單元二

組織心理學：工作動機

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工作動機工作動機

Work MotivationWork Motivation

人為何要 ？！人為何要 ？！打拼打拼

Employees will be motivated if

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• They have a personality that predisposes them to be motivated

• Their expectations have been met• The job and organization are consistent with their values• The employees have been given achievable goals• The employees receive feedback on their goal attainment• The organization rewards them for achieving their goals• The employees perceive they are being treated fairly, and• Their coworkers demonstrate a high level of motivation

Is an Employee Predisposed to Being Motivated?

• Personality– Conscientiousness

• Self-esteem– Chronic– Situational– Socially influenced

• Need for achievement• Intrinsic motivation

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五大性格特質 (OCEAN)

• 經驗學習 (Openness to experience) （經驗開放）• 勤勉審慎 (Conscientiousness) （勤勉審慎）• 外向社交 (Extraversion) （外向實踐）• 親和友善 (Agreeableness) （親和樂群）• 情緒穩定 (Neuroticism/Emotional Stability) （情緒穩定）

五大性格特質 (OCEAN)

• 穩定的特質• 測驗結果之信度• 測驗結果之效度• 跨文化與跨國家之應用

• 經驗學習 (Openness to experience)– 定義：

• 對新事物以及新觀點接受的程度• 富想像力、喜歡思考、勇於嘗試新事物

五大性格特質及其內涵

• 勤勉審慎 (Conscientiousness)– 定義：

• 做事細心謹慎、遵守規則、具有責任感• 較有恆心毅力、追求卓越

五大性格特質及其內涵

• 外向社交 (Extraversion)– 定義：

• 喜歡參與社交活動• 自信、健談、喜歡影響他人

五大性格特質及其內涵

• 親和友善 (Agreeableness)– 定義：

• 為人親切友善、易相處、溫和• 寬容、體諒他人、服從

五大性格特質及其內涵

• 情緒穩定 (Neuroticism/Emotional Stability)– 定義：

• 情緒穩定、心情放鬆的• 少有心情不好、焦慮、沮喪、適應不良

五大性格特質及其內涵

Is an Employee Predisposed to Being Motivated?

• Personality– Conscientiousness

• Self-esteem– Chronic– Situational– Socially influenced

• Need for achievement• Intrinsic motivation

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Increasing Self-Esteem• Self-esteem workshops• Experience with success– self-fulfilling prophecy– trying new experiences and taking little steps

• Supervisor behavior – Pygmalion effect （是指我們會接受他人賦予我們的 ）– Golem effect （是指我們會接受他人賦予我們的 ）

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Is an Employee Predisposed to Being Motivated?

• Personality– Conscientiousness

• Self-esteem– Chronic– Situational– Socially influenced

• Need for achievement• Intrinsic motivation

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Need for Achievement

• McClelland (1961)• Three needs– Need for – Need for – Need for

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Is an Employee Predisposed to Being Motivated?

• Personality– Conscientiousness

• Self-esteem– Chronic– Situational– Socially influenced

• Need for achievement• Intrinsic motivation

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一份工作只要讓從事者感覺到勝任愉快，並讓他們覺得自己對自己的行為有完全的控制權，就可以提高他們的內在動機。

（一）外在動機：名利（外在酬賞）。（二）內在動機：心理上的愉悅感。（三）外在酬賞會降低內在動機外在酬賞會降低內在動機。

Intrinsic motivation theory

Employees will be motivated if

• They have a personality that predisposes them to be motivated

• Their expectations have been met• The job and organization are consistent with their values• The employees have been given achievable goals• The employees receive feedback on their goal attainment• The organization rewards them for achieving their goals• The employees perceive they are being treated fairly, and• Their coworkers demonstrate a high level of motivation

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Employee Values and Expectations

• Have the employee’s expectations been met?– Realistic job previews (RJPs)– Job descriptions

• Have the employee’s needs, values and wants been met?– Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy– ERG Theory– Two-factor Theory

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Employee Values and Expectations

• Have the employee’s expectations been met?– Realistic job previews (RJPs)– Job descriptions

• Have the employee’s needs, values and wants been met?– Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy– ERG Theory– Two-factor Theory

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Employee Values and Expectations

• Have the employee’s expectations been met?– Realistic job previews (RJPs)– Job descriptions

• Have the employee’s needs, values and wants been met?– Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy– ERG Theory– Two-factor Theory

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HigherOrder

LowerOrder

Ord

er of p

rogression

Need hierarchical theoryNeed hierarchical theory

Employee Values and Expectations

• Have the employee’s expectations been met?– Realistic job previews (RJPs)– Job descriptions

• Have the employee’s needs, values and wants been met?– Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy– ERG Theory– Two-factor Theory

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ERG Theory

• G• R• E

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ERG theoryERG theory

Employee Values and Expectations

• Have the employee’s expectations been met?– Realistic job previews (RJPs)– Job descriptions

• Have the employee’s needs, values and wants been met?– Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy– ERG Theory– Two-factor Theory

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Two-Factor Theory

• Motivators– R– G– C– J

• Hygiene factors– P– B– C– S

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Comparison of Needs Theories

Maslow ERG Two-Factor

Self-actualization

Growth MotivatorsEgo

Social Relatedness

Hygiene FactorsSafety

ExistencePhysical

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Job Characteristics Theory

• Employees desire jobs that are– M– Allow a– Provide them with

• Jobs will have motivating potential if they have– Skill– Task– Task

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Motivating Potential Score

=( )/3 ＊ ＊

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Motivating Potential Score

=( )/3 ＊ ＊

GGrowthNNeedSStrength

Job Characteristics and Work BehaviorFried and Ferris (1987) meta-analysis

Job characteristic

Correlation with Work Behavior

Satisfaction Performance Absenteeism

Skill variety .45 .09 -.24

Task identity .26 .13 -.15

Task significance .35 .14 .14

Autonomy .48 .18 -.29

Job feedback .43 .22 -.19

Motivating potential score .63 .22 -.32

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Employees will be motivated if

• They have a personality that predisposes them to be motivated

• Their expectations have been met• The job and organization are consistent with their values• The employees have been given achievable goals• The employees receive feedback on their goal attainment• The organization rewards them for achieving their goals• The employees perceive they are being treated fairly, and• Their coworkers demonstrate a high level of motivation

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一、研究總結：（一、研究總結：（ Locke & Latham, 1990Locke & Latham, 1990 ）） （一）有目標有目標 > 沒目標。 （二）清楚明確目標清楚明確目標 > 模糊目標。 （三）困難目標困難目標（被個體所接受）（被個體所接受） > 容易目標。

二、目標的效果二、目標的效果 （一）激發（ arouse ） （二）持久（ duration ） （三）導引（ direction ） （四）促發工作策略（ task strategy）

三、目標管理三、目標管理（（ Management by objectivesManagement by objectives ，簡稱ＭＢＯ），簡稱ＭＢＯ） 好目標的 SMART 原則 Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time PPaticptation

Goal setting theory

Setting Goals

• S• M• Difficult but A• R• T

• Employee P

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpmUYa1f_5Q&feature=youtu.be

The Goal-Setting Process

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Employees will be motivated if

• They have a personality that predisposes them to be motivated

• Their expectations have been met• The job and organization are consistent with their values• The employees have been given achievable goals• The employees receive feedback on their goal attainment• The organization rewards them for achieving their goals• The employees perceive they are being treated fairly, and• Their coworkers demonstrate a high level of motivation

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Providing Feedback

• Positive Feedback– should be s– should be s– should be t

• Negative Feedback– should be c– concentrate on b– always give in p

• Self-Regulation Theory

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GoalGoal

PerformancePerformance a theory of motivation based on the setting of goals and receipt of accurate feedback that is monitored to enhance the likelihood of goal attainment

FF

Self-regulation theory

Employees will be motivated if

• They have a personality that predisposes them to be motivated

• Their expectations have been met• The job and organization are consistent with their values• The employees have been given achievable goals• The employees receive feedback on their goal attainment• The organization rewards them for achieving their goals• The employees perceive they are being treated fairly, and• Their coworkers demonstrate a high level of motivation

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Rewarding Excellent Performance

• Timing of the reward• Contingency of the

reward• Type of reward

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Sample Reinforcement Hierarchy

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- Money- Time off from work- Lunch time- Working next to Wanda- Supervisor praise- Running the press- Getting printing plates- Throwing out oily rags- Typesetting- Cleaning the press

Least Desired

Most Desired

Financial Incentive Plans• Individual Incentive Plans– pay for performance– merit pay

• Organizational Incentive Plans– profit sharing– gainsharing– stock options

55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRzkFCijjOQ&feature=youtu.be

Punishing Poor Performance

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Reinforcement theory

The Premack Principle

• Different things reinforce different people• We can get people to engage in behaviors they

don’t like (e.g., studying) by reinforcing them with the opportunity to engage in behaviors they like better (e.g., taking out the trash)

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利用個人較喜歡的活動，來增強較不喜歡的活動。

Employees will be motivated if

• They have a personality that predisposes them to be motivated

• Their expectations have been met• The job and organization are consistent with their values• The employees have been given achievable goals• The employees receive feedback on their goal attainment• The organization rewards them for achieving their goals• The employees perceive they are being treated fairly, and• Their coworkers demonstrate a high level of motivation

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Are Rewards And Resources Given Equitably?

• Equity Theory• Components– inputs– outputs– input/output ratio

• Possible Situations– underpayment– overpayment– equal payment

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Equity theory

Equity Theory

• Underpayment– Work less hard– Become more selfish– Lower job satisfaction

• Overpayment– No guilt feelings– Work harder– Become more team

oriented

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InequityInequity QualityQuality QuantityQuantity

OverpaymentOverpayment hourlyhourly

OverpaymentOverpayment piece ratepiece rate

UnderpaymentUnderpayment hourlyhourly

UnderpaymentUnderpayment piece ratepiece rate

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• Underpayment– Work less hard– Become more selfish– Lower job

satisfaction

• Overpayment– No guilt feelings– Work harder– Become more team

oriented

Expectancy Theory

• Expectancy• Instrumentality• Valence

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VIEVIE 理理論論

-10 ～ 10-1.0 ～ 1.0

Expectancy theoryExpectancy theory

ValencesEffort

Employees will be motivated if

• They have a personality that predisposes them to be motivated

• Their expectations have been met• The job and organization are consistent with their values• The employees have been given achievable goals• The employees receive feedback on their goal attainment• The organization rewards them for achieving their goals• The employees perceive they are being treated fairly, and• Their coworkers demonstrate a high level of motivation

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Motivation Level of Other EmployeesSocial Learning

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作業

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作業目標： 請利用課程講授的動機理論（可以擇一或選擇多個），設計一套方案：（三擇一） 1. 讓系上學生與老師都樂於參與系學會舉辦的各項活動。 2. 讓系上畢業學長姐都樂於參與系友會舉辦的各項活動。 3. 讓學生能認真修習本課程（工商心理學概論）。

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