe,I{CTBHH H3MeHeHHH, npoHcxoAR­

JJ.J;HX B 06lll;ecTBe C HaqaJIa H.CTOPJ.1." qeJlOBeqeCTBa;

- nOJlb3YHcb ,Z{ocTH.meHHHMH cOBpeMeHHoro 06JJ.J;ecTBB, BH,AeTb HX HCTO­

KH. B nepBbIx OTKPbITID'IX, H306peTeHHHX, npaBJ1JIaX HalIDfX nepBQ-

6NTHbiX npe,llKOB. npoBepb. rOTOD Jill Tbl OBJl3,tJ,CB3Tb Y"'lCJ1II1IMIf 3 TOI'O pa3J1,ena

B csoeA TeTpa,lU1 HapHcyit cxeMY cMCTOPHH 06JJ.J;ecTB8» , HCnOJlb3Yft

06pa3e~ H CJIOBa H3 cnHCKa:

06pa3e~:

® CnHCOK:

BJIaCTb. X03at:i:cTBo.

06JJ.J;ecTBo. rpynnbl.

l1CTOpH8. KYJIbTypa.

!!! B.IIIMOIIIIC. IIpe)K.I{e qeM BbIllOJlHIlTb aa,naHHe, 03HaKOMbCH C yc.nOBM­

RMH ero SbIIIOJIHeHHft Ha pa3HbIX YPOBHIlX ycneWHOCTH. BbI6ePM yposeHb.

IIpu:nwKU ycnetU'H.OZO 6"b1.nQII.'H.e'H.tLJt 3ai)a'H.tLJt

lW pa3'H.bt.X ypoe"HJIX Heo6xoAHMbIH ypoaem. (xopowo) : npaBMJIbHO pa3MeJJ.J;eHbl Ha cxeMe

ace He nO.ll."lepKHYTble CJIOBa J113 CIlliCKa. nporpaMMRLdi ypoaeRL (OTJIH"lHO): npaBHJIbHO pa3MeJJ.J;eHbI Ha cxeMe

ace CJIOBa H3 CDJIICKa, a.I{JIH nO,Z{"lepKHYTOI'O CJloaa Ha cxeMe ,Z{OPJIICOB8H co­

OTBeTCTBYIOJJ.J;JIIH 3J1eMeHT. MaKcHMaJlbubIA ypoaeab (cBepXOTJU1"1HO) : 3a,D;aHl1e BblnOJIHeHO Ha

rrporpaMMHoM ypoBHe, HO npH 3TOM K cxeMe ,Z{o6aBJIeHhI HOBbie 3J1eMeHTbI

c Hcn0Jlb30BaHJile M nOHJITJdf, KOTOpble e JJ.J;e He H3)"1aJIMCb a KJI8Cce.

IIpoBepb Ce6H no Y"'e6HHKY HID1 C nOMOlUblO Y"lHTeJIJI. Ec.mt aoaKKK8KY1'

3aTpY,Z{HeHID'I, TO Hammrn, KaKHX YMeHJilH 1'1 3HaHIDi re6e He xeaTaeT.

KBK 113y"1BTb 3TOT pa3,D;CJi

IIo orJIaBJIeHH.lO H8 c. 3-4 onpe,I{eJIH, KaKoe co,nepmaHHe Te6e Heo6xo)J.H­

MO OCBOHTb. Ma)"lan naparpaq, 3a naparpar;poM, onpe,ll.eJIfUl OCHOBHOt:i:

aonpoc (npo6JIeMY) TeNbI, nO.ll6J11paH AJIIi peweID1H 3TOro Bonpoca Y>Ke

J113BecTHbie 3HaHJIIR (noHRTMH, 3aKoHoMepHOCTH) JII OTKpblBaH HOBbIe, KaK

06 3TOM nO,I{p06Hee CRa3aHO Ha c. 6-7.

15

BblAeneHH~le cpmm..1 M nOHRTMR tte06xoAHMO noMHHT~ H YMen. H(nOn~l08aT~.

40 MnH n.H. - B TpOm1yeCKHX necax nOJlBmllOTCJI «ApeBeCHble 06e3bJlHbl» -06w,l1e npeAKH cOBpeMeHHblx nlOAeH 11 "'IenOBeKo06pa3Hblx 06e3bJlH .

5 MnH n.H. - B acppl1KaHCKlo1x cyxl1x CTenJlX nOJlBnJlIOTCJI npJlMOXoAAUJ,lo1e

)

06e3bJlHOnOA06Hble npeAKI1 ntoAeH - aBcTpanOnl1TeKI1. ~nee 1 MnH n.H. - yaCTb aBCTpanomfTeKOB 113MeHJleTCJI 11 nOJlBnJleTCA

nepBblH BIo1A, ntoAeH - '1eno.eK YMenblH. rpynnbl 3TI1X 06e3bAHono­A06HbiX nlOAeH 3aHI1Manlo1Cb OXOToH, co6HpaTelltCDOM, 1013rOTaBlll1Banlo1 npocTeHwlo1e AepeBJIHHble 11 KaMeHHble OPYAHA.

1,5 MnH n . H. - nOJlBnJleTCJI HOBblH BHA - «ApeBHeHwlo1e ntoAl1lt. OHI1 paCCenJilOTCJlI13 ACPPI1KH B A31110 11 EBpony, I1cnonb3YlOT orOHb.

300 TbIC. n.H. (no APyrlo1M Aan-1pOBKaM - 150 TbIC. n.H.) - nOJlBnHeTCJlI1 pacce­nJleTCJI no nnaHeTe HOBblH BHA - «ApeBHlo1e nlOAI1», HeaHAepTanblJ,bl. OHI1 CTanl1113rOTaBnlo1BaTb KaMeHHbie Tonopbl, MexoBYto oAe>t<p,y: OHIo1 COBepLlJanl1 nepBble 3axOpOHeHI1H - TaK 3apoAHnacb npocTeHwaH pe"HrMA.

l 100 TbIC. n.H. (no caMblM paHHI1M AaTl1pOBKaM) - nOJlBnJleTCH BHA cOBpeMeH­HblX ntoAeH - '1ena.eK palYMHltiH . JltoAl1 HOBoro Blo1Aa Ha"'lIo1HatoT 3ace­nJlTb BCto nnaHeTY.

~bIC. n.H. - po,Ao.ltle 06111"HIo' «"'IenOBeKa pa3YMHOrOlt paccenHIOTcH no A3HI111 EBpone (nepBble apxeonOrl1"'1eCKl1e HaXOAKI1).

35 TbIC. n .H. - nepBble HaCKanbHble PHCYHKH - nepB06blTHoe MCKyCCT.O. 12 TbIC . n.H . - H306peTeHI1e nyKa, npl1py"'leHHe c06aKH.

\ 10 TIo.C. n .H. (VIII TbIC . AO H.3.) - nOJlBneHlo1e nepBblx 3eMl1eAenblJ,eB (Bblpaw,l1-Banl1 nWeHI1u,y, JI"'IMeHb) 11 eKOTOBOAOB (pa3BoAlo1nH K03, oBeu,) , H306peTeHHe TKa"'leeTBa 11 rnI1HOAenI1H . 9-8 Tble . n .H. - paCTYUJ,lo1e nneMeHI 3eMneAenblJ,eB-CKOTOBOAOB

\

- paeeenJiIOTCH 1013 3anaAHOH A310111. 06pa30BaHHe H3blKOBbiX eeMeH. 7 Tble. n.H. - Ha"'lanO MeTannoo6pa60TKH B 3anaAHOH A310111 - KaMeHHblH BeK -- eMeHJleTeH MeAHblM 101 6POH30BbIM . Itbo6peTeHHe nnyra, nOHBneHHe

coce,AclOtx 06tQHH, Ha"'lanO BOHH 3a Ao6blYY, YCHneHHe BnaeTH Bo>t<p,eH, paeenoeHlo1e 06UJ,HH.

6-5 Tble. n .H. - B 3anilAHOH A3HH pa3AeneHHe 3eMneAenb"'leCKIo1X H naCTYLlJe­CKHX nneMeH - 11306peTeHHe Koneca , opowaeMoro 3eMneAenHA.

\ OK. 5 lble. n.H. - B03HHKHOBeHI1e nepBblx ropoAoB, rocY,AapCTIl - nepexoA ~ OT nepll06IoI1HOrO 06111eCTIII K eTyneHIo1 qHIIH"H3aI4HH.

16

fJlaBa 1

IIepBo6bJTHbTH limp (2 "JI.i - 5 TbICH'I JleT H831lid

A¢lpHKa. Eopona H AaHIl

2 MJlK - 12 TloIC. neT

If}lllR(,,

0"'£4

~ PacceJllIHI'IIi IIM,IIII "'OIIIIOBIIK pB3YMHbOl\' ---1"" OK. 100 TbIC. IIIIl HII3iI,D. ~ nPMMIIPHbIII paAOHbO 06pa3OllaHI'IA 30Ha 1IIHIJWItIItl .....

H pacc&IlIIttHIl pac '~ IIIIOB8Kl1 IJ83YM!lDro' 40-12 ThIC. neT t<933.I1

-"":=:::::>­!t :=:::::>~_

~

-, MHnnHOHbl

t

J TItIC~'leneTH~

§ 1. nepBble nlOAH

- BcnOMHH, ~eM "IenOBeK OTnM"IaeTCJI OT )t01BOTHbIX. (Y ... e6HHK

.OKpy>+<atol.lJ,lo1i1 MHP», 3-4-+:1 KtlaCcbl)

>p'

- flepe ... HcnH HeCKonbKO SHAOB I1CTOpH"4eCKHX Io1CTOI.tHIo1KOB, CBHAeTenb­

CTBytoW,HX 0 AeSlTenbHOCTH nepBblx nlOAei1, KOTopble Moryl HaHTI1 apxe­onorH. KaK MO)KHO HX p,aTJolpOBaTb? (BBeAeHHe, c. 8-11)

1 . OT o6e3bHHbI K qeJlOBeKY.

t{To6hI HaHTH HCTOKH qeJIOBeqeCKoro pO.ll;a, Ha,IJ;D oTrrpaBHTbcH Ha 40 MJIH JIeT Ha3a,ll;. Tor.n;a 3Ha'LIHTeJIbHaH qaCTb A4>PHKH H

EBpa3ID1 6hIJIa IIoKpbITa TpOITHqeCKHMH JIeCaMH, B KOTOPbIX BO­

,1:tHJU1Cb pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe o6e3bHHhI. Ha MeCTe 3THX JIeeDB cOBpe­

MeHHhIM yqeHhIM y.ltaJIOCb HaHTH mcaMeHeBIIIHe 4>parMeHTbI CKeJIeTQB cy~ecTB, KOTOPbIX Ha3BaJU1 APHoDHTeKaMH (<<,n;pe­

BeCHbIMH 06e3b.flHaMH»): qeTbIpe «PYKH», npHcnoc06JIeHHbIe

,lVIH nepe,n;BHmeHHH no BeTKaM .lI;epeBbeB, He6oJIbIIIoi1: qepen co

CKOIIIeHHbIM JI60M, 60JIbIIIHe qeJIIOCT11 C ay6aM11, npHrop;HbIM11

,lVISI noep;aHHSI paCT11TeJIbHoi1: Il11II.J;11, MeJIKHX m11BOTHbIX 11 Ha­

ceKOMbIX. PSIP;OM C OCTaHKaM11 STJ1X CYII.J;eCTB He Hai1:,n;eHO H11Ka­

KJ1X CJIep;OB 11aroTOBJIeHHbIX HM11 BeII.J;ei1:.

BOJIee 5 MJIH JIeT Haaap; JIeca CTaJrn oCBo6omp;aTb MeCTO CTe­

IlSIM. OKaaaBIIIHMcSI Ha paBHHHe «p;peBecHbIM o6eabSIHaM»

IlPHIIIJIOCb IlpHCIlOCa6JI11BaTbCSI R m11aH11 Ha OTKPbITOM IlpO­

cTpaHcTBe, rp;e 6PO.ll;11JI11 JIbBbI 11 JIeOIlapp;bI, OqeHb pe,n;Ko nona­

p;aJI11Cb ITJIOp;OBble p;epeBbSI, a MeJIK11e ml1BOTHble IlpHTaJIHCb B

BbICOROi1: TpaBe H 6bICTPO y6eraJIH. BepORTHO, B Kam,n;oM HOBOM

IlOKOJIeHHH BbImHBaJIH Te cyw;ecTBa, KOTopbIe .lI;Orap;bIBaJIHCb

6paTb B pyKH naJIKH H KaMHH, qTo6bI coo6II.J;a OXOmUmbC.R. Ha

MeJIKHX >KHBOTHbIX, oT6HBaTbcSI OT BparoB HJIH aaHHMaTbCSI CO-

6UpameJlbCmBOM C'bep;06HbIx KopeIIIKoB H IlJIO,n;OB. 06e3bSIHbI

BbIXOP;J1JIH Ha OXOTY p;HeM, Kor,n;a KpynHble XHI..D;HHKH CrraJIH.

JIyqIIIe aTO nOJIyqaJIOCb Y Tex, KTO qaIIJ;e XOP;HJI Ha p;ByX Horax

(qTO YMeHbIIIaJIO IlJIOII.J;ap;b TeJIa, nOp;CTaBJISIeMOrO IlaJISII..D;eMY

COJIH~Y) H Y Rora 6bIJI MeHbIIIe TenJIbIi1: BOJIOCSIHOti: nOKpOB. OT

18

•

COBpeMeHHaJl ropHnna - nOTOMOK

ApHonHTeKa, )+(HByU4H~ B TponHKax

ABCTpaIlOnHTeKI1 (o6"beM M03ra -

500 CM3). 9-2 MllH n.M. PeKoHcTpYK4HR

nOKOJIeHHSI K IlOKOJIeHHIO nOJIe3HbIe npH3HaKH y STHX 06eabSIH

CTaHOBHJIJ1Cb Bce 60JIee OTqeTJlHBbIMH - TaR nORBHJIOCb HOBoe

ceMeticTBO. CKeJIeTbl STHX CYI..D;eCTB BnepBble HaIIIJIH B IOro-

3ana,I{HOJ1: A4>PHKe, IlOSTOMY Ha3BaJll1 HX aBCTpaJlOIDfTeKaMH

(<<lOmHbIMH 06e3bSIHaMH»). PSI,n;OM C HHMH Hai1:p;eHbI 06rJIo,n;aH­

Hble KOCTH MaJIeHbKHX mHBOTHbIX, qepena ROTOPbIX npo6HTbI

KaKHMH-TO npe,n;MeTaMH (KaMHSIMJ1 HJIH naJIRaMJ1).

CnYCTH MHJIJIHOHbI JIeT - 60JIee 2 MJIH JIeT Haaap; - cpep;H

aBCTpaJIOIl11TeKoB IOro-3aIla,n;Hofl A4>PHKH IlOHBHJlCH HOBbli1:

BH.lI;. Moar 3THX cyw;ecTB 6bIJI HeCKOJIbKO 60JIbllIe H nOaBOJIRJI

HM.P;YMaTb He TOJIbKO 0 HeMe,n;JIeHHOM ,n;o6bIBaHHH nHII.J;H, HO H 0

TOM, qTO JIyqIIIe CHaqaJIa no,n;rOTOBHTb Heo6xo,n;I1Mble ,ll;JIH SToro

opyaUR. PSI,IJ;OM C HX KOCTSIMH yq:eHbIe Haxo,n;HT RaMHH, 06KOJIO­

Tble TaR, t:lTo6bI IIOJIyttaJICR O,n;HH OCTpbIi1: Kpati, KOTOPblM

MomHO 6bIJIO 3aTaq~1BaTb naJIKH, pe3aTb MHCO. BH,n; 3T}1X

cYI..D;eCTB yq:eHble Ha3BaJU1 «"IeJJOBeK YMeJlLIH».

2. OT yMeJloro K paayMHoMy. BepoHTHo, H B ,ll.aJIbHetiweM JIyqwe BblmHBaJIJf H ,ll.aBaJIH no­

TOMCTBO Te cYI..D;eCTBa, Y KOTOPbIX 6bIJI 60JIbWe M03r, IlOMoraB-

19

'ienoBeK YMenbl11 (Mo3r 600-800 CM3). 1 MIlH n.H. PeKoHcTPYK4HJI

,iJ,peBHeI1WHe nlOAH (Mo3r 800-1500 CM3). 1,5-0,5 MIlH n.H. PeKoHcTpYK4HJI

WJ.1J1 HaH60JIee YMeJIO H3rOTOBJIRTb Opy.nliU1: H ,ll;OrOBapHBaTbcII

,ll;pyr C .n;pyroM 06 J.1X HcnOJIb30BaHHH Ha OXOTe. B pe3YJIbTaTe

OKOJIO 1,5 MJIH JIeT Haaa,ll; B Aq:,pHKe OT caMblX pa3BHTbIX rpynn

«mo,ll;eti: YMeJlblx» npOHaOmeJI HOBbIM BH,lJ; - «ApeBBeHwlfe JIIO­

AM). 3TH HeBbICOKHe c~ecTBa, JJJ1WeHHble KOI'Teti , 60JIhWJ.1X

KJIblKOB H BOJIOCSlHoro nOKpOBa, CYMeJIH WHPOKO paCCeJIHTbCH,

I1X KOCTH HaxO,ll;R.T B Aq:,pHKe, EBpone H A3HH. MHomeCTBO CRe­

JIeTOB HaH,n;eHO B new;epax, r,ll;e O,AHOBpeMeHHO 06HTaJIH ,n;o 40 oco6eH. 3,n;ecb me cOXpaHHJIHCb OCTaTKH KOCTPOB, B 0 21ie KOTO­

pbIX n06bIBaJIH o6ommeHHbie H 06rJIO,lJ;aHHble KOCTH OJIeHeH,

,nHKHX JIowa,n;en, 6bIKOB, 6ereMoToB H ,lJ;ame CJIOHOB, orpoMHblX

ne~epHblx Me,n;Be,neH J1 JlhBOB. PJl,l\OM C OCTaHKaMH 3TJilX cy­

I4ecTB Hai1,n;eHo MHoro pa3JlJ11.J:HhlX KaMHe:ei, 06KOJIOTblX TaR, t.{TO

no Blit,n;y OHlit HanOMlitHalOT COBpeMeHHble Hom HJIH py6HJIO. lIo

CTpoeHHIO 1.{epenOB «,npeBHetimHx JIlO,n;eH» MomHO CKaaaTb, t.{TO

y Hl1X XopOWO paaBJilTbl Te OT,AeJIbl roJIOBHOro M03ra, KOTopble y

COBpeMeHHbIx JIlO,ne:ei 06eCrre1.{HBalOT rrOHHMaHKe 3ByttOBOH pe­

ttu. BepOSITHO, «,ll;peBHeHwHe JIJO,lJ;H» MOrJIJiI nepe,n;aBaTb roJIO­

COM He TOJIbKO CTpax, y,n;OBOJIbCTBHe, CHrHaJI onaCHOCTH, HO 11

20

60JIee CJIOmHble CBe,ll;eHHH: r,ll;e H KaKall nOHBHJIaCb ,lJ;06bIt.{a, KaK

,ll;06paTbCR,ll;0 :noro MecTa, KaK nO,lJ;eJIHTb n:H:~y VI T.n.

lIpeAIIoJIomHTeJIbHO OKOJIO 300 TbICllt.{ JIeT Ha3a,n B Aq:,pHKe OT

HaH60JIee pa3BHTbIX rpyrrn «,npeBHeHwHx JIlO,neth> np01130WeJI

HOBbIM BHA cy~ecTB, KOTOPbIH CTaJi 6blCTPO paCCeJIHTbCR no

3eMJIe. t.Ia~e HX Ha3blBalOT «HeaH,ll;epT8JIbu;aMH)), nOToMY qTO

KOCTI1 3TI1X JlIOi\eH BlIepBble o6HapYlKI1JII1 B lIell\epe HeMel\KoH ,ll;OJiHHbI HeaHAepTaJIb. TalOKe OCTaHKH 3THX c~ecTB HaXO,lJ;HT

B BblpbIT bIX HMH nOJIyaeMJIIIHKaX. B J.1X mWIJ.fW;ax eCTb 01.{arH,

r,ll;e HaH,neHbl OCTaTKH KocTe:A pa3Hblx KPYIIHbIX mI1BOTHblX. PSJ­,lJ;OM C OCTaHKaMl1 HeaH.n.epTaJIb~eB HaHAeHbI KaMHH C MHoro-

1.{JIICJIeHHbIMH MeJIKHMH CKOJIaMH. O,lJ;HHM "3 HHX npH,lI;aHa TaRaH

q:,opMa, 1.{To6bl MomHO 6bIJIO CKo6Jll1'Tb KaKyro-TO nOBepXHOCTb,

C nOMOI..D;blO ,ll;pyrmc - py6HTb, npOK3.JIbISaTb HJIH pe3aTb 1.{TO­

JIH60. t.IacTb YMepWJ1X c~eCTB Haxo.nRT B CneU;HaJIbHO BblpbI­

TblX npHMO B mHJIH~e HMax nOJIOmeHHbIMH Ha 50K.

ITo Oi\HOH >13 Bepc>lii 6o.nee 100 TbIClI'{ JIeT Ha3ai\ B Aq,pl1Ke 1I0-SIBJ1JICR ew;e O,ll;HH BH,ZJ;, Ha3BaHHbIM «"qeJIOBeK pa3YMHbIH)). yt.{e­

Hble ,lJ;0 CJ1X nop cnopRT: 6blJIH JIH 3TO HaCJle,r:r;HJ1Kl1 HeaH,lJ;epTaJIb-

HeaHAepTanbLJ,b1 (Moar 1100-1600 CM3). 500-100 TbIC. n.H. PeKoHcTpYK4H1I

'ienoeeK pa3YMHbu::j (Mo3r 1500-2000 CM3

) &onee 100 TbIC. n.H. PeKoHcTpYK4H1I

21

u;eB, wrn HOBbIH BH,lI; pa3BKJICR M3 HaJ.160.nee «ycneWHbIX» rpynn

«,Il;peBHeHwHX JIIO,Il;eH». lle~epbI, nO.nY3eMJIHHKH H WaJIaIIlH

«JIlO,Il;en pa3YMIfbIX» 06yCTpoeHbI O~IaraMJ'l J.1 SIMaMH-XpaHHJIH­

m;aMH. HeKOTOpble H3 3THX C~eCTB 3aXOpOHeHbI OT,Il;eJIbHO OT

mHJIHm;. PR,Il;OM C HX CKeJIeTaMH JIemaT KaMeHHbIe py6wIa M HO­

»(H JVIR 3aTOqKH ,Il;epeBa, pe3KH MSICa, KOCTRHbIe KPlOqKH ,Il;JIR

JIOMH PbI6bI H HI'JIhI C ynIKOM ,Il;JIR HMTM H3 mHJI )KHBOTHbIX.

nlOAH -HAIl «'lellOlleK pa3Y MHbIH" BltITeCHHnH OT08CIOAY tteaH­

AepTanloqeB, H ace CoapeMeHH~le 06KraTenH nnaHeT~1 - noTOM­teN 3THI nlOAeM.

m 1. no TeKCry BCero naparpacpa OflpeAenH All" Ka>KAOH rpynm.1 cy­w,ecTB, MO)KH() nH HX C"4HTaTb nfOAbMH, a Hl( 06bf!AHHeHH" - 06W,ecTBOM. 2. LCTb nw OPOTHBOpe"4He Me>KAY penHrHeH H HaYKoH no Bonpocy npo­HCXOlKAeHH" ~OBe"4eCKOrO 06w,ecTBal (TBoA n03HLlHA MO>KeT 6bITb m060H, HO nocTapaHcA ee 06b"CHHTb. )

- A C liero Ha'DrnaeTCSf HCTOpmr, - cnpocwr AHTOuuca , - C AAa,Ma H

EBbI?

- C OrJlaCHO TeKCTY BH.6Ju.rn, - OTBeTJfJl ~CTOliHJ.1.KOBe,ll;, - Ha w ecTQA

,ll;e Hb TBOpeHlUl Bar CKa3aJI : «C OTBOPltM JIlO,ll;e H n o 06pa3Y HaweMY H. no,ll;06mo HaweMY' .. . J.1 C03,ll;aJI Tocno,llb Bar qeJlOBeKa H3 npaxa aeMHoro,

H. B,ll;YHYJI B JImJ;O ero ,lJ;hIXalDfe )KK3HJf, H CTaJI "IeJIODeK AYweK> :aomOIQ •.

.n.rm: BepYlOUU1X aTOT TeKCT CBllmeHeH. KTO-TO nOHHMaeT era 6YKBaJIbHO, KTO-TO HHOCKaaaTeJIbHO.

- C06paHHbIe yqeHhIMH ¢aKTbI, - npo,ll;oJDKJiIJI ApxeOJIor, - CBl1,lJ;e­

TeJIbCTDYlOT, "ITO Bce paaHoo6pa3HbIe DHAbI )KHDOTHbIX nOIlBJIIJIHCb He

O,D;HODpeMeHHO, a pa3BHBaJIHCb nOCTeneHHO. IIOJIe3HbIe npH3HaKH, B03-

HHKa.fl Y O,ltlDfX opraIDf3MOB, nOMoralOT J.fM BbOKJITb B 6oPb6e 38 CytqeCT­

BOBaKHe. 3TH npl13HaKJiI nepe,ll;aiOTCJI DOTOMKaM no HaCJle,ll;CTBY. TaK, 00-

KOJIeHHe 38 nOKOJIeHHeM, npH3HaKH )f(HBOTHbIX If paCTeIDd::t: DOCTeneHHO

H3MeH.fIlOTCR B J1Y'fU1Y1O.lVUI KKX CTOPOHY, 6bI8lI1He poACTBeHHHKH CTa­

HOBR'l'CSI HenOXOmHMH .n:pyr Ha .n;pyra, H no.RBJI.fllOTCR: HOBbIe BH.D;bI . .llam.­HHMH npeAK8.MJi1 JIIQ.n;eH .RBJUIlOTC.R 06e3bRHOnOA06HbIe ,ll;peBecHbIe )f(H­

BOTHbIe, KOTOpbIe B npou;ecce coxpaHeHHSI oco6e:tf C TIOJIeaHbIMH npH.3HaKa­

MH nOCTeneHHO JIl3MeHSlIDfCb " 38. MJ.L1I.JIJfOHbl nOKOJIemrli CTaJIJI[ JIlO,ll;bMJll.

22

• BblAenH B AHanore q,aKTbl, HaY"4Hble 06bflcHeHHA H ou,eHKH. CpaBHH OTBeTbl J.1cTO"4HHKOBeAa H Apxeonora Ha Bonpoc AHTOWKH. KaKoe Ha6mop,aeTcA npoTHBope"4Hel

KaK W C KaKoro C06b1THA Ha"4anaCb HCTOpHA "4enoBe"4ecTBal

_ 40 TbIC. neT HiI:Ja,A 10 Twe. neT Hil3a,A HaN.

2M " n n" 0"" ilili fi lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~ V"I VI I V1 I V IIV I • I I I ' I, I I t> Twc."eneT ... .)IN

~ § 2. nepBble warM pa3YMa ~

- 06'bflCHH 3Ha"4eHHe COOBa «06w,ecTBo». (CnoBapb) - lotTO TaKoe paCbl - OTnH"4HA BHeWHOCTH HnH BHyTpeHHero AYXOBHoro MHpa. («OKpY>KatoUI,HH MHP», 4-H Ktlacc ) C OCTaBb nOrH"4eCKYIO I.4enO"4KY paCCY>KAeHHH: KaK, cornaCHO p,aHHbIM HayKM, Ha 3eMlle nOABHnC.A BHA COBpeMeHHblX ntoAeH. (§ 1)

1. JIHQ,a Jle,Q;HHKoBOH 3noXH.

OKOJIO 100 TblCRq JIeT Ha3ap; Ha 3eMJle HaqaJICR Jteanu1C08btU nepuoa. 3HMbI CTaJIH ,Zl;.1IHHHblMH H MOP03HbIMH. B ropax o6pa-

30BaJU:1Cb orpoMHbIe J1e,n;HHKH - MHoroMeTpoBbIe TOJlI.IJ;H JIb,D;a.

C KaJK,lJ;bIM rO,lJ;OM Ha ceBepHbIx ropax EBponbI H A3MH HX CTa­

HOBHJlOCb Bce 6oJIbwe, H OHn HaqaJIH cnOJI3aTb Ha paBHJ.:1HbI.

OrpoMHbu1 JIe,lJ;RHOH naHIJ;Hpb war 3a waroM HaKpbIBaJI npo­

cTpaHcTsa, Ha KOTOPbIX ceHtl:ac pacnOJIO)KeHbI MocKsa, CaHKT­

ITeTep6ypr I< MHorl<e IIPyrne ropolla. K lOry OT KpOMK>I Jlell"""" npOTSIHYJIHCb XOJIO,lUlble CTerm. TenJIom06HBbIe )KHSOTHbIe HJlM

BbIMepaJIl1, HJlJ.:1 nepeCeJISIJIHCb K lOry OT npHBbI\{HbIX MeCT.,

JIlO,Il;H TeM He MeHee npO,ll;OJI»<:aJIJ.:1 paCCeJISITbCR no nJIaHeTe .

llPOCTOPbI BOCTOqSOH A3HJ.:1 npeBpaTJ.:1JIHCb B CTenH, r,[(e nyJIM

npOH3J1TeJIbHbIe BeTpa, HeCYI.IJ;Me TyqJ.:1 neCKa M IlbIJU:1. Y )KHB­

IIIJ:1X 3,lJ;eCb JIIO,Il;et-i OT nOKOJIeHHR K nOKOJIeHHIO nOCTeneHHO

CY3HJICH pa3pe3 rJIa3, nOSIBHJICR meJITOBaTbrH OTTeHOK KO)KH.

TaK B03HHKJIa .M.OUzoJtouonaJl. paca cospeMeHHblX JIIO,[(eK.

Y )KJ.:1TeJIeH mapKOH Aq,PHKM nORBHJICH qepHbrn QBeT KO)KH M

Kyp'llaBbIe BOJIOCbI, qT06bI npe.n;oxpaHJ.:1Tb KO)KY OT O)KoroB, a ro­

JlOBY OT neperpesa. TaK B03H>1KJ1a uezpOua1i<Ut paca. B IIOlK,llJl>l­BOH M XOJIO,lJ;HOt-i npHJIe,lJ;HHKOBOH EBpone y JUO,lJ;eH nOSIBHJICSI

CI<JlhHO BblcTynalOlI\IDi (no cpaBHellli10 C lIPyrnMlI pacaMJI) HOC, KOTOPbW He n03BOJIRJI XOJIO,lJ;HOMY B03.nyxy 6bICTPO nonaCTb B

JIenrne. TaK B03HJ.:1KJIa eeponeauo1UtJl. paca.

m o KapTe Ha c. 17 OnpeAenH, KaKHe oc06eHHocTH neAHHKOBOH 3nOXH n03BOmmH OtoAfiM paccenATbcA no nnaHeTe. (Ycn06Hble 3HaKH - c. 7)

23

2. BpaTbH H CeCTpbJ.

Ha TbICWlJ1 JIeT 3eMJIH aT aTJIaHTHqeCKOrO n06epembH EBPO­

nbI .no rap IJ;eHTpaJIbHOH A3HH npeBpaTJ1JIHCb B npHJIe.nHHKO­

BylO XOJIO,ll.HylO H BJIamHyro CTenb, no KOTOPOH 6PO,n;J1JIH CTa.n;a

rHraHTCKHX MaMOHTOB, wepCTHCTbIX HocoporOB, 61130HOB, .n;H­

KI1X JIOllla,lJ;eH H npoqJ1X )KHBOTHbIX. JIIO,n;H BH,lJ.a «qeJIOBeK pa-

3YMHbI:fii» npHIIIJIJII clO,ll.a OKOJIO 40 TblCH'I JJeT Ha3aA. Tor,n;a Ha

TeppHTOpHJ1 cOBpeMeHHbIx ¢paHIJ;JIIH, YKpaJIIHbI HJIH IOmHoH

CH6HPH MomHO 6bIJIO Ha6JIIO,ll.aTb TaKYIO KapTHHy.

Ha 6epery peRH CTOHT 60JIbIDoi1 WaJIalll J113 .rtJIHHHbIX mep­

,lJ;e:fii, HaKpbITbIX CWHTbIMJII Mem,lJ;Y COGOH wKypaMJII ·mHBoTHbIX.

BHYTpH waJIawa y KOCTpa rpeeTCH OKOJIO 30 JIIO,lJ.eti - BCH po­

.n;OBaH 06lU,Hoa. )(eTJ1 eru;e HemaTCH no,lJ; WKypaMJII, a MaTepH

yme BbIIIIJIH H3 CBOHX ceMeHHblX yr JIOB H rOTOBHT 06II..J;J1H 3aB­

TpaK - nO,lJ.mapMBalOT MHCO rrOHMaHHoro BtIepa 3aHIJ;a, npJII­

rrpaBJIHIOT ero ,lJ;ynIHCTbIMH TpaBaMH. 3,lJ;eCb y pO,lJ;OBOrO KocTpa

Bce meHII..J;HHbI .n;pyr .n;pyry - ceCTpbI, a MymqHHbI - 6pa TbR.

m 24

POAOBaA 06UVtHa OXOTHHKOB Ha M8MOHTOB

1. n epe"tHcnH 3aHRTHR nepBo6blTHbiX nlOAeii. 2. C paBHH BeUJ,H H nHUJ,y

nepBo6blTHbiX H cOBpeMeHHblx nlOAeii.

OpYAHA TPYA8 nepB06ltmtltll OIOTHHKOB

HaKOHe"lHHK

CTpenbl KOCTAHaA

CKpe60K .... rna

Mym~UtHbI C06l1palOTCR Ha 60Jlhlllyro OXOTY: rrOKperrtIe npl1-

BR3bIBalOT K ,lJ.epeBRHHhlM KOnbRM KaMeHHbIe HaKOHe'-IHJ1KJII,

CMOJlRT cPaKeJlhI; ,lJ.BOe CTapJIIKOB 066J11BalOT KaMeHHhle 3aro­

TOBKH, ,ll;eJlaR ,ll;JlR BCeX 3anaCHhle KOnhR. O,lJ;HH J113 Mym'-IHH e~e pa3 paCCKa3bIBaeT, KaK Bqepa BeqepOM CTa,lJ;O MaMOHTOB

nepelllJlO peKy H OKa3aJlOCh Ha OXOTHH'-IheH TeppHTOpHH JIIX

06II..J;J.1Hhl - pO,lJ;a «PbImeH JIHCHIJ;hI». Teneph 3TO HX .n;o6hIl.Ja, H

OXOTHJIIKJII COCe,lJ.HerO po.n;a - «ChIHOBhR CepOH COBhl», mHBy~Jlle 3a peROH, He nOCMelOT npJIIHTH CIO,lJ.a. Ha JlJIIIJ;ax y Bcex YJIhI6KH­

KOH'-IHJIHCb rOJIO,lJ.HbIe .n;HH, KOr,lJ.a 3BepH 06XO.n;HJII1 HX CTOPOHOH,

Kor.n;a CKy.n;HylO ,n;06bIqy npHxo,n;HJIOCb OT,lJ;aBaTb TOJI.bKO B3pOC­

JIbIM H CHJIbHbIM, - TeM, KTO cnoco6eH ,n;o6bIBa Tb COpO,lJ.HqaM

nHru;y, KOr,lJ.a OT rOJIO,lJ;a 60JIeJIH H YMHpaJIH .n;eTH H CTapHKH.

Ho BOT HeOmJII,n;aHHO 0,n;J1H H3 onbITHblX OXOTHHKOB npe,n;JIara­

eT copo.n;JllqaM n03Ba Tb Ha 60JIblllYlO OXOTY COceAHlO1O 06ru;J1Hy.

OH rOBopHT, '-ITO TOJIbKO CBOHMJII CHJIaMH He y,ZJ,aCTCH 3arHaTb

MaMOHTOB K 06pbI8y. 'tJacTb Copo,n;HqeH B03Myru;eHbI J1 He XOTRT

,lJ;eJIJ1TbCR. Ho TyT B pa3roBop BCTynaeT cTaplllaR MaTb po.n;a.

OHa HanOMHHaeT BceM, qTO coce,n;HHR 06llViHa He tIymaH J1M:

HMeHHO H3 Hee MOJlo.n;bIe MymqHHbl 6epYT ce6e meH, TaK KaK

meHJ1TbCR Ha ceCTpax -copO,ZJ,WIax 3anperu;aeT 06bltIaH. TIocJle

He,lJ;OJIrJ1X cnopoB 60JIblllJ1HCTBO 06ru;HHHJ1KOB corJIalllalOTCR

n03Ba Tb coce,n;eH Ha 60JIblllyro OXOTy.

K Be'-Iepy 06'be.rr;J1HeHHbIe CJllJIbI OXOTHHKOB C 3ama<:eHHbIMH

cpaKeJIaMJ1 B3RJIJII B nOJIYKOJIbIJ;O CTa,n;o MaMOHTOB, OCTaBJ1B CBO-

60.n;HbIM TOJlbKO nyTb K peqHOMY 06pbIBY. BORBWJ1eCH orHR )KJ1-

BOTHble CTaJIH oTcTynaTb, HO HX BomaK 6eccTpalllHo 6POCMJlCH

Ha OXOTHHKOB: X060TOM OTlllBbIPHYJI o.rr;Horo, orpoMHoH HoraH

pa3,Il.aBHJI ,lJ;pyroro. O,lJ;HaKO TpeTHH OXOTHHK, np03BaHHbIM

25

CMeJIbQaKOM, HhlpHyJI nO,ll MaMOHTa H y,llapHJI ero KOnbeM B

MSirKoe no,n6plOmbe. 06e3YMeBmHH OT 60JIH 3Bepb 3aKpymJ1JI­

CSI Ha MeCTe. Ee3 BOmaRa CTa,110 paCCbmaJIOCb, 60JIblllHHCTBO

npOpBaJIOCb 3a U;enb OXOTHHKOB, HO .rtBe caMKH C ,neTeHbllllaMH

6POCHJIHCb K 06PbIBY H ynaJ'fH Bffi'l3, JIOMaSi ce6e KOCTH ... B o6e

06UJ;HHbJ nplliIIeJI npa3,o;HHK. fOPbI MBca nopOBHY ,lleJIHJIHCb

Mem,n;y BceMU COpO,llHt{aMH, H HHKTO He OCTaJICS roJIO,llHblM.

3. KorAa MaMOHTbI YWJlH ••• OKOJIO 12 TbICR"l.J JIeT Ha3a,ll; Ha 3eMJIe CTaJIO TenJlee, JIe,o;HHK

HaqaJI TaSTb H oTcTynaTb Ha ceBep. CJID:>KHJIHCb cOBpeMeHHbIe

npHpO,llHble 30HbI - TYH.ZJ:pbI, JIeca, CTenH H nYCTbIHH.

OKa3aBWHCb B HenpHBbPIHbIX YCJIOBHHX, KpyrrHble mHBOT­

Hble HaqaJIH BbIMHpaTb, cpe,llHJ1e n MeJIKJile npHTaJIHCb B JIe­

cax, OT nOKOJIeHHH K nOKOJIeHJ.11O MeHHS CBOH 06JIHK, nOBa,llKH,

npJilcnOCa6JIHBaRCb K npnpo,o;e. 't.{eJIOBeqeCKHe 06UJ;J.ffibl OCTa­

JIHCb 6e3 npHBhRHOJ1 nHUJ;H, H Tor,o;a JIIO,lll1 CTaJIH npH,llYMbmaTb

m 26

POAOUA 06uvftta OXOTHHKoe·pt.t60JlOll08

C paBHH 3aHATMJI, 8eU4H H nHw.y ntoAeH nt!AHHK08oro nepHOAa (c. 2.4) H nlO­AeH. >KH8UJHX nocne ero OKOH'iaHHA. AenaH 8bl80A.

HOBbIe cnoc06bI ee ,lI;06bIt.{H. mJolTeJIH JIecoe

CTaJIH rrpKMeH.fITb HOBbIe Opy,o;HH ,lI;JIH OXOTbI

H3 3aCa,ll;bI Ha 60JIbIIIHX paCCTOHHHHX: Me­

TaTeJIbHhIe KonbH, .lU"6HHKH-6YMepaHrH n Jtyx co cmpe.n.a.M.u. OXOTHHKH Hat{aJIH no,ll;­

KapMJlHBaTb ,lI;HKHX co6aK, KOTopbIe ,naBHO

06HTaJIH PH,ll;OM C JIIOACKHMH CTORHKaMH.

Tenepb OHl'! CTaJIH OXOTHTbCJl BMeCTe: co6a­

KH BbICJIemHBaJIH mHBOTHbIX, a JIIO,lI;J1 y6H­

BaJIH me H ,o;eJIHJIHCb ,no6blqeft co CBOHMH II

nOMOIIJ,HHKaMJ1. mHTeJIH no6epemm1: MopeH

C,-penoK H3 nyKa.

H 60JIbIIIHX peR yJI~aJIH H306peTeHHbIe

paHee JIO,o;KH, KplO'iKH, rrpH,o;YMaJIH pbI6HbIe

cent:, JIOBymKH H CneqJ1aJIbHbIe ROIIbH-rap­

rryHbI Ha MOPCKHX 3Bepeft. TaM, r,o;e He 6blJIO

B ,o;OCTaTKe HM 3sepeft, HH pbI6bI, JIIO,lI;H

CTaJIH BHHMaTeJIhHee co6HpaTb paCTeHHH

HaCK4nbHbJ.-:i PHCYHOK. neutep4 C4ntoYOAOp

(I1cn4HHIf)

co C'be,ll;06HbIMH

KOPHHMH, nJIo,n;aMH H.JIJ1 CeMeHaMH.

JlIOAH aHA. «'lenOBeI( pa3YMH~IH" HaY .... nHe~ no-pa3HOMY He­non~3OBaTb nPHpoAY H a~IIICM"T~ a HeH.

m 1. n O"leMY o6pa308anHcb paCbl eAHHOrO 8HAa «"lenOSeK pa3YMHbIH»? 2. n O"leMY 06'beAHHeHI1J1 nepso6blTHbiX ntoAeH Ha3saHbl4l:poA080H 06-UJ,HHOH»? noAPQ6Ho 06'bSlCHH 3Ha"leHHe Ka>KAOrO cnosa 11 nposepb ce6J1 no cnosaplO. KaKHe 113 neps06blTHblX 06bl'Ule8. Ha TBOH S3rnJlA, noAXQ-­AJlT AnSI C08peMeHHoro MHpa, a KaKHe - HeTl (06'bSlCHH nO"leMY.) 3. KaKHe Ka"leCTBa nOMornH ntoASIM 8bl)KHTb nocne neAHHKosOH 3noxHl

TIoMorH AHTOWKe OTBeTI1Tb Ha Bonpocbl apXeOJlOroB:

rIo KapTe Ha c. 17 onpe.lleJrn: 1. KaKHe H3MeHeHMJl npm130lllJIH B npH­po,lte 3eMmf, Kor,lta B A4JpHKe nORBHJIcft BH,Il; «qeJlOBeK pa3)'MHbob?

2. qeM yrPO)l(aJlH 3TH H3MeHeHJfR «qeJlOBeKY pa3)'MHOMY» u: qTO ,lt0JI:>K­

Hbl 61::a1JUi C,lleJlaTb JlJO,ltJ1 - nOK"HYTb CBOlO TelIJlyID PO,ltHHY HJn{ HeT? 3, liTO, CYAft no AaHHblM KapTbI, CAeJlaJIH JlJOAH BH,lla «qeJlOBeK pa-

3YMHbI:i1» ?

• KaKoe Ha6ntOAaeTCA npOTI180pe"lHe, KaKoi1 803HHKaeT Bonpod

Btl nO"leMY. HecMoTpA Ha nOXOn0AaHHe. 4I:"len08eK pa3YMHbli1» He TonbKO _ Sbl)KHn, HO Aa)Ke pacCenHnCJI no nnaHeTel

27

40 TWC. neT KaMA 10 nlC. neT Ka,'A Ho.al

""'\'0'" Ylllln llll ll lllll\lIIlIlIIlIIlIIlIlIIlI~v·lvlllI1l V I'V I· I " I ' I, I' I> 1 ' " , . , . " . , , . ",.~ § 3. nepBble XYAO)f(HHKH H ccBonwe6HHKH»

- 06'bACHI1 3Ha"4eHlo1e cnoa: penlo1rl1A, Io1CKYCCTBO, pOAoaaA 06UJ,HHa. (Cnoaapb) - onpo6YH pacnHcaTb pacnopAAOK AHA nepBo6bITHOH POAOBOH 06UJ,H­Hbl: CKonbKO 8peMeHI1 mOAH Aon)KHbl nOTpaTI1Tb Ha TPYA B 60Pb6e 3a cyw,eCTBOBaHHe, a CKonbKO MoryT nOTpaTI1Tb Ha 3aHATI1A HCKYCCTBOM? (§ 2)

1. DepBblH: B3rJlBA aa MUp. Yt.{eHbIM Ot.{eHb CJIO.mHO nOHRTb, qTO nepB06bITHbie JII0.n;H

.n;YMaJIH 06 oKpy)KalO~eM HX MHpe. Be.n;b OHH e~e He YMeJIH

aanHCbIBaTb CBOJ1 MbICJU1. IIOMoralOT oco6ble HCTOt.{HJ1KH -

Ha6JllOAeHHH 3a COBpeMeHHbIMH qeJIOBet.{eCKHMH 06~J1HaMH, KOTopbIe Bce e~e .mHByr B nepB06bITHbIX YCJIOBHflX.

Cy.n;lI no 3THM HCTO'lHHKaMH, Hanni nepBo6blTHbIe npe,IUtW

BHHMaTe.nbHO H3yq:aJIJII npHpO.ztY. MorJIJII opHeHTHpoBaTbcH no

3Bea.n;aM, JIet.{WTb 60JIe3HH TpaBaMH, pa3bIcKHBaTb H BbI6HpaTb

HaH60JIee no.ne3HbIe KaMHH, pacTeHwH, mHBOTHbIX. B TO me BpeMH B OT.nHt.{J1e OT Hac OHJ1 He 3HaJIJII HaCTO.flI.l.\HX npwum

MHorHX HBJIeHJdi: nOt.{eMY, HanpHMep, H.n;eT Aom.n;b, rpeMHT

rpOM, npHxo.n;HT BeCHa, Hat.{HHaeTCR 60.ne3Hb, HacTynaeT

C08peMeHHble aBCTpatlHHL4b1 IlepeA OXOTOH. C08paM. PHCYHOK

28

CMepTb. B03MO.mHO, oc06eHHO MHoro

BonpOCOB BbI3bIBaJI y nepBo6bITHbIX

JII0AeH HX COHo CeHt.laC yt.leHblMH

YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO BO CHe Halli M03r

npOAOJI.maeT pa60TaTb: Bce, qTO MbI

BH.n;eJIH 3a CBOro mH3Hb, OH pa36HBa­

eT Ha OTAeJIbHbIe «KYCOttKH»-06pa3bI

H npHqy.n;JIHBO nepeCTaBJIaeT HX,

nOKa3bIBaH HaM BO eHe eaMbIe HeomH,n;aHHbIe KapTHHbI. O.n;HaKO

nepBo6bITHbIe JIIOAH .n;aBaJIH CBoe

06'bHcHeHHe: B t.{eJIOBeqeCKOM TeJIe

3aKJIIOtteHO oc06oe cy~ecTBo

I

Y1crOPHK nepeA nep806blTHblM H306pa)l(eHHeM MaMOHTa. K8n08a neJ..qepa. POCcu"

nepa06blTHble noxopOHbI. Co.peM. PUCYHOK

AYwa (AYx), KOTopoe BO CHe OTnpaBJI.ReTCH rrYTelIIeCTBOBaTb B

HeKHH HeBHAHMbrli JIIO.n;HM nomycmoponnuu .MUP, MomeT TaM

OXOTHTbCH Ha .n;YlIIH mHBOTHbIX, eCTb, pa.n;oaaThCH, ropeBaTb.

Kor.n;a .me t.{eJIQBeK yMHpaJI, nepB06bITHbIe JIlOAH CqHTaJIH, t.{TO

OH 3acHYJI oqeHb rJIY60KHM CHOM. OHH XOPOHHJII1 ero B cneQH­

aJIbHOH HMe, qT06bI TeJIO He C'beJIH .mHBOTHbIe, PHAOM KJIaJl11

Konbe, 3anaCbI e.n;bI, KOTopbIe Moryr npHI'O.n;HTbCH AYille B no­

TYCTopOHHeM MHpe.

HalliH nepBo6bITHbIe npe.n;KH OIJ..J;YIJ..J;aJIH ce6.R qaCTblO npHpo­

.n;bI, He BH.n;eJIH 60JIbWOH pa3HHIJ;bI Me.m.o.y CBoeH PO.n;OBOH 06IJ..J;H­

HOH H cTaeH BOJIKOB HJIH cTaAoM 6H30HOB: TaK.me OXOTHJIHCb H

YKpbIBaJIHCb OT HenoroJJ.hl. II03TOMY JIlO.n;H ,nYMaJIH, t.{TO H BCe,

t.{TO eCTb B MHpe (roPbI, peKH, .n;epeBbJl, mHBoTHble), noxome Ha

qeJIOBeKa: TaK me AYMaeT, pa3roBapHBaeT, Ha,n;eJIeHO .n;YXOM

(AYWOH). ECJIH J.1.AeT AO~ - 3Hat.{HT, 06J.1.AeJIHcb H nJIat.{YT J1.Y­XH 06JIaKoB. ECJIH ,n;epeBo npJ.1.AaBHJIO qeJIOBeKa - ero .n;yx

paCCepAHJIC.R Ha TOro, KTO nonbITaJIC.R era cpy6HTb. ECJIH OTKO­

qeBaJIO CTa.n;o .mHBOTHbIX - HX ,n;yXH Y3HaJIH, t.{TO JIIO,[tH rOTOB.RT

60JIbillYlO OXOTy. TaKl<e paCCKa3bI co CBepX'beCT€CTB€HHbIMl<.

BbIMbIIlIJIeHHbIMH .n;eTaJl.RMH, c nOMOIJ..J;bro KOTOPblX JIIO.n;H 06'b­

HCHHIOT MHP, Ha3bIBalOTCH MJf4JbI.

Y AomHBlIIHX ,1:(0 COBpeMeHHOCTH nepao6bITHbIX 06lIJ;HH oqeHb

MHOro MHcPOB 0 npOHcxom,u.eHHH MHpa H JlIOAeH. EOJIbllIHHCTBO

29

1l0Wa.a.H H oneHH. HaCKanbHblH PHCYHOK.

netl.4epa naCKO. CilpaH4"'1I

H3 HHX C1.{HTaJlH CBOHMH npe,n;KaMH Ka.­

KOe-TO »tHBOTHOe H TaK H HaabIBaJlH

CBOIO pO,n;OBylO 06I.l.lHHY: «PO,n; JIHCM:QbI»,

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31

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32

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m 34

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[Il 1. Bbl,o,enH npl1"1l1Hbl 11 nocne,o,CTSI1f1 nepexo,o,a K 3eMneAenl11O 11 CKOTO­BO,o,CTSY· 2. BblAenl1 npl1"1l1Hbl 11 nocneACTBIo1f1 pacceneHlffl 3eMneAenb"leCKI1X nne­MeH. C pasHH ynpaB1leHHe B nneMeHH 101 B pOAosoi1 06w,I1He. 3. ' fro xopOLUero H "4TO nnoxoro, Ha TBOH B3rnRA, npl1HeCna nlOAJlM

CMeHa OXOTbl11 co611paTenbcTsa Ha 3eMneAenl1e 11 cKoTosoAcTBol

- BOT 8bl MHe r080pl1JlM, 'ITO MCTOPI1H nOMoraeT 06'b$lCHMTh pa3Hhle

«HenOHSITHOCTI1», KOTOphIe ceif1.lac cyw;ecTByxrr! - CKaaaJI AHTOWKCl ap­

xeOJIOraM. - A H, HanpJ1Mep, CJIbiWan, 'ITO KOpHH HeKOTophIX CJIOB

nopYCCKM l1 nO-aHrJIHJ1CKl1 3ByqaT O,r:r;MHaKOBO. Hanpl1Mep, «MOJIOKO»,

«nopoceHOK» l1 «ceflTb».

- BOJIee TOro, - OTBeTJ.1Jl J.1CTOqHJ1KOBe,lJ;, - 3Tl1 l1 MHorne ,lJ;pynfe CJlO­

Ba noxome 3ByqaT B 6onhwl1HcTBe eBponeiicKl1X fl3bIKOB, a TafOKe B

SI3bIRaX mJ.fTeJIei1 .D;aJIeKoiiI1H.D;ID1.

• CcpopMynl1pyi1 Bonpoc, Ha KOTOPblH XO"leT nonY'4Io1Tb OTBeT AHTowKa.

nO'4eMY S pa3Hbix cOBpeMeHHblx fl3blKax MHorlo1e cnOBa O"leHb noxo>K111

37

40 TIoIC. neTHIU,q 10 TltIC •• , ~HA Hoau

,","" ~ 0'. Ulillfllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~ V" I V' I VI I V I 'V I " I • I ' I, I ' l> , .. , .. ~~"n'TM.

~ § S. nepBble Mac Tepa H BOHHbl ~ tJ -06'bRCHH 3HaloleHHe cnOB: poAoBaR 06U4,HHa, nne"",,,, HapoA. (CnoBapb)

- Cocraab nOrH"lecKY.a ~enO"lKy paccY>KAeHHH: KaK B03HHK1lH 3e.Ml1e­AenHe H cKOTOBOACTIol (§ 5)

1. lJeJlOOeK qeJlOBeKY - coceA!

CTOJIeTJ.1e 3a CTOJIeTHeM HaKaIIJIHBaJIH onbIT nepBbIe 3eMJIe­

~eJIbllbI-CKOTOBO.ztbI. OHH nOKJIOH&JlHCb ya<e He aBepRM, a 6oeQ.M. -MoryqHM lIyxaM (c,maM) npHpollbl, OT KOTOPblX aaBHCeJl ypo­)l<ait KOJlIIYHbI npOCHJlH COJlll1le 0 TenJle, OTI1a-He60 - 0110)1<­,n;e, MaTb-3eMJIlO - 0 poa<,n;eHHH nJIo,n;OB. Oca60 3a60THJIHCb 0

aeMJIe - TLUaTeJJbHO PblXJIHJIH ee MOTblraMH, ,n;eJI8JlH 60p03,D;bI

cytlRoBaTblMH naJIKaMH. !3TO OTHHMaJlO MHoro BpeMeHH H CHJI,

a XOTeJIOCb 3aceSlTb KaK MomHO 60Jlbme ceMSlH. Tor~a JIlO,ll;H

CTaJIH ~eJIaTb 60JIbWHe MOTblrH H BOJlOKJIH me no noma 3a co-

6011:. HaRoHeu cMaCTepHJlH nJlyr, ROTOPbIti TaLUHJIH mHBOTHbIe,

a qeJlOBeK meJI C3a,n;H H nOnpaBJlRJI opy.n;He, qT06bI OHO paBHO

naxaJIO 3eMJIIO. TaR nOfiBHJIOCb nawennoe 3eM.lte8e.nue.

60rHHA-Mant, CIo4MBon nnoAop0p,lolA. 8 n.lc. II.H.

38

B 60JIbmHX nOceJlKaX )KHJIO Tenepb cpa-

3y no HeCKOJIbKO po,n;oa O,ll;HOrO IIJIeMeHH.

IIoJIR B oKpyre CqHTaJIHCb 06~HM BJIa,n;e­

HHeM Bcero nOCeJIKa, HO Tenepb Kam,n;aR

ceMbR caMOCTORTeJIbHO naxaJIa caoH

yqaCTOK, ceJlJIa H C06HpaJIa ypomaH.

TOJIbRO B c.rryqae Heypomafi 06~ee co-

6paHHe ceMeH pemaJIo, qTO Hy>KHO no­

MOqb rOJIo.n;aIOLUHM, no,n;eJIHTbCR C _ ErnMH.

CBR3H c Copo,n;wlaMH CTaJIH ,ll;JIR JIIO,n;el1: He

TaR BamHbI, RaK CBSl3H c coce,n;SlMH, nYCTb

H H3 ,n;pyrHx PO,n;OB. TaKHe noceJIKJ1 yt.{e­

Hble Ha3bIBalOT COCe,ll;CKHMH OOll(KllaMH.

Kaa<.n;aSI CeMbR: B COCe,ltCKo:iii: o6~HHe TKaJIa ,n;JIlI ce6S1 TKaHb Ha o,n;em,n;y, JIenHJIa

nocy.n;y, MaCTepHJIa KaMeHHble J.1 ,n;epeBRHHbIe Opy.n;HlI. Ho RTO­

TO .n;eJIaJI 3TO no CTapHHKe, a KTO-TO H306peTaJI HOBoe. TaK, Bce

npe.n;bI,n;y~He BeRa MaTepHaJIOM ,n;JIH rJIaSHbIX, pemyII.l;J1X

qaCTefl: qeJIoeeqeCRHX Opy,n;H:iii: cJIyml1JI RaMeHb. II03TOMY

Hat.{aJIbHbIe BpeMeHa HCTOPHH qeJIOset.{eCTBa Ha3b1BaIOT e~e

1-C(]...1te1i1tbL.M BeX:OM. O,n;HaRO OKOJIO 7 TblCR"! JIeT HaaaA JIIO,lU1 Ha­

yqHJIHCb llJIaBHTb Borne H KOBaTb MRrKHe MeTaJIJIbI, npe.)ft,Q;e

Bcero Me,D;b, a n03,ltHee ee COeAJ1HeHHe C OJIOBOM - 6pOH3Y. HaH­

TH 3TH MeTaJIJIbI 6blJl0 HeJIerKO, HO 6POH30Bbie TonopbI, HO)KH,

MOTblrH 6bIJU1 npot.{Hee H JIert.{e KaMeHHblX. HaqaJICR 6POH30BbLU

Bex:. IIoMHMo 3Toro npH,IJ;YMaJUi TRaU;RHt1 CTaHQR H rOHt.{a pHbIfl:

KPyr. B HeKoTopbIX 06lI..l;HHaX nOSlBHJIHCb MaCTepa, oco60 HCRyC­

HO AeJIaaWHe 6POH30Bble TonopbI, RpacHBbIe COCy,ll;bl, H3RJ..UHble

TKaHH. OHH nepeCTaJIH naxaTb 3eMJIlO H CTaJIH o6MeHHBaTb H3-

roTOBJleHHble SeI..UH Ha 3epHo H MOJIORO Y CBOme: coce.o;e:t1:. STO

6blJIH nepBble peMeCJJeHHHKH.

B nOceJIKaX COCe,ll;CKHX 06W;HH HaqaJll1 CKanJIHSaTbCfl 3anaCbl

3epHa, rJIHHHHbIX roPWKOB, 6POH30BblX TonopoB H .ztpyrHx

CoceAcKI. ~HII1IWettH"11 31eMneAen""e. 6poH3IOaorO .etCl

r?l CpaBHH 3aHATHA, BeLJ.V'l H nHw,y naweHHblX H paHHH)I 3eMneAenb~ea_ L..:..J (c. 3.4). ~eM nocenOK coceAcKoH 06LJ.V'1Hbl OTnH"laeTCA or pOAoBoHl

39

BemeH, KOTopbIe mHTeJIH He ycneSaJIH HCnOJIbSOBaTb H

OCTaBJIHJIH npo sanac. BomAH H CTa pe:t1nrnHbI 06MeJrnsaJIHcb

HMl'I c coceAHHMH nJIeMeHaMH. CHa"laJIa KamAbrn pas ,lJ;oroBapH­

BaJIJ.fCb, CKOJIbKO, HanpHMep, .RrH.RT HymHo OT,lJ;aTb 3a OAHH

6pOH30Sbllt: Tonop, HO nOTOM CTaJIH BbI6HpaTb O,lJ;HH HaH60JIee

u;eHHblH BH,n; Bem;eH, K ROTOPOMY npHpaBHHBaJIH Bce OCTaJIb­

Hhle. 'lall\e 3TO 6bIJI CKOT lIJIlI CJIlITKlI Aparol.\eHHbIX MeTaJIJIOB -MeAH, cepe6pa, 30JIOTa, H3 KOTOPbIX ,neJIaJU1 YKpallIeHHSI. TaK

Ha"laJIaCb TOprOBJIH.

2. BOHoa npOTHS Beex. .. C03,lJ;aHHble naXapSlMH, peMeCJIeHHHKaMH H ToproBu;aMH 6ora­

TbIe 3anaCbI BbI3hIBaJIH 3 aBHCTb y COCe,AHHX nJIeMeH. Bom,n;H

npH3bIBaJU1 Mymt.{HH CHJIOM oroHpaTh HymHbIe 60raTcTBa y co­

ceAefi. Ha"laJIHCb BOUUbL 3a 806b/.ttY Mem,ny OnOJI"IeHH.RMH Bcex

Mymt{HH coce,n;HHX nneMeH. J13 Ha6eroB Mym'tJHHbI B03Bpama­

JIHCb HarpymeHHhle ,n;06bIqefi, HO SCRope 06~UKeHHble coce.n;H

YCTpaHBaJIH OTBeTHbIH Ha6er. BofiHhI qaCTO He YTHXaJIH rO,ll;a­

Ml'I , H KamAbIH MymquHa ,lJ;OJImeH 6bIJI 6bITb npem.n;e scero BO­

HHOM - )"IaCTHHKOM OnOJI"leHHSl nJIeMeHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe "IaCTb

MOJIO,lJ;bIX MymqJffi nepeCTaJia B03spaw;aTbCH noc.rre Ha6eroB K

MHPHOMY TPYAY. OHH )KHJIH BMeCTe C Bom,n;eM B OC060M AOMe H

COCTaBJIHJIH ero ,lI;pym:HUY - COl03 .npY3ei1:, ,lI;eJIOM KOTOPbIX CTa­

&+ t

MeAHb.H 60eaoH Tonop, lCa­MeHHb.e Ii 6poH30a ... e HalCD-

He"lHHI(H CTpen

40

JIa BoMHa. Bo BpeMH Ha6eroB OHH KOp­

MMJlJ1Cb 3aXBa'tJeHHOH ,n;o6bl"leH, a B

Kpa TKJ.fe MHpHble nepe.n;bIUlKH COIIJIe­

MeHHHKH npHHOCHJIH HM B .n;a p MHCO H

3epHO, nOTOMY "ITO BOm,r(b H ,lJ;pymIDia

CTaJIH r J1aBHbIMH aaW;HTHHKaMH nJIeMe­

HH. B XO,lJ;e BOi1H 3a ,lJ;06bIqy BO»t,!l;b HaH-

60Jlee YAa'tJnHBOrO nJIeMeHH nOKOpHJI

CBOHX coce.n;eH H C03,D;aBaJI COlO3 n.ne­

MeH. 06'be,n;HHeHHbIe ,n;pymHHbI H

HapoAHble onOJI'IeHlIlI 6h1JIlI Tenepb

60JIbUlOH CHJIOH, KOTOPYIO MomHO 6bIJIO

HanpaBHTb Ha 3aBoeBaHHe ,rtpyrHx llJIe­

Me R H Tpe60aaTb OT HHX nOCTOHH~

,D;apOB H nO,lJ;HOWeHHH.

"

COlO3bI nJIeMeH 3aXBaTbIBalOT Bee HOBbIe TeppHTOpHH, pacce­

JIHlOTCH caMH H BbITeCHHlOT coce,n;eH. B HOBbIX npHpO,1J;HblX yCJIO­

BHHX pa3HbIe llJIeMeHa Ha"lHHalOT HCKaTh 60JIee npHro,rtHhIe

YCJIOBHH X03HHcTBa. Q,lI;RH, HaH,lI;H nJIo,ll;opo,lUfble nOl.{BbI B ,lJ;OJIH­

Hax 60JIbWHX peK, rrpOl.{RO oce,n;alOT Ha 3eMJIe H CTaHOBSITCH

oce8JtbL.MU natue1i1ibLMU 3e.MJi.e8eJl.b1faMU. ,l1;pyrl1e, OKaaaBWHCh

Ha POBHblX CTenHbIX npocTpaHCTBax, npe.n;nO"lHTalOT pa3BO­

,101Tb 60JIbWe CROTa H MeHbIlle naxaTb 3eMJIIO. IIeperOHIUI CBOH

60JIbUlHe CTa,rta Ha HOBbIe nacroHw;a, 3TH nJIeMeHa BbIHym,ll;eHhI

BpeMSI OT BpeMeHH nepeCeJISIThCSI. Kam,u:bIH pa3 OHH CKJIa,rtbIBa­

JIH Bce CBOH BeI.IJ;H Ha cneu;u:aJIbHbIe caJrn - BOJIOKyurn:. Tor.n;a-To

KaKOH-TO HeH3BeCTHbIH HaM SeJlHKm1: H306peTaTeJIb .n;peBHOCTH

.n;ora,n;aJICH no,n;.n:omHTb llO.n; caHH-BOJIOKYWH KpyrJIble 6peBHa H

nMM. naCTYXOB- CKOTOBOAOB

r?l C paBHI1 JaH ATIiA, BeUV11i n l1w,y nacTyxOB 11 OCeAl1blX 3eMneAenbu,eB 8 (c . 39).

BepOSlTHO, HMeHHO nlJcryxH BenHKOH CTenH - nneMeHlJ lJpHea - 4 TDIC . neT HlI3lJA

nepaDlMH npHpy'lHnH AHKHX nOWlJAeif, H306penH nerKoe Koneco co cnHqaMH, 3TO n03aonHno HM 6D1CTPO KO'feS4T" no CTenH a Te'feHHe Bcero rOA4 H KOPMHTb 60n .. -

we ronoa CKOTlJ. TlJK CnOJKHI!OC .. Hoaoe X03JrHCTao - KO'feaOe CKOTOaOACTlJO.

41

06TeC3Tb HX T3K, QT06bl nOJIyqHJI3Cb Y3K3H OCb C ,n;BYMSI 1CMe­

Ca.MU-aUC1Ca.MU H3 KOHU3X. C nOMOUJ;bKl KOJIeCHbIX nOB030K

nepeCeJIHTbCH CTaJIO JIerqe, 11 y 3Tl1X nJleMeH CJIOml1JIOCb oco60e

X03SIHCTBO - nacmyw.eC1Coe C1Com080acmeo. Ha HOBblX MeCTax pO~CTBeHHble nJIeMeH3 11 COKl3bI IlJIeMeH

nOCTeneHHO H3qJ1H3roT OC03H3B3Tb CBoe oco6eHHoe POACTBO,

OTJm'tJ:He OT OCT3JIbHbIX MeCTHbIX mHTeJle H. QT06bI OTJIWl3TbCH

OT .n;pyrHx, Bce nJIeMeHa, rOBopaUJ;l1e Ha cxomeM SI3bIKe,

paCCKa3bIBarom;J1e O.n;HH H Te me MJ1<pbI, Be.n;yUJ;He noxomee xo-

3IDi:CTBO, CT3JIl1 Ha3bIBaTb ce6SI OC06bIM I1MeHeM. HanpHMep,

OJIeMeHa n3CTYXOB-CKOTOBO.n;OB, paCCeJISIB~CSI no BeJIHKoH

CTeIDI EBponbI H A3HJ1, Ha3blBaJlH ce6S1 apHHMH, 'tJ:TO Ha 06w;eM

SI3bIKe Hll,lI;OeBpOneHCKOH ceMbH 03HaQ3JlO «CBeTJlble, JlyqIlIHe».

K III TItICA'IeJleTHIO AO HOIOH 3plt. no 3eMJle paCCeJlHJlHCIt 3eM­neAenb'lecKHe H nacTywecKHe HapoAbl C pa3HO;; KynbTYPO;; H Cnoco6aMH aeAeHHJI 103J1HeT.a.

[I] 1. OnpeAenH npH"'HHbl H nocneACTBHA o6pa30BaHHA coceACKHX 06UVtH.

2. blAenH npH"lMHbl til nocneACTBHJI "laCTbIX BOI1H, KOTopble Ha~anHCb B

nepB06blTHYIO 3noxy. KaK Tbl, "lenOBeK XXI BeKa, nonaraeWb: "lTO He-

06XOAHMO H3MeHHTb nIOAAM, "lT06bl OCTaHOBHTb BOI1Hbl Ha nnaHeTe?

3. peAJ10nO)KJ.1, "leM J.1HTepeCbl nepsblx peMecneHHHKoB, ToproBu,eB H

BOHHOB-APY)l(HHHHKOB OTnH"lanHCb OT ~HTepecoB APyrHx 06W,HHHHKOB.

- H Y3HaJl, J113-3a '{ero 11 BblHy>KJl;eH yqMTb 3TOT aHrmrncKmi! - 38RBlIJl

AHTOUIKa. - OKa3b1B8eTC1f, ,llaSHblM-,lla8HO Bce Jl1O,lJ;H. I'080PKJIJII Ha O,llHOM

H3bIKe, 8 nOTOM peummt: nOCTpol1:Tb 6allIHIO ,llO He6a, 'lT06bt CpaBHJ1TbCH

C BOI'OM. Ear Ha JlIO,D;eH p8arHeBaJlCH VI C,D;eJl8Jl TaK, 'lT06bl sce OIDI aa­

roBOPJ1JIJII Ha pa3HblX .R3blKax. JIIOJU1 ,D;pyr ,D;pyra He nOHJ1MaID:! H nOCTpo­

HTb 6aWHIO He CMOrJIJ1. iKaJIb! ECJrn: 6bl Bce I'080pHJIl1 Ha O,lUlOM H3bIKe, He

nplfill1IOCb 6bI HHOCTpaHHble H3 bIKH Y'illTb.

- 3m Tbl nepecKa3aJI 3HaMeHHTylO 6V16JIe HCKyro JIereH,lO' 0 BaBVI­

JIOBCKOH 6aWHe, - OTBentJI Apxeo.nor. - o.D;HaKO, KaK CBH.lteTeJIbCTByroT

HayqHbIe ,D;aHHbIe • .R3bIKJII. Hapo,D;OB MHpa 06pa3ylOT KpynHbIe ceMbVl, pa3-

,D;eJI.HIOUJ;VleC.H Ha rpynllbl. MHOrHe .R3b1KOBble ceMbH HJifK8K He CBH3aHbl

,n.pyr C ,Il;pyroM. OH11 CJlOmHJIVlCb B caMbIX pa3HbIX CTpaHax 38 MHOro TbI­

C.JR JIeT VI MHoro TJ,ICH'l KJIIJlOMeTpOB OT 6ameH BaBJ1JIOHa.

42

• CpaBHH MHeHJ.1e AHTOWKJ.1 J.1 q,aKTbl, npJ.1BeAeHHble ApxeonoroM. KaKol1

a03HHKaeT Bon pod

nOLfeMY nOABHnOCb MHO)KeCTBO pa3Hbix HapoAoa, rOBOpJ.1BWHX Ha pa3-

HblX A3blKaxl

"

40 T1ofC . neT KAJ.aA 1 0 ~. ner KAMA Moq.

'. ",'m. \lIlIttlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~ V" I Vll I V1 I V I" I • I • I 1 I, I • I> .p. ~

T~'C.'1eneT".

§ 6. nepBble ,",apH H rpaMOTeH f1 J - 06bACHH 3Ha"leHHe cnOB: o6w,eCTBO, pOAoaaA 06w,HHa, nneMA, CO­

ceAcKaA o6w,HHa, penJ.1rHA . (CnOBapb)

- n epe"lHCnJ.1, KaKJ.1e H306peTeHJ.1A H KaK H3MeHJ.1nJ.1 )KJ.13Hb nlOAel1 OKO­

no 10-8 TbIC. neT Ha3a,D" 7-5 TbIC. neT Ha3a,D,. (§ .4-5)

1. HOBaH "'"3Rb " HOBaH My.n;POCTb.

Ha py6e",e IV-III TblCff'leJIeTI111 AO HOBol1apblllo 3eMJIe pac­CeJlSJ.nHCb· caMble pa3HbIe rrepB06bITHbIe IIJleMeHa OXOTHl1KOB,

CKOTOBO,Il;OB 11 3eMJleAeJIbUeB. HeKOTopble H3 HHX yme COTHH

JIeT OCBaHBaJllil .n;OJlHHbI BeJII1KI1X peK - HHJI3, T~rpa H EB4lpa­

Ta. Pe"l{HbIe pa3JlHBbI Kam,n;bIn ro~ npHHOCI1JlH CKl.n;a IIJIO,lJ;OPO,lJ;­

HbIH neperHI1BWIDi lUI , o.n;HaKO, Kor~a Bo.n;a YX0.llHJI3 - 3eMJIH

6bICTPO npeBpa~aJlaCb B BbI.>fOKeHHyro rrYCTbIHIO HJrn 6oJIoTa.

Co BpeMeHeM .n1O,ll;H HayqHJlHCb KOIIaTb OOnbwHe KaHaJIbl OT pe­

KK, CTPOI1Tb .n;aM6bI-nJIOTHHbI H B mapKl1e MeC.H~bI no.n;aB3Tb

BO.n;y Ha nOJIH - opowaTb I1X. OpOULae.MOe 3eMJteaeJI.Ue Ha nJlo,o;o­

PO,n;HOM pe"tJ:HOM HJIe CTaJIO ,lJ;aBa Tb HeBH.n;aHHbIe yp0:m3H: BMec­

TO 06bI'lHbIX 2-3 3epeH Ha 0i\H0 1l0CemIHOe - 60JIee 30 3epeH! Tor,o;a Ha TeppHTopHHX cOBpeMeHHbIX EmnT3 HJlH J.1p3Ka MbI

MOrJIH 6bI yeH~eTb npHMepHo TaKyro K3.pnIHy.

B,n;oJlb peRH TSlHYTCSI nOJlH, npOpe3aHH1?Ie KaHaJlaMH C IIJlOTH­

HaMK H 6acceHH3MJ!1, o6pa3yro~HMI1 eAHHYro opOCHTeJIbHYro

CHCTeMY· OHa C03.n;aHa COBMeCTHbIM TPYAOM HeCKOJlbKHX coce.n;­

CKHX 06~HH, KOTopbIe nOKJIOHmoTCSI 60ry nJIO~OpOAHH ::nOH

MeCTHOCTH. Bce B03.n;eJIaHHbIe 3eMJrn - HX 06tq.a.R. c06cmeen-1tOCmb, KOTopaSl pa3,ltae-rCH ,IVISI 06pa6oTKH OT.n;eJIbHbIM ceMbJJM.

Ha CBOHX 6bIKax, 0pY,lJ;HSlX, KYBWHHax C 3epHOM CeMbl1 CTaBI1JII1

pa3Hhle 3HaKH BJIa,n;eHHH - ::lTO J1X 1lacm?ia;t co6cm8e1£1wcmb. Ee MomHO npO,lJ;aBaTb, .n;apl1Tb, HaCJIe.n;OBaTb. BOJIbIlIHHCTBO

ceMeH H3 MaJIeHbKJ.fX .n;epeByweK nepe6paJlHCb B UgHTp nOJleH

H K3HaJIOB, r,n;e CJIOmHJlOCb 60JIbWOe IIOCeJleHHe. STOT noceJlOK

COCTOHT yme He H3 o.n;HHaKOBbIX XHml1H paBHonpaBHbIX 06w;HH­

HHKOB. Ha.n; HHM B03BbIlliaIOTC.R. KpbIlliH ,o;OMOB 3HaMeHI1TblX,

43

3Ha THbIX mo.n;e:i1:. J1x OTU;bI H .n;e.n;bI - BbI60pHbie CTa pe:i1:IIIHHbI -

H3,lJ;peBJIe pacrrpe,D;eJIHJIH 06lll;HHHbIe 3eMJIH, PYKOBO,D;J1JIH

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45

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52

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53

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56 {

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57

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58

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06PR8'bL 6ozocJl.YJICexust. HanpHMep, rOToBHCb R npa3)];HHRy

OCHpHca, BHyrPH xpaMa mpeQbI JIerrJ1JIH H3 3eMJIH TeJIO 60ra H

orrYCKaJIH B Hero 3epHa - RaK 3HaK rH6eJIH OCHpHca. mpe~bI nOJIHBaJIH ero, JiI B KOHQe ce30Ha pa3JIHBa HHJIa Ha,IJ; TeJIOM

CKJIOHHJIaCb mpJill..l;a B 06JIHKe J1CH)];bI. OHa pbI)];aJIa: «B3JIeTH R

mH3HH, 0 KHH3b 6eCKOHe't{HOCTJ.1!.. BepHHCb me K HaM B rrpem­

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Ha CJIe)];yrolQHH ,n;eHb no)]; neHHe rJ1MHOB mpeQbI BbIHOCHJIJII CTa­

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erHnTHH 06XO,IJ;HJn:( xpaM.

3. «KHHra MepTBLlX». "tJeJIOBeK, no npe,n;cTaBJIeHHIO erHIlTRH, COCTORJI H3 TeJIa , ,nyxa

H .n;yurn. TIocJIe CMepTH ,IJ;YX H ,IJ;yma BblXO)];HT J.13 pa3JIaralOlQe­

rOCH TeJIa - TepSIIOT CBOH ,n;OM. )l;yx CKHTaeTCH no 3eMJIe, a ,n;y­

rna Ha JIO,IJ;Ke Pa crrYCKaeTCR B nO,IJ;3eMHbrH MHP, r,n;e ee m,n;eT

OKOWlaTeJIbHaH norH6eJIb. Ho aToro MomHO H36emaTb, ecJIl.1:

COXpaHJ1Tb TeJIO OT TJIeHHR.,n.nR aToro mpeQbI BbIHJ1MaJIH BHyr­

peHHHe opraHbI Y:r-'!epwero, y.n;aJISIJIH BO,IJ;Y, nponHTbIBaJIH TeJIO

CneIJ,J1aJIbHbIMl1 CMOJIaMH H 6aJlh3aMaMH. TIOJIY"IaJIaCb My.M.WI.,

KOTOPyro 06MaTbIBaJIH nOJIOCRaM11 TRaHH. MyMHIO KJIaJIH B ,IJ;OM­

rpo6HHQY, r,IJ;e ee Haxo,n;l1JIH ,n;yx H ,IJ;ywa. "tJaCTH qeJIOBeRa BHOBb

BCTpeqaJIHCb, H OH, KaR OCHpHC, BOCKpeCaJI B nO,IJ;3eMHOM Ml1pe,

rAe TalOKe CBeTHT Pa, TeqeT HHJI, ~BeTYT nOJIH.

60

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CapKocpar H cocYAbI AIlA BHyTpeHHHX

opraHoB yMepwero

¢lOTO MyMHH

PaM3eca III CapKocpar cpa~ao­

Ha TYTaHxaMOHa

II03,n;Hee nOHBHJlOCb nOBepbe, qTO ,lVlH 06peTeHHR 6eCCMep­

TJIIR, nOMHMO rpo6HH~ H MyM11H, Ha.n;o eI1\e npOHTJII CY,IJ; QapR

3arpo6Horo MHpa - OCHpHca. )lJ1H aToro erHnTHErnHY KJIaJIH B

rpo6HHIJY nam1pYCbI «KHJ1rH MepTBbIX». OHa rJ1aCHJIa, "ITO zpex (npecTynJIeHHe npOTJoiB 6oroB) - « ... COBepIIIaTb HecnpaBe,lVlH­

BOCTb npOTHB JIlOAefi, 6bITb meCTOKHM K mHBOTHbIM, nblTaTbCH

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OTHHMaTb y 6e,n;HHKa, OTpaBJISlTb, 3aCTaBJIRTb pbI.n;aTb, y6H­

BaTh, npHKa3bIBaTb y6HBaTb, KpaCTb y yMeplltHX, 06MaHblBaTb

Ha Becax, J136eraTb CJIym6bI cpapaoay». oTa KHHra C nepeqHeM

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OCHpHca nOMoraJIa B nYTeIlIeCTBHH B 3arpo6HblH MHp.

( ..,.'1-Ha c:tlle Oc"p"ca 60r" TQ!.. .. AHY§"C ~JI>! c~p}~~e YMepure­~ OIlHY 'IaIllr BecOB, a Ha IIPyryKl - nepo...§.or.>!H>! cnpa­

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" i'HJIa. ECJIH qaIIIa OCTaBaJIaCb Ha MeCTe - 3HaQHT, QeJIOBeK B

3eMHOH mH3HH BeJI ce6S1 npaBHJIbHO. OCHPJIIC pa3peuraJI ,IJ;yme ~ • 6 BepHyrbcSI B TeJIO H nOCeJIRJI ,nOCTOHHOro Ha «nOJIRX JIameH-

_ CTBa» ,D;JISI BeqHOH mH3HH. BepSl B aTO, Bce erHnTSlHe, OT BeJIb­

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npHpOAe H o6U4ecTBe.

61

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Ha .IlO1.{epl1 BO>K}lJl. TeM He MeHee, KorAa npM6Jni3HJIaCb cTapocTb, Cmry-XeT I1cnyraJlCR ellle 6o.nbwe - eMY npe,ll;CTORJIO YMepeTb H 6bITb noxopo-HeHHbIM He no erHneTCKHM, a no a3MaTCKHM o6pR.IlaM! IIOCJIe AOJIrl1X p;y-weBHbIX MY1.{eHHH CHHyxeT BepHYJlC.R B ErnneT, npJ.1weJI BO .nBope~ CSO-ero 6blBlliero rocnO,D;HHa, cTaBlliero 4>apaoHoM, H ynaJI nepen TpOHOM «3TOro KapaTeJl.R, ,D;p06~ero JI6bl». ¢lapaOH CK838JI C YCMeIIIKOH: . BOT CHHYXeT, OH npeBpaTHJICR B KOt.t:eSHHKa.! CbIH COJIHlla npeAJIaraeT eMY BepuyrbCR!» CHHyxeTa nOp;HJIJI}f, c6pHJlJil a3l1aTCKl1e KOCMbl JII 6opop;y, YMttirn: H OAeJlH B erHIIeTCKHe O,D;e>K,llbI. ¢lapaOH, «nOJIHhli1 01.{ap0B8HH.R M BHytIlalOIAMti JIlo60Bb lt , BepHyJI 6erJloro BeJlbMomy Ha cJIym6y H nOCTpa-HJl eM)' rpo6ffi1I..\Y·

- IToBe3JIO! - y;J;HBJ.1JlCR AHTOlllKa. - Ho TaR PHCKOBaTb?!

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~.lt! Bonpoc 0 B3rnAAax APeBHHX erHnTAHl

nO'"leMY erHnTAHe 60MHCb norpe6eHHA Ha '"IY)f(6HHe?

63

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§ 9. HCKYCCTBO cTpoHTeneH nHpaMHA .~ t, J

- 06'bSlCHH 3HaL4eHHe enOB: KynbTypa, HCKYCCTBO. (Cnosapb) - Korp,a H KaK 3apoAl'1nOCb Io1CKYCCTBOl (§ 3) Korp,a H KaK B Erlolme eno->KHl'IOCb eAHHOe rocyp,apcTBo? (§ 7) '"fTo, no BepoBaHHHM enmTAH, Heo6-XOAHMO AIls:! 3arpo6Ho~ >K113HH? (§ 8) KaKl1e BHAbll1CKYCCTBa Tbl 3Haewbl

1. BeJUf'1.He )KIIBoro 6ora. B EnuITe 6bIJI fior, KOTOPOMY pe,n;KHe CQaCTJU{BQJ1KH MOfJIH

nOu;eJIOBaTb caH,n;aJU11O, BbICTaBJIeHHYIO J13-no,n; aaHaseCKH. 3TO

6bIJI q:,apaOH. Kor.n;a OH nOllBJImICH Ha ceeT, Cl.{J1TaJIOCb, 't{TO ca­

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naJI Ha u;apCTBo, OH CTaHOBWICR atHBbIM BOnJIOI..U;eHHeM 60ra

CseTa - ropa. ct>apaOHY, KaK H npOql'lM fioraM, CTPOJIIJIH xpaMbl, r,.ne COBepIIIaJU1Cb 6oroc.rrymemul. EnmTHHe BepJ1JD1:, TID 6omecT­seHHaR CJ.1JIa ¢lapaOHa ofiecne't{J1SaeT ypomaJ1 no BceMY ErunTY,

CoapeMeHHble 111OAI'I Y Hor cTaTYH cpapaoHa PaM3eca II

64

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npOBO/lliT MOTblroii nepBYro 60P03,l1Y no SeMJIe HJIM 6pocaeT B HUJI nanH­

Pyc C npHKaSOM HaliaTb paSJlHB.

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pa3JIIiB, CbIH COJIHl1a-Pa 06paIl\aJICR sa nOMor.n;hID K CBoeMY 60meCTBeHHO­

MY «po,n;CTBeHHHKy» - 60ry JIYHhI,

MY,lIPOCTIi Ii nliCbMeHHOCTIi Tomy. TIo nplilta3Y q,apaOHa "'pel1bI Ha nanH­pycax saID1CbIBaJIH, RaK paCnOJIOmeHbI

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2. XY,ll.mKHHKn, npo,n;OJImalOID;He mn3Hb. Kor,n;a <papaOH yMVlpaJI, OH CTaHOBHJICH BOnJIor.n;eHHeM 60ra

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CTBeHHoe coopymeHHe. ,n:JIR 3Toro XXX 8. AD H.3.

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66

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nHpaMHAbl ¢apaOHOB Xeooca, Xe¢peHa 101 MHKep~Ha. XXVI/s. AO H.3.

67

OHa. ITo O,n;HOH ~a BepCHH (ocnapHBaeMOH PH,ZJ;OM yqeHhlX), B peaYJIbTaTe 3aroBopa BeJIbMO)K CTapa.R OU1!aCfflUJt nOTOMKOB Xeonca 6bIJIa CBeprHYTa, J1 ee CMemma ,n;pyra.R, HO IIHpaMJ1)J;bl BOT Y)Ke n.RTb Tb]CWI JIeT CTO.RT Ha 6eperax HJ1JIa.

AocTNlKeHNR NCKyccT.a Ape.Hero ErNnTa cranN 06pa3l1aMN ,AlIA MHorHX nocneAYIOII4HX qHBHnH3a14HH.

m 1. O'4eMy )I(IotTen~ ,Ape8Hero EnmTa C'4HTanH, "4TO cTpaHa 6YAeT cyw,e­CTBOaaTb, nOKa .... MI1 npauT ct>apaoHbl? 2. epe"4I1Cnl1, KaKl1e HayKI111 I1CKYCCTaa Heo6xoAHMbi 6bm~ AIlA CTPOH­TenbCTaa n .... paMI1A. KaK Tbl AYMaeWb, HaCKonbKO cnpaaeAlll1aOH C"4I1Ta-1111 erl1nTAHe nOal1HHOCTb pa60TaTb Ha CTpOI1TenbCTBe nl1paMHAbll 3. PaccMoTp .... ace HllmocTpaLV1 .... naMATHI1KOa KynbTYPbl a rnaae 2 11

pa3Ael1H I1X Ha naMATHI1KH apXI1TeKTypbl 11 11306pa3HTenbHoro HCKyC­ClBa. KaKl1e alo1Abl HCKYCCT8a Te6e aCTpeTHllI1Cb? 4. n epe"4I1CnH AOCT .... >t<eH .... A KynbTYPbl APeaHHx erHnTAH, KOTOPblMH co­BpeMeHHble mOAH n0l1b3YlOTCA AO CIo1)( nop. A aH pa3Hbie 06'bACHeHIo1A noroaopKe .Bee 60ATCR epeMeHIo1, HO apeMA 60 .... TCR nHpaMl1Alt.

- C HMnaTwmaH ctmrypKa , - CKa3aJI A RTOIllKa , pa3r mmblBan <pOTO­rpaq,lliO mlpaMH,ZUd.

- B SWCOTY 3Ta - ctmrYPKa», - 3aMeTJ1Jl Apxeonor, - nO~TH 150 MeT­poe, RaK 6onbwm'f c:pyrOOnbHbU1: CT8,1J,lfOH, nOCTaBJIeHHblH aepnmaJIbHo. OHa CJIomeHa H3 ,.ll;ayx MHnnHOHOB KaMeHHblX cKy6J1Koa», K8)f(,ltbIH De­COM C 8BTOM06HJIb (60nee 2 TOHH). B caMOM l.\eHTpe fiJ'Jp8MHAbl cKpblaa­eTCR norpe6aJIbHaH KaMepa q,apaoHa.

- HeT! - DOCKJll.1KHyn AHTOWR8. - JIlOltH HH 3a ~TO He CT8J1H 6w TaR TPY,.ll;HTbCR paJlH O.llHOH MOrHJlbI. Tyr RaBepHHKa HHOnJlaHeTJlHe nOCT8-paJI"Cb!

- Hy, erKIlT.RHe TO'iHO 3H8JI". qT() 3TO OR" caMH nOCTpoHJll1, - OT8eTHJI li!CTO'IHHKOBe,o;. -lix 8ocnOMHHaHJ.1J13armcaJI 11 COXpaHHJI,llJIJI Hac ,DJ>ea­Herpe'IecKKK J.1CTOPKK repo,o;OT. OID( CBH,ZteTeJlbCTBYJOT: cHa cTpoiiKe nOCTOrutHO HaXO,ll;K1lOCb 100 TbJCR\f pa60'iJ.1X, KOTOpbIe CMeHRJrnCb Ka)K,ZJ;bIe TP" MeCHU8. OHH mrrpa'mJIH 10 neT Ha npoKJIaAKY Aoporn, no KCYI'Opoi1 ne­peTaCKJ.1DaJUf KaMID1 ... CaMa nJ.1paMl1,D;a nOTpe60sana 20 neT pa6oTbl».

68

• KaKoe npOTHBOpe'il1e Bbl3Bano YAHBI1eHHe AHTowKHl KaKoi1 80J.HHKaeT Bonpod

nO"4eMY erHnTRHe TpaTHllI1 CTonbKO CHn PilAl1 OAHoro q:,apaoHaf

TWC; . AO H.lI. Ho8aR I,pa X I IXIVIII I Vl I VlIV I IV IIII ' .1 I I I

t § 10. ClyneHH «06~eCTBeHHOH nHpaMHAbl» .L.1l!!...

- 06'bACHI1, "4TO TaKoe 06w,ecTBo, 06U1,J.1Ha, rpa>KAaHe, 3HaTb, pa6bl. (Cnosapb) - KorAa 11 KaK o6pa30aanocb eAHHOe rocYAapCTBO B ErHnTel (§ 7) Ka­Koaa 6bll1a ponb ct>apaoHa KaK 60ral (§ 9)

B HayKe l1eT eAHHOrO MHeHHR 0 TOM, KaK 6blno opraHH30aaHO enmeTcKoe o6w,ecT8o. TeKcT 3Toro naparpact>a - OAHa H3 803MO)f(HbIX peKOHcTpYKIJ,HH.

1. ,lI;Bope~ ycal\b6a. ropOI\-Ji1a 30JIOTOro OKHa ,n;BOPQa cpapaOH CMOTpeJI, KaK COJIHQe-Pa

JIaCKaeT JIy1.IaMJ1 06eJl.UcK - 8'bLC01(UU Ka.M.e1i1ibLU cm0J16 Ha nJIO­rn;a,n;J1. Kor,n;a TeHb OT o6eJIl1cKa CTaJIa caMon KOPOTKOH, HacTy­nl1JI nOJI,Z~eHb - BpeMH Moryrn;ecTBa J1 Ba)KHbIX peIIIeHHH npaBH­TeJIH. 3aKOH'IJilJIaCb ~moxa pacna,n;a ErHnTa Ha 06JIaCTH, 3Iloxa pa3pymeHJiI.R KaHaJIOB, roJIo,n;a JiI 6YHTOB. ¢apaOH KKBHyJI, J1 ID1CQbI 3acTpo­qJ1JIJiI Ha nanHpyce, 'ITO BomeCTBeHHbrn nOBe­JIeeaeT BbICe'lb Ha KaMHe: «IToKOpnJI .R o6e CTpaHbI, YCTaHOBnJI IlOP.R,n;OK Ha lOre H Ha ce­Bepe ErHnTa». B3rJI.R,n; cpapaOHa ynaJI Ha Ma­JIeHbKHe CPHryPKH, cyeT.R~eC.R Ha IlJIOw;a,ll;l1, -3TO ero BeJIbMomH TOpOnKJIHCb no ,n;eJIaM ...

.... Ha 'IaJIbHHK RaHaJIOB - BeJIbMO)Ka AxTot1: -BbIIIIeJI 113 BOPOT ,n;BOPQa, yceJIC.R Ha HOCHJIl{J1, H 8 pa60B 6blCTPO nepeHeCJIJ1 ero R npHCTaHJ1. JIH'IHO cnycTI1BwKCb B KOJIO~e:Q-uUJI.o..Mep, BeJIbMoma y6e,n;J1JIc.R, 'ITO H 3,n;eCb ypOBeHb BO­AbI Ha HymHoH OTMeTKe - ce30H pa3JIHBa 3a­KOH1.{HJIC.R. B30HltJl Ha Kopa6JIb, BeJIbMOma yceJICR 11011 HaBee, B3MaXHYJI PYKoii, H 20 pa-60B onYCTJ1JIH BeCJIa B rrpOXJIa,n;HylO BO,n;y. ITo He,n;aBHO npOPbITOMy KaHaJIY BeJIbMO)Ka rrpn6bIJI B ¢aroMcKyx> HJ13MeHHOCTb. BbIBwee 6oJIOTO npeBpaTJ1JIOCb B orpOMHoe Bo,n;oxpaHH-

CUTYIII eentoMO)f(M Kaanepa. Cepe­

AHH" JII TI>IC. ,40 11.3.

69

JIJtIII..J;e. CeTb MaJIbIX KaHaJIOB pacxo,n;HJIaCb BOKpyr, opOllIaH IIO

nJIaHY AXTOSI nOJIH JtI ca,n;bI HOBoro Oa3JtICa. ,1l0BOJIbHbIH npOBep­

KOH, BeJIbMoma BepHYJICSI B co5CTBeHHyro yca,n;h6y. IIoTHrJtIBaH

JtI3 t:IallIH llHBO t:Iepe3 30JIOTYlO COJIOMHHKY, OH no,n;YMaJI: d\aR

XOPOllIO, t:ITO cpapaOH nOmaJIOBaJI eMY ,z::r;Ba 60JIhllIJtIX IIOJIH B

BepXHeM ErJtIrrTe. - JIyqUlliH Ht.IMeHb paCTeT TaM! A BOT JIyqwHe

MHCO H MOJIORO npHB03JlT H3 ero HaCJIe,n;CTBeHHbIX BJIa,n;eHJtIH B

,n;eJIbTe - HmKHeM ErJtIllTe». BeJIbMOma CJla,n;KO rrOTHHYJICH,

npe,n;BKYlliaR a3apT Bet.IepHei1: OXOTbI Ha 6ereMOTOB, H y,I:(aJIHJI­

CH OT,n;hIxaTb, OTp;aB IIOCJIe,n;Hee pacrrOp.flmeHHe nHCU;Y···

.Dl1ceu.KaJ1 nOKJIOHJtIJIC.fI BeJIbMome JtI B Ot.Iepe,I:(HOH pa3 rro6JIa­

ro,n;apHJI 60ra TOTa, t.ITO OH n03BOJIHJI eMY - CbIHY npOCToro 3eM­

JIe,n;eJIbU;a - YCJIbIWaTb lIoyqeHJtIe o,n;Horo IIHCU;a CBOHM ,n;eTHM:

«06paTJtI cep,n;u;e CBoe K KHHraM! CnpawJtIBaH COBeTa Toro, KTO

3HaeT 60JlbUle Te6.f1! By,n;b nJ1CU;OM - OR oCBo6om,n;eH OT pa60TbI

B AOMe enmeTcKoro BenbMOHCH

Benl>MO>KS Kaanep e HeAOBOnl>erBOM nOKH/·wn APY>KeeKYIO nHpywKy e >KpeL40M 60ra Csra. BI>IHAR B npHeMHylO , OM YBHAen nHCL4" '1HHOBHHKa oe061>1)( nopY'leHHH.

[I] 70

CpaBHH AOM, nl1w.y, 0Ae>KAY, o6pa3 >KH3HI1 BenbMOl+(11 H 3eMneAenb­

u,a (c. 53). n onpo6YH npOAOn>KI1Tb paccKa3 .

MOTbITOH, TbI He 6y,n;eIDb TaCKaTb KOp-

3HH, TeJIO TBoe 6y,n;eT rJIa,n;KHM, a pYKa

MHrKo:th. CKorrHB cp e,z::r;CTBa, KaH rro­

CTyIDlJI B IllKOJIY IDICI10B! OH y'UIJI ;repo­rJllllcpbI, t.IHTaJI HapacneB TeKCTbI 0 60-

rax H cpapaOHax, U;apanaJI Ha t.Iepenxax

BbfLlJtICJIeHWI pa3MepOB nOJIeH, TepneJI

Yl\a Pb! na.m<aM>! 3a olIlJ16K>l Ha naIDIRyce. 11 Bar -renepb, B OTJIJ1qJ1e OT po,n;CTBeHID1-

KOB-3eMJIe,z::r;eJIbu;eB, KaH HOCJ1T He KOpcrr­

!We rpy60e OnOHCaHMe, a IIJ1l1HHYlO ro6r<y H3 TOHKOro JIbHa, CIDIT Ha KPOBaTJtI, a He Ha

!EOC'fHHKOBOM KOBpJ1Ke, K.JIa,ll;eT n08 1"OJID­

By no.IJYI1IKY, a He KaMeHh.

Becb ce30H 3acyxH nHceu; npJtIHJtIMaJI

H 3anJtICbIBaJI ):VIR BeJIbMO)KH CBe,n;eHJtIH,

Kalf....!Lpa3HbIX CeJIeHHHX ero 06JIaCTH­

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H HJIa.\CTapei1:wHHbi ,n;OKJIa,n;bIBaJIH, tITO

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YKpenJIeHbI KaMHSIMJtI. Ha 60JIbWOi1: Ka­

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eT eMY Hat:IaTb rraXOTY B PO,n;HOM ceJIe­

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YJIOt.IKY ropo,n;at 06a ChIHa JtIrpaJIH B MHq C coce.n;CKHMH ,n;eTbMH.

He,z::r;aJIeKO OT 6epera CytIlHJIHCb Ha COJIHu;e KHpIIHt.IH. HecpepT

rrpJtIHHJIa IIOKJIOHbI OT peMeCJIeHHJtIKOB, JtI caMa nOKJIOID1JIaCb

3HaTHoMY Mymt.IHHe C OmepeJIbeM-OIIJIet:IbeM JtI3 cepe6pa H ,n;pa­

rou;eHHoro JIa3ypI1Ta. Ha rOpO,I:(CKOM pbIHKe 60HKO MeHHJIH 3ep­

HO Ha caH,n;aJU1H, orypU;bI H JIYK Ha roplllKH. IIoToproBaBllIMCb

71

C Me,D;HHKOM, Heq:,epT 3a TpM MOTKa TRaHH BbIMeHRJIa Y HerO

,D;JIR P0,D;HbIX Myma PYROMOHHHK M q:mrypKY 60rHHM BaCTeT­

KOWKM, o6eperalOI..Qetf 3epHO OT MblweH.

3 . .r.epeBHH, KaaapMa, TlOphMa ••. J1 BOT nHce~ KaJ1 npH6blJI B pO,D;HylO ,n;epeBHIO Ha npa3,n;HHK

Ha1..JaJIa ceBa. IIORa K ero waTpy H.n;YT cTapeHllIHHa H po,n;CTBeH­

HHKH, m1ce~ pa3MhIWJIReT: « Y HaC 3.n;eCh He KaJ<: B ,neJIhTe, r,Ae

MomHO cpa3y nOCJIe CXO,D;a BO.n;bl 6pOCHTh 3epHa B 3eMJIRHYlO

mHmy, a nOTOM npocTo nporHaTb ,n;eCHTOK OBe~, 1..JT06bI HX KO­

ITblTa yKPbIJIJ1 3epHa 3eMJIetf. HeT, HaM B BepXHeM ErHTITe Hym­

HO CHa1..JaJIa pa3pbIXJIJ.:1Tb 3eMJIIO». IIHce~ ,o;OCTaeT naTIHpyc C

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pble pa,1J;l1 npa3,n;m:tKa BbIJIO)KJtlJIJ.:t Melt, BHHorpa,o;, q:,HHMKH, HHmHp.

CTapeHIIDma BbIpa3J1JI Ha,n;e:m.n;y, 1.{TO, Kor,o;a Qepe3 TPH MeC.RIJ;a

rrnceu; RaM npHe.n;eT aa6HpaTb TpeTblO ,n;OJllO ypoma.H B aM6apbI

cpapaOHa, IDIKOro He npJ1,ll;€TCH 6MTb naJIKaMH aa aa,n;epmKy.

Pa60Tbi 3eMneAenbu,eB. Ha BSPXHHS nORR SOAY nepenHSlJ­

lOT WlJAytPOM (pbl .... ar c. aeAPOM ~ rpY30M Ha APyroM KOHu,e)

72

Pa6, rOTOSl'I114Io1H nI1BO. ct>HryPKlJ H3 rp06HH4b1

M3 PO,o;HOH ,n;epeBHH CB060,lI,HbIX aeMJIe,n;eJIbu;eB rrnceu; RaM

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CJIOBHO OCJIOB.

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THB BbICWJ1X.

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nil nO~eMY B ErHnTe peAKIo1 ynoMHHaHHA 0 aOCCTaHHU 6eAHbiX H HIo13WHX ... cnoea npoTIo1B BbICWIoix1

73

> T'bIC. AO H.J.

XliX IVUII VIII VII V IIV I HI

if § 11 . PaCLlBeT erHneTCKoro LlapCTBa t J -06'bACHH 3Ha'-leHlo1e enOB: rocYAapCTBO, HapOA. 06UJ,eCTBO, rpa>K,D,a­He. (Cnoaapb) - KorAa H KaK o6pa30BaI10Cb enmeTCKoe l..I,apcTBo? (§ 7) KaKHe te6e 113BeCTHbi AOCTH)t(eHHA ApeBHHx enmTAH? (§ 8-10) KorAa 11 KaK ntOp,H

Ha'-lam1l1Cnonb30aaTb nepsble MeTannbl? (§ 5)

74

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a 60-PU'll1iY1O cucmeMy. CaMbIM 60JIbIlIHM qJ1CJIOM 6b1JIO

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cax (qaIlIe C sOAo:t1, sblTeKalOI.I..J;e:ti tIepea OTBepCTYle) mpeQbI

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82

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Co BpeMeHeM BMeeTO rOpOlleKoro OlIOJI­qeHJilH rJIaSHOM y,n;apHo:t1 CMJIOH SOHCKa

CTaJiM 3Ha THble SOMHbI, MeTaSIlIJile

KOllbR C nosoaOK, aanpHmeHHbIX OCJIa­

MM, a TaKme Ha6paHHble mpeQOM-npa­

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83

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B ,QpelHeM MelKAype~be cnOIKHnaCb LlHIHnH3aLlHR co CIOHMH OC06blMH 'PBAH4.JUIMH ... ,AOCTHHCeHHAMH.

m 1 • .o.oKa>Kl1, .. TO >KI1Tenlo1 Me>t<p,ypeYbA B30wnlo1 Ha cTyneHb L.V1BI111113a­lJ,I1H: nplo1BeA/'1 cpaKTbl, nOATBep>KAalOlU,l1e HaI'lHYl1e ee OCHOBHblX nplo1-

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84

- HH"Iero He nOHaMalO! - y.nJ.1BMJICH AHTOWKa.

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-

UI TbIC. AO ".:t.

X I IX I VI" I VII I VI I V I IV I III

§ 13. 3aKOHbi BaBHnOHCKoro qapCTBa ! - 0611S1CHI1 3Ha"leHl1e enOB: LJ,I1Bl1nI13aLI,HSI (ABa 3Ha\.leH~SI), roeYAapcTBo, HapOA, 3aKOH, coceACKafl 06w,HHa, rpamAaHe. (CnoBapb) - nepe'4I1Cl1lo1, KaKlo1e AOCTIo1)f(eHI-tSl )f(lo1Tenel1.QpeBHero Me>KAype'4bSl Te6e Y)f(e 113BeCTHbl. (§ 12) BcnoMHIo1 nereHAY 0 BaBHnOHCKOH 6awHe. (§ 5)

1. nepeKpecToK 3anaAHoH A3HH.

tIepe3 300-400 JIeT nOCJIe B03HHKHOBeHJ1R IllYMepCKJ1X ropo­

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TeJIbCTBa, nHCbMeHHOCTH. OceBIllHe Ha 3eMJIe ceMHTCKJ1e nJIe­

MeHa CTaJIH CTPOJ1Tb CBOJ1 ropo.z::r.a AKKa.n;, BaBliwoH, AIIIIIIYp·

06pa30BaJIHcb HOBbIe Hapo,11;bI, KOTOPbIX n03,n;Hee CTaJIH Ha3bIBaTb

aKKaatfCLIKU, aa8UJ1.o'H.JiUaMU, accupu:UtfaMU. OID1 npOHHKaJIJ1 B

3eMJlJ1 IIIYMepOB, 3aXBaTbIBaJIM BJIaCTb B HX ropo.n;ax. TIocTe­

neHHO .n;peBHHe IIIyMepbI nepeHHMaJIJ1 R3bIK 3aBOeBaTeJIeH.

KJIHHOnJ1Cb 6bIJIa npJ1cnOC06JIeHa .z::r.JIR nepe.n;a"lH ceMHTCKHX

CJIOB. Ha HOBbm R3bIK 6bIJIH nepeBe.z::r.eHbI peJIHrJ103Hble MH£PbI H

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npo.n;oJI.maJIJ1 ToproBaTb C COCe,ll.HMH no 3ana;n;HOH A3HH -

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K HHM KapaBaHbI Be3JIH COJIb, xJIe6, mepcTb J1 MaCJIO, a OT HJ1X­

MeTaJIJIbI (30JIOTO, cepe6po, Me.o;b, OJIOBO), .n;parou;eHHbIe RaMHH,

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06 YBH.n;eHHbIx .n;HKOBl1Hax. MacTepa-YMeJIbU;bI nbITaJIJ1Cb

HCnOJlb30BaTb J1X B CBoeM peMeCJIe. EoraTcTBa Mem.z::r.ypeQb.fl

m no KapTe Ha c. 79 onpeAenl-t, no KaKI-tM ToprOBblM nyTSlM B Me>KAY­pe'4be nocTynanl1 MeAb 11 0110BO, CTpOI-tTenbHbl11 nec, AParOu,eHHble Me­Tannbl, 6naroBoHI1S1, nypnypHaSi KpaCKa, CTeKI1SlHHble COCyAbl, BIo1HO.

85

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ropo,qa-rocy,qapCTBa CPHHHKHH4es OCHOBblBanH no 6eperaM CpeAH3eMHoMopbJI KonOHHH - noceneHHR AnR ToproanH. ,anR 3tJnHceH ToproablX c,qenOK cPHHHKHH4b1 npHAYM.!nH anrpa.HT "13 HaCKonbKHX AeCJlTKOa 6YKa, 0603Ha~alO~X cornaCHbl8 3SYKH. 3anOMHHTb 3TH 6YKSbl, Hay~HTbcR '4HTaTb H nHcaTb Mor Tenepb nlO6oH JKe­nalO~HH. Ta/()#(e ¢HHH~H;;4b1 ctapemHCb 3aMaHHlJaTb Ha caOH Kopa6nH MecTHblX H<HTeneH H npeBpaLL¥'Tb HX B pa60B - rpe640B, rpy3'4HKOS, cnyr, npHHoCHTb a H<eptay 60raM CBOHX ropo,qoB. 3a 3TO cPHHHKHH48S '4ctCTO Ha3blsanH IIr06M<lIHL4HKa­MH, nYKaBbIMH, 3n06HblMH XHtpe48MH, OT Koropblx MHoro nlO,qeH nocrpa,qano».

m 86

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3an<1AHOH A3HH.

npHBJIeKaJIH BOHHCTBeHHblX coce­

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caMH co cnHQaMl1. PeMeCJIeHHHKH

HiiAIlHCb Ha CTpene CPHHHKHiicKH_

MH 6YKBaMH: tlCTpena AAbl, CblHa 6ana.

Mem~ypeqbH YCOBepIIIeHCTBOBaJIH HX, H CTpeMJIITeJIbHbIe KO­

JIeCHHQbI, 3anpH.m:eHHble JIOIIIa~bMH, CTaJIH rJIaBHbIMH nepe­

B03l.J:J1KaMH H y,n;apHOH CHJIOH apMKti Me.m:~ypel.J:bH.

2. 3aKoHbI «cHHIOUJ,eii cnpaBe,Il;JlHBOCTH».

B Ha qaJIe XVIII Be"a 110 H.3. Bee MelKllype'lbe 06'bell>1HJ1JI B Mor~ecTBeHHoe rocy~apcTBo 0,lJ;HH 113 Qape:t1: BaBHJIoHa . .n;OJI­

roe BpeMH ~eHbIe HeMHoro 3HaJIH 06 oco6eHHocTHX STora

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pymHJIH l.J:epHblH 6a3aJIbTOBbIH CTOJI6, nOKpbITbIH. KJIHHOIIJt:[CblO.

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ffi.Il;ero nepe,n; 60rOM COJIHQa H IIpaB~bI illaMaIIIeM. OKa3aJIOCb,

t.tTO Ha cToJI6e 3aIIMCaHbI 3aKOHbI Qa p.fl

XaMMypaDJI, rrpamiBIIIero B BaBHJIOHe

B 1792-1750 rOllax 110 R.3. ¥qeHble Cl.J:HTaroT, l.J:TO CHa'tIaJIa STOT CTOJI6 B03-

BbIIIIaJICH B caMOM BaBHJIoHe, a rr03,ll;­

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Bo BpeMeHa .me npaBJIeHHH XaMMY­

pan" BO Bee ropolla MelKllype'lbH l1aPb Ha3Hal.J:aJI CB0l1:X l.J:HHOBHHKOB, KOTopbIe

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H pa6oB. BrrycTI1B 6e,n;Horo coce,n;a BO

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cor JIaIIIaJICH l1.8 Tb ,n;eHer B .n;OJIr, HO c BepWHHa cTon6a C 3ctKOHctMH

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87

So ABope AOMa 6oraToro ropolKa­HHHa MelKAype'fbR.

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88

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II] 1. l.feM MO>KHO 06"bACHI1Tb 6blcTpoe pa3BI1TI1e Me>KAypeYbA 101 Bceii 3a­

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• CpaBHH MHeHl1e AHTOUJI<I1 C Ta6nl1u,eii cBpeMA OCBOeHI1s:1 AOCTI1>KeHl1iilJ.

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II I AOCTHHCeHMA I f KoneCo-AHCK

Me)K,Aype ..... e &MneT

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89

TbIC. ACH!. J. TbIC. AO H.:I. HoBalll,pa

, X l iX I VIII I VI I VI I V IIV I . I • I Iff N IIU f lY 1 V

§ 14. u)f(ene3HOe» 14apCTBO ACCHPHH 11 - 06"bACHH 3Ha~eHHe enOB: 06l4eCTSO, rocyACipcTSO, Hapop,. (CnOBapb)

- BcnOMHIo1 oco6eHHOCTH H p,OCTI1>KeHI1Sl IJ,I1BI1I1113alJ,l111 .o.peBHero Me>K-p,ype~bA. (§ 12) KaKl1e MeTannbl I1CnOnb30Banl1Cb BO II TbICSl~eneTI1H .0.0 H.3. AtUI 113rOTOBneHI1A opy.o.I1i1? B '4eM npeHMYl4eCTBa 101 Hep,OCTaTKIo1 1013.o.en .... i1113 3TI1)( MeTannoB? (§ 11)

1. HaqaJlo iKeJle3Boro seKa Ha ceBepO-BOCTOKe Mem,Aypeqb11 mHJIJII nJIeMeHa accupuu-

1.fes. Ha XOJlMHCTblX 6eperax THrpa OHH BblpaIQHBaJIH .RQMeHb 11

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MI1 nyT.RMI1 B.n;OJIb TJtJrpa, accHpJtui:QbI cKynaJlH MeTaJIJIbI,

mepcTb, .n;epeBo y mHBWJIIX ceBepHee Hapo.n;oB H npo.n;aBaJiH HX

Ha lOr, a 3epHo, TK3HH H peMeCJIeHHbIe H3.n;eJIHH nepenpO,lJ;aBa­

JIH Ha ceBep. K 2000 ro.ny ,lJ;0 H.3. pa360raTeBurne nOCeJIelfJilH ac­

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113 HJ1HeBJ1J1 J1CXOP;J1JIJ1 u;apCKJ1e YKa3bI a HOBbIX 3aBoeBaHHSlX

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1. B nOHCKax «3eMJlH o6eToBaHHOH)).

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TaR HX H CTaJll1 Ha3bIBaTb: «nepewe,n;llule qepea peKy» - no­

ceMHTCKH «HBPH» , YlJlYI eBpeH. QHH HaWJn1 npHIOT B EnmTe.

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4 - ,ll,aHHAoa, I >tn . 97

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C006II..J;J.1Tb JIlO,n;HM npaBHJIa mH3H~ro BbI60p naJI Ha nacTyxa Aepa.::i.Ma, co­

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focno,lJ;Y . .iKeJIaH ero HcnblTaTb, Bor Be­

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O,lJ;HaKO ero nOTOMKH MHoro pa3 HapywaJIH 3aBeT focno,n;a,

cOBepwaH rpexH H nOKJIOHRRCb H,Zl;OJIaM. B HaKaaaHl1e OHH OKa-

3aJIHCb B ernneTCKOM nJIeHy. fOCrrO,Zl;b BbI6paJI HOBoro rrpopoKa -

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HapO,lJ; 113 pa6CTBa 11 06paTI1Tb ero B HC­

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&H6nHA ApeBHHX elpeel (Tana OCHOIOM HOIOM penHrHH Aoro­aopa-3l1BeTa &ora M nlOAeH.

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MOl1ceto: .rOcnoAb A06pbtHI1 MHIlOCepAl1btH60r, AonroTepnenl1BbtH 11 nonHbtH m06sl1»1 CpasHH 6H6neHcKI1e paCCKa3bt 06 HCTOPHI1 eBpeeB 11 Onl1CaHHe I1X I1CTOpl1l1, COCTaBneHHoe Y"leHbtMH no I1CTO ... HHKaM.

3. rtpoAOn>K11 3anOnHstTb Ta6nl1u,y «Penl1rl1l1 ,D.peBHero MHpa» (c. 63)­CTpOKa «6116neHcKaR penHrHR eBpeeB~ . ~M OTJ1I1 ... aeTCSI 3Ta penHrHR

OT APy rHd h aK, Ha TBO~ B3rnRA, nORBneHHe .]TOH penHrHI1 nOBnHRno Ha Io1CTOPlo1to ntoAeH?

- MO.)KeT, aCCHpJ1Hr.uu 6bUlH H He o'{eHb .ll06pble, aaTO CKJIbHble! - aa­lIBI1Jl AHTOIIJKa. - BOH OHH CKOJIbKO Hapo.llOB n06e,IPUIl1: J1 SaBHJlOHRH, H erHnTSlH, H espees. CHJIbHOMY MomHO MHoroe npoCTHTb.

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ropo.lla BeJIeJl nOCTaSHTb. 34 ropo,n:a .R OCanHJJ, s3M, paapyurn:JI, CHec, orneM cnaJIl.1Ju .

• KaKlo1e CBOH nOCTynKIo1 aCCHpHHCKI1H U.apb C"'HTaeT A06pbtMH 11 cnpaBeA­nlo1BbtMIo11 Ecnl1 6bt TaK >Ke C"IHTanH ace >KHTenH 3amiAHOH A310111, ... TO 6bl npolo130wno C HHMH H co BceM ... enOBe ... eCTBOM .. >t<ene3HOM BeKe?

• CpaBHH CBOIo1 npeAflOnmKeHIo1H C peanbHOH HCToplo1eH .. enOBe ... eCTBa. Ka­KO~ B03HIo1KaeT aonpod

BII 6naroAapR "IeMy HapOAbl 3anaAHO~ A3101H He YHH ... TO>KHIlI1 APyr APyra

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100

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X IIXIVlII l VlI I Vt lVllVjltlj I I I IIUtllltlVtV

§ 16. MHpOBall Aep)f(aBa nepCOB f&-~ - 06'bRCHH 3Ha ... eHHe enos: IJ,Io1BI1nl13aLl,l1R (cTyneHb). rOCYAapCTBo. pe­

nHrH •. (CnoBapb) - KaK HcnOnb30aaHI1e >t<ene3a 113MeHHIlO I1CTOPl1to Me>KAype"lbR? (§ 14) KaKHMH AOCTH)f(eHHRMH 060raTHnl1 ... enoBe ... ecKYto KynbTypy HHP,oeB­pone~cKHe nneMeHa apl1eB (§ 5), erHnTAHe (§ 8-9), >t<I1Tenl1 Me>KAY­pe ... b. (§ 12), APeBHlo1e espeHl (§ 15)

1. «CeeT npOTHB TbMbl».

K BOCTOKY OT Mem~ypeqbSI HaqHHaeTCSI ropHaR CTpaHa.

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101

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102

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CBoeH meHbI CeMJ1paMJ.1:,ll;hl, cKyqalOm;eH no ropaM PO,lJ;HOH MI1-

,lJ;HH, HaByxo,n:oHoeop II npHlta.aaJI nocTpoHTh OC06bIH ,ll;Bopeu;.

Ero CTeHhI nO,lJ;HHMaJIHCh BBepx, Ilo,n:06HO ropHblM YCTynaM. Ha

CBHHQOBhIX KphlIIIax m:ypqaJIH «ropHbIe PyqhH» H ~eJl1.1 ca,lJ;hI,

KaaaBIIIKecR BKC~ Ha,n; BaBWIOHOM. Or ropo,n:CKKX BOPOT

60rHHK HIIITap WJIa YJII1Qa rJIaBHhIX peJIHrH03HbIX npoQeccHH.

B KOH~e ee BbICI1JICSI «RpaeyroJIbHbIH RaMeHb He6a H 3eMJIH» -

ceMHcTyneH1..JaTaR 6aIIIHSI-aHKKypaT, Ha BepIIIHHe KOTOPOH B

He6ecHoH CHHeBe CHM rJIa3ypblO H30JIOTOM xpaM 60ra CO.JIHll;a -

Map,n:YKa. B IlaMSITb 0 CTpOHTeJIbCTSe 3TOro «CTOJIna» CMJIaMH

pa3HhIX Hapo,n:OB COXpaHHJIOCb BhIpameHHe «BaBHJIOHCKOe

CTOJInOTBOpeHHe».

~~ 3000Tble nHAHi:tcI(He MOHeTbl u,ap,. Kpe3a.

VI e. AO H.3.

CoxpaHHnOCI> SI>'pa>Ke­HHe: .60raT, KaK Kpe3.

BallHtlOH npH

Ha8YXOAOHocope 11. C08peM. pHCyHOK

103

3 . .Ilep~aBa «u;apa u;apeH». Mem,D;y TeM B COCe,D;HeM I1paHe 3eMJIe.n;eJIb'l!eCK~e nJIeMeHa

nepcoB 06'bell"H"J] I1apb K"p II "3 pOlla AxeMeH';lloB (558-530 rr . .n;o H.a.) . llepcbI TOJIbKO BbIXO,D;HJIH H3 COCTOHHHH nepB06bIT­

Horo paBeHcTBa, noaToMY Bce Mym'l!HHbI CJIymHJIH B OnOJI'l!eHHH

u;apH, KOTOPblM BoopymaJI CBOHX Bm'fHOB JIy'l!lIIHM meJIe3HbIM

opymHeM, o6yQaJI cpa.maTbcH Ha KOJIeCHMQax, B neXOTHOM 11

KOHHOM CTpOIO. B 550 ro.n;y .n;o H.a. BOHcKa nepcoB 3aXBaTHJIH

MH.n;HIO, a BCRope Bce ropo.n;a ~ nJIeMeHa J1paHa. B 547 ro.n;y,D;o

H.a. u;apb JIH.n;HH Kpe3, nOJIy't!HB npe.n;cKa3aHHe OT mpeu;oB, 'l!TO

OH «COKpyurHT BeJIl1KOe u;apcTBo, nepe:i1:.n;a peRy raJIHc», nOBeJI

CBOH Bo:i1cKa 'l!epe3 nepCH.n;CKylO rpaHHU;y. O,n;HaKO B aTOM BOMHe

nepcbI COKPYlIIJ1JIl1 H npHcoe.n;HID:IJIH u;apCTBO caMoro Kpe3a.

B 539 ro,z:r;y .n;o H.3. nepCI1,llCKI1H Qapb K~p nOBeJI BOMcKa Ha Ba­

BHJIOH. ITo JIereH,zt,e, nHpOBaBlIIJ1H BO .n;BoPQe BaBHJIOHCKHM Qapb

BaJITaCap YBJ1,n;eJI 3amerlIIyrocH B B03,D;yxe Ha,z:r;nJ1Cb: «UapcTBo

TBoe HCl.{HCJIeHO. B3BellieHO H OT,n;aHO». IIepcbI B3HJllII BaBHJIOH H

[I]

104

" rpaHII~

- """'"

H

IKHe rOCYAapcTBa rocnOACTBoaanloi B 3ana,D.Hoi:1 A31011o1 AO Ha"lana nepcl'lA­CKIo1X 3aBoeBaHHi:11 KaKOBbl 6blnlo1 nocneACTBHH nepCHACKHX 3aBoeBaHIo1i1?

Bce nO,D;BJIaCTHbJe eMY 3eMJIH. KHP pa3pelIIl1JI llJIeHeHHbIM Ha­

pO,D;aM BepHYTbcH .n;OMO:i1:, OT<;TPOJ1Tb CBOH xpaMbl , BbInJIal.{J1BaH

3a 3TO ,D;aHb nepCl1.n;cKOMY QaplO. B 525 ro.n;y ,lJ,0 H.3. HaCJIe,D;HHK

K:~:1pa KaM6H3 pa3rpOMHJI apMJ110 cpapaoHa if BKJIIOl.{WI ErHneT

B orpoMHylO lIepc"llcKYIO llepmaBy. IIp'' aTOM KaM6"3 3anpe­TJ1JI CBm:1M BOHHaM rpa6HTb enmeTCKHe xpaMbI J1 06'bHBHJI ce6H

HOBhlM ct>apaOHOM - «ChIHOM Pa "Oc"p"ca». B Hal.{aJIe npaBJIeHHH TpeTbero nepCH,n;CKoro u;apH J(apHH I

(522-486 rr . .n;o H.a.) no BceM ,lJ,epmaBe BcnblxHYJIH BOCCTaHHH

npOTJoIB nepcH,z:r;cKHX C60PI..I.J;HKOB ,n;aHH. TIepe6pacbmaa BOMcKa

H3 O,z:r;HO:i1: cTpaHbI B ,n;pyrYIO, MOJIO,n;OH u;apb cYMeJl nO,D;aBHTb Bce

BOCCTaHHH, Ka3HHTb ,D;eC.fITKH TbICH'l! JllO,D;eH. ,1l;apHM I pa3.n;eJlHJI

llepcH,z:r;cKYIO ,D;epmaBy Ha 06J1aCTH BO rJIaBe C HaMeCTHHKaMH -

campanaMu (<<xpaHHTeJIHMH n;apCTBa»). YnpaBJIJITb caTpany nOMOraJlH l.{HHOBHHKH: Ka3Hal.{eH, Cl.{eTOBo.n;bI, CJle,n;OBaTeJIH,

rJIaIIIaTaH, nHCQbI. KpoMe nepcoB, Ha aTH XOPOlliO onJIal.{HBae­MbJe .n;OJlmHOCTH npHHHMaJlH H BaBHJlOHHH, CPHHHKMHn;eB, erJ1n­

THH H .n;p. Ha c06paHHbie HaJIorl1 n;apJII CTPOHJIl1 He TOJlbKO

.n;BOPU;bl, HO H MOI.I..J;eHble «QapCKHe .l.I;OpOrH» , KaHaJlbI , COe.l.l;HHHB­IIIHe MHorHe ropo.n;a. Ha pbIHKax aTHX rOpO.l.l;OB paCnJIa'l!HBaJIHCb

Tenepb e,D;HHOM: MOHeTOM C H306pameHHeM U;apH.

OePCHACKoe Lf,apcTBo

j . 3aKOHbi

l WaxHHwa, iiJL • ~ «L~pb u,apei1» ~ I~(f

Ca,pan.~ .l. .IJ ,oneoHH~liii""· 06nmeH ~ ~ j lIfPrPr j

f' f I BeAOMCTla A. nexora A Ka3Ht.1 nO'lTb1 A Hi! TilHHIoIX ocaeAOMHTeneH I p; !

ropoAa ~n.J,~pe.HH ~ .. m ..... _.t'_~.~_C?r.~J_ . m .. mm ...... m .. m _ _ m<;n~~_6~_j

[I] K aKl1e oco6eHHOCTH anacn1 06eCne"lHBanH npO"lHOCTb AepM<aSbl nepeos? CpaSHH c enmerCKIo1M u,apCTBOM (c . 56). YcnoBHble 3HaKH - c. 7.

105

rle4aTb: ,AapHH t Ha OXOTe.

Baepxy - 60r CaeTa 0pMY3A

CTOJlHl\eil ,lIepmaBbI CTaJl ropO,ll Cy-3b!. TaM 'lIHHOBHJ.fK11 paa6HpaJIH rJIHHH­

Hble Ta6JII1'lKH C ~peBHJ1MJ1 MeCTHbIMH

aaKOHaMJ1(HanpHMep, 3aKOHaMM XaM­MypanH) J1 Ha J1X DCHOBe C03,IJ;aBaJIH

e,llHHble l\a pCKHe y><a3b1. ,Ua pHil I cJle­,lloeaJI Y1.JeHMIO 3apaTywTpbI, HO pa3-pernaJI CBo6o,lJ;HO aepHTb J1 B .n;pyrHx 60roB. ITo Bceil ITepcH,lIcKoil ,lIepmaBe AeticTBOeaJIa TalfHaflIIOJIHU;J1H (<<yurn: J1

a1Ui u;apH»), KOTOpaJI He n03BOJUlJIa

1.{J.1HOBHHKaM CaMOBOJIbHO yeeJIH1.JHBaTb pa3Mep no,naTeH, YTaH­

BaTh no.n;apKH, npe,n;Ha3HaQeHHbIe uaplO. BOHeRo CTaJIH Ha-6J1paTb Jil3 npe.n;cTaBHTeJIefi pa3Hhlx HapO,IJ;OB, pa3Me~aTb B Hep0.D;HbIX ,lVIH BOHHOB 06JIaCTSIX, J1 TOJIbKO feap.n;J1.f1 u;ap.fl -

10 TblCSlt{ «6eccMepTHbIX» - COCTOHJ1a J.13 nepcoB.

nepcbI CO;JAanH AeplKa.y. 06 .... AHHH.WyIO pa3Hble HapOAbI l1li­IHftH30laHHoro MHpa 3anBAHoH A3HH H ErNnT •.

[!] 1. i:<aKHe o6l11,He HAel1, Ha TaOH nrnA,q, ecn. a y'(eHHH 3apaTywTpbl H 6H6neHcKoH penHrHH eapeeal npOAOO>KH 3anonHATb Ta6nH14Y (c. 63). 2. 'fro o6w.ero Me)t(Ay AccHpHei1 H B03pO)t(AeHHbIM BaSIotllOHCKHM u,apcTBoMl KaK Tbl AYMaewb, KaKl1e '(YBcTBa Sbl3blBanH «BHCA,(l1e CClAbI» CeMl1paMH,D,b1 11 BaBl1nOHCKaA 6awHA y aaBl1nOHAH H y nOKopeHHblx Ha­POAOBl 3. l1o'(eMY nepCbl CMornH 3asoeBaTb MHoro 3eMenb? no ... eMY nepcaM YAanOCb YAep)t(aTb CBOIO Aep)f(aBY OT pacnilAol1 KaK Tbl nOHHMaeWb Sblpa)f(eHl1e CMl1pOBaA Aep)f(aBa»l

- H nOH.RJl! - CKa3aJI AwrowKa. - Bce rocY,llapc1'B3., C03,llaHHbIe 3aBOe­

BaTeJlflMH, ,ll0JIr0 He npoTHH-yT 11 naMJlTb 0 ce5e OCTa8J1T DJIOXylO, KaK ACCHpHH.

- C ACC~HeH TaK H BbllllJIO, - OTBeTMJI JiCTO"lHHKOBe.ll. - A BOT nep­

CH.llCKHe «LtapH QapeH» AxeMeHU,nbl nOCJle aasoesaHHH npaBKJI14 200 neT, 14 MHorHe nOCne,llylOII..V1e npaBI1TeJll1 C'UlTanH ce6J1 HaCJJeAHHKaMH I1X BJIaCTl1 11 nOpH,llKOB.

• CpaBHH MHeHHe AHTOWKH H cpaKTbl, npHBeAeHHble Io1CTO,(HHKoaeAOM. KaKoe Ha6nlOAaeTCA npoTHBopeYHel KaKoH B03HHKaeT Bonpod

!II nOyeMY nepcaM B OTnH'4He OT accHpHHu,eB YAaI10Cb C03AaTb AonroBe ... -... HYIO MHpOBytO Aep)t(aByl

106

.It I IX I V. ,po I I •

. § 17. «npOCBeTneHHe» ApeBHeii HHAHH

- 06bACHH 3Ha'(eHHe cnOB: LI,I1BHI1H3au,l<1l'1 (CTyneHb 11 06U4HOCTb), rocy­AapCTBO, HapOA, penHrlo1A, HCKYCCTBO. (CnOBapb) - KorAa H KaK nlOAH HayYIotllHCb o6pa6aTbiBaTb )t(ene30? (§ 14) I lOyeMY B' fblC. AO 101.3. CTanH nOABnATbCA HOBbie penHrHHl (§ 15. 16)

1. H3BHJ1HCTaH Tpona D;HBHJ1H3ao;?H.

@ a ropaMH Hr.aHa TeqeT BeJlI1Ka"(peKa U1£a) mHBWl1e 3,l1eCb ( JIJIeMeHa opa6UO06 K XXVI peKY ,ltO H.3.)C03,lta.1IH Il;HBHJIJ.f3alVUO

60JlbnrnX roPO,llOB. O,llHaKO K XVIII BeKY ,lI0 H.3. no HeH3BeCTHblM HaM npW.J:HHaM ropo,n;a 3arrycTeJIH,)i JIlO,n;H onRTb CTaJIH mHTb

nepB06b1THbIMH 06nrnHaMI1. OKOJlor1500 rolla ,lI0 B.3. B HH,lIHIO nepeCeJIHlOTCH HH,n;oeBponeHCKHe nJIeMe,ra K01.J:eBHHKOB apue6 (po,n;CTBeHHHKH Tex, 1.J:TO 3aCeJIHJlH J'ipaH)JIIpocTbIe 06I.tT;JffiHHKH

neperoH.fIJIH Ha HOBbIe nacT6~a KOPOB, nepeHOCHJIH Ty,lta CBOH

JlerKHe KH6HTKH. 3HaTHble BOHHbI BO rJIaBe C paaJfCllJKU-BOm.rtH­

MH BOeBaJI:H Ha KOJIeCHJ1].~ax, oroHBa.R .npyr y .Ilpyra T)"fHble CTa­

,na. 'tJepe3 3apOCJIH ,ltmYHrJIeH apH:H nOCTe­

neRHO npO,ltBHraJIHCb Ha BOCTOK H BbJlllJIH K

6eperaM BTOpoil BeJlHKOil peKI1 HH,lIIDI -ra1£zy.

OT CBOHX 3ana,ltHbIX coce,neft a pHH Y3HaJIH

ceKpeTbI 06pa60TKH meJle3a. B X-VI BeKax ,n;o H.3. meJIe3HblMH TonopaMH OHM pac­

qHCTHJIH ,ltmyHl'JIH, nJIyraMH BCnaXaJIH

aeMJJ1O, meJIe3HhIMH JIOnaTaMH BbIpbIJIH Ka­

HaJIbI )lJJ.H OTBo.na JIHIIIHen BOAb!. MeCTHbIe

IIJIeMeHa nOMorJIH apH.fIM npHPYQl1Tb CJIOHOB,

KOTopble nepeHOCHJll1 THmeJIble 6peBHa, Ha­

YQl1JIH BblpalllHBaTb pHC, n03HaKOMHJIH CO

CBOHMH 60raMH. Co BpeMeHeM KopeHHble

HH,ltH~bl CJIJIIJlHCb C a pH.RMH B OAHO o6~e­

CTBO. Ap:Hfi:cKHe .fI3h1KH pacnpOCTpaHHJIHCb

Ha ceBepe, a ,n;paBH,ltCKHe COXpaHHJlHCb

¢) ... rypKa )Kpe~ ... 3 "'HAHHCKorO ropoAa.

11/ TblC. AO ... . 3.

107

Cu.eHa 1<13 cMaxa6xapaTbilt

n03Ma n08ecT8yer 0 80l1He nOTOMK08 LIlJPJlDxo!paTbl. nepe~ Ho!'I,JnOM pewo!/Ow,ei1 6HTBbl LIlJPb O~HOH H3

CTOPOH 06po!UJ,o!eTCJI C aonpOCOM K 60ry KpHWHe:

Ko!K Mbi MO)KeM norOM HacllaHC~aTbCJI, OCK8epHHa ce6J1 pO~H'Iel1 KpOBb/O?

KpHWHa a 06nHKe a03HH~1 KOl'leCHH~' OrDe'lo'er: Ko!K o~e}H~y H3HoweHHY/o 6pOCHa,

l../elloBeK Ha~eBaeT ~pyry/O, TaK, CHOCHa caoe TlleHHoe Teno, BOnl'lOUJ,eHHbIH 8 HHoe BCTynaer. ,. HeH36eHCHO yMper pOHC~eHHb/H, HeH36eHCHO pO~HTCJI yMepwHH,'

ECnH)K ace 3TO HeoTBparHMo-

To K 'IeMy 3,qeCb T80H CO)KaneHbll?

Ha lOre. B VIII-VI BeKaX lI.O H.a. B lI.OJIHHe faHI'a Bblpoc.rn1 ropolI,a .

B KOTOPblX >KI1JU! pal1"<"-l\ap". oKpy",eHHble npHlJ,BOpHbIMJ<. 3eM­JIe~eJIbQbl-06~ CTaJIH OT,IJ;aBaTb pa,lVKe J1 BOl1HaM l.J:aCTb

ypomaa. Ha naJIhMOBbIX JrnCTbHX aam:1CbIBaJIJt:[Cb rJ1MHbI 6oraM,

JIere~bI 0 repOHX, nepel.J:HH ,Il;OXO,D;OB. CTaJU1 CKJIa,n;bIBaTbCH

,ll;peSHeJ1F1):(J1:i1:cKHe n03MbI «Maxa6xapaTa» J1 «PaMamia».

2. ~BeTa "OlI."liCKOH KY JILTYPLI. E~e,n;o H306peTeHluI DHCbMeHHOCTH apvul liI3 yeT B YCTa nepe­

.n;aBaJIH eea'bL (OT CJIQBa «se.n;aTb» - 3HaTb) - TaHHbIe 3HaHl%UI,

KOTophIe C'tUITaJlHCh «YCJIbIllIaHHhIMl1» .n;peSHHMJiI MY,lijJeQaMH

OT CaMJiX fiorDB. Be.z:u,I 05'bRCHHJIH, KaK ofir.u;aTbCH C 60raMH, t.{TO-

6b! OHM B03Bpar.u;aJIH B MHp mH3HeHHbIe CYIJIbI ,lJ;JIR pom.n;eHHH

paCTeHHH, )KJ.mOTHbIX J1 JIlO.n;eti. COrJIaCHO Be,n;aM, JIIO,IJ;H fibIJIH

lcoa.n;aHbI 113 «rrepsoqeJIOSeKa». 113 ero p~ nOJI)"IHJIJ.1Cb .m.peU;hJ-6pax.M(iitbt., H3 pyK - BOI1HbI-1<:Wampuu 113 6e,n;ep - TpymeHJ.:t­

KH-aaUWbU. 3TH TpM CJIOH 06~eCTBa a M Ha3bIBaJIM BapHaMH

(OT CJIOBa «BapHa» - QBeT).lKeJITbIe, RaR 3eMJIH, BafuIIb.R Bblpa-

lQMBalOT CROT M IIJIO.I\bI; RpaCHble, RaR KPOBb, KIlIaTpMM BOIOIOT H

YCTaHaBJU1BalOT nOpH,lJ;OK; 6eJIble, RaR 06JIaKa, 6paxMaHbI 06-

m;aIOTCH C 60raMH. B J1H,n;H~ 3aBoeBaHH~e apHSIMM fIJIeMeHa

COCTaBMJIH ew,e O,n;Hy BapHy 1 CJIyr-wyop. tJepHbIe, RaK rp.R3b,

OHM ,lJ;OJImHbJ 6bIJIH CJIymHTb BbICIlIHM Bap aM, 3HalOJ.IJ;l1:M Be,n;bI.

TOJIbKO BHyTpM Ba PHbl , B KOTOPOti PO,n;HJICSI tteJIOBeK, MomHO

BbI6MpaTb ,n;pyaeti, meHY J.1JIH Myma. He ,n;onycKaJIOCb ,ll;ame,

ttTo6bI TeHb IlIYJl.Pbl ynaJIa Ha 6paxMaHa. O,n;HaKo nOCJIe cMepTH

108

MapTMH. MMpa APeBHMI MHAMH",ea·6YAAMCTOB

·0 .""0 '

'9. ~ ... ~

~ ~PBAk4

-~. n e -*1 __ - 1_

< ~o "'0 "0

:.)6+0:06/ ...

..,.~

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, ~-!1 '--------/ ~01y,<iV1y~ (fyracaHMe )KenaHMH )) ~;:,~;)(~

~v / ~ ~ .. 0 ./ /..~. 'r ,:,'1J • 0 .... ·0+ ~ 0"

..-::# #'

m ~. 0 •

1. C paBHIot npeAcTaBneHIotA IotHAJ.1Hu,eB 0 nlOAAX lot 60rax C npep,cTaBneHIotAMIo1 erlo1nTAH (c. 62) 101 eBpeeB (c. 98). Hai:W-t npeAcTaBIo1Tenei:1 "IeTblpex sapH.

109

Aywa l.J:eJIOBeKa cOBepwaeT KpyroBopoT 11 nepeCeJIReTCSI B TeJIO

HOBopomAeHHoro. ECJll1 B npOIllJIOH mH3HH l.J:eJJOBeK fiblJI nocJIY­

IlIeH H ycep,n;eH, TO Aame 6bIBIlIHH wy,n;pa Mor PO,n;HTbCR

6paXMaHoM, a eCJIH l.J:eJIOBeK fibIJI He,n;OBOJIeH CBOHM MeCTOM B

06r.u;eCTBe Ii HapywaJI ofibNaH CBoeH BapHbI, TO B HOBOH mH3HH

OR Mor PO,n;J1TbCH 06e3bRHoH, 'lIepBe M HJlH ,n;epeBoM.

ITpe/lCTaBHTeJIH Bcex BapH MHpHO ymHBaJIJ<Cb B CM'bCKUX

06tq.uuax JilH,ll;HH. BeAbl npH3blBaJIH HX: «BMecTe cofiHpaHTecb!

BMecTe ,lI;OrOBapHBaHTecb!.. E,lI;HHbIM ,lJ;a 6Y,lJ;eT Baw 3aMbICeJI,

e,n;HHblMl1 - BaWH cepAu;a! ... l.J:TofibI fibIJIO B Bac ,n;ofipoe corJIa­

CHe! » Co6paHHe mHTeJIeH ,n;epeSHH npHHHMaJIO peweHHe, KaK

CTPOHTb HymHble ,n;oporH H xpaMbI, BblpyGaTb ,n;mYHrJIH, nJIa­

THTb HaJIOrH KIIIaTpHRM, mHsy~HM B ropo,n;ax. IIIYAPbI JIellHJIH

ropWKH, rOTosRCb K JIYl.J:WeMY nepepom,n;eHHlO. BaHwbR naxa­

JIH 3eMJIlO H naCJIM CKOT. BpaXMaHbI BeJIH no 3Be3,n;aM KaJIeH­

,ll;apb, JIel.J:HJIH fiOJIe3HH H, np'OH3HOCR 38KJIHHaHHR, fipOCaJIH • 3epHO H MRCO B nJIaM.R fiora ArHM, KOTOPhlH ,n;bIMOM B03HOCHJI

3TH JllO,lI;CKHe ,n;a phI K HefieCHbIM 60raM.

3. BLlpBaThcH H3 cTpap;aBuH! K cepe,n;HHe I TbICHl.J:eJIeTHR ,n;o H.3. B YiH,n;HH CJImKHJIOCb He­

CKOJIbKO cOnepHHl.J:alOI.QHX rocy,n;apcTB. Bce l.J:ar.u;e CXO,n;HJrnCb B

6HTBax apMHH: 3BeHeJrn meJIe3Hble Me't:J:H, JIeTeJIH CTpeJIbl,

llyt.IJ;eHHble C KOJIeCH~, fioeBble CJIOHbl TOnTaJIH pH,ll;bl BparoB.

HecMoTpH Ha 3TO, Ha nepeKpeCTKaX ,lJ;opor H peK BblpaCTaJrn HO­

110

r aYTaMa-orwenbHHK. Co.pellA. PHCYHOK

Bble ropolla. YllaqJIHBble TOproBl\bl H peMec.neHHHKH H3 wy,lJ;p H Baflun,eB

CTaHOBHJlHCb 6oral.J:e MHOrHX 3HaTHbIX

fipaXMaHOB H Kwa TpHeB. ilpyrHM me Ofir.u;HHHHKaM He XBaTaJIO AeHer Ha

HaJIOrH, OHH 3aJIe3aJIH B ,n;OJIrH, a no­

TOM C nJIal.J:eM OT,n;aBaJIH fiOral.J:aM

CSOlO 3eMJIlO, ,n;OM H ,n;eTeH.

Tor/la, B Cepe/lHHe VI BeKa /10 H.S., B OIlHOM H3 rocYllapcTB POIIHJICR l1ape­BHq cuaaxapmxa fayma.Ma. ITo 6y,n;,n;HHCKOMY npe,lJ;aHHID, MaJIbtIH­

Ky npe,z:(peKaJIH mH3Hb BeJII1KOro

OTWeJIbHHKa. B MHAJ1H 6bIJlO MHoro OTWeJlbHl1KOB-UOa06, KOTQ­

pbIe B JIeCHOM rJIyurn I1CKaJIl1 ,n;YXOBHbIe l1CTHHbI, TpeHJ1pYR

CBoe TeJIO TepneTb roJIO,n;, Heno,n;BJoUKHOCTb, fiOJIb. Uapb-OTeu;

npHKa3aJI He BbmYCKaTb MaJIblJ.J1.Ka 3a CTeHhl ,n;Bopu;a, r,n;e

rayraMa pOC, oKpymeHH'hlH KpaCOTOH, POCKOWblO H BeCeJIbeM.

Ho B 16 JIeT OH TaiiKoM BbIfipaJICR B ropo,n; H yBJ1,l\eJI fiOJIbHblX,

CTaplflwB, noxopoHhI MepTBbIX. B nOIlCKIlX cnaceHI!JI OT 3JIa, !1a­PRIl1ero B MHpe, OH Y,lIaJII!JICII B AlKym'JIJ<. ITo npellaHmO, raYTaMa ,zt0JIr0 CJ1,l\eJI no,n; ,n;epeBoM, ycnOKaHBaJI CBOH qyBCTBa, OTCTpaHHJI

MhICJIH, cocpe,ztOTa~ BOmo, 3aCTaBJIHH ~y nO,lJ;HSITbCR Ha,zt

TeJIeCHbIM Mi!pOM B MIIp He6ecHblX cq,ep. TaK raYTaMe OTKPbl­JIaCb HCTHHa, 11 OH CTaJI BYMOM - «npocseTJIeHHbIM».

OH nepBbIM Y3HaJI qeTblpe fiJIarOp0,lJ;HbIe HCTHHbI: 1) mH3Hb -

(

3TO cTpa,ztaHHe; 2) npHqHHa cTpa,ztaHJ1H - qeJIOBeqeCKHe meJIa­

HHH fioraTcTBa, BJIaCTH, JIlO6BH, KOTopble 3aCTaBJIHlOT ,lJ;ymy

nepepom,n;aTbcH ,n;JI.R HOBblX mH3Heti: H cTpa,n;aHHH; 3) npeKpa­

r.u;eHHe cTpa,n;aHHH - 3TO H36aBJIeHHe OT meJIaHHJ1:; 4) Kam,n;blH

MomeT npOHTl1 nyTb cnaCeHH.R - H36asJIeHl1.R OT meJIaHHH. )l;JI.R

STOro Ha,n;o OTKa3aTbC.R OT yfiHHCTB (He npHqHHHTb Bpe,n;a BceMY

mHBOMY), OT BOpOBCTBa, JImH, nb.RHCTBa, pa3spaTa; fibITb r.u;eA­

PbIM, .n06PhlM H CMHpeHHbIM; ycnoKoHTb CSOH qYBCTBa H MblCJIH,

OTCTpaHHTb l1X OT Ml1pa CTpaCTeH. TIpOH,n;H 3TOT llyrb, ,l{yWa

qeJIOSeKa SbIpblBaeTC.R H3 Kpyra nepepom,nefillH 11 ,lI;OCTJfl'aeT

uupaaUbL ( << ycnoKoeHHR») - CBo60,ll;bl .nYWH, «OCTposa, pa3py­

walOr.u;ero CMepTb H CTapOCTb».

ITponoBellH BYllllbl COfiHpaJIHCb llOCJIywaTb H ropo,n;CKHe TOprOSIJ;bI, H

CeJlbCKl1e TpymeHHKH, H 3HaTHbie

SOI1HbI. O,n;HH OCTaBJIRJIH CBOH ,lI;OM,

ceMblO, sapHy H WJII1 3a ytIHTeJIeM.

,l'l;pyrHe lll.e,n;po KOPMI1JIH HX, Ha,n;eHCb

Hal.J:aTb nyTh K HHpsaHe B CJIe,n;ylO­

Il1eM nepepOlKlleHHH. CMepTb BYMbl OKOJIO 544 ro,n;a .no H.3. 03HatIaJIa ,nJI.R

era CTOPOHHHKOB, 'lITO ,n;YIlIa yqHTeJUl

OCTaBHJIa TeJIO H YUIJIa B ceeT JIblH

nOKOH HHpBaHbl. STaT nyrb, cnaca- npOC8emeHHe 6YAAbI. Co.peM. PHCYHOK

111

<Pl1rypa 6YAAbI 6YAAHHCKaJl cTyna 8 CaH'"IH.

113 MOHaCTblpR. IV 8. OKOIIO 220 r.,40 H.l .

ror.u;Mti OT CTpa,ll;aHMti KpyroBopoTa nepepOm,ll;eHl1ti, Mor Tenepb

nOBTOpHTb Kam,ll;bIti. TbIC.JPiH nOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIeti 6YMH3Ma ,n;BH­

HYJIMCb no ,n;oporaM, 06JIa~mBIIlJ1Cb B O,ll;em,n;bI opaHmeBoro IJ;Be­

Ta. B ce30H ,n;om,n;eti 3TH M01W.XU C06MpaJIMCb B MOliaCmblpJlX,

Haxo,n;MBIIlHXCH B ner.u;epax. TaM OHM c oo6r.u;a Tpy,n;HJIHCb, nepe­

nl1CbIBaJiH H3peQeHHH BYMbI, norpymaJIMCb B pa3MblIIlJIeHHH.

Kor,ll;a B III BeKe,ll;O H.3. n01.JTH BCro YIH,n;mo 06'be,n;HHHJI IJ;apb H3

Il"HacnU1 MaYPbeB - Amo"a (268-232 rr. IlO H.'.), TO B pa'HblX KOHIJ;aX cBoeti ,n;epmaBbI OH nOCTaBHJI KaMeHHbIe KOJIOHHbI C

3aKOHaMH, npH3bIBaror.u;HMI1 CJIe,n;OBaTb npaBMJIaM BY,ll;,n;bI ,

n01.JHTaTb He TOJIbKO 6paXMaHOB, HO Jot MOHaXOB-6YMl1CTOB.

Tor,n;a me CTaJIl1 CTPOHTbCR 6YMHticKHe cmynbt: oKpymeHHble

npWly,n;JIl1BbIM 3a6opoM KaMeHHble XOJIMbI - CHMBOJIbI cno­

KOtiCTBHH HHpBaHbI, B OCHOBaHMH KOTOPbIX nOJIOmeHbI neneJI,

BOJIOC HJIM 3y6 nepBoro IIpOCBeTJIeHHoro - BYMhI.

I4HBHnH3aI\M_ ApeBHeii HHAHH nopoAHna y~eHHe &y AAbl H MHO­fO APYfHX AocTHlKeHHH 06I11e~eno.e~ecKoH KynbTYpbl.

m 112

no KapTe Ha c. 115 onpeAellH npl1pOAHble rpaHHLI,bl I-1HAHI1. Ha30BIo1

rnaSHble AJ'HII-1HA101I1 C06blTlo1~ 111,111011 TblCA'"IenenHI AO H.3.

~ S 0

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1 6 8 0 C08peMeHHbie I..I}1CPPbl

I1HAHi1cKHe MYApe 4 b l

BepWI1Ha KonOHHbl u,apR

AWOKH C CHMBonOM

6YAAH3Ma - KoneCOM.

11/ 8. ,40 H.l.

/13 3dKOHOB 44PR AWOKH.

«Bor nORBHnOCb paCKa­

RHbe Y YrO,4HOrO 60raM

(/..ldPR AWOIOI) nocne 3a­

BoeBBHHR KanHHrH ... Ec­nH KTo-nH60 npH'"IHHHT

eMY 3110, YrOAHblH 60rBM

CMHPHTC$l C 3THM, HS­

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C 611sror08eHHeM AB)Ke

HS )KHTeneH neC08 H XO­

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Hble MbICIIH. YroAHblH 60-

raM )KenSeT, '"IT06bl 8ce

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Aywe8Hoe cnoKoHcT8He H

PSAOCTb».

pS3MbJWIIRnH HBA npono-

8eAb1O 6YAAbl. npeAcTB8-

lIeHHe 0 nonHoH nyc rOTe

HSTOIIH:HYIIO HB MblCllb 06

0603HS<leHWH ee OC06blM

3HBKOM - «HOllb». 3TO

n0380nHno H306pecTH

cwcTeMy 4HtPP W 3BnHCH

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nOllb3yeMcR AO CHX nop.

m 1. A OKa)KM, '"ITO )KIo1Te11H YlHAMH B30W11H Ha cTyneHb lJ,HBHllH3au,MH .

2. M O)KHO 11101 C'"IHTaTb, '"ITO S ,[lpeBHeH YlHP,H101 K VI BeKY AO H.3. C110}f(101-

naCb CBOH, oc06aSl, OTnH'"IHaH OT APyrlo1x Ll,HBHnIo13aLl,HA?

3. K aKHe ..,epTbl Y'"leHIo1Sl 6YAAbi npHBneKalllo1 )KIo1TeneH VlHAIo1H? K aK Tbl

C'"IHTaeWb, '"ITO 06w,ero B Y'"leHIo1H 6YAAbi H 6H6neHCKOH pellHrHIo1 APeB­

HIo1X e8peeB1

4. n pOAomKH 3an011HATb Ta611Io1lJ,y «Pe11Hrl1lo1 ,[lpesHero Mlo1pa» (c. 63).

- H aaMen1Jl, - CKa3aJl AHTouma, - "{TO Bce ,n;peBHl1e peJlHfWH o6ema­

lOT JllO)J;,RM C':laCTbe 11 y.n;OBOJlbCTBI1,R.

- Hy, HaC"IeT Bcex TbI nOrOp,R"II1JlCR, - BOapa311Jl HCTO,,{HHKOBe,n;. -

B j"'IeHJ1J1 Ey,!JJJ;bI rJIaBHaR LJ;eJlb - ,n;OCTl1ateIDfe ID1pBaHhI, "{TO B nepeBO­

,n;e 03Ha<JaeT «yraCaHJ1e» BCex ateJlaHJ1W, OTKa3 OT y.n:OBOJIhCTBI1W.

- BPR,n; JIJ1 MHOrO JIlO.n;eW nOWJlJ1 3a TaKI1M y"{eIDfeM!

- Cy.n;R no apxeOJlOrn<JeCKl1M Haxo,n;KaM 11306paateHHW By,IJ.Il;bJ, era

j"'IeHJ.1KOB, CBJill.I;eHHblX npe,n;MeTOB, - BMernaJlCR ApxeoJlor, - K HaqaJIY

ROSOW 3pbI flQJIOBJ1:Ha mUTeJleW J1H,n;Hl1, J1H,n;oKUTa.H, AcpraHJ1CTaHa l1

Cpe,!l;Hei1 A3J1J1 6blJla 6YMHcTaMu.

• KaKoe Ha6mo,D,aeTCSI npoTHSOpeYlo1e Me)KAY MHeHHeM AHTOLUKM 101

q,aKTaMH? KaKoH B03HHKaeT Bonpod

II nO..,eMY y..,eHl1e 6YAAbi Haumo CTOllbKO CTOPOHHHKOB?

113

t J

TbIC. AO H.l.

X l iX I VIlli VlI l VI I V I IV I 10

§ 18. MYAPOCTb ApeBHero KHTali ~ - 06bRCHI<1 3Ha"4eHHe cnos: Ll,HSHnH3aLl,HH (CTyneHb H 06UJ,HOCTb), rocy­AapCTBO, HapOA. penHrHH, HCKYCCTBO, HepornHq,bl. (CnOBapb) - KorAa H KaK nOHBHnHCb paCbl BHyTpH BHAa «"4enOBeK pa3YMHbli:1»? (§ 2) - nO"4eMY MHon .. e )KHTenH l-1HA/'1H npHHRnH Y"4eHHe 6YAAbl? (§ 17)

1. D;apcTBo «Cepe.o;HBbI 3eMJIH». KHTaH OTropomeH OT YlH,ZJ;HH caMbIMH BblCOKHMH B MHpe ropa­

MH. JIHWb Orl16aH HX C ceBepa, qepe3 MHoro ,n;HeH nYTH no BbI>K­

meHHblM nYCTblHHM Mbl OKa>KeMCH B JIecax BeJII1Ko:f.i: paBHl1HbI,

no KOTOPOH TeqeT peKa XyaHxa BCKaI1bIBaH MRTKylO 3eMJIIO Ha

ee 6eperax ,n;epeBHHHblMH MOTblraMH, ,n;peBHeKHTa:f.i:cKHe nJIe­

MeHa K III TblCSlqeJIeTHIO,n;o H.a. Hayql1JIHCb BbIpa~HBaTb 3epHO.

Bo II TbICWieJIeTID1 .0;0 H.a. O,.IUIO 113 n.neMeH CTaJIO BbII1JIaBJISlTb

6POH30Bble Meqn H KonbH, ,n;eJIaTb 60eBble KOJIeCHHIJ,b1. eBOH

u;eHTpaJIbHble nOCeJIeHHSl OHH 06HOCvUIH rJIHH06HTHblMH CTeHa­

MYi, YKpbmaH 3a HJ1MH )l;BOpU;bI H XpaMbI, MaCTepCKHe JIl1TeH~H­KOB 11 fOINa pOB. BCKope Bce oKpecTHbIe llJIeMeHa 6bIJIH 3aBoeBa­

Hbl 11 CTaJIH nJIaTHTb ,n;aHb npaBI1TeJIIO - «BaHY-HMnepaTopy». DH

Ha3blBaJI ce6H CbIHOM He6a - BepxoBHoro 60mecTBa, nOBeJIeBa­

lO~ero BCeMI1 ,n;yxaMI1 11 JIIO,n;bMI1. nOcJIe Kam.o;oro BoeHHoro no­

xo,n;a Ha qepenaIIIbl1X naHIJ;HpHX BbIu;apanbmaJIH PI1CYHKI1-He­

pOrJIl1cpbI, cnpawHBaSl He60, KOMY H3 ,n;YXOB yMepWI1X npe,n;KoB

H CKOJIbKO aa.o;o nomepTBoBa Tb nJIeHHblX.

B Ha'laJIe I TbICJI'IeJIeTI1J1 110 H.O. (X -VIII BeRa 110 H.3.) Bce [IJIe­MeHa ,n;OJII1Hbl XyaHxa CJIWII1Cb B O,n;HH Hapo,n; - .ll;peBHHe KH­

TaHQ,b1. Bce OHH CqJ1TaJIJ1Cb «po,n;cTBeHHI1KaMI1, KOTOPbIX HeJIb-

3Sl OCTaBJIRTb B 6e,n;e», Bce BepWIH B BeJIHKoe He60, Ha3bIBaJIH

CBOIO cTpaHY IIoIIHe6ecHoli, pacnoJIomeHHoli B Cepelll1He 3eM­JIH. DKpymalO~Jlle nJIeMeHa ceBepa, lOra, aana,n;a H BOCTOKa, He

3HalOI.I.J;He CBR~eHHo:i1: nHCbMeHHOCTH, He npJ13HalOI.I.J;l1e BJIaCTl1

CblHa He6a (saHa-I1MIIepaTopa), CqJ1TaJIl1Cb ,l\HKHMH sapsapa­

MH - «waRaJIaMJII H BOJIKaMH». Bce ml1TeJIH nepsoro KI1Ta:i1:cKoro

114

rocy,n;apCTBa 6bIJIH pa3,ll;eJIeHbI Ha paHrH. BaH-MMIIepaTop BJIa­

,l\eJI Bce:i1: 3eMJIeJ.i, ml1JI BO ,ll;BOpu;e, cBepKalO~eM nOJIHpOSaH­

HbIM ,n;epeBoM H ,lJ;parOu;eHHbIMI1 KaMHHMH, eJI JII060e MRCO. Ero

CJIyrH, «u;apH 06JIaCTe:i1:», nOJlyqaJIH 3eMJIIO OT HMIIepaTOpa, KO­

MaH,lJ;OBaJIH ero OTpH,lJ;aMH, mHJIH BO ,ll;BOpu;ax, He YKpameHHbIX

,lJ;parOu;eHHOCTRMH, eJIJ1 rOBR,lJ;l1HY. CJlyrl'l u;apeH, «3HaTHble

KH.fI3bH», 3a 3eMJIlO CJIymwIH B BmicKe, mHJIH B ,n;OMax norrpo­

~e! MOrJlH eCTb CBHHHHy. npOCTbIe 3eMJIe,n;eJlb~I naXaJIH 3eM-

g, ApMI'NIHW"1J rOpOA8-l'OCYAllpcTN, rocy~ HIW'" XXIV-XVII! II.. All H.3.

Mecro IIIIpiOM nponoMAlO 6YAAbI ,VI e. 1I0 H.'.

11:::1 nepooe K...,.aIaOi lIIlPC'.o HHb (XVlU-XV .1. /1.0 H.3.1 • ~ ny. r,lll POAH."C11 " _an CII)?I<IITb CVAt.eii Kott¢o)'IIHH V •. 1I0 ".3.

1!IJiI~1UUI K..,.aiicaA CTeHa C rOA4N~ CTpo....enbCTU

m Ha30BIo'I rnaBHble AnH KHTaR C06bITHH III , II H I TbICR"4eneTHH AO H.3.

115

JIIO, OTMBaJDII l.JaCTb ypom81l KH.fI3bHM, ~PHM H Ba­

BY, He MOrJIH eCTb MHca. ,Uei1:CTBOBaJIO rrpaBi1JIO:

«KTQ 3HaTeH, TOT 6oraT, KTO He 3HaTeH - T<Yr 6ep;eH».

2. q""oBeK .. Heno. C VIII BeRa p;o H.3. «u;apH 06JIaCTej1» BbIXO,n;HT

H3-no,n; BJIaCTJ.1 BaHa-HMneparopa. CTpaHa nOCTe­

neHHO pacna,n;aeTC1I Ha Bpamp;yrow;He u;apCTBa:

IJ;HHb, XaHb, Be" J'I,n;p. BOJIbWe He 6blJlO npaBHTe­

JI1I, OCMeJIHBalO:w;erOCH Ha3bIBaTb ce611 CbIHOM

He6a. B VI - V BeKax 11.0 H.a. B KI<Tae Y3HaJII< ceK­peTbI H3rOTOBJIeHHR meJIe3a. C nOMOW;blO nJIyra C

meJIe3HbIM HaKOHel.JHHKOM CTaJiH pacnaxHBaTb

3eMJIH, npemp;e 3aHRTbIe JIeCaMH. KHTa:i1IJ;bI

y.ltHBJI1IJIHCb: «mHBoTHble, CJIYJKHBWHe ,n;JIH

mepTBonpHHoweHHH, Tenepb Tpy,n;HTCH Ha no­

JIRX!». OpoweHHbIe KaHaJIaMH nOJIH, Ha KOTOPbIX

BbIpallV·1BaJIH PHC, CTaJiH qaCTHOH co6cTBeH­

HOCTblO Tex, KTO HX OCBOHJI. J1 He Bcer,n;a 3TO 6bIJIH

3HaTHble JIlO,n;H. B ropo,nax peMeCJIeHHHKH H

HaKOHe'4HHK ToproBll;bI, o6MeHHBan TOBapbI, 6bICTPO 60raTeJIH, KonbA. OCTaBaR:Cb no paHry «npOCTOJIlO,n;nHaMlif».

Ills. AO H.3. RHTaHIJ;bI nbITaJIHCb nOHJlTb npOHCXO)J;nm;ee.

MHome rOBOpnJIH, qTO nyTb, no KOTOPOMY H)J;yT

60rH 111 JIlO,n;H, HeJIb3S1 OCMbICJIHTb.l:!:OJIbKO l.Jepe3 06m;eHHe C lJ,y­

xaMH MomHO 06peCTH nOKOH H 6eCCMepn1e. O,n;HaKO B V BeKe ,n;o

H.3. CbIH 3HaTHoro BOl<Ha "3 l1apCTBa JIy Koaq,YI1HU (KYH-113bI) 3aHBHJI: «RaK MbI MomeM 3HaTb, qTO TaKoe CMepTb, eCJIn MbI,n;O

CHX nap He 3HaeM, l.JTO TaKoe >KH3Hb?» BYAY'"IH PO,n;OM H3 6JIaro­

PO,n;HOi1, HO 6e,n;Hoi1 CeMbH, ROHcPYUHi1 CJIymHJI l.U1HOBHJ1KOM Y

pa3HbIx npaBJtITeJlei1:. Ho BealJ,e CTapaJICJI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb

06JIHKY «6J1aropO)l;HOrO MYm8» ,n;peBHocTH. OH roBOPJ1JI: « ... 60raT­

CTBO H 3HaTHOCTb, P;06bITble 6eCl.JeCTHbIM nYTeM, - ,n;JISI MeHSI 3TO

CJIOBHO rrapllII1"e 06JIaKa!» Yl.JeHHKH, corrpoBom,n;aBume ero B cTpaHCTBJtIRX, npo,n;oJImaJIJtI

BepnTb, 1:J:TO Ha,n; BceM MJtIPOM JIlO,n;ei1 H,o;YXOB uapHT BOJIR BeJIJtI­

Koro He6a, qTO .n;yxaM Ha,n;o npHHocHTb JKepTBbI. O,n;HaKo rJIaB­

HaH ueJIb KOB«PYD;11aHcTBa B ,n;pyrOM - npaBJ1JIhHO OpraHJ130-

II.

,

BaTh mJ13Hh 06m;eCTBa: TaK, l.JT06bI JIlO,n;H

npeo,o;OJIeBaJIH B ce6e ,n;JtIKOro 3BepR (Bap­

Bapa) H COXpaHRJIH qeJIOBel.JeCKYlO KYJIb­

TYpy. ,l(JIR 3Toro Ha,n;o TOl.JHO C06Jt1Oaam'b pumyaJlbL (npaB"JIa AeiicTB"U): npa­BJ1JJbHO paccamHBaTh JIlO,n;ei1 3a CTOJIOM;

c06J1l0AaTb rrOp>IJIOK ",eCTOB " CJlOB rrp" l.JaerrnTHH, paa6Hpall .nOKYMeHTbI, pa3ro­

BapHBaR c p0,lJ;HTeJUIMI1. YIMeHHo 3TM PH­

TyaJIbI CBH3bmalOT He60 11 «KYJIbTYPHhIX

JIIO,n;eH» ,n;pyr C ,n;PyroM, OTJIMl.JalOT HX OT

«3BepeH B 06J1MKe qeJIOBeKa» - Bapaa­

pOB, «c~eCTB, He 3HalOm;HX KYJIbTYPbI»,

HalJ,o 1Lmum'b npea1COB, KOTophle nOHRJIJtI

H aanHCaJU1 pJ1TyaJIbI. Ha,n;o Jl.106um'b Jl.1O­oeu - «He ,o;eJIaTb .nPyrJ1M Toro, l.Jero He

JKeJlaeWb ce6e», «OTSeqaTb Ha ,n;o6po

,n;06pOM, a Ha 3JIO - crrpaBe.z:tJlHBOCThlO».

Ha,n;o 3HaTb CBoe MeCTO B 061.I..l;eCTBe -

nOa1LU1i.stm'bcJt cmaptUUM U aa60mumbcR o .MJI.aaw.ux.

OpraHJ130aaTb TaKyro mH3Hb B rocy,n;ap­

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JIble JIlO,n;H» - l.JJ1HOBHHKH, KOTophle J.1ay-

1..J:alOT My,npOCTb rrpe,1l;KOB, n03HalOT «BOJIlO

He6a », no,n;qJ.1HRlOTCR J.1MnepaTOpy -

CbIHY He6a H CnpaBe,lJ;JlJ1BO ynpaBJlHlOT

J1lO,n;bMl1, «He npH6eraR K Ka3HRM». KOH­

cPYUHH roBOPHJI: «ECJIH caMH YCTpeMH­

TeCb KAo6py, TO I< HapoA CTaHeT Ao6pee! J

3. nO,IJ,He6eCHaJi HMnepHJI.

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rue KHTat1:U;bl Mel.JTaJIH 06 06'be.z:tJ1HeHHJ1

Bcex rOBOpRI.I..l;HX IIo-KHTai1cKH B O,n;HY

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B 221 rOAY 11.0 H.3. 3TO YAaJIOCb l1aPCTBY L{U1i.'b, npaBHTeJIh KOToporo npHHRJI

I{OH*y~H. ApellHeKHTBHcKHH PHCYHOK

Jlao-u,3bl (Via. AO H.3.) C03Aan y~eHHe 0 Jlao -nyTH. no KOTOPOMY AlJH-

H<eTCJI MHp

117

Benl1KaJl KI1TaHCKaJl CTeHa

CospeM. CPOTO

HMnepaTOp

l\I<H'

CO>tOKeHl1e KHl1r

KOH~yLl,l1R no npl1Ka3y

I1MnepaTopa

l\I<H'

TVlTY~ UVlHh wuxyaH - «nepBblH HMIIepaTOp UVlHb». Ynpas­

~SlTb cTpaHo:ti eMY nOMOraJIO MHomeCTBO 'tJMHOBHHKOB B CTOJIHue

H B oKpyrax. IIOBClO,lJ;y 6bIJIa BBe,lJ;eHa e,lJ;HHan MOHeTa, e,lJ;l1HbIe

3aKOHbI J1 e,lJ;l1Hble npaBIDIa rrnCbMa. Bce JIlO,lJ;VI 6bLnVl pa3,lJ;eJIeHbI

Ha COTHl1 (06I11l1Hbl), lIeCHTltl1 H nHTepltl1 (ceMbH). 3a npecTyn­JIeHMe OnHOrO T.feJIOBeKa Bcex JIlOneH ero nSlTepKVI Mor~M

CBapl1Tb B KOTJIe, OTpe3aTb HM HOCbl, C,lJ;eJIaTb rocynapCTBeHHbI­

MI1 pa6aMl1, 6HTb naJIKaMI1 no nSlTKaM. 't:lT06bI OTBoesaTb o6JIac­

TI1, 3aXBaQeHHbIe paHee ceBepHblMI1 KO'ieBHMKaMI1, UI1Hb

wMxyaH c06paJI 60JIbWYlO apMI1IO, YBeJIVI'iViJI HaJIOfl1 VI COfHaJI

TbICSlqM JIlOneft Ha CTpOHTeJIbCTBO BeJIHKOH KHTaHCKOH CTeHbl.

MHomeCTBO pa60B, OCY>K,lJ;eHHbIX, npOCThIX TpymeHl1KOS «CpbI­

BaJIH ropbI, 3aCblnaJIH ym;eJIbH, npOKJIanbIBaJIl1 npHMym nopo­

ry», B03BO,lJ;J1JIJ1 CTeHbI H 6aWHl1.

B03Mym;eHHbIe KI1Ta:tiU;bI nO,lJ;HHJIH BOCCTaHl1e 11 csepr~H JiM­

nepaTopa UJ1Hb. K 202 fO)J;y ,lJ;0 H.3. Bomnb apMID1 BOCCTaBWHX -

Me~KJ1l1: 'LIl1HOBHl1K JIm BaH 6bIJI npOB03fJIaWeH J1MnepaTopOM

XaHb (HMH 6bIBwero l1apCTBa). B 1J.Mnepuu Xa1<b (II Belt 110 H.3.­II BeR H.3.) 6bIJIa C03,lJ;aHa BbIcwaSl WKOJIa AJISI qJfHOBHHKOB, KO­

TOPbIX 06y-qaJIH KOHcpYl..l;l1aHCKHM npaBJ1JIaM. .uOJI>KHOCTb OHM

nOJly-qaJIJ1, JIHWb ,lJ;OKa3aS Ha 3K3aMeHe, 'iTO cnoc06HbI «He

118

rrpOTl1BOpe'UlTb He6ecHoH 1I06pOlleTeJll1 H '<e­. JlOBeqeCKOH HpaBcTBeHHOCTH». BbLna BOCCTa­

HOB~eHa pa3pyrueHHaa npe~e opocHTe~b­

HaSI cHcTeMa, H HaCe~eHl1e BblPOCJIO,lJ;O 60 M~H. qe~OBeK. .uOCTJU'~o pacu;seTa npOH3BO,lJ;CTBO

HeH3BeCTHbIX B .zq>yrHX cTpaHax WeJIKOBbIX

TKaHeJli, 'ian, 6YMam, 6bIJI J1306peTeH KOMI1ac.

B ,u;peBHeM KHTae CJlOmHJlaCb cBoeo6paa­

B3H Il;HBHJlH33Q1fH, DOA3PHBW3H 'lJeJlOBe'IJe­

CTBY MBoro AocTHmeHHH. 6YMa>KHbIH CBI1TOK C HepOrnl1~aMI1

[I] 1. OnpeAenlo1, KorAa ApeBHlo1e KIo1TaHl.J,b1 B30wnlo1 Ha CTyneHb I..l.Io1BHI11013a­

lV'1H, H AOKa>t<H 3TO. KaK Tbl C ... HTaeWb, KaKHMH oco6eHHocTRMH ApeB­HeKHTaHcKaR I..l.HBIo1I1H3alV'1R H3Ha ... al1bHO OTl1Io1 ... al1aCb OT APyrHxl

2. Ha KaKHe BonHYtOl4He KHTaHl..l.eB HpaBcTseHHble BonpOCbl AaBano OT­

BeTbl y ... eHHe KOHCPYI..l.HR? KaK Tbl Mo>t<eWb 06'bRCHHTb TaKoH nocTynoK

y"'HTeI1R ... enoBeK0l1t06HR KOHCPYlV'1R: BO BpeMR BH3HTa l..l.apeBH ... a Ily K

COCep,HeMY I..l.apto lJ,11 B l..l.epeMOHHto BCTpe"'H pewHllIo1 BKntO"'HTb «My-

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- BeAOJIarH ... - npOT.fIHYJI AHTOlllKB., pa3rJI.fIAblBa.fI KapTy (CM. BroPOH o60poT oMomKH YQe6HHKa). - ,uaJIeKOBaTO 3a6paJlMCb - Ha caMbrli KpaJ.i 3eMJlM, BOH TYT OReaH 6JIM3KO. HM, HaBepHoe, HeYIOTHo 3AeCb 6blJIo, Qac­TO K COCe,ll;.fIM XOAHJIM y<rnTbCiI pa3HblM npeMy.It.POCT.fIM?

- Boo6~e-TO, - OTBeTHJ1 HCTO'fHHKOBeA, - .D;peBHHe KHTa~1 HaabIB3.­JIl1 CBOIO aeMJIlO «CpeAKHHbIM ~apcTBoM» , e,ll;MHCTBeHHoH IJ,HBl1JlH30BaH­HOH: cTpaHoH, a Bcex OCTaJlhHblX CQJ1TaJilif HeRYJlbTypHbIMH BapBapaMH.

• CpaBHH BblBOAbl, CAenaHHble AHTOWKOH no KapTe, 11 .cpaKTbl, npHseAeH­Hble !t1CTO"lHHKOBeAOM. B ... eM npoTHBope ... Hel KaKoH B03HI1KaeT Bonpod

m nO ... eMY ApeBHl1e KIo1TaHl..l.bl C ... I1Tanl1 CBOto cTpaHY «cpeAHHHOHlt H eAHH­_ c TBeHHoH LI,Io1BHJ1H30aaHHoH?

119

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Oc06eHHOCTH qHBH"H3aqHH APeaHHH AHTH~HbIH

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9. YTO nlOAH ~ ocy)t(AaJllo11

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120

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- opHeHTHpoBaTbcSI B cOBpeMeHHoM MHpe, npoBO,lVI pa3JIH'U1S1 Memtty KyJIbTypHhlM HaCJIe,!lHeM .upeBHe~ rpewm - nepBoH ~B11JU13aQJ.1H 3anaAa - J.1 TpaAHWfHMH BocToKa;

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MO OCBOI1Tb. J13Y"laH naparpaq, 3a naparpa<PoM, onpe)l;eJIHH OCROBHO" Bonpoc (npo6.neMY) TeMhI, no.n6HpaR llJIR peWeHl4S1 31'oro Bonpoca yme M3BeCTH,bIe 3HaHMSI (nOHHTHSI. 38KoHOMepHOCTl-f) 11 OTKpblBaH HOBbJe (06 3TOM eM. nOApOOHee Ha c. 6-7).

121

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- Ha~ano u,HBHnH3aIJ,HH APeBHeN rpeLVOt. OK. 1200 r. AO H.3. - TpoRHcKaSlBoHHa. - nOXOA axeHu,eB Ha TpOlo (J.1nHOH).

_ BTOp>KeHHe rpeKoB-AOpHHu,eB H rH6enb axeHcKHx u,apCTB. XI-IX BS. AO H.3 . - B03spaT rpelJ,HH K nepBo6bITHOMY 06LU,ecTBY, C03,D,aHHe

rOMepoM no3M ccMnHaAa» H ((OAMCC"». VIII B. AO H.3. - B03HHKHOBeHHe nonHCOB (ropoAOB-rocYAclpcTB, 06LU,HH

rpa>K,AaH), c03AaHHe rpe ... eCKoro an¢aaIo1Ta. Ha~ano KonOHH3alJ,Hlo1 . 776 r. AO H.3. - nepBble OnHMnHHcKHe Hrpbl- COCTR3aHHR C y~acTHeM

acex rpeKOB-3nnMHOB.

OK. 650-600 rr . AO H.3. - nOKopeHHe CnapToN coceAHHX o6nacTeH. BBep,eHHe 3aKOHOB llHKyPra, YCTaHoBHBwero BoeHHo-apHCToKpaTH~e­CKHH CTpOH.

621 r . AO H.3. - 3aKOHbi ApaKooTa - nepSble nHCbMeHHbie 3aKoHbIAcp.tH. Py6e>K vn-vi BB. AO H.3. - BpeMeHa nereHAapHblX «ceMH MYAPeu,OB». VIa. AO H.3. - niol¢arop 8BOAioIT cnOBO cSiHnoc04ut51 (m06oBb K MYAPOCrH). 594 r. AO H.3. - 3aKOHbi ConOHa a A¢ioIHax - OCHoaa AeMoKpalHH. 560-510 rr. AOH.3. -THpaHHSI. oopb6aAeMoca npoTHaapHcToKpaTHH B Aq,HHax. 500 r. AO H.3. - BOCCTaHHe Manoa3HHcKHX rpeKoB. Ha~ano rpeKo-nepCHACKHX

BO"". 490 r. AO H.3. - no6eAa rpeKoa HaA nepcaMH B Mapaq,oocKoH 6HTBe. 480 r. AO H.3. - BTOp>KeHiole u,apR KcepKca Ha OanKaHbl. - OiolTabl npH ctlepMOnHnaX H B CanaMHHcKoM nponHse.

479 r. AO H.3. - 6HTBa npH rlnareAx. - J..13rHaHHe nepcos C oanKaH. 472 r . AO H.3. - TpareAHSI 3cxHna «nepcbl». - PO>KAeHHe Tealpa. 448 r. AO H.3. - OKOH ... aHHe rpeKo-nepCHACKHX soHH. 446 r. AO H.3. - 8 Aq,Io1Hax nocenSleTCSI «oreu, HCTOPHH» - r epoAOr. 444-429 rr. AO H.3. - nepHKn - nepBblH cTpaTer Aq,HH.

_ Pacu,aeT ACPHHCKorO MopcKoro COI03a, YKpaweHHe ropoAa, aKpononSl 101

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122

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m 124

n o KapTe Ha c. 123 onpeAenl't, B KaKI1X ~acn'x rpeu,1't11 pacnonaranl1Cb u,eHTpbl 1..1,I·1BI-1I1H3alJ,l1l't BO II TblCA~eneTI1I1 AO H. 3.

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139

> fWC. AO M.J. Ho_a" I'po

XIIXI W I VlI I Vl IVIIVIIIIII II I III I IV I V

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140

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141

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142

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143

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144

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145

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2. CnapT8 - nOJlHC BOHROS.

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naXOTHbIX 3eMeJIb, a OT MOpH ee OT,n;eJIHlOT BblCOKHe rOpbI.

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148

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Cy,lJ;hifMH, mpeu;aMH, nOJIKOBo,n;u;aMH.

B Te'leHl1e VIII - VII BeKOB 110 H.3. cna pTaH­l1bl 3aBoeBaJIH fiJuoKafuIrne 06.naCTI1 11 06pa­THJDII HX mHTeJIetf B OC06hlX pa60B - UJlOm08.

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MJ1: cnapTaHuaMJiI, a CaMJ1M HJIOTaM pa3pe­

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nOJIOBMHY ypomaH OT,n;aBaTb TOMY cnapTaH- CnapTaHCI(HH BOHH.

qy', K KOTOPOMY OHH 6hIJIl1 npHKpenJIeHhI. CoapeM. PHCYHOK

Tenepb Bce HaCeJIeHJile CnapTbI ,o;eJII1JIOCb

Ha MeqTalO~JilX 0 cBo60,n;e pa60B-WIoTOB 11 CBo60,lJ;HhIX cnap­

TaHI..\eB, KOTOpble MOrJIJ.1 OTHbIHe He pa60TaTh. B CnapTe 6hlJlJ1

rrpHHHTbl HOBhIe 3aKOHhI JblKyPra. PeMeCJIO J1 TOprOBJI1I 06'bsm­

JIHJIHCb n030pHbIMJiI 3aHHTHHMH - Bce Mym'lHHbI ,n;OJImHhl 6blTb

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K CTapeJ1:n.IHHaM. ECJIH MJIa,n;eHeU; OKa3bIBaJICH XHJIbIM H 6oJIe3-

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- EII..(e aqlHHcKHH CTpaTer KHMOH roBOPJ1JI, 'ITO Aq:mHbl l1 CnapTa -

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- C APyroH CTOpOHbl, - BMeIIIaJICH ApxeoJIor, - >KHTeJIJ:1 Aq:mH 11

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• CpasHIo1 q,aKTbl, nplo1Bep,eHHble V1CTO~HIo1KoBep,oM 101 ApxeonoroM. KaKoe Ha6ntoAaeTcA npOTIo1S0pe ... He, KaKoiis03HIo1KaeT sonpod

nO~eMY Aq,Io1Hbllo1 CnapTa ~aCTO ccopHnlo1cb?

150 •

I I

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TIoIC. AO H.:t. HOBa~

XIIXI VILL I VII I VI IV IIVIIIIIIIII

~ § 24. BocnHTaHHe rpalKAaH 3nnaAbi

~ - 06bACHIo1 3Ha'4eHlo1e CIlOB! nonlotC, p,eMOKpaTIo1A, apHCTOKpaTIo1S1. (CnoBapb) - Ha30BIo1 rnaBHblX 60roB APeBHIo1X rpeKOB. (§ 21) KaKlo1e OCHOBHble Ka-yeCTBa Tpe6oBam1cb OT rpa>K,D,aHIo1Ha AqmH, a KaKlo1e - OT rpa>K,D,aHHHa CnapT.'! (§ 22)

1. Kate: CTaTL rpamAaHHHOM.

B VII - VI BeKax 110 H.O. Y rpeKoB np06YI1"JICR "HTepec K JI"'I­HOCTH Kam,n;oro 'tJeJIOBeKa. DoaTbI BMeCTO anH'tJeCKHX nO,lJ;BHroB

repoeB CTaJrn OIIHCbIBaTb c06cTBeHHble 'tJyscTBa mo6BH, 3aBHcTH,

Ha,n;em,n;bI, a MacTepa-roH'tJapbI OCTaBJIflJIH CBOH HMeHa Ha rJIH­

HHHbIX aMcPopax. Ji1 Bce me HH O,lJ;HH 'tJeJIOBeK He MbICJIHJI CBoeM

CB060,lJ;bI BHe 06:W;J.1HbI rpam,n;aH nOJrnca, Ji1,n;eaJlOM C'llfTaJICH

'tJeJIOBeK, cnoco6HbIM npJtIHeCTI1 nOJIb3Y ce6e H corpam,lJ;aaaM,

npeKpaCHbIM TeJIOM 11 ,n;06pbIH ,n;ywoft.

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meHCKOH nOJIOBHHe ,LtOMa. B 60ra TbIX ceMbRX 3a ,lJ;eTbMJ1 npl1-

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neoaZOZOM (no-rpe'tJeCKH «TOT, KTO

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151

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JIHpe J.1 q)JIetiTe, CJIaraTb CTHXJ1 H COCTaBJI.RTb pe'IH, CqJ1TaTb H

pewaTb aa,n;a'IKJ1. Bce 3TI1 )'MeHH.R ,n;0JDKHbI 6bIJIH npHro,n;HTbcR

BO B3POCJIOi1: mH3HH, nOCKOJIbKY Bce rpam,n;aHe nOJIHCa nOKyna­

JIH H npo,rtaBaJILi npo,rtYKTbI, HM npHxo,n;HJIOCb 3aII.J;Hl.U;aTb CBOH

npaBa B cy.n;e 11 COnepHI1'IaTb B MaCTepCTBe, r,n;e «3aBHCTb ID1Ta­

eT roHl-Iap K roH"'Iapy 11 K IlJIOTHHKY IlJIOTHJ1K».

B ,n;BeHa,Q,~aTb JIeT MaJIb"iHKH nOCTynaJIH B WKOJIy-1Ul.Itecmpy.

3,ll;eCb I1X Y"IHJlH 6eraTb, npblraTb, MeTaTb KOITbe, 60pOTbCR.

B npl1cYTcTBHH pO,ll;HTeJIeH 11 ,rtpyrmc rpam,ll;aH yqeHHKH CO­

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JIarep.Rx Ha rpaH}n.~ax nOJrnca. 3,ll;eCb OHM 06Y"IaJlHCb XO.n;HTb B

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,n;blBaR ero y,n;apOM Korrnti, OTpamaTb y.n;apbl II.J;HTOM, pa3HTb

Bpara Mel.JOM. TOJIbKO nOCJIe 3TOro IOHOlliH npHHOCHJlll npHcMy

BepHOCTH PO,n;HOMY ropo.n;y-nOJIHCY, J.1 HX HMeHa BHOCHJD1 B

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r.n;e TpeHHpOBaJIH CBoe TeJIO B aTJIeTHqeCKHX ynpamHe HHRx, a

nOCJIe B npOXJIa,n;HbIx 6accei1:Hax HJIH 3a nl1pwecTBeHHbIM CTO-

152

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o nOIl.,eHHH.

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01110111"' • •

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•. d.'; .. KonbeHoceu, (HAeanbHblH rpa)KAaHHH). CKYllbnT0P n OIlHKneT. VB . ,110 H.3.

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2. OJlHMDuHCKHe HrpbL B rpeqeCKHX MHq,ax 60rH qaCTO cnopRT. COnepHHt.IalOT ,n;pyr C

.npyroM, RaK HanpHMep, AcjJHHa C IIoceti,n;oHoM 3a npaBO nOKpo­

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qeCTb 60rOB npa3,n;HHKH- copeBHOBaHHR. Ha Hrpax B qeCTb

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153

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Ha qeTBepTbu1 - 6erYHbi Ha paSHbIe ,n;HCTaHll;HH. Ha n.RTbIH

,n;eHb npHHOCHJIHCb mepTBbI 60raM H YCTpaHBaJIC.R nHp B qeCTb

n06e~lIITeJIeH. Kam,n;oro H3 HHX BeHqaJII1 JIaBpOBbIM BeHKOM, BO

BceYCJIbIllIaHbe orJIallIaJIH ero HMH H HaSBaHHe ero nOJIHCa, a

nOTOM BbI6vlBaJIH HMeHa Ha MpaMopH0l1 ,n;ocKe, KOTopaH Ha­

BeQHO OCTaBaJIaCb B OJIHMnHH. 3,n;eCb me B03,n;BHraJIH CTaTYIO

no6e,n;HTeJIH, J1 JIyqllIHe n03TbI COqHHRJIH eMY xBaJIe6HYIO o,n;y.

154

IIo6eAa Ha OJll1MnHHCKJ1X Hrpax CqH­

TaJIaCb He CTOJIbKO JIHQHOH 3aCJIyroH,

CKOJIbKO SHaKOM 6JIarOCKJIOHHOCTH

BeJIHKOrO 3eBca. IIo3TOMY no BoaBpa­

~eHHH no6e,n;HTeJIb OJIHMnHa,n;bI

B'beamaJI B POAHOH ropo,n;. CTOH Ha

KOJIeCH"l1e B nypnypHoM l1aPCKOM nJIa~e. BeCb ropo,n: npOBOmaJI ero no

r JIaBHOH Y JIHU;e K xpaMY. 3.n;eCb no6e­

,n:HTeJIb npHHOCHJI 6JIaro,n:a pCTBeHHYIO

mepTBy 6ory-noKpoB"TeJIlO ropolla "

30nOTO~ BeHOK n06eAHTenSl

APeBHHX OnHMnH~cKHX Hrp

OCTaBJI.RJI CBOH OJIHMnHHCKHH BeHOK. rOpO»taHe YCTpaHBaJIH

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,n;H, oCBo6om,n;aJIH OT Bcex HaJIOrOB.

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AanATIt CIIOH a03MO)f(HOCTH rpa)f(ABHaM rpe'lecKHI nonHCOB.

II] 1. n epeYHCnH u,enl1 11 cpe,c,cTBa ,c,peBHerpeyeCKOrO BOCnI1TaHI1S1.

2. K aK Tbl CYHTaeWb, B YeM CXOACTBO H pa3nHYI1S1 Me>KAY COBpeMeHHbl­

MH H APeBHerpeyeCKHMH OnHMnHi1cKHMI1 I1rpaMH?

3. K aKHM npaBHnaM ,c,peBHerpeyeCKOrO BocnHTaHHSI Tbl 6bl cneAOBan C

YAoBonbcTBHeM, a KaKHM HeT? 06bACHH nOyeMY ·

- 3 P;OP ODO, 'ITO r p eKH npH,D;YMaJrn: DJU1MIIMHCKHe Hr pw H Boo6me co­

peSHOBaHJUI. DID:{ nOHHMaJrn:, KaK Da:>KBO BceM nOKa3aTb. 'ITO Tbl caMbrlf

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peBMI, nHTb BHHO pa36aBJIeHHOe BO,n;OH HJIM HeT, KaKHe HOCJ.1Tb npH9:eC­

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rOBOpJ.1JIM: «qyaCTBO Mepw - npeBbIIlIe Bcero! ». ECJIH KOM)'-TO B 3JIJIa,n;e

,n;OJIro conYTCTBOBaJilii n06e!lhl, y,n;aqa, CJIaBa - 3TO C'flIlTaJIOCb onaCHbIM,

BbI3blBalOW;HM 3aBHCTb 60roB. ITo HX BOJIe qpe3MepHo C9:aCT JIHBwM

cMepTHblti Mor 6bITb «noBep*eH B npax, YHMmeH, CJIOMJIeH, nOAaBJIeH,

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• CpaBHH MHeHl1e AHTOWKI1 11 npHBeAeHHble q,aKTbl. B ... eM npoTHBope­

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3a ... e M rpeKI1 copeBHo BanHcb?

• -- 155

~ TloIC. AOH.l, HOBaAl,pa

XllXI VUl t Vl l Vl lVllVIUltnl1 IIIII HIIIVIV

§ 25. BenHKall KonOHH3a~HII ~ - 06b$lCHIo1 3HaLteHH$I enoa: nonHC, KOnOHH$I, aplo1CTOKpan1$1, AeMOKpaTIo1$1. (Cnoaapb) - KaKoi1 HapOA ApeaHero BOCTOKa 3acny>KHn cnaay MopennaaaTenei11 (§ 13) ,",eM OTnH'~anHCb npHpOAHble ycnoalo1$1 H 3aHSlTH$I HaceneHIo1S1 rpe­IJ,Io1H H J]peaHero BocToKal (§ 19)

1. B DOHCKax Jlyqweu mH3HH.

B VIII - VI BeKax,n;o H.3. HaqHHaeT 6bICTPO YBeJIwrnBaTbCH Hace­

JIeHJ1e rpeqeCKHX nOJIHCOB. PeMeCJIeHHHKH, OCBOJ1BUlHe HOBbIe

npHeMbI MaCTepCTBa H np0I13Bo,n;J1BUlHe pa3JIK'-IHbIe TOBapbl,

Ha,ll;eHJIHCb, qTO HX H3,n;eJIHSI 6y,n;YT nOJIb30BaTbCJl cnpOCOM.

TOproBUbI XOTeJIJ.1, tITo6hI Y HHX He 6b1J10 oT6oH OT nOKy-na Te­

JIeij. OlIHaKo 3eMJIH H XJIeQa..,Ht; XBa..TIlollO. qaCTO B rpegHH cm'-=---­

qaJIUCb rOJIO Hble ro hI. HeMHOrOqHCJIeHHhIe nJIO,ll;OpO,ll;HhIe

~acTKH 3eMJIH 3aXBa TbIBaJia 3Ha Tb. ,neTH e,ll;HHKOB MeijTIlJIJ1

XOTR 6bI 0 He6oJIbIIIOM Ha,ll;eJIe, Ha KOTOPOM MomHO 6bIJIO 5bI BbI­

palI.J,J1Ba Tb xJIe6. MHorHe HaHI1MaJIHCb rpe6qaMH K MOPCKHM

ToproBu;aM H BH,ll;eJII1 B Kpaxx BapBapoB cBo6o,n;HbIe aeMJIH,

npHrO.AHbIe llJISI naXOTbI. Ha Hap0,ll;HbIX co6paHHHx 5e,n;HSIKH

HaqHHalOT Tpe60BaTb 3eMJIH ,lVIR ce6H. rpam,ll;aHe-npaBHTeJIH

nOHHMaIOT, "tITO pacTyuI,J.1M HaCeJIeHHeM Bce CJIOmHee ynpaB­

JIRTb HeB03MO)KHO Bcex rpam,n;aH co6paTb Ha nJIO~a,ll;H 1- . HapO,ll;HOrO co6paHHSI, ,n;orOBopHTb-

rpe'leCKHH Kopa6nb C N5YMf4 )I\AaMH Becen. COBpeM. PHCYHOK

156

CR 06 061l111x AeJlax. lIo pemeHHIO H36paHHhIx BJiaCTeH

nOJIHCa B 3eMJIH Ba pBa pOB OTnpaB­

JIHJIH pa3Be,ll;QI1KoB. OHH onpe,n;eJIH­

JIH MeCTO ,n;JIH 6y,n;y~eH KOJ1.01tUU

(noCeJIeHI1R) - B6JII1311 YA06HOli MOPCKOH 6YXTbI, HCTOqHI1Ka rrpec­

HOH BO,ll;bl. IKeJIaIOrql1e rrOKI1HYTb

CBOIO O,n;HH ,n;OJImHbl 6bIJIJII 3anH­

caTbCR y qeJIOBeKa, 0 HQJ.1aJIbHO

B03rJIaBJIHBUlera napTU:lO nepece=

JIeHQeB. OH COCTaBJIHJI IIJIaH 6Y,lJ;yw;ero ropo­,lJ;a c YKa3aHHeM MeCTa ,lVIR rJIaBHarO xpaMa, u;eHTpaJIbHOJ1: IIJIOlll,aAH - azOpbL. Memp;y PO,lJ;HbIM nOJIHCOM J1 era KOJIOHHeH nOCTOHHHD

KypCHpOBaJIH Kopa6JIH C TOBapaMH Ii JIlO,lJ;bMH.

B KOJlOHHH qaCTD 6emaJIH Te, KTD rrpOHrpbI­BaJI Ha BbI60pax B HapOAHoe c06paHI1e 11, rroTepHB .n;OJIjKHOCTb, 60HJICH MeCTJ1 CBOax rro-

6e.n;J1BIIIHX npoTHBHHKOB. CTOPOHHHKH ,lJ;eMO­

ca Ha,n;eHJlHCb Ha HOBbIX MeCTax YCTaHoBHTb

HaCTORlll,yro AeMoKpanHo, a apHcToKpaTbl -BOCCTaHOBHTb mH3Hb no .n;peBHHM 06hIQaHM.

MHorJ.1e npe,l\IIOt:HfTaJIH nepeCeJIHTbCH B

coce.n;HIOIO c BaJIKaHaMH IOmHYlO J1 TaJIJ1l0. llOSIBHBlIH1ecH 3,lJ;eCh KOJIOHHH (CHpaKY3hI, HeanOJIb) nOJIYQHJIH Ha3BaHHe BeJIHKOH fpe­UHH . .llpyrHx 60JIbIIIe npHBJIeKaJIH IIJIO,n;OPO,n;­

HhIe · 3eMJIH CeBepHoro lIpHqepHOMopbR C

KOJIOHHRMVI lIaHTVlKane:i1:, OJIbBVlSI, XepcoHec.

Ha/ljla8Jll!HWII rpe<l9Cl(oM MotKlHII3&lIKMI"

BalooteiiWHe KO/lOHH~ rpe!(o.

5epera. KOIIOHlUMpoN/tHbIe rpe~~

60r nOCeHAOH -nOBenHTenb MopeH

H «coTpSlcaTenb 3eMnH».

MpaMOpHiJR CTiJTyR

1/8. AO H.3.

[I] BblAenH TpH HanpaBneHIo1f4 rpe'leCKOH KonoH1013au,HH OTHOCHTenbHO po­AHHbl rpeKOB. Ha I.lbHX 6eperax H KaKHe KonOHlo1101 OCHoBanH rpeKIo11

157

2. atH3HL cpe.u;H BapBapOB. PacCeJIJlJlCb no n06epembRM CpeAH3eMHoro VI 'llepHoro MO­

pet1:, rpeKH BbIHymAeHbI 6blJlH HaJIamHBaTb OTHOIIIeHH.fI C

MeCTHbIM KopeHHbIM HaCeJIeHHeM, KOTopoe HHorAa BpamAe6Ho

BCTpeT.JaJIO HenpoweHbIX rOCTeH. HeCKOJIbKO COTeH CMeJIbT.JaKOB,

OTnpaBJIRRCb B ,n;aJIeKHH nyTb, Be3JIH C C060H BHHO, OJIHBKOBOe

MaCJIO, npeAMeTbI POCKOIIIH. 'llT06bI conYTCTBOBaJIa Y,l4aqa, ne­

pe,n; rrYTeweCTBJ1eM HymHo 6bIJIO npHHecTH mepTBy 60raM. fpe­

KH CTapaJIHCb o6R3aTeJIbHO nepeBe3TH B KOJIOHI1IO CBOHX 6oroB,

Ha,ll;eRCb Ha I1X nOMOlIl,b. C06Hpa.flCb nocTpoHTb ropo;::r; Ha BbI-

6paHHoM MecTe, cnepBa B03BOAl1JIH KperrKl1e 060pOHHTeJIbHbIe

cTeHbI, a yme nOTOM coopymaJII1 XpaMbI H ,nOMa.

IIepBoHaqaJIbHo mHTeJIH KOJIOHI1H no,nT.JI1HRJIHCb BJIaCTHM TO­

ro rrOJIHCa, oTKy,n;a OHH npHeXaJIH. IIpHBe3eHHbIe C pO;::r;J1HbI Kpa­

CHBbIe TOHKl1e TRaHH, 113p;eJII1H HCKYCHbIX rpeqeCKHX KY3HeU;OB,

Vf3HIIl,HO pacnHcaHHYIO RepaMHtIeCKYIO nocy,n;y rpeRI1 06MeHH­

BaJIH Ha xJIe6, Mep;, pa60B y KopeHHoro HaCeJIeHHR. Co

BpeMeHeM KOJIOHHH pa3paCTaJIaCb. 3;::r;ecb B03HH.KaJIH CBOM

MaCTepCKMe, WROJIbI. HaKoHeu; Hapo;::r;Hoe co6paHHe KOJIOHID1

06'bHBJIRJIO 0 cBoet1: rrOJIHoti He3aBMCHMOCTH - B BapBapCKI1X

3eMJIRX OKOHqa TeJIbHO CKJIaAbIBaJICfI HOBbIt1: rpeqeCKHH nOJIMC.

rpe4ecKHit IOHowa. opoH3a. IV B. AO H.3.

158

T eaTp APeBHerpe4eCKoro ropOAa. COBpeM. cjJOTorpacjJHJ'I

HaH60JIee BOHHCTBeHHbIMI1 11

MHoroql1CJIeHHbIMH coceAHMH rpe­

KOB B CeBepHoM IIpl1tIepHoMopbe

6b1JIH nJIeMeHa C1CUG;08. Kam,n;bIH

CKHcP 6bIJI OTJII1't!HbIM Hae3,lJ;HHKOM,

TaK RaR C ,n;eTCTBa npHBblK CH,n;eTb

B ce,n;JIe, 11 npeKpacHbIM CTpeJIKOM

H3 JIyKa. Bo BeCb onop MT.JaCb Ha

JIOwa,n;H no CTenl1, OH, CJIOBHO I1rpa­

IOqH, nopamaJI CTpeJIOH y6era­

IOlIl,ero 3BepH. IIJIOXO npl1xo,n;I1JlOCb

TeM, KTO B CTenH BCTpeqaJICH C

KOHHbIM CKHcPCKHM OTP.fIP;OM. OChI­

naB npOTHBHHKa rpa;::r;OM CTpeJi 11

,n;POTHKOB, CKH~bI ,lJ;OBepmaJII1

,n;eJIO KOPOTKHMH OCTpbIMH Meqa­

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npHKpbITHeM KperrocTet1:-KOJIOHHJ1: rpeT.JeCKHe 3eMJIe,n;eJIblJ;bI

BblpaW;HBaJIH 60raTble ypomaH XJIe6a H BblrO~HO npO,ll;aBaJIH

ero Ha ,n;aJIeKot1: po,n;HHe .. Ha p;eHbrH,

BbIpYT.JeHHble OT rrpop;amH xJIe6a"

MomHO 6bIJIO ngHo6pecTH ,n;oporHe

TRaHH, nocYlJY, YKpaweHHR, opy­

mHeJ3rOTOBJIeHHble rpeT.JeCKHMH

peMeCJIeHHHKaMH. ITo rrpaa,n;HHKaM

B xpaMax rpam,n;aHe rrpHHOCHJIH

mepTBy OJIHMnHt1:cKOMY 6ory­

nOKpOBHTeJIIO. B .fICHblt1: 6eao6JIaT.J-

HbIH AeHb Ha arope MomHO 6blJIO

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CTaBJIeHHbIe rpeT.JeCKHMJ1 aKTepa­

MH nbeCbl. B WKOJIaX AeTet1: )"-I11JlJ1

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159

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MHpOBaJIH Ha:~:13ycTb OTpbIBKH H3 «J1JIHa,n;bl» H «O,lJ;HCceH».

.name B,n;aJIH OT PO,lJ;HHbI KOJIOHHCTbI npo.n;OJImaJIH HOCHTb npH­

BbIqHYIO C ,n;aBHHX nop o,n;em.n;y. BbI,n;alOII..J;Hec.a cnopTCMeHbI

MeqTaJIH npOCJIaBHTb CBOM ropo,n; Ha OJIHMIIHHCKHX lupax.

Bom.n;l1 H aHaTb MeCTHbIX BapBapCKHX nJIeMeH qaCTO aaKa3bI­

Baml y rpeKOB 113b1CKaHHble TKaHI1 11 YKpaIIIeHl1l1. Ebmall B

rpeqeCKHX ropo.n;ax, qym:eaeMQbI JiHor,n;a nepeHHMaJIH o.n;em.n;y,

.fIabIK H Bepy B 3JIJIHHCKHX 6oroB. CaMH 3JIJIJ1HbI Tome yql1JlMCb

Y BapBapOB BepXOBOM ea.n;e, cnoco6aM xoa.aMcTBOBaHH.R H

npHeMaM 60H.

B VIII-VI BeKU AO H.3. BenHKa. rpe .... cKa. KonOHH3allH. OXBa­THn, 6epera CpeAH3eMHOro H '!epHoro Mopejj, n03H'KOMHB HX HCHTeneH C AOCTHHCeHHSlMH ",HBHftH3a",HH 3nftilAi-l.

[I] 1. B blAenl1 npHLtI1Hbl, no KOTOPblM rpeKIo1 nOKHACJnl1 pOAHHy.

2. "ITO n03S0nAno rpeKaM AOCTaTO"'lHO cnOKOHHO >KI1Tb S 3eMIlJlX «sap­

sapos» ? K aK Tbl CLtIo1TaeWb, nOLteMY rpeKIo1 H CKl1cpbl snonHe Ml1pHO Y>KIo1-

SaIlI1Cb Apyr C APyroM?

3. K onoHI13aTopos Lty>KI1X 3eMeIlb "'IaCTO Ha3blsalOT 3aXBaTLtl1KaMIo1, He­

CyUJ,I1MI1 3no H pa6cTso MeCTHblM >KIo1Tem'M. OTHOCI<1TCJI 11101 3TO, Ha TBOH

S3rnAA, K rpeL.JeCKIo1M KOnOHI1AM?

- TIpaBl1JIbHO rpeKM K 9:ymaKaM OTHOCHJrnCbl - aaMeTMJI AHTOWKa. -

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rJUfH.RHblX Baa, MHCTpYMeHTaM, mHJlI1 BblXO,ltllbl 113 MHJleTa, KOP"HcPa ,

AcPHH " .llpyrHX ropO,ltOB 3JlJIa,D;bll Bcero HaCq}.1ThlBaJtOCb HeCKOJIbKO

COTeH ropo,ltOB C HaCeJIeHHeM .no 2 MJIH qeJtOBeK - CTOJIbKO me, CKOJIbKO

B caMO};: rpelVH1.

• CpaSHI1 MHeHIo1e AHTOWKH H cpaKTbl , npl1BeAeHHble ApxeonorOM. B LteM

npOTI1BOpeYl1e, KaKOH B03HI1KaeT Bonpod

nOLteMY MHOrl1e rpeKI1 nOKI1AaIlI1 pOAIo1Hy?

160 '. ~

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o MI11181 rp8'l~ nomCb!. IIIU1IO'I9HHbIe 8 rJ8I)Cl'\AClCYIO -.., x~ 6ImobI , 8b1WJ)ElHtt"" rpet<8M ..

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r § 26. 3nnHHbi npoTHB «l4apll l4apeH)) l J -06bAOl13Ha1.feHHe C11OB: OOnHC, BOCTO'4HCI~ ,IJ,eOlO1M~, c:patlaH"a. (Cnoeapt,) - KorAa 11 KaK 6blllO C03AaHO nepCHACKOe u,apCTBO, KaK OHO ynpaBml­

. nOCb? (§ 16) epe"'ll1CnH Bce B03MO>KHble OTnH'·II1A rpaH<AaHI1Ha rpe ... e­

CKoro nom'lca OT nO,D,AaHHOrO BOCTO ... HOH AecnOTI1H. (§ 21,23, 24)

1. Ha'IJaJlo fpeKo-nepcHAcKHX BOUH. r B VI BeRe .n;o H.3. rrepcH.n;cKHe BOHcKa 3aXBa THJU1 rpeqeCKHe

ropo.n;a B MaJIOH A3HH. jKHTeJleH 06113aJlI1 rrJla TI1Tb HaJlorH u;a­

PJO. B 500 ro.n;y .n;o H.3. MaJlOa3HJ1:CKl1e rpeRH C rrOMO~bJO CBOI1X

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BOHCKa ,l:{apHl1 I no.n;aBI1J1H ero. UeHTp BOCCTaHI1R, ropo.n; MI1JIeT,

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Tpe60BaJIH OT rpeKoB «3eMJIH 11 BO.n;bI» - TO eCTb npH3HaHHl1

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X I IX I VII I VI I VI I V I IV I '" I U I I

~ § 29. MYApe4bl ApeBHeii rpe4HH ~ - 06"bACHI1 3Ha"teHl1e Cfloa: Io1CKYCCT80, nOfllo1C, AeMOKpaTHSi. (Cnosapb) - YTO Te6e y>t<e 1013BeCTHO 0 Myp,peu,ax ,[lpe8Hel1 rpeu,Hl--41 (§ 21-22). C 6"bACHH, no-.eMY npasneHHe nepHKIla Ha3blBalOT pacu,BeTOM KYflbry_ pb'. AcpHHaxl (§ 28)

1. MYApeuwHu 11:3 3JIJlHBOB. EI.I..J;e B VI BeRe ~o H.3. 3HaMeHl1TbIH MaTeMaTHK H OCHOBaTeJIb

peJIHrHo3Horo 6paTcTBa ill1<parop CKa3aJI: «H He MYApeQ, .JI

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Bpa"t '" nal,VteHT

fHnnOKper( OK. 460-370 rr. AO H.3.)­«OT81..4 ..... 8AHI.IHHbIJl

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fepOAOT (480-415 rr. AO N.3.)-«OT81..4 HcropHHJI

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177

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HO roBOPHTb, qT06bI ,n06HTbcSI ycnexa B

MHpe TOproBJIJiI 11 COnepHHqeCTBa. BOJIh­

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ce6H, HayqHTbcR cJlywaTb CSOH «sHyTpeHHHH rOJIoc», KOTOPblH,

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178

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HO COKpaT OTKa3aJICR. OH Bcer,n.a roBOPJ1JI, "lTO «He MomeT yqe­

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"3BeeTHblH rro rrp03B"lIIY m"pOKOrrJIeQHH - fiJIaTOO (427-347 rr. )];0 H.3.). TIOTOMOK apHcToKpaToB, OH 6b1JI BbICOK POCTOM,

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179

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(IIIKOJIY ,n;JIR B3POCJIbIX) B CBRw;eHHOH pow;e r epOH AKa,n;eMa, 3a

qTO IIIKOJIY np03BaJIH A1Ca8e.MueU. 3,n;eCb IIJlaToH 3anHCaJl ,l(Ha­

JIom COKpaTa H eTaJ] pacnpOCTpaHIITb era <lmJIOcmjmlO. TIJIa­TOH CqHTaJI, qTO MHp Bew;eH, B KOTOPOM mHBYT JllOAH, - 3TO

JIJ1Wb HCKameHHoe OTpameHHe npaBMJIbHOrO M 60meCTseHHoro

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180

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npW'U1Ha x npHpOAHhIX HBJIeHJ1H, 60TaHHKY -

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c nopax C IIJIaTOHoM ApHCTOTeJIb roBOPHJI:

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Ap .... CTOTenb. IV B. AO H.3.

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181

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(MaTepHan AIlS! YPOKa-nOBTopeHIo1S1)

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[] 1. B cBoei1 TeTpaAI't npOAOfl>I01 3an011HRTb ra6nlo1u,y «BOCTOI< 11 3anap, ,[J,pesHero MHpa:ll (eM. c. 120). OnpeAemt, KaKOSbl rnaSHble "IepTbl aH­TH"IHOrO 3anap,a (Ha npHMepe ,llpesHei1 rpeu,HH). eSOH BbIBOp,b1 nOA­TBepAH, Hcnonb3YA H3Y'4eHHble nOHAnts! Ii q,aKTbl.

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182

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Heo6xoAHMLdi ypOBeUb (xopowo): ITpaBJ1JIbHO Bnl1CaHbl HOMepa B

npHM)'lO ~eflO'lKy c06hlTHM (BO Bce BbUleJIeHHble KBa,ttpaTbI, BbIAeJIeHHbIe

C06bITJ1R crrncKa). nporpaMMBldH ypOBeUL (OTJlH'lUO): IIpaBHJIbHo Brn1-

caHhl Bce HOMepa c06hlTKti: KnK B npRMYlO uenO'lKy, TaK H B 60KoBble OT­

BeTBJIeHHR: (BO Bce KBa,ttpaTbl). MaKCHMaJJbHLlH ypoBeuL (cBepXOTJIH'l­

UO): 3aAaHJ1e BbInOJIHeHO Ha npor paMMHOM ypOBHe, a TalOKe B u;eno'lKy

JIOrn'lHO BKJIlO'IeHO AOnOJIHI1TeJIbHO He MeHee O,ttHoro c06blTJ.:UL

ITpoBepb ce6R no CJIOBapIO, )"le6HHKY l1JIH C nOMOJ..U.bIO J"illTeJIR:. Ec.rrn B03HHKalOT 3aTpy,ttHeHJ1R, TO BMeCTO O'l"BeTa HamU.ID1, KaKJ1X YMeHJ1i.{ I1

3HaHI1:W: Te6e He XBaTaeT.

KaK 113YQaTb 3TOT pa3J1,CJI

ITo orJIaBJIeHJ1lO Ha c . 3-4 onpeAeJIH, KaKoe co,ttepmaHJ1e re6e He06xo­

AHMO OCBOI1Tb. i13)"la:w: naparpa¢ 3a naparpa¢oM, onpe.lleJIRH OCHOBHOt1:

Bonpoc (np06JIeMY) TeMbI, no,tt6HpaH .llJIH pellleHI1R 3Toro Bonpoca yme

H3BeCTHble 3HaHJ1R (noIDITI1R, 3aKoHoMepHOCTJ1) J1 OTKpblBaH HOBble (06 3TOM nO,ttpo6Hee CM. Ha c. 6-7).

183

Bltt,qeneHHl.le c;pa.cn.1 H nOffAl"A He06XOA,HMO nOMHHTI. "YMell. HCOOn .. 10lUlln..

776 r . ,Il,O H.3. - nepBble Onl1Mnl1HCKl1e Hrpbl B ,D,peBHeH rpeLV1l1. 753 r. AO M.l. - nereHAapHOe OCHOBaHHe PI1Ma L¥ipeM POMynoM. Ha'"lano

LV1BHIlH3aLV1H ,ApeIHef'O PHMI, CO;JAaHHe naTHHCKoro ~I. 594 r.,Il,O H.3 . - 3aKOHbi ConOHa B AcpHHax - OCHOBa AeMoKpITHH. 510 r . AO M.l . - H3rHaHHe u,apJl- YCTaHoBneHHe PHMCKOH pecny6nHKH. 500-448 rr. AO H.3. - rpeKO-nepCHACKHe BOHHbl. 494 r.,Il,O H.3 . - nepBblH OTKPblTblH KOHq:,nHKT nne6eell H naTpHLV'Iea. 367 r. AO H.3. - B AKBAeMHIO nnaToHa npHe3>KaeT ApHCToTenlt - OCHOBono­

nO>KHHK MHorHX HayK (norHKa, q:,113101Ka , lTI1Ka. nOnHTI1Ka). 338 r. AO H.3. - nOA"IIo1HeHl1e rpeLV111 u,aplO MaKeAoHHH Cbl1nHnny II .

- nOA"II1HeHHe PI1MY ero COlO3HI1KOB - naTI1HOB. 334-325 rr . AO H.3. - BOCTO"HbIH nOXO,ll, AneKcaHAPa MaKeAoHcKoro. 325-280 rr.AO H.l. - pacnBA,Il,ep>KaBbl AneKcaH,Qpa MaKeAoHcKoro Ha lnnH­

HHCTH"IeCK"'e MOH8pXHH. - OCHoBaHHe AneKCaH,D,pI1HCKOH 6H6mtOTeKI1 - rnaBHoro u,eHTpa KynbTYPbl lnllHMHCTHlteCKOM LlHIIHnHHqHH.

290 r. AO H.3. - C03,1l,aHI1e J.1TanI1HCKOrO COlO3a BO rnaBe C PHMOM. 118-101 IT. ,,"0 M.l. - 2-A BOHHa PHMa H Kapcpart!Ha - YCTaHoBneHHe rOcno,ll,­

CTBa P"'Ma B 3ana,D,HOM Cpe,ll,H3eMHOMopbe. 146 r.,Il,O H.3. - pa3pyweHHe Kapq:,areHa H KopHHcpa - rocnOACTBO PHMa Ha

aceM CpeAH3eMHOMOpbe. PHM nepeHl1MaeT rpe .. ecKYIO Kyn:.rypy. 123-122 rr. AO H.l. - 3aKOHbi rpaKxoB. 3aLLI,HUJ,atoLLI,He 6eAHbix rpa>KAaH PI1Ma. 107-104 rr. AO H.l. - C03AaH",e npocpeccHoHanbHoH apMHI1 PI1Ma npH M.1pHH. 83-82 rr . ,Il,O H.l . - Ha .. ano rpa>KS\aHCKI1X BOHH B PHMCKOj;j pecny6nl1Ke. 74-71 r r . AO H.3. - BOCCTaHHe pa60B no,ll, npep,aO,ll,HTenbCTaoM CnapTaKa. 49- 4' IT. ,,"0 M.l. - ,Il,HKTaTypa IOnH. L\e18p. Hero y6I1HCTBO. 30 r . AO H. l . -14 r. H. 3. - 3aXBaT OKTIIIHaMOM AllrycToM Erlo1nra - nOCne,ll,HeH

30-e rr. H.3. 106 r. H.l.

193 r. H.l. 284-305 rr,

313 r. N.l.

325 r. H.3.

395 r. M.3.

410 r. N.l.

476 r . H.3.

184

lMI1HHCT"'''IeCKoj;j MOHapXHH. - YCTaHOBneHl1e PHMCKoM HMnepHH (npHHLV1naTa) . Pacu,aeT ."TH'tHoN LlHIIHl1HlaqHH.

- npOnOBe,ll,b HHCYCI XpHCTa B J.1YAee - Ha .. ano IpHCTHaHCTBa. - nOClle,ll,HHe 3aaoeBaHHA. - nepexoA PIoiMa K o6opoHe. - PaCLI,BeT rocyp,apCTBa BO II BeKe. - Ha .. ano rpa>KAaHCKHX aoHH. KPl11HC III BeKa.

H. l . - npaBneHHe A"'OKI1entaHa - YCTaHOBl1eHHe ,Il,OMI1HaTa a "'MnepHI1, rOHeHI1A Ha xpHCTHaH. - 3aKOH KOHCTaHTHHa 0 cBo60Ae aepoHcnoBeA~HA. - HHH:eHCKI1H co6op xpHcTHaHcKoH l.I.eptC ..... Ha"lanO KaHOHH3a-Ll,I1H HOBoro laBeTa. - pa3,D,eneHHe PHMCKOH I1MnepHH Ha 3ana,D,HYto H BOCTO .. HYto. - B3ATI1e PHMa repMaHCKHMH nneMeHaMH rOToa. - nilAeHHe 3anBAHoM PHMCKOH HMnepHI1 nOA yp,apaM'" Bapaapoa.

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11 § 30. nOKOpHTenH cBo6oAHbiX rpeKoB j

- 06'bSiCHIo1 3Ha"feHlo1e cnOB: u,apcTBO, nonlo1c, q,anaHra. (CnoBapb) - "ieM 3HaMeHIo1T q,1011l0COCP Aplo1cToTenb? (§ 29) "'aKlo1e BblrOAb' AClBano pa6oBnClAenb-.ecKoe X03S1HCTBO B rpe~H? (§ 27)

1. « ... Corpa)K~aH 60JlTCR 6oJlee, qeM sparos».

K IV BeRY AD H.3. rpetJ.eCKHe nOJIHCbI nOCTOJlHHO BOeBaJIH, pa-

30pH" IIPyr IIPyra. Me)KJIY TeM COCTOHTeJlbHble rpalKllaHe Bce 50JlbWe 60raTeJIJf, npO,n;aBaJl Ha pbIHKaX TOBapbI, C03,l1;aHHbIe

rpYIlOM pa60B (3epHO, BI1HO, MaCJlO, aM<I>0pbl). BellHble rpalKlla­He 3aJIe3aJIH B ,n;OJIrJ1, npO));aBaJIH CBOIO 3eMJIIO 60ratJ.aM. Bce

50JlbWe nOHBJIRJIOCb B nOJIHCaX «JIHWHl1:X JlIO.n;eH». Y HHX He 6bI­

no HH 3eMJIH, HH 3apa6oTKa, HO COXpaHHJIOCb npaBO ~aCTl1H B

Hapo.n;HOM C06paHMJ.1. Be,n;HHKH Tpe6oBaJlH, qTo6bI BJIaCTH

[lOJIl'ICa KOPMHJIH HX, a 60ratJ.H B03MyI..U,aJIJ.1Cb TeM, tJ.TO nJIaTHT

50JIbWHe HaJIorH. IIo CJIOBaM acPHHRHHHa J1coKp.iTa, «60ral.{H

OXOTHee 6pocwIJ.1 6bI CBoe HMylI..l;eCTBO B Mope, tJ.eM OKa3aJIl1 6bI

[lOMO~b Hym,n;alOlUHMCH, a 6e,ll;HbIe ... XOTeJlJ'l 6bI CHJIOH 3aBJIa­

n:eTh HMylI..l;eCTBOM 60raTblX. IIpeKpaTHB .mepTBonpHHorueHHH

Ha aJITap.RX, JIIO,lI;H, T01..JHO .mepTseHHbIX .mHBOTHblX, 3aKaJlbIBa­

lOT IIPyr IIpyra». Be));HhIe rpam,n;aHe 60JIbIIIe He Mor.rrn: nOKynaTb opy.mHe H

cpa.maTbCJI B OnOJItJ.eHHRX. BMecTo HHX BJIaCTH CTaJIH HaHHMaTb

De,n;HJlKOB H3 ));pyrHX nOJIJ.1COB, KOTopbIe CpamaJIHCb 3a .n;eHbrH.

no CJIOBaM TOro me J1coKpaTa, nOKa «rpam,n;aHe BOIOIOT ));pyr C

n,pyroM BHyTpH ropo.n;CKHX CTeH», «MopCKJ1e pa36m1:HHKH XO-

3HtiHHl.{aIOT Ha Mope, HaeMHHKH 3axsaTbIBalOT ropo,n;a .. . O,ll;HH

aaXO));HTCH no.n; BJIaCThlO THpaHOB, Ha,ll; ,lJ;pyrHMJ1 rOCnO));aMH

OTaJlI1 Bapsapbl (nepCI1I1CKl1e !.Iapl1)>>.

2. B03BhJrueHHe MaKc,n;oHHH.

TeM BpeMeHeM Ha ceBepe BaJlKaH po,n;cTBeHHbIe rpeKaM MaKe­

O;OHCKJ1e nJIeMeHa 06'be,lJ;HHHJIJ1Cb B O,n;HO ttapcmeo Ma:x:eaOH.UA.

Ha ero MOPCKOM no6epembe yme 300 JleT CTORJIJ1 rpetJ.eCKHe

186

ropo,n;a-KOJlOHlUiJ, nOKynaBIIIHe y MaKe,n;o­

HRH Jlec ,n;JlR CTpOHTeJIbCTBa Kopa6JIeH.

MaKe,n;OHCKHe n;apH H HX «TOBapH~H» H3

3HaTHbIX PO,n;OB C y,n;OBOJIbCTBHeM ~HJIH

rpe1..JeCKHH Jl3bIK, 1..JHTaJiH n03MbI H MHcPbI,

nOKJIOHRJlHCb OJIHMnHHCKHM 6oraM. Ha

rpe'lecKHli MaHep B MaKe.llOHHH CTaJiH CTPOHTb ropo,n;a H ,n;opOI'llJ, 1..JeKaHHTb MO­

HeTbI, o6yqaTb 3HaTHYlO MOJIo,n;emb B

rpeqeCKliJX rliJMHaCHRX. MaKe,n;OHCKHH

!.IaPb <l>JlJlJlnn II (359-336 rr. 110 H.3.) npHrJlaCHJI ,lI;JIR BocnHTaHHSI cBoero ChIHa

A.iteKCal<apa 3HaMeIDIToro rpeqeCKOrO <\m­Jloco<l>a ApI1CTOTeJlH.

~ ¢lK11Hn n fl. CKynDnTYPHblH

noprpeT H3 rp06HH4I>/

MaKe,n;OHCKHe naCTYXH H 3eMJle,n;eJlhIJ;bI mHJlH e~e B nepBO-

6bITHOM 06~HHHOM paBeHCTBe. Bo BpeMH nOCTORHHbIX BOHH 3a

06'be,n;HHeHHe IIJIeMeH B O,n;HO n;apCTBO OHH npHBhlKJIH qaCTb

ro,n;a Tpy,n;HTbCH, a qaCTb - BoeBaTb B OnOJl1..JeHHH cBoero BOm,zvI­

u,ap.R:. Kam,n;bIM nOKynaJI H ,n;epmaJI ,n;OMa naHu,Hpb, WJleM, I..U,HT,

Meq H Konbe. Bce OHJ1 nOnOJIHJI.rrn: CBOJi 3anaCbI He TOJlbKO ypO­

maeM, HO H 60ra TOH BoeHHOH ,n;06blqeH. He y6HBWMH HM O,n;HOro

Bpara HOCHJI Ha TeJJe BepeBKY B 3HaK n030pa.

<PwIlmn II CTaJI Kam,n;bIH ro,n; co6HpaTb onOJI1..JeHHe o6w;mnrn:­

KOB ,lI;JIR TpeHHpoBoK .H yqeHIDf. MaKe,ll;OHCKHe nacTYXH H 3eM­

JIe));eJIbu,bI Hayq.HJlHCb ,n;epmaTb COMKHyrbIH CTPOH oc06ofr: Ma­

KelloncKoil <l>llJIaHl'JI. B Heil Y BOI1HOB nepBoli l1IepenrH 6bLlI>! 06bI'lHbIe l\ByxMeTpOBble KOUbJL Y BOI1HOB CJIel\YlOll(J1X l1lepeur -4-, 6- H 8-MeTpoBbIe KonbR. 3TH orpOMHbIe nHKH OHH KJIa.rrn:

Ha nJletJ.H TOBapHw;eH, H Ha OIIIeJIOMJIeHHoro Bpara Ha,n;BHI'aJICR

CTPOH BOHHOB, ow;eTHHHBIIIHHCH CnJlOWHbIM PR,lI;OM ROnJlJ.H.

C q>JIaHrOB, KaK JIJ. Y rpeKOB, aTO nOCTpOeHJ.1e 3aI..U,lflI..l;aJIa K01i'H.U­

~a. O,n;HaKO Bca,n;HHKJ.1 H3 ceMeH MaKe,n;OHCROH 3HaTH, 06JIatJ.eH­

Hble B lKeJle3Hble 1I0cneXI1, 6blJlI1 06y'!eHbl HeCTI1Cb B aTaKY POBHblMH pH,lI;aMJIJ. H onpOKH,n;bIBaTh HenpHRTeJlH.

3a cPaJIaHrOH ¢J1JlJlIln II npHKa3aJI B03HTb MemameJt'b?t'bLe

JKamUH'bL. OHH 06pYWHBaJIH Ha Bpara orpOMHhle KaMHH, ropH­

lU,He 60tJ.RJ.1, rHraHTCKJ1e CTpeJIbI. CTeHbI roPO));OB MaKe,n;OHRHe

187

Mal(eAOHCl(all cpanaHra. C08peM. PHCYHOK OCaAHaR 6awHR, C08peM. pHCyHOK

np06MBaJUi 60JIbIIIHMM TapaHaMH J.1JIM npH,n;BHraJIH R HJ:fM

nOCTaBJIeHHbIe Ha ROJIeCa ,n;epeBRHHbIe OCa8'/i.bte 6aUL'/i.U. KpOMe

Toro, naph <PHJIMnrr JIlo6J.1JI nOBTopHTh, qTO «B JIl06ylO caMYlO

HerrpHcTynHyro RpenOCTb 6ea Tpy,n;a npOHHKHeT oceJI, rpyme­HhIH SOJIOTOM».

3. nOTepH HeaaBHCHMOCTH.

AeMoccpeH . IV 8.,.q0 11.3.

188

JiIsBecTMe 0 TOM, "ITO rpeqeCKHe ropo,n;a Ha

ceBepe no,n;qHHHJlHCb MaKe,n;OHCKOMY naplO

¢HJIHnrry II, B OJlJla,n;e npHHHMaJIH rro-paSHO­

My. ACPHHHHHH J1coKpaT npH3bIBaJI <PHJIHnrra

06'be,n;HHHTb BClO rpeU;HlO, npeRpaTHTb BHYT­

peHHJ1e BOHHb! H nOBeCTH Tex, RTO «CKHTaeTCR

6es cpe,n;CTB K mHSHH», Ha «3aBOeBaHl1e SeMeJIh

B A3HH' . .n:pyroil me aqlHH"HHH - 11.e.Mocrj'Je" -rOBOpHJI corpam,n;aHaM, qTO ¢HJIHnrry II «He­

HaBHCTHbI 60JIbwe Bcero Ha:urn cB06o,n;bI... eMY

npeKpacHo HSBecTHo, qTO He 6y,n;eT OH npOqHO

BJIa,n;eTb rrOKopeHHbIMH Hapo,n;aMH, nORa y Hac

(aqlHH"H) CYll1eCTByeT l1eMoKpaTH" - Hapo­,n;onpaBCTBO». )l;eMoccpeH y6e,n;HJI acpHHHH H

,npyrHX rpeKoB, qTO CTOPOHHHKH ¢HJIHnna (IlO­

JIyqHJIH OT Hero SOJIOTO H rrpe,naJIH PO,nHHY».

B aBrycTe 338 ro/la /10 IL3 B 611TBe 6JDf3 ropO/la XepoHM BCTpeTHJIHCb 32 ThIC. MaKe,nOHRH <PH­

JIJ·fnrra H 40 TbIC. 06'be,ll;HHeHHblX rpeKoB. 06e

cpaJIaHrn OmeCTOqeHHO 6POCHJIHCh ,ll;pyr Ha

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1

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JIHnna AJIeKCaH,IJ;p, KOMaH,nYlOI.I..T,HH

JIeBblM cPJIaHTOM, CMor npOpBaTb

rpeqeCKHH CTpOH. MaKe,nOHCKaJl

cpaJIaHra OnpoKHHyJIa rpeKOB.

IIocJIe n06el1bI CPHJIllnn 6e3 BbIKY­na BepHYJI acpHHJlHaM BCeX nJIeH­

HbIX H TeJIa y6HTbIX ,ll;JIJl norpe6e­

HHH. ITo npe,ll;JIOmeHHlO MaKe,nOH­

CKOrO u;a pH B KOPHHCP C'beXaJIHCb

npe,ll;CTaBHTeJIH BCeX rOCY,ll;apCTB

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,.qBOP4B MBHeAOHcKoro l4BPR

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rJIaBe C ¢HJUtnnOM MaKe,IJ;OHCKHM, npOBOarJIaWeHHbIM He

u;apeM, a (rereMOHOM» (no-rpeqeCKH «npe,lJ;BO,ll;HTeJIeM»). OH

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60POJIHCb C MOPCKHMH paa60HHHKaMH.

B IV BeKe AO H.'. rpe~ecKHe nonMCbl 6blnH noKopeHbl MaKeAOH-CKHM ",apCTBOM.

[I] 1. 0 6bSlCHIo1, KaK 101 nO'4eMY B IV BeKe rpe'4eCKHe nonlo1Cbl ocna6enH. 2. n epe'4HCnlo1 nplo1'4HHbl B03BblweHIo1S1 u,apcTBa MaKeAoHIo1S1. 3. n peACTaBb, '4TO Tbl >KHTenb AcpHH. B 338 rOAY AO .... 3. Tbl Y3HaeWb, '4TO cth1nHnn II >KenaeT 3aXBaTIo1Tb 3nnaAY. npl1Afl Ha HapOAHoe co6pa­Hlo1e, Tbl cnywaewb pa3Hbix opaTopOB: OAHIo1 npH3blBalOT nOA'4Io1HIo1TbCSI MaKeAoHcKoMY 4aplO, a APyrHe Tpe6ylOT AClTb ornop. KaKOH6blna 6bl TBOSI n03HLJ,J.1S11 eBOH OTBeT 06bSlCHH.

- TbI nOMID1111b, 'ITO rpeKOB He CMor nOKop~Tb caM «~apb u;apeM»? - IIOMHIO. - OTBeTM AHToWKa. - IIepcH.n;cKYrM ~apb BJla.n;eJI nOJIOBH-

HOM UHBHJIl130BaHHOM A3IDf - OT ErnnTa .n;o J.1H.n;Hl1:, HO I'peJ..J;HlO He nmCOPHJL - TaR BOT, - CKa3aJI ApxeoJIor, - cnYCTJI 140 JIeT rpe~mo nOKOpHJI

I,tapb MaKe.n;oHHH. 'n>H BJIa.n;eIDfSl 6blJIH B 20 pa3 MeHbllle BJIa.n;eaIDl nep­CM.n;CKOro «uapn uapeH».

• CpaBHH pe3ynbTaTbi CTonKHOBeHIo1S1 rpeKoB H nepcoB, rpeKoB H MaKe­AOHSIH. KaKoH B03HIo1KaeT Bonpod

II nO'4eMY MaKeAoHHH YAanocb nOKopHTb rpeKoBl

189

) nK:. AO H.),

XliX IV"II VII VII V I IV I "I oaaR I 'pO

I I I I I M II I IV I V

" § 31 . 3aaoelaHHII

AneKCaHApa MaKeAoHcKoro ~ - 06"bSlCHH 3Ha ... eHHe en08: cpanaHra, u,aPb. (Cnoaapb) - BcnOMHH, KaK 6bll1a YCTpoeHa nePCI1ACKaR Aep>KaBa. (§ 16) nepe-... HenH HaH60nee aa)t(Hble npH'4HHbl, no3BOnIoi8WHe rpeKaM no6eAHTb

nepeos B V B. AO H.3.(§ 26). a MaKeAOHAHaM - noKOPHTb rpeKOB. (§ 30)

1. HaCJIe,n;IUfK MaKeAoHHH. Yme B 338 ro,ny AD H.3. COlO3 rOpO,lJ;OB 3JIJIaAbI BO fJIaBe c

ct>UJIl1nnOM MaKe,llOHCKHM 06'bHBHJI CBHI.IJ;eHHyro BOtiHy IIep­CH,lJ;CKOH ,lJ;epmaBe, QT06bI nOKapaTb ee 3a paapYIIIeHHe xpaMOB H 38XBaT rpeqeCKHX rOpOAOB MaJIoH A3HH. O.n;HaKO qepea 2 ro­

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X I IX I VII I VII I VI I V I IV I IP osaR I'PO

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213

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214

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220

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n.«; . AO H. J . HOBaA 1'1'" XIIXIVNIIVlIIVlIVIIVI"lt l ll 1IIlUIIVIV

§ 36. BnaCTenHH CpeAH3eMHOMopbll t - 06'bACHH 3Ha ... eHHe enoB: pecny6nHKa, nerHOH, npo8HH4H~. (CnoBapb) - BcnOMHH rnaSHble oco6eHHOCTH 3MHHHCTH'"IeCKHX MOHapXHH (KynbTY-pa, BnaCTb, X03AHCTBO) . (§ 32) Pa3AenH Ha 3Tanbl H3y ... eHHYto T06ol1 HC­TOPHtO PHMa, AaH Ha3BaHHA 3TanaM H Py6e>KaM.

1. «CnaCHTeJlb H 3aUJ;HTBHK 3JlJlaAbl»).

llocJle nOKopeHHH 3ana,n;Horo Cpe,1l;M3eMHOMopbH PHMCKHH

ceHaT CTaJI pacnopHmaTbcH 60JIblliMMM emero,n;HbIMH ,ll,Oxo,n;aMM

c npOBHHU;HH - nOMecTHH pMMCKoro HapOJI,a. CeHaT Ha3HaqaJI B

npOBMHU;I1H HaMeCTHHKOB, KOTopble 113JI,aBaJIl1 ,n;JIH nOKopeHHblx

ropo,n;OB M nJIeMeH 3aKOHbI, BepIIII1JII1 cy,n;. MeCTHoe HaCeJIeHHe

06H3aHO 6bIJIO co,n;epmaTb pl1MCKHe BOHCKa B rrpOBHHU;I1HX 11

BbInJIaqMBaTb pHMJIHHaM HaJJOr B O,1l;Hy JI,eCHTyro CBOI1X ,n;OXO­

,n;OB. MHOrJ1e 3eMJIH (naxoTbI, PY,ll;HHKH, nacT6l1IUa) CTaHOBM­

JIMCb c06CTBeHHocTbIO pHMCKoro rOCY,ll;apCTBa. Yix JIJil60

OTBO,n;l1JII1 no,ll; KOJIOHIDi PMMCKMX rpam,n;aH, JIH60 c,n;aBaJIM B

nOJIb30BaHlife 6blBlliMM X03HeBaM 3a nJIaTy. Kam,1l;blH ceHaTop

MeqTaJI CTaTb HaMeCTHlifKOM HOBOH npOBHHU;Hl1, a Ka:m,n;blH

PMMCKHH rpam.n;aHMH - nOJIytlMTb B XOJI,e HOBbIX BOHH CBOIO

,n;OJllO 3aXBaqeHHblX aeMeJIb, pa6oB, 6oraTcTB .

TeM speMeHeM Ha BOCTOKe Cpe,n;113eMHOMOpbJI CpamaJIlifCb 33

nepBeHCTBO TpH KpynHe~He 3JJJIl1HHCTl1QeCKl1e MOHapXI1H:

MaKe,n;OHHH, CHPHH M ErHneT. OnacaHCb MX, He60JIblliHe

llapcTsa H nOJIMCbl o6pam;aJIMCb 3a nOKpOBHTeJIbCTBOM K PI1MY·

'[epea 2 rOlla nOCJIe 1I06ellbl Hall Kapq,areHOM (a 200 r . 110 H.3.) pHMCKaJ1 apMHH Bblca,n;MJIaCb B rpeU;HH, QT06b1 oCBo6o,n;HTb

3JIJIa,1l;y OT «MaKe,n;OHCKoro BapBapa». B J1lOHe 197 ro,n;a ,n;o H.3. B

YTpeHHeM TYMaHe y KU'H..OCKegicUtbCKUX XQ.II...M.06 BCTpeTHJlHCb

Heno6eJI,I1MaH MaKe,r:(OHCKaH q:,aJIaHra cI>HJIMnna V H pHMCKHe

JIerHOHbl KOHcYJla Tma KBIDutU;HH ct>JIaMUHMHa .

B HaQaJIe 60H MaKe,n;OHHHe CMHJIJ.1 H nOTeCHHJIH nepBble PJ1,nbI

PHMJIHH. JIenlOHepbl He MOrJIM npo6HTbCH CKB03b WIJ.flfHbIe

KonbH , HO BO speMH cnYCKa C XOJIMa MOHOJIHTHbIe pHJI,bl

221

BnAAe+l ...... P"1oIIO M 201 r.

rpaH"L\bI P"MOlIIX an~"ii M BB r. AO H.:t. .'

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q:,aJIaHrJ.1 6blJIJ.:t paCCTpOeHbl, J.1 B 06paaOBaBWHeCH 6pewJ.1 TyT

me YCTpeMJ.1JIHCb BOHHbI BTOPOH JIHHJ.1J.1 JIerHOHOB. Tenepb, B

TeCHOH CXBaTRe, ,n;JIHHHbIe RonbH MaKe,n;OH.RH ORaaaJIJ.1Cb 6ec­

nOJIeaHblMJ.1 npOTMB KOPOTKHX PHMCKHX Meqei1:. COKpYWJ.1TeJIb­

Hoe nOpameHJ.1e BbIHy,n;J1JIO MaKe,l:tOHJ11O BbIBeCTH BOHCKa J.13

rpen;HJ.1, COKpaTJ:tTb BOi1:CKO, OT,n;aTb pl1MJI.RHaM MHoro aOJIOTa H

BeCb MaKe,n;OHCKJ:tH QJJlOT.

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Bcex ropo,n;OB 3JIJIa,zv,I. QqeBJ.1,ll;eu; c06blTHH nHCaJI: «Paa,n;aJICH

aBYK Tpy6bl, H cpe,lJ;H 06w;ero MOJIqaHH.R rJIaWaTaH 06'bHBJ.1JI», qro

pHM.mlHe .n;aPYKIT CB06o.u;y 3JIJIa,n;e. «HeBepo.RTHO CJ1JIbHbrn KpJ.1R

pa,n;OCTH npOHeCC.R Ha,n; CTa,ll;J:tOHOM, Bce BCKOt.IJ:tJll:t C MeCT, HHKTO He

CMOTpeJI Ha COCT.R3aID:t.R cnopTCMeHOB, Bce cnellD1JIJ.1 nOm8Tb PYKH

PHMCKHM nOCJIaM». B COlO3e C rpeqeCKHMl:t no.m:tcaMJ.1 pHMJI.RHe

neperrpaBII.JllfCb B Ma.rryro A3lflO. TaM OH>! OllepmaJI>! n06ei1Y Hall CHPJ.1HCRJ:tM u;apeM AHTHOXOM III, KOTOpbill: yseJI CBOH BOHcRa H3

MaJIOH A3HH, a 3,n;eWHJ:te n;apcTBa npH3HaJiH BJIaCTb PI1Ma.

CnyCTH 30 JIeT (B 168 r. 110 H.S.) MaKel10H>lH 6bIJIa OKOH"IaTeJIhHO 3aBO€BaHa J:t n03,lJ;Hee npeBpaw;eHa B PHMCKYID npOBHHIJ;HIO.

222

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HBJIeHHH HOBoro IIOJIKOBO,n;n;a, no,n;06Roro raHHH6aJIY. He c.rry­

qaHHO ceRa TOp MapK nOptfUU Kamo1i Kam.u;yro CBOIO peqb B

ceRaTe, qeMY 6bI OHa HH 6blJla nOCBam;eHa, aaKaHqJ1BaJI CJIOBa­

MJ:t: «A Bce-TaRJ:t H CqHTalO, qTO Kapq:,areH ,l:tOJI.:meH 6bITb pa3-

pymeH». B 149 rOilY 110 H.S. PHM BbICal1HJI B Aq,pHKe Boi1cKa H npe,n;'bHBHJI Kap¢lareHY YJIbTI1MaTYM. CHaqaJIa pHMJIHHe

nOTpe60BaJiH Bbl,lJ;a Tb Bce opyml1e H MeTa TeJIhHble MaWI1HbI.

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BeJIeJIH OCTaBJ.1Tb ropO,lJ; 11 nOKHHYTb n06epe.mbe, peWUJIJ1Cb Ha

OTqa.RHHyro 60Pb6y. C6paCblBaH KaMHH co CTeH, OHJ.1 oT6HBaJIl1

aTaKI1 PI1MJIHH. TpJ.1 ro,n;a nOTpe60BaJIOCb pHMJIHHaM, qT06bI

CJIOMJ.1Tb HX conpOTHBJIeHHe. TOJIbKO B 146 ro,IQ' ]];0 B.3., Ror,n;a

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Ha KJ.1neJIO cpameHHe. IIoqTH Bce Kapq:,areHSIHe norl16JlI1, 50 Tbl­

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nOCTaHOBJ1JI npoHTHcb nJIyroM no pYJ1HaM ropo.z:ta - Tenepb aTO • MeCTO CqJ:tTaJIOCb npOKJIHTblM.

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PHMnSiHe WTYPMylOT ropOA. CoapeM. PHCYHOK

raJUl, y6HBalOUJ,HH ce6A H >KeHy. Ills . AO H.3.

223

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HaCTOJlbKO, tIro B 168 roJ\Y ,n;O H.3. pHMCKHe rpa~aHe nepeCTaJIH nJIaTHTb HaJlorH. CHpliIHcKoe QapcTso H

EnmeT npeJ\nOtIHTaJrn He CCOPHTbCH C PHMOM.

PHMCKHi4 Me.

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m 1. f(aKHe .... enH, Ha TBOM B3rnRA, npecneAOBanH pHMnRHe B BOMHe C Ma­KeAoHHeH? 2. KaK Tbl C"'HTaeuJb, CnpaaeAllHBO nH pHM11RHe nocTYnHnH C Kapq,areHoM? 3. nO ... eMY PHMY YAanocb OBnaAeTb BOCTO"lHblM Cpewt3eMHoMopbeMl

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114

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t , § 37_ nepeMeHa "PHMCKHX HpaBOB» ~ - 06"bRCHH 3HayeHHe cnOB: pecny6nHKa, naTpHu,Io1101 H nne6elo1. (Cnoeapb) - BcnoMHIt, KaK cpopMHpoaanHcb opraHbl enaCTH H apMHR B PHMCKOH pecny6nHKe. (§ 33-34) Pa3AenH 1013yyeHHYIO Io1CTOPHIO PHMa Ha 3Tanbt, Aar::i Ha3BaHHe Ka>t<AoMY 3Tany 101 py6e>t<y.

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2. «06m;ee AeJlO» H pa3Hble HHTepecbI. B PHM npHB03J.1JIJ1 MHomeCTBO nJleHHHKOB-pa6oB co Bcex

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3. TpH6YHbI UpOTJfB ceRaTa. B HaqaJIe 133 rOlla 110 H.a. nonYJIHp-«HapOI\HMK» TH6epHii

fpaKx, M36paHHbIii HapolIHblM TPH6YHOM, npel\JIo>KUJl OTO-6paTh y 6ora'tJei{ Te aeMJll1, 'tJTO rrpeBblwaroT YCTaHOBJIeHHYlO

HOPMY, 11 paa,n:aTh HX 6eaaeMeJIbHhIM rpam,n;aHaM. HapO,ll;HOe

C06paHl1e, Ky,ll;a npUIIIJlI1 TblCa"l11 06HJ1rn;aBWJ1X PMMJlRH,

npMHRJIO 3TOT 3aKoH, HeB3J1paR Ha MHeHJ1e 60raTbIx aeMJIeBJIa­

,n:eJIbl.l;eB 113 ceHaTa. BeCHOIO MHome rpam,n;aHe yWJIH 113 PHMa

naxaTh nOJlyqeHHYIO 3eMJIIO. Tl16epytJ1: rpaKX npe.n;.rromHJI Ha­

P°,ll;HOMY c06paHMlO BOnpeKJ1 3aKOHY H36paTb era Hapo,nHbIM

TPH6YHOM Ha CJIe.n;ylOIl.l;MM ro,n:. Tor.n;a M3 3.n;aHJ1.A: ceHaTaj

3amaB B PYKaX HomKH aT CJlOMaHHbIX CTYJIheB,

BbI6emaJIl1 OnTJ1MaTbI-«JIyqIIIMe». TIPH

Ba,n:e ceHaTopCKHX Tor C rryprrypHOH

nOJIOCOH npOCThIe rpam,ll;aHe paccTynH­

J1HCb. CeHaTopbI Ha6poCMJIHCb Ha TH6e­

PM" fpaKxa " era IIpY3eii " 3a6HJl" "X ,0;0 CMepTJ1.

TeM He MeHee nonYJlftphI-«Hap0,ll;HI1-

KH» COXpaHHJllf "IaCTb nOCTOB H CYMeJlJ1

Ha,o;eJlHTb 3eMJIeti ,n:eCRTKyt ThICRlJ

rpa>KllaH. B 123 rOilY liD H.a. HapOIIHbIM TPH6YHOM 6bIJI H36paH 6paT Tu6epHH -faii fpaKx. ITo ero npel\JIO",eHl1IO 6el\­HhIM PHMCKI1M rpam,o;aHaM CTaJIM BbI,n;e­

J)HTh 3eMJIlO B npOBI1Hl.l;HJIX, C03,ll;aBaH

TaM pMMCKl1e KOJIOHI1H. TIO,ll; pyKOBO.n;­

CTBOM Tpu6YHa HapOI\HOe c06paH"e oT06paJlo y ceHaTa npaBO pacnpelle­JIHTb 3eMJIH H ,neHbrH J13 rocyn;apcTBeH­

HOM Ka3HbI. rpam,naHe BOCXHrn;aJlJ1Ch,

BJ1,ll;R cBoero 1136paHHoro Tpn6yaa raft

rpaKxa, oKpymeHHoro TOJInOM peMec- HapOAHblH TPIo16YH. PHMCKaR cKyJlbnrypa

229

lIeHHHKOB, BOHHOB, yqeHbIX, KOr~a «OH npHBeTJIHBO pa3rOBapH­

BaJI C K8.m;:J;hIM». OJJ.HaKO qepea nOJITOpa ro~a Ha Oqepe~HhIX Bbl60pax npOTHBHHKH raR rpaKXa B ceHaTe He nOaBOJIHJlH eMY

BHOBb H36paTbCR HapO~HbIM TPH6YHOM. BoopymeHHbIe CJIYI'H

onTHMaTOB-«JlyqWHX» lUTypMOM OBJla~eJU1 AaeHTHHCKHM XOJl­

MOM, r~e YKpenHJ1HCb CTOPOHHHKJiI raR rpaKxa. OKpymeHHblH

sparaM". OH np"Ka3aJI sepHOMY pa6y npOH3"Tb ero Me'WM. On­THMaTbI- «JIyqwHe» 6POCHJIH ero TeJIO B BO~bJ TH6pa.

nepeMeHbl • MCH3HH PHMCKHX rpa)I(ABH "pH.enN K OMCeCTO'teH­

HOH 6op~6e :HI 3eMnIO H .naCT~ • pecny6nHKe.

m 1. onpo6yi1 Or'iI1CaTb cnop ABYx PI1MCKI1X ceHaTopoB, OAHH 113 KOTo­pblX pa,qyeTcli pacnpOCTpaHeHlo11O rpe'4eCKOH KynbTYPbl, a APyroH -OnaCaeTCIi 3Toro.

2. 8 '4eM CXOACTBO 11 pa3nl1"'111e 60ralblx PI1MCKI1X rpa>KAaH H npOCTO­nlOAHHoal 3. 8 6oPb6e rpaKxoB I1I1X npOTI1BHI1K08 "lbl1 AeHcTs10111 Tbl- "lenOSeK XXI

seKa - C'4I1TaeWb HeAonYCTI1MblMH 11 nO'4eMY? EcnH 6bl lbl - rpa>KAaHHH cospeMeHHOH POCCHIo1 - OKa3anCA Ha MeCTe plo1MCKoro CeHaTopa, Koro

101 nO'4eMY 6bl Tbl nOAAep>Kan B 60Pb6e rpaKXOB 11 I1X npOTHSHHKoe?

- Bo II-I BeKaX,[to H.a., - 3aMeTHJI Apxeo.nor, - pJ1MJIffHe, HCnOJlbayJl

Tpy,o; pa60B, CT8JIl1 r.nyi5me BcnaXHBaTb 11 y,o;06pRTh aeMJIIO, ypoma11 BhIpoc.m1,o;O 10 aepeH C O,lUloro noceHHHoro. f!306peTeHHe 6eroHa, HCnOJIb-30BalDfe rpe'Lfecfmro onhlTa H Tpy.o;a Tex me pa60B n03BOJIHJIO 6hlCTPO

nepeCTpOHTb PHM :H ropo.o;a-KOJIOH11H, B KOTOphtX nORBHJIHCb CJIOmHble Bo.o;onpaBoAhI, o6~ecTBeHHble 6aHH, aMqH1TeaTphl, ToproBhle CKJIa.D:hl, pocKolllHbIe BJ1JIJIbI H .o;OMa B HeCKOJlbKO aTamei:f. ropo.o;a yfTaJlID1 H npo­

BH~ CBJI3aJI8 Ce'1'b Mo~eHHbIX KaMHeM Aopor. RaK TO'LfHO 3aMeTJ1JI pyc­CKmf: HCTOPHK P06epT IOpbeBHl{ Bmrnep (1859-1954 rr.), « ... 'O;OCTaTOl{HO

6b1JIo Ha3BaTbC.R PHMCKHM rpamAaID1HOM, t.{TOGbl3aCTaBHTb ce6.R yaamBTb H 6o.R"TbcR: PHM He AaCT BOJIOCKa TpOH)'Tb y Koro-JIJ.160 H3 CBOHXlt .

- DAHaKO C 3TJ1M MomHO nOCnOpJ.1Tb! - B03pa3"JI JilcTOt.{HHKOBeJ];. -

TaK, HapOJ];HbJi1: TpJ.16YH TH6epIDi fpaKX (162-133 IT • .0;0 H.3.) roSOpHJI:

to: Y AHK"X 3BepeH eCTb JIoroBHllla, a y PHMCK"X rpamAaH OCTaJUilCb TQJIb­

KO B03.o;yx J.1 COJIHn;e. Te, Koro Ha3bIsalOT BJlaCT"TeJIRM~ MJ1pa, He HMefOT Tenepb KJIO'LfK8 co6cTBeHHOH 3eMJUiI " .

• CpaSHI1 o u,eHKIo1, apryMeHTbl11 ¢laKTbl, 113nO>KeHHble ABYMR y,,+eHbIMH. B .. eM npOTIo1Bope"He, KaKoi1 S03HIo1KaeT Bonpod

3asoesaHHA npHHecnH pHMCKI1M rpa>KAaHaM pa,qOCTb HIlH rope?

230

tt n.oc:. AO H.".

VI I VI I V 11'1.1

§ 38. BOHHbl rpa)t(AaH H pa60B

,po I I I . I I IVIV

1 - 06'bACHH 3Ha'4eHlo1e enOB: pecny6nl1Ka, rpa)KAaHe, p a6bl , AHKTaTOp. (Cnaoapb) - BcnOMHH YCTpoi1CTBO BnaCTI1 11 apMHIo1 s PHMCKOi1 pecny61ll1Ke . (§ 33, 34) nocneAoeaTenbHo Ha30SH OCHOBHble 3aeOeaaHI1A PHMI V-IIIB. AD H.3. (§ 34,36) Pa3Aenl1 Bcex )KHTeneH PHMCKOH Aep>+<aBbl l seKa AO H.3. Ha KpynHble rpynnbl (cnol1) C pa3HblMIo1I1HTepecaMH. (§ 37)

t . OT nOJlKOBOnu;a no AHKTaTopa. PHMcKHe rpam~aHe npo.n;OJlmaJiH paaopRTbcH H TepRTb

3eMJIlO. IIpH C03bIBe onOJI'IeHJ1R CTaJlO He XBaTaTh BOJ1HOB, cno­

C06HbIX KynHTb opymHe. JIerHoHbI yme He MorJIH cnpaBHTbCR

C BOCCTaHHHMH B npOBHHQHHX. J1x mHTeJIH XOTeJlH J1J160 OT­

.n;eJIHTbCSI OT PHMa, J11160 ypaBHRTbCR B npaBax C PHMCKI1Ml1

rpam.n;aHaMH. KOHCYJI fail Mapuu, KOTOPbIH OT npocToro J1erHO­

Hepa nOCJIymJiJICH no KOMaHJOTlOI.Qero apMJ1eH, B 107 rony no H.3 . . ~ • .:-+ ~ . ~~ • 't-

'.

23 1

raH Map .... H. PUMCKaR cKynbnTypa

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,n;06HJICH OT ceHaTa HOBbIX 3aKOHOB. BMeCTO onOJIqeHHH COCTO­

HTeJIbHbIX rpa:m,n;aH B JIerHOHbI CTaJIl1 Ha6HpaTb 6eaaeMeJIbHbIX

,n;06POBOJlbu;eB. OT focy,n;apCTBa OHM nOJIyqaJIH ,n;ocneXJII,

opy:mMe J1 :maJIOBaHbe ,n;eHbraMJ1. Upoq,eCCHOHaJlbHble Jleruo­

HepbI ,n;OJI:mHbI 6bIJIl.1 B TeqeHJlIe 15 JIeT nOCTOHHHO TpeHJlIPO­

BaTbCH JII cpamaTbcH. llOTOM 11M 06e~aJlli1 ,n;aTb 3eMeJIbHbIH

Ha,n;eJI. C HOBbIMJII JIefHOHaMH MapHlo y.n;aJIOCb paarpOMHTb

BparOB PHMa. CnYCTH ro,n;bI ceHaTopbI OTKa3aJIJ1Cb Ha,n;eJIHTb 3eMJleH JIenlO­

HepOB MapJ1.H, OTC.rry:mHBIIll1X nOJIo:meHHbIH CpOK. CTOPOHHHKH

Hapo,n;OBJIaCTHH, 06'be,n;J.1HJ.1B rOJIOca PMMCKHX 6e,n;HHKOB H BeTe­

paHOB Mapl-lR, npOBeJiH Ha Hapo,n;HOM C06paHJlI11 3aKOHbI 06

J.1afHaHHJII 113 ceHaTa HeHaBJlICTHbIX 60raqetf. O,n;HaKo Ha3Hal.feH­

HblH paHee ceHaTOM KOMaH.n;ylO~Htf apM11etf KOPHe.rrll:ti1 CyJIJIa

nOBeJI CBOM JIerHOHbl Ha PHM. BOHHbI no.n;.n;ep.maJIM CBoefa

KOMaH.n;ylO~ero, J.1 BnepBbIe B HCTOPHJII pHMcKaR apMHH B 6010 C

PJ1MCKJ1MJ1 .me fpa.m,n;aHaMH 3aXBaTJ1JIa PJ1M. 3TO 6bIJIO Hal.faJIO

rpam,u,aHCKHX BOUa - Boopy.meHHOt1: 60Pb6bI pa3Hblx CJIOeB

fpa:m,n;aH 3a BJIaCTb B focy.n;a pCTBe. B nOCJIe,n;ylO~J.1e nHTb JIeT PMM eIJJ;e ,n;Ba.m,ll;bI nepexo,ll;J.1JI J1a pyK B PYKJ1. O,D;HaKO

B 82 r.IIO H.3. y CTeH PIIMa apMlIlI CTOPOHHIIKOB HapOIlOBJIaCTIIH 6bIJIa pa3fpOMJIeHa JIerJ10HepaMJII CYJIJIbI. B 60HX Ha BOCTOKe

Jlerl-IOHepbI npl1BbIKJIJII BepJlITb B CBoero y.n;aqJIHBOrO nOJIKOBa,l1;­

u;a, nOJIyqaTb OT H e fO 6oraTYlO ,n;OJIlO ,n;06bIt.{U. CyJlJIa 6bIJI

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232

TbICSIl.fJ.1 ero npOTJ.1BHJ1KOB 6bIJIJII y6J1TbI, JIJ.1IIIeHbI ,n;OMOB H

3eMeJIb. LIaCTb Harpa6J1eHHbIX 60raTcTB CyJIJIa pa3,n;aJI CBOUM

BeTepaHaM, a qaCTb - npI16JIMmeHHbIM, c,n;eJIaB JiIX HOBblMJ1

60ra TblMJ.1 3eMJIeBJIa,n;eJIbU;aMJ1 JII ceHa TOpaMJ.1.

2. Pa6cKaa ,u,OJlH.

ITo paaHbIM ou;eHKaM, OT TpeTJII ,n;o nOJIOBmIbI .>KHTeJIeH PHM­

CKOM ,n;ep.maBbI I BeKa ,n;o H .3. COCTaBJIHJIH pa6bI. BOJIee .z:tByX TbI­

CWI JIeT Ha3a,lJ; B YCTbe POCCI1t1:CKOH peKH ,nOH, Ha rpeqeCKOM

OCTpOBe ,ne.nOC J1JIJII B u;eHTpe MTaJIMH MbI MorJII1 6bI Ha6mo.z:taTb

CJIellYJOIllYIO KapT'lHy. Ha orpOMHbIH PbIHOK CBe3eHbI Ha npO,l.(amy ,n;eCRTKI1 TblCHl.f

pa60B. Ha O,Il;HOM H3 nOMOCTOB m,n;yT cBoei1 yqaCTJII ,n;Ba qeJIOBe­

Ka, CKOBaHHbIe O,Il;HO:i1: u;enblO. O,n;HH - CKJ.np H3 KO'leBoro nJIeMe­

HH. JIefl10HepbI B3,f1JIH ero B ITJIeH BMeCTe C meHOH J.1 ,Il;eTbMH.

,n;pyro:i1: - cHpHeu;, mHTeJIb npOBHHIJ;HH. OH He CMor ynJIaTHTb

HaJIOrH B pHMCKYJO Ka3HY H 3a ,Il;OJIfl1 npo,n;aH B pa6CTBO. B Haqa­

JIe ,Il;HH ToprOBeu; H3 ErHIITa Kyrrn.n meHY CKHcPa, a nOTOM xy­

,Il;OmHJ1K H3 rpeU;I1H - era nJia qYI..QHX CbIHa 11 .z:tOqb. B KOHu;e Jl:HH

CJIyra pHMCKoro ceHaTopa KynHJI caMOfO CKH¢a H CHpHHu;a.

PaCKaJIeHHblM meJIe30M Ha HX nJIeqax BbImfJIH 3HaK pa6CTBa.

Qepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeMH OHH rrpM6bIJIJ1 B O.n;Hy H3 MHOrOt.{JIIC­

JIeHHbIX 3arOpO,Il;HblX BI1JIJI ceHaTopa Ha CHU;HJIHH. J1x atJ.f.JIli­

I..QeM CTaJia Ka3apMa C COJIOMO:i1: Ha nOJIY H pemeTKaMH Ha OKHax.

Kam.n;bI:i1: .n;eHb ,n;Ba Ha,Il;CMOTpI..QHKa OCTpbIMH naJIKaMH BbIfOHH-

nneHHble nepeA npOAa>KeH B pa6cTBo. PUMCKBR M03aHKa noneBble pa6oTbl. PUMCKaR M03aUKB

233

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KOp3HHbI. BbI6HBurnXCH H3 CHJl no.n;­

rOH.RJIH y.n;apaMH KHyTa. B KOHue .n;HH

Kam.n;OMY, KTO c.n;eJIaJI nOJloaceHHYIO

pa60TY, lIaBaJm KyCOK xJle6a. CK>I<p nbITaJlCR B03MYl.I..\aThCSI, 3a l.ITO ero

qaCTO 6HJIH naJIKaMH, 3aKOBbIBaJrn B

l.l;enH, OCTaBJISlJIH 6e3 e.n;hI J.1 BO.n;bI.

CKHQ:>a npo.n;aJIH B rJlaAHaTophI.

MHoro pa3 BblXO,ll,HJI OH Ha neC1..J:aHYIO

apeHY aMcPHTeaTpa, 3anOJIHeHHoro

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npHH.RTO y nOKopeHHbIX PHMOM Hapo,n;OB. B OAHOM H3 60eB

rJIa,D;HaTOp-npOTJ.1BHJ.1K onpOKHHYJI H OrJIyntHJI CKHQ:>a y,n;apOM

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aHJI rpy,n;b CKHcpa Met.{OM.

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234 j

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235

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246

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248

t T1>IC . AO ... . :t. H08aJlI ,pa

lXIVllIlVlIlVtlVllVllHllIl1 I IIIIIIIIIVIV

§ 41. PaCL\SeT aHTH'lHOH KynbTYPbl

- 06'bACHH 3Ha .. eH .... e cnOB: KynbTypa, Io1CKYCCTBO, peJ1HrHSI, HaYKa, (Cnosapb)

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249

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250

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~eHTpe Bpal.l.\alOl.l.\J<XCH ccj>ep He6eCHbIX Ten.

2. AUTH'IIIoe HCKYCCTBO.

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«3HeH~a » 0 JIereH,o;apHoM npe~Ke po~a ~e3apH 11 ABrYCTa . .llPyroii noaT - CbIH BOJIbHOOTnyw;eHHHKa H

6bIBIIDIii ocj>,,~ep PI<MCKOii apMJ<I< -ropil.l.\I<ii (65-8 rr. ~o H.3.) CO'lJ<HI<n MHoro caTHp Ha HpaBbI PHMCKOH

I !

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251

PHMCKHH KonH3el1 - aMQ:>HTeaTp Ha 50 TbICJII'I 3pHTeneH.

COlJpeMeHHblH BHA

3HaTH H TopmeCTBeHHbIM rJilMH npaBJIeHHIO ABrycTa. He

BXO,n;HBUlUti B KpymoK Me~eHaTa 60raTblM 3eMJIeBJIa,ll;eJIeQ

OBH/llm (43 r. 110 H.'. - 17 r. H.'.) rrpOCJIaB"JICJI CT"xaM" 0 JIIo6SI1. O,n;HaKo AsrycT 3anO.D;03pHJI, "ITO B HUX noaT BbICMeHBaer ero

3aKOH 0 KpenOCTl1 ceMbH. TIo:n 6bIJI BbICJIaH B ,ll;aJIeKHH qepHO­

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qeHqeCKHe P0Ma7ibL (OT CJ10Ba «PHM»), B KOTOPbIX BJIlO6JIeHHbIe,

npeO,ll;OJIeBaR pa3JIYKY, nJIeH, pa6CTBo, B KOHu;e KOHUOB COe,llH­

HRIOTCR I1pyr C I1pyroM. OCBOHB rpeqeCKOe apxHTeKTypHoe HCKYCCTBO, pHMJIRHe ,ll0-

nOJIHHJIH ero H306peTeHHeM 6emo'lia (3aTBep.n;eBalOlQerO paCT­

BOpa:l13 CMeCH 113SeCTH, necKa. H KaMHeti). 31'0 n03BOJIHJIO 803BO­

,n;HTb 60JIhWHe apKH 11 KynOJIa. B Kam,nOM KPYnHOM ropo.D;e

CTPOHJIH aMcPHTeaTpbI. TaM CpamaJIHCh Ha apeHe rJIa,n;HaTopbI

HJIJ1 ,lI;aBaJII1 npe),);CTaSJIeHHe 0 Ka3HH npecTynHI1Ka: repaKJI

cmluaJI ce6R Ha KOCTpe; l1Kap, nbITaBIIH1MCR Ha CaMO.ll,eJIbHhIX

KPhIJIbRX YJIeTeTb OT u.apH MJ.-lHoca, na.n;.aJI JiI paa6HSaJICR

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252

1

JIOAHOti BO~Oti, 3aJIbI ~JUI llMpWeCTB,

6eroBbIe ,ll;OpO>fn<:M, 6M6JlHOTeKa M.fI

ytIeHbIX 3aHHTHti, napK ,ll;JIH npo­

rYJIOK.

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06~eCTBeHHbIX 3,naHJ1M yKpaWaJIJ1

AW3aU1<U 11 gipee!<u (poem!CI1). Ha nJIOlQa,ll;RX CTORJIJ1 rraMRTHHKH J1M­

nepaTOpaM H npOCTbIM rpa)K,ll;aHaM.

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BHeWHHe l.{epTbI - HCKYCCTBO PHM­

CKoro CKYJIbfiTypHoro nopTpeTa

HaqaJIOCb C nOCMepTHbIX rHnCOBhlX

MaCOK, KOTophle ,lI;OJI)KHhI 6hIJIH CO­

xpaHHTb ,ll;JI.fI nOTOMKOB 06pa3 repOH­

l.{eCKoro npe,ll;Ka.

AOCTHlKeHHA aHTH~Hojj Kyn~Typ~1 06 .. eAHHHnH HapOA~1 CpeAH.eMHO­MOp". • IHTH'IHytO rpeKo-pHMCKylO

LLHBHnH3ILLHIO.

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/s.

m 1. K aKHe oc06eHHocTH PHMCKHX 3aKOHOB. o6pa30BaHHA. HaY"IHOH H pe­

nHrl103HOH >KH3HI1 6nH3KI1 11 nOHATHbl cOBpeMeHHblM mOAAMl

2. ~ aKHe AOCTH>KeHHSI PI1MCKOH mnepaTypbl H HCKYCCTBa YHacneAoaana

COBpeMeHHaSi KynbTypa?

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"IeCTBO co BpeMeHeM OTBepr110 KaK 6e3Hpa8cTBeHHbiel

- Q1'O 03Ha"laeT enOBO «aHTH'IHbI~»? - cnpoc~ AHTOWKa.

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AaJlli ApeBHJile rpeKH 11 .npeBHJle pHMJIRHe.

- H, Me mAY npO'lJ1M, - BMeWanCll ApxeOJIor, - aHTK"IHa.fl KYJIbTYpa

.fIBJllleTC.R HCTOKOM Haweti cOBpeMeHHoH KYJlbTYPbI, OHa O'leHb COBpe­

MeHHa!

• CpaBHH MHeHHe Apxeonora 06 aHTH"IHOH KyllbType H nepeBoA C110sa

_aHTH"IHbIH».

fill nO'leMY aHTH"IHaJil Ky11brypa Mo>+<eT C"IHTaTbell AOCTaTO"'lHO cOBpeMeHHoHl

253

) I .. . • I . • • • I ••• • I •••• I x I IX I Villi VN I VI I V I IV I 61

§ 42. «30noToH BeK)) PHMCKOH HMnepHH

- 06"b"CHH 3Ha'4eHHe cnol: HMnepaTOp. HMnepHA. (CnOBapb) - KaK 6b1l10 YCTpoeHO ynpaBneHHe PHMCKOH HMnepHeH npH ABrYCTe? (§ 40) onpo6YH nepel.{HcnHTb rnaBHble l.\eHHOCTH (Haw6onee Ba>KHble npaBHna. 06pa3bl) aHTH'4HOH rpeKo-pHMcKOH KynbTypbl. (§ 41)

1. nJlaBHJJbHbIH KOTeJI «pHMcKoro MHpa)).

J1MnepaTOp TpallH (98-117 rr.) POIIHJICH B npOBHHWlH J1cna­HHSI. C lOHhlX JIeT OH CJIymHJI B J1erHOHax. BJlaro,n;apn: CBoeM

CMeJIOCTH H OTBare, OH ,n;OCJIymHJICSI ,n;0 KOHCY JIa - KOMaH,nYlOm;e­

roo TpaSlH Bcer,n;a weJI B noxo,n;ax Bnepe,n;H BOHcKa, eJI C JIerHO­

HepaMH Ha 06m;ero KOTJIa, 06paI.I.J;aJIcSI K Kam,n;oMY no l1MeHH.

Ero BOHHbI nOCTpOI1JIM KaMeHHbIH MOCT qepea )lYHa» 11 nOKopH­

JIH nJIeMeHa ,naKOB (YKpbIBaBwHx y ce611 6erJIbIX PHMCKHX

pa60B), pa3rpOM»JIl%! Moryqero BOCTO'lHOro cocella - ITap<!>;"cKoe u;apcTBo H qepe3 Mem.n;ypeqbe .n;OlDJU1,nO 6eperOB nepCl1,D;CKoro

TpaRH. II fl. IlerHoHepbl T paRHa

B ~ecn. no6eA HaA AaKaMH fI PHM8 6bJn8 nocrpoeH4 HOfl4R nnOlLl4Ab - CPOpyM, fI ~eHTpe 1(0TOpOro fl03-

Hecn4Cb fI He60 orpOMH4R KonOHH4 co cT4TyeH HM­

nep4Top4 H4f1epxy. no cnHp4nH KOflOHHY onORC4flH

penbecpbl. OHH H306p4JK4flH flTOPJK8HH8 pHMflRH H

rH6enb A4KOfl, 381J.1H,"""IOIJ.IHX CBOH ropOA8.

254

KonOHHa TpaAHa. liB.

• 3aJIHBa. C SToro BpeMeHH pHMCKHe JIerHOHbl CTaJIH pacnOJIa­

raTbCSI B JIarepax Ha rpaHJ.1U,aX HMnepHH. B BpHTaHHH, Ha PeHae

H .nyaae 6bIJIH nocTpoeHbl JIHHl1.H KpenOCTeH, 3eMJIIIHbIX BaJIOB

H pBOB. )l030pHble B CTopomeBblX 6aWHSlx no,naeaJIH CHTHaJI 0

npJ16JlHmeHHH BparoB - H no npOJIOmeHHblM B~OJIb 060pOlrn­

TeJIbHOH JIHHHH .n;oporaM 6blCTPO Bbl,n;Bl1raJIHCb BOHCKa.

ITo BceMY Cpel\l'l3eMHOMopblO 6bIJU1 O'lHmeHbI aT pa36oiiHH­KOB cyxonYTHhle H MopCKHe nYTH. Be3,ne paCnJIa"llHBaJIHCb

PHMCKHMH 30JIOTbIMJi, cepe6p.RHbIMH H Me.n;HbIMH MOHeTaMH. Bo

Bcex npOBHHIJ;HSlX KpynHble 11 cpe,rJ;lrn:e aeMJIeBJIa,AeJIbqbI nOKy­

naJIM pa60B, rrp0I13BO.n;J1JIH Ha npO,!l;amy xJIe6 H 8I1HO, Mac.no H

OBOtu;l1. BbIJI Hao6peTeH KOJIeCHbIH nJIyr, KOTOPblM 3eMJIlO Bcna­

Xl1BaJIH TpH paaa, y,n06pSlJIl1 HaBoaOM H ypomaHHOCTb BbIpac­

TaJIa C 06bI"IHbIX Tpex 3epeH ,n;o .n;eCSlTJ1 Ha O,nHO nOCe.RHHoe.

Y6J1paJlH ypomaft maTKaMH, KOTopbIe TOJIKaJIH BOJIbI. 3epHO B

MyKy MOJIOJIH Ha BO.nSlHbIX MeJIbHl1IJ;aX, r,n;e KaMeHHble mepHOBa

[IJ

IHnna 3HBTHOfO pHMnAHHHa II ••

no 3TOMY PHCYHKY H cxeMe Ha C. 245 AOKa>KH, '4TO 8 PHMCKOH HMne­pHH 6blnH pa3BHTbi Topr08ble CBSl3H.

255

PHMCKI1H cpOpyM lOOr. PeKoHcrpYK4H1f

B ~eHTpe - TpH-6YHa opaTop08, BOKpyr - xpaMbl H 6a3HJlHKH.

Bpa~aJIa CHJIa na,AalO~eH BO.ZJ;bI. B rop0.ZJ;CKl1X MaCTepCKHX ne­

JIaJIH MHomeCTBO meJIeaHbIX TonopOB, JIOnaT, HomHHQ VI .ZJ;PyrHx

0PY.ZJ;HU, M3rOTaSJIHSaJIH .ZJ;emesyIO l1 noporylO nocy.ZJ;y, TRaHH.

IIPH aTOM TSlmeJIblti pyqHOH Tpy,ll. CqVlTaJIC.H yneJIOM pa6a, a

CBo6o.n,Hbrn: qeJIOSeR - X03Hl1H MaCTepcRoti: - ,ll.OJImeH 6brJI

.n,eJIaTb TOHKYIO pa60TY l1JIJ.1 ynpaSJIHTb eft. B Kam;::J;OM ropone

6blJlH KaMeHHbIe ToproBbIe CKJIa.ZJ;bI, JIaBKVI B HH:>KHHX :3Ta.max

,lJ;OMOB. B PHMe BblCHJICSl OrpOMHblft, B nRTb 3Tameti, TpaRHOB

pbIHOK. 3nech B 150 Mara3HH'l.U1Kax MomHO 6bIJIO Ky'm1Tb

HCnaHCKl1e BMHa, raJIJIbCKl1e TKaHH, erHneTCKl1ti nanl1pyc,

CHpHHcKHe YKpameHHH. 110 BceH HMnepVlVl 6bIJIH pa36pocaHbi «OCTPOBKH» aHTHl.JHOH

rpeKo-pHMCKOH KYJIbTypbI: ropo.n,a-KOJIOHl1l1, BoeHHbIe ropO,lJ;KH

PHMCKHX JIerHOHOB (10 - Ha PeKHe, 8-10 - Ha ):(YHae, 6-7 - Ha EBcppaTe), nOCeJIeHHH JIerHOHepoB-BeTepaHoB H3 npoBHHU;Hl1.

3a BpeMH CJIym6bI OHM ycaal1BaJIH pHMCKHe npaSJ1JIa )KHaHH.

B XO,lJ;e rpam,lJ;aHCKHX BOHH I seKa npeTeH,lJ;eHTbI Ha J.1MIIepaTOp­

CKMH rrpeCTOJI pa3,lJ;aSaJIH pYiMCKOe rpam,lJ;aHCTBO ponaM npo­

BMHl{J1aJIhHOH 3HaTl1 H QeJIbIM ropO.ZJ;aM, KOTopbIe OKa3bIBaJIl1 VIM

nO,lJ;,lJ;epmKY. Pa3HOnJIeMeHHbie ml1TeJIJ1 rrpOBl1HQHH O,AeBaJIHCh

B pHMCKHe TorH, pa3rOBapHBaJIH Ha JIaTHHCKOM SI3hIKe, H3Yl.Ja­

JIM pHMCKHe 3aKOHbl, 1.{HTaJIl1 rpel.JeCKHe H pl1MCKHe CTHXH,

pa3BJIeKaJIHCb B rpeqeCKHX TeaTpax H PJ.1MCKJ.1X U;HPKaX, nepe­

CTpaJ.1BaJIH iii YKpamaJIl1 ,lJ;OMa rpel.JeCKl1MH KOJIOHHaMH, PHM-

~56

PHMCKHH aKBeAYK BO cPpaHl..\.HH. I •. PHMCKaA Aopora B AHrnHH. II •.

CKHMH apKaMH, MoaaHKaMH H cppeCKaMH. 3TO BocnpHRTHe

PHMCKOH (pOMaHCKOH) KYJIbTYPbI HaabIBalOT pOMaHH3a~HeH. Te, KOMY nOCqaCTJIHBHJIOCb nonaCTb B CTOJIHq)' pHMCKoro MHpa,

BH.ZJ;eJIH TaKYlO Ka pTHHY. Ha cpopYMe CTORJI noaOJIOqeHHbIH

CTOJI6, OT KOTOPOro BO Bce npOBH~ no 372 Mo~eHHblM KaM­

HeM .ZJ;oporaM paaBOaHJIH nOqTY HMnepaTopCKHe KypbepbI .

'tJepea Ka:>K.ZJ;ytO TbICwry maroB Ha 3THX .ZJ;oporax CTOHJIH CTOJI6bI

C YKaaaHl1eM paCCTOSlHHSl .ZJ;o PHMa. JRHTeJIH HMnepHH rOBopH­

JIH: «Bce .ZJ;oporn Be.ll.YT B PHM».

2. «CqaCTJlIIBLle HMnepaTophl». B npOBHHl\HHX nOl.JTM nOJIOBHHa HaCeJleHH.H CTaJIH PMMCKl1MH

rpam,lJ;aHaMH. Terrepb OHH 6b1JlH CBo6o,lJ;HbI OT HaJIorOB J1 MorJIH

1136Hpa Tb roP0,lJ;CKytO BJlaCTb. BOJIbmHHCTBo KpeCeJI B PHMCKOM

ceHaTe 3aH.HJIH y:me He nOTOMKJiI rraTpHI.I;J.1eB, a npe.n;CTaBVlTeJIH

pOMaHH3MpOBaHHbIX 3HaTHbIX PO,ll.OB I1cnaHHH, ACPPHKM,

I'pewrn, BocT(nca, KOTOpble 38 HX 3aCJIyI'H 6bIJIJ1 BKJIlOQeHbI HMI1e­

paTOpaMH B ceHaT. OHl1 nOJIyqaJIH maJIOBaHbe B 600 TbIC.fI1.{ ce­

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H3 CHPHtiCKMX TKaHe:ti:, 3aCTerHBaJIJ1 nJIa~M raJIJIbCKHMM 6POH-

30BbIMH cpt.i6YJIaMI1 (3aCTemKaMH). 113 ceHaTopOB J1MnepaTopbI

nO.ZJ;6HpaJIJ1 ce6e nOMO~HJ.fKOB H HaCJIe.ll.HMKoB.

B I BeKe HMnepaTopbI C y.n;OBOJIbCTBHeM npHHHMaJIH AOHOChI a

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9-,n..uoo. 5 "",. 257

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OTnpaBJIHTb J1X B Mope Ha HaCKOpo CRD­

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o 3,ll;OpOBbe H YAaqe HMrrepaTopa ceHa­TOphI 3aKaH"IHBaJIH CJIOBaMH: « ... ecJm: DH

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258

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tl,peBHOCTH. C :Y.iHJl,Heiii PHM Coetl,HHHJI «nYTb npHHoCTeti:» I a C

KHTaeM - BeJIHKHH IIIeJIKOBbIiii nyTb.

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259

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X I IX I VI I VI I VI I V I IV I •

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260

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261

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262

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