Шилдт Г. Полный справочник по С#
TRANSCRIPT
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"" - 2004
32.973.26-018.2.75 57 681.3.07 "" . .. .. "" : [email protected], http://www.williamspublishing.com
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ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.) # , .NET, : , , , , , , , , . #. C++, Java # , , . , #. 32.973.26-018.2.75 . , , , Osborne Publishing. Authorized translation from the English language edition published by McGraw-Hill Companies, Copyright 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher. Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2004
ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.) ISBN 0-07-213485-2 (.)
"", 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
I. # 1. # 2. # 3. , 4. 5. 6. , 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. , 13. 14. - 15. 16. , 17. , 18. , , 18 21 22 30 53 80 102 126 154 179 224 256 277 319 349 375 409 431 449 484
II. # 19. System 20. 21. 22. 23. Internet III. # 24. 25. Windows- 26.
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IV. . XML . # "
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III. # 24.
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(Herbert Schildt) , , C++, Java #. 3 . . , , C++, C++: A Beginner's Guide, C++from the Ground Up, Java 2: A Beginner's Guide Windows 2000 Programming from the Ground Up. ( . ). : (217) 586-4683.
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dvar 100.0; // dvar = // 100.0. Console.WriteLine( " ivar: " + ivar); Console.WriteLine( " dvar: " + dvar); Console.WriteLine(); // . // 3. ivar = ivar / 3; dvar = dvar / 3.0; Console.WriteLine("ivar : " + ivar); Console.WriteLine("dvar : " + dvar);
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( ). , . ( ) . : I i f (10 < 11) Console.WriteLine("10 1 1 " ) ; 10 11, .. , WriteLine () . : I i f ( 1 0 < 9) Console.WriteLine(" . " ) ; 10 9, WriteLine () . # , . : < >5 == != if. // if. using System; class IfDemo { public static void Main() { int a, b, c; a = 2; b = 3; if(a < b) Console.WriteLine(" b " ) ; // , if(a == b) Console.WriteLine( " ."); Console.WriteLine(); = - b; // -1. Console.WriteLine(" - 1 " ) ; if( >= 0) Console.WriteLine( " "); if( < 0) Console.WriteLine(" "); Console.WriteLine(); = b - ; // 1. Console.WriteLine(" 1"); if( >= 0) Console.WriteLine( " "); if( < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
46
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48
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: 1 1 1 2 4 8 3 9 27 64 4 16 5 25 125 36 216 7 49 343 64 512 8 9 81 729 . , . . , WriteLine (). *'#", . 3. , 63
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: | 123,456.56 , . : decimal balance; balance = 12323.09m; Console.WriteLine(" {0:C}, balance); : I $12,323.09 , . /* . */ using System; class UseDecimal { public static void Main() { decimal price; decimal discount; decimal discounted_price; // . price = 19.95m; discount = 0.15m; // 15%. discounted_price = price - ( price * discount); Console.WriteLine(" : {0:}", discounted_price);
, , : I : $16.96 64 I. #
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class StrDemo { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine( " \ \ "); Console.WriteLine ("OflMH\tflBa\tTpii") ; Console.WriteLine (llepe\t\tec") ; // . Console.WriteLine("\"3?\", .");
: "?", . , \ , WriteLine () . , , ESC \. , ( ESC- \ " ) . (verbatim) . @ , . , . , , ., . ("). , (""). , . // . u s i n g System; c l a s s Verbatim { p u b l i c s t a t i c void Main() { Console.WriteLine(@" , . 1 2 5 6 Console.WriteLine(@" : 3 4 7 8 Console.WriteLine( @" : "" # . " " " ) ;
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, # , , . , , , , . // . using System; c l a s s Dynlnit { p u b l i c s t a t i c void Main() { double s i = 4 . 0 , s 2 = 5 . 0 ;
// . ' );
// hypot. double hypot = Math.Sqrt( (si * s i ) + (s2 * s2)
Console.Write(" " + s i + " " + s2 + " " ) ; Console.WriteLine("{0:#.###}.", hypot);
: I 4 5 6.4 03. : s i , s2 hypot. ( s i s2) , , hypot, . , M a t h . S q r t ( ) . , , . Math. Sqrt () ( ) , hypot. , , , , . 3. , 69
, , Main(). # . , . , (scope) . , , , . . # , . ( , ) , , , . , , . , . , , , (.. ) , . , / . . . , . . , , , . : , , . , : // . using System; class ScopeDemo { public static void Main() { int x; // // Main(). = 10; if( 10) { // , int = 20; // // . // . Console.WriteLine(" : " + + " " + ) ; = * 2; } // = 100; // ! . // . Console.WriteLine(" " + ) ;
70
I. #
, Main () . i f . , . , , I // = 100; // ! . . , , if-. if-, (.. ) , . , . , , . , , , . , . ^ . , , , . , , . , . , , , , , : // .
using System; class VarlnitDemo { public s t a t i c void Main() { / int x; for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) { int = -1; // // . Console.WriteLine(" : " + ) ; // // -1. = 100; Console.WriteLine(" : " + ) ;
: ; - 1 : 100 : - 1 : 100 : -1 : 100
3. ,
71
, for 1. 100, . : , , , , , . , - . /* , , . *** */ using System; class NestVar { public static void Main() { int count; for(count = 0; count < 10; count = count+1) { Console.WriteLine("This is count: " + count); int count; // !!! for(count = 0; count < 2; count++) Console.WriteLine(" !"); . ***
C/C++, , , , . , C/C++ count for . . #, , , .
. , , f l o a t i n t . int i; float f; i = 10; f = i; // float- int-. , ( ) "" . , 72/
I. #
, int- i , f l o a t , f. , # , . , bool i n t . - . .
, ; (.. ), . , . , i n t "" , byte, i n t , b y t e , . , , . , , long double , . // // long double. using System; class LtoD { public static void Main() { long r e double D; L = 100123285L; D = L; Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D ) ;
long double, ( double long) , . , : // *** . *** using System; class LtoD { public static void Main() { long L; double D; D = 100123285.0; L = D; // !!! . , 73
Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D ) ;
decimal f l o a t ( double), char ( bool). , char bool .
, . . . : (_) _ . , , / i n t , :double , ; // . . . (int) ( / ) ;
I
, , double, i n t . , / , . ( ) i n t , . , double i n t . , . , long i n t , long , i n t , "" long. . , 1,23 1. (0,23) . , , . // .using System; class CastDemo { public s t a t i c void Main() { double x, y; byte b; int i ; char ch; uint u;
74
I. #
short s; long 1; x = 10.0; = 3.0; // double int. i = (int) (x / y ) ; // . Console.WriteLine( " / : " + i ) ; Console.WriteLine(); // int byte . i = 255; b = (byte) i; Console.WriteLine("b 255: " + b + 11 11 . ); // int byte i = 257; b = (byte) i; Console.WriteLine("b 257: " + b + 11 ."); Console.WriteLine(); // uint short , = 32000; s = (short) u; Console.WriteLine("s 32000: " + s + " ."); // uint short . = 64000; s = (short) u; Console.WriteLine("s 64 000: " + s + " -- ."); Console.WriteLine(); // long uint . 1 = 64000; u = (uint) 1; Console.WriteLine("u 64000: " + + " -- ."); // long uint . 1 - -12; u = (uint) 1; Console.WriteLine("u -12: " + + " -- ."); Console.WriteLine(); // byte char. b = 88; // ASCII- X. ch = (char) b; Console.WriteLine("ch 88: " + ch);
. ,
75
: / : 3 b 255: 255 , b 257: 1 -- . s 32000: 32000 s 64000: -1536 , .
64000: 64000 -- , -12: 4294967284 -- . ch 88: X . ( / ) i n t , .. . , b 255, b y t e 255. b 257 , 257 byte. , i n t b y t e . s s h o r t 32 000 ( u i n t ) , short- 32 000. , 64 000 s h o r t , . , u i n t s h o r t . ( u i n t ) 64 000 ( 1 long). , 64 000 u int-. 12, , , u i n t . , long u i n t . , byte- char " ", .. , .
I , . , . , s h o r t long, . , . "" . .
76
I. #
decimal, TO " ", .. " " decimal ( f l o a t double, ). double, TO double. f l o a t , TO float. ulong, TO ulong ( sbyte, s h o r t , i n t long, ). long, TO long. u i n t , sbyte, s h o r t i n t , long. u i n t , TO uint. i n t . "" . - . , f l o a t double decimal. ulong . - , . -, . , i n t , . , char-, sbyte-, byte-, ushort- short- i n t . "" int- (integer promotion). , "" i n t . , , . , byte "" i n t , - byte. . . , , byte-. . byte- "" i n t , , i n t . , byte- byte- int-. VL . : // ! using System; class PromDemo { public static void Main() { byte b; . , 77
b = 10; b = (byte) (b * b ) ; // !I Console.WriteLine("b: "+ b ) ;
I
, b * b . , * b b "" i n t , .. b * b int-, byte . , , , , , . char. , "" - char- i n t . c h a r c h l = f a ' , ch2 = ' b 1 ; chl
= (char) ( c h l + c h 2 ) ; c h l 2 i n t , int- char-. (, ). , i n t (.. sbyte-, byte-, s h o r t - ushort-), "" i n t . To char. , uint- long.
, . . , , . 1 10. . , Math. Sqrt () i n t . // . using System;class CastExpr {
public s t a t i c void Main() { double n; for(n = 1.0; n (ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) { if((opl.x > op2.x) && (opl. > op2.y) && (opl.z > op2.z)) return true; else return false; } // X, Y, Z. public void show()
236
I. #
Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z ) ;
class ThreeDDemo { public static void Main() { ThreeD a = new ThreeD(5, 6, 7 ) ; ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10); ThreeD = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3 ) ; Console.Write(" : " ) ; a.show(); Console.Write(" b: " ) ; b.show(); Console.Write(" : " ) ; .show(); Console.WriteLine() ; if(a if(a if(a if(a > < > < c) c) b) b) Console.WriteLine("a > Console.WriteLine("a < Console.WriteLine("a > Console.WriteLine("a < b b - ") - ") - ") - ")
: : 5, 6, 7 : 10, 10, 10 : 1, 2, 3 > - < b - : . , "", . :
"==" " ! = " , Object.Equals () Object.GetHashCode (). ( ) 11.
t r u e f a l s e t r u e f a l s e . . t r u e f a l s e , if, while, for do-while, ?-. (, ).
9.
237
t r u e f a l s e . . : p u b l i c s t a t i c bool o p e r a t o r true{_ op){
I/ true f a l s e .}
public s t a t i c bool operator false{_{
op)
//}
true
false.
, bool. t r u e f a l s e ThreeD. , ThreeD- , . , . . // t r u e f a l s e ThreeD. using System; // , class ThreeD { int x, , z; // 3-- . public ThreeD() { = = z = 0; } public ThreeD(int i , i n t j , i n t k) { x = i;
= j ; z = k; }
// true. public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) { if((op.x != 0) M (op. != 0) || (op.z != 0)) return true; // 0. else return false; } // false. public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) { if((op.x == 0) && (op. == 0) && (op.z == 0)) return true; // , else return false; // " . public static ThreeD operator (ThreeD op) op.x; op.y; op.z; return op; // X, Y, Z.
238
I. #
public void show() { Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z) ;
class TrueFalseDemo { public static void Main() { ThreeD a = new ThreeD(5, 6, 7 ) ; ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10); ThreeD = new ThreeD(0, 0, 0 ) ; Console.Write(" : " ) ; a. show() ; Console.Write(" b: " ) ; b.show(); Console.Write(" : " ) ; .show(); Console.WriteLine() ; if(a) Console.WriteLine("a - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a - ."); if(b) Console.WriteLine("b - ."); else Console.WriteLine("b - ."); if() Console.WriteLine(" - ."); else Console.WriteLine(" - ."); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine( " , ThreeD.") do { b.show(); b; } while(b);
: : 5, 6, 1 : 10, 10, 10 : 0, 0, 0 - , b - , - . , ThreeD. 10, 10, 10 9, 9, 9 8, 8, 8 7, 7, 7 6, , 5, 5, 5 4, 4, 4 3, 3, 3 2, 2, 2
9.
239
, ThreeD if- while-. if-, ThreeD- t r u e . . do-while- . , b (.. ). b , () ( t r u e ) , .
, # : &, | , !, & & | |. , &, | , !. & & | | , .
. , , & | , bool. ! , , bool. &, |, ! ThreeD. , , ThreeD- , . , . // !, | & // ThreeD. using System; // , class ThreeD { int x, , z; // 3-- . public ThreeD() { = = z = 0; } public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) { x = i; = j; z = k; } // "|". public static bool operator |(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) { if( ((opl.x != 0) || (opl. != 0) || (opl.z != 0)) | ((op2.x != 0) || (op2.y != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) ) return true; else return false; } // "&". public static bool operator &(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
240
I. #
if( ((opl.x != 0) && (opl.y != 0) && (opl.z != 0)) & ((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) ) return true; else return false; // "!". public static bool operator !(ThreeD op) { if((op.x != 0) || (op. != 0) || (op.z != 0)) return false; else return true; // X, Y, Z. public void show() { Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z ) ;
class TrueFalseDemo { public static void Main() { ThreeD a = new ThreeD(5, 6, 7 ) ; ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10); ThreeD = new ThreeD(0, 0, 0 ) ; Console.Write(" : " ) ; a.show(); Console.Write(" b: " ) ; b.show(); Console.Write(" : " ) ; .show(); Console.WriteLine(); if(!a) Console.WriteLine("a - ."); if(!b) Console.WriteLine("b - ."); if(!c) Console.WriteLine(" - ."); Console.WriteLine(); if (a & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a & b - ."); if(a & c) Console.WriteLine("a & - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a & - ."); if(a | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a | b - ."); if(a | c) Console.WriteLine("a | - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a | ~ .");
(
: : 5, , 7 : 10, 10, 10
9.
'
241
: , , - . & b - , & - , | b - , | - . o p e r a t o r | ( ) , o p e r a t o r &() o p e r a t o r ! () bool. , "" (.. , bool). , bool. , , bool. , , , .
, & & | | , , . -, & | . -, &- |- , . -, , . -, t r u e f a l s e . . , & | ThreeD, & | | , & . /* !, | & ThreeD. && ||. */ using System; // , class ThreeD { int x, , z; // 3-- . public ThreeD() { = = z = 0; } public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) { x = i; = j; z = k; } // |" // . public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) { if( ((opl.x != 0) || (opl. != 0) || (opl.z != 0)) |( ( o p 2 . x ! = 0) | | ( o p 2 . y ! = 0) r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 1 , 1, 1 ) ; else r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 0 , 0, 0 ) ; || (op2.z != 0)) )x v
242
I. #
// " & " // . public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) { if( ((opl.x != 0) && (opl. != 0) && (opl.z != 0)) &( ( o p 2 . x ! = 0) & & ( o p 2 . y ! = 0) r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 1 , 1, 1 ) ; else r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 0 , 0, 0 ) ; & & (op2.z ! 0)) )
// "!". public static bool operator !(ThreeD op) { if(op) return false; else return true; // true. public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) { if((op.x != 0) || (op. != 0) || (op.z != 0)) return true; // // , else return false; // false. public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) { if((op.x == 0) && (op. == 0) && (op.z == 0)) return true; // , else return false; // X, Y, Z. public void show() { Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z)
class TrueFalseDemo { public static void Main() { ThreeD a = new ThreeD(5, 6, 7 ) ; ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10); ThreeD = new ThreeD(0, 0, 0) ; Console.Write(" : " ) ; a.show(); Console.Write(" b: " ) ; b.show(); Console.Write(" : " ) ; .show(); Console.WriteLine();
9.
243
if(a) Console.WriteLine("a - ."); if(b) Console.WriteLine("b - ."); if() Console.WriteLine(" - ."); if(!a) Console.WriteLine("a - ."); if(!b) Console.WriteLine("b - ."); if(!c) Console.WriteLine(" - ."); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine(" & | " ) ; if(a & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a & b - ."); if(a & c) Console.WriteLine("a & - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a & - ."); if(a | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a | b - ."); if(a | c) Console.WriteLine("a | - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a | - ."); Console.WriteLine(); // && ||, / / . Console.WriteLine( " "" && | | " ) ; if(a && b) Console.WriteLine("a && b - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a && b - ."); if(a && ) Console.WriteLine("a && - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a && - ."); if(a || b) Console.WriteLine("a M b - ."); else Console.WriteLine("a || b - ."); if(a || c) Console.WriteLine("a I - ."); I else Console.WriteLine("a II - .");
: : 5, , 7 : 10, 10, 10 : 0, 0, 0 - , b - . - . & | & b - , & - , | b - , | - .
244
I. #
"" && || && b - , && - . || - , | 1 - . ' & | . .
// "|" // . public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) { if( ((opl.x != 0) || (opl. != 0) || (opl.z != 0)) | ((op2.x != 0) || (op2.y != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) ) return new ThreeD(1, 1, 1 ) ; else return new ThreeD(0, 0, 0 ) ; } // " & " // . public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) { if( ((opl.x != 0) && (opl. != 0) && (opl.z != 0)) &( ( o p 2 . x ! = 0) & & ( o p 2 . y ! = 0) r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ; else r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 0 , 0 , 0) ; & & (op2.z != 0)) )
}
, ThreeD, , . , ThreeD (.. , ). , ThreeD- (.. , ). , I i f ( & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - ."); I e l s e Console.WriteLine("a & b - ."); & b ThreeD-, . ThreeD t r u e f a l s e , t r u e , bool. t r u e , " & b - . ". , ThreeD . . o p e r a t o r t r u e ( " | | " ) o p e r a t o r f a l s e ( "&&"). , &- |- . "&" " | " . , &&- | | - &- | - , . , , : 9. 245
if(a | ) Console.WriteLine("a I - ."); J I t r u e . , | - . -: I i f ( | | a) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " II - ."); t r u e , . | -, , , . , , , , . t r u e f a l s e , . , . , "&" " | ", .
, . . ( ). # o p e r a t o r , . . , . #- , " ". : . : p u b l i c s t a t i c e x p l i c i t o p e r a t o r _ ( __ v) [ r e t u r n ; ] public s t a t i c implicit operator _ ( _ v) [return ;] _ , ; _ , ; v . _, . i m p l i c i t , , .. , _. e x p l i c i t , . , , e x p l i c i t - , implicit- . ThreeD. ,
246
I. #
ThreeD , i n t . . implicit- , : public static implicit operator int(ThreeD opl) return opl.x * opl. * opl.z; , . // implicit- . using System; // , class ThreeD { int x, , z; // 3-- . public ThreeD() { = = z = 0; } public ThreeD(int i, int j , int k) { x = i ; = j ; z = k;
}
// "+". public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) ThreeD result = new ThreeD(); result.x = opl.x + op2.x; result. = opl. + op2.y; result.z = opl.z + op2.z; return result; // ThreeD int. public static implicit operator int(ThreeD opl) return opl.x * opl. * opl.z; // X, Y, Z. public void show() Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z ) ;
c l a s s ThreeDDemo { p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d Main() {, ThreeD a = new T h r e e D ( 1 , 2, 3 ) ; ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 1 0 ) ; ThreeD = new T h r e e D ( ) ; int i; C o n s o l e . W r i t e ( " : a.show(); 9. ");
247
Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write(" b: " ) ; b.show(); Console.WriteLine() ; = a + b; // b. Console.Write(" + b: " ) ; c.show(); Console.WriteLine() ; i = a; // int. Console.WriteLine( " i = a: " + i) ; Console.WriteLine(); i = a * 2 - b ; // int. Console.WriteLine( " * 2 - b: " + i)
:
: 1, 2, 3 : 10, 10, 10 + : 1 1 , 12, 13 i = : * 2 - : -988 , ThreeD ( i = ), . 6, , . int-, . = + b o p e r a t o r i n t () . , . , - double- long-. . , , , , . , . . , , , i n t : // . using System; // .
248
I. #
class ThreeD { int x, y, z; // 3-- . public ThreeD() { x = = z = 0; } public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) { x = i; = j; z = k; } // "+". public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2) { ThreeD result = new ThreeD(); result.x = opl.x + op2.x; result. = opl. + op2.y; result.z = opl.z + op2.z; return result; / / explicit-, public static explicit operator int(ThreeD opl) { return opl.x * opl. * opl.z; // X, Y, Z. public void show() { Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z) ;
class ThreeDDemo { public static void Main() { ThreeD a = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3 ) ; ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10); ThreeD = new ThreeD(); int i; Console.Write(" : " ) ; a.show(); Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write(" b: " ) ; b.show(); Console.WriteLine() ; = a + b; // b. Console.Write(" + b: " ) ; c. show() ; Console.WriteLine(); i = (int) a; // // int, // . Console.WriteLine(" i = : " + i ) ; Console.WriteLine(); / i = (int)a * 2 - (int)b; // .
9.
249
Console.WriteLine( " * 2 - b :
ff
+ i);
e x p l i c i t , i n t . , I i = ( i n t ) a; , . . . , double i n t . Object . , . . ( . 11.) . ( . 12.) , . , . , . -, , , . -, . , .
, , #-. . , " + " , ThreeD, " + " , . , , " + " , (/). , ( ) , .
250
I. #
I
. . , , . . , ( , "+="). , . && | | [] () new is sizeof typeof ? -> = (()) , , , , . , "+=". , , . , "+=" operator+ (). , ThreeD. ThreeD a = new ThreeD(l, 2, 3 ) ; ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10); b += a; // b . o p e r a t o r + ( ) ThreeD, b 11,12,13. . ( [ ] ) , ( o p e r a t o r ()), , .
ThreeD. , . , , , . , . , , , . . , nybble. , 1 nybble, . , . nybble- . Nybble, . i n t , 015. : Nybble- Nybble-; 251
9.
int- Nybble-; Nybble- int-; (>) ((Nybble opl, Nybble op2) { if(opl.val > op2.val) return true; else return false; // " 0) return v a l ; else return 0;
class NSDemo { public static void Main() { // CountDown // . CountDown cdl = new CountDown(10); 436 I. #
int
i;
do { i = cdl.count(); Console.Write (i + " " ) ; } while(i > 0); Console.WriteLine(); CountDown cd2 = new CountDown(20); do { i = cd2.count(); Console.Write(i + " " ) ; } while(i > 0 ) ; Console.WriteLine(); cd2.reset(4); do { i = cd2.count(); Console.Write (i + " " ) ; } while(i > 0 ) ; Console.WriteLine();
: . , . , System Counter.
using using : using = ; , . , , Count Counter.CountDown. // . using System; // Counter.CountDown. using Count = Counter.CountDown; // . namespace Counter { // . class CountDown { int val; public CountDown(int n) { val = n; } p u b l i c v o i d r e s e t ( i n t n) { , 437
16. ,
val
= n;
public int count() { if(val > 0) return v a l ; else return 0;
class NSDemo { public static void Main() { // Count // Counter.CountDown. Count cdl = new Count(10); int i; do { i = cdl.count(); Console.Write(i + " " ) ; } while(i > 0 ) ; Console.WriteLine(); Count cd2 = new Count(20); do { i = cd2.count() ; Console.Write(i + " " ) ; } while(i > 0) ; Console.WriteLine(); cd2.reset (4); do { i = cd2.count(); Console.Write (i + " " ) ; } while(i > 0 ) ; Console.WriteLine();
Count Counter.CountDown, CountDown . , I Count cdl = new Count(10); CountDown.
. . , Counter. CountDown, Countup. Counter . ll , using System; I. #
I
438
// "" Counter, using Counter; // // Counter, namespace Counter { // . class CountDown { int val; public CountDown(int n) { val = n; public void reset(int n) { val - n; public int count() { if(val > 0) return v a l ; else return 0;
// // Counter, namespace Counter { // , class CountUp { int val; int target; public int Target { get{ return target;
public CountUp(int n) { target = n; val = 0; public void^ reset (int n) { target = n; val = 0; public int count() { if(val < target) return val++; else return target;
class NSDemo { public static void Main() {
16. ,
439
CountDown cd = new CountDown(10) CountUp cu = new CountUp(8); int i; do { i = cd.count(); Console.Write (i + " " ) ; } while (i > 0 ) ; Console.WriteLine(); do { i = cu.count(); Console.Write(i + " " ) ; } while(i < cu.Target);
1
: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
. I using Counter; "" . CountDown CountUp , . , Counter , .
. : // . using System; namespace NS1 { class ClassA { public ClassA() { Console.WriteLine(" ClassA."); } } namespace NS2 { // , class ClassB { public ClassB() { Console.WriteLine(" ClassB.");
c l a s s NestedNSDemo { p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d Main() { N S 1 . C l a s s A a= new N S 1 . C l a s s A ( ) ; // N S 2 . C l a s s B b = new N S 2 . C l a s s B ( ) ; // ! ! !
440
I. #
// NS2 . NS1.NS2.ClassB b = new NS1.NS2.ClassB(); // // . : ClassA. ClassB.
I
NS2 NS1. , ClassB , : NS1, NS2. NS2 . , . , . , namespace OuterNS { namespace InnerNS {
: namespace OuterNS.InnerNS {
, , . , . ( , ) ( ), . . , , .
# , . , , . "" C++, # , C++. , , , (preprocessor). , . 16. , 441
# :#define #endregion, #region #elif terror #undef #else #if #warning #endif #line
" # " . , . , # , , . , . . # define #def i n e , . # i f # e l i f , . #def i n e : #define , . #def i n e , . , EXPERIMENTAL, : 1 #define EXPERIMENTAL^SB^SSiil
C/C++ #define , , , . #define C# . # #define .
#if #endif # i f #endif , , . , . . , #def ine, . # i f : #if _ _ #endif , # i f (_), , , #endif ( _), . . #endif tif-.
442
I. #
. : ! ==, !=, && | | , . . #if, #endif #def ine. // #if, #endif // tdefine. #define EXPERIMENTAL using System; class Test { public static void Main() { #if EXPERIMENTAL Console.WriteLine( " ."); #endif Console.WriteLine( " ."); : . .
I
#define EXPERIMENTAL. # i f EXPERIMENTAL , ( ) WriteLine ()-. EXPERIMENTAL , WriteLine ()- , # i f . WriteLine () - , # if-. , # i f . : // . #define EXPERIMENTAL #define TRIAL using System; class Test { public static void Main() { #if EXPERIMENTAL Console.WriteLine( " ."); #endif #if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL Console.Error.WriteLine( " ."); #endif
16. ,
443
Console.WriteLine( " .") : . . .
(
, EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL. WriteLine () - , .
#else #elif # e l s e else- #, .. , # i f . . // #else. #define EXPERIMENTAL using System; class Test { public static void Main() { #if EXPERIMENTAL Console.WriteLine( " ."); #else Console.WriteLine(" -."); #endif #if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL Console.Error.WriteLine( " ."); #else Console.Error.WriteLine( " ."); #endif Console.WriteLine( " ."); : . . .
(
TRIAL , #1- . , # e l s e #if-, telse-, #if #endif. 444 I. #
# e l i f " " i f - e l s e- i f - . # e l i f . , (_) , #elif- . telif-. #el i f - : #if _ _ # e l i f _ _ # e l i f 1_ _ # e l i f _ _ # e l i f _
#endif : // #elif. #define RELEASE using Systemsclass Test { public static void Main() { #if EXPERIMENTAL Console.WriteLine( " ."); #elif RELEASE Console.WriteLine(" -."); #else Console.WriteLine( " ."); #endif #if TRIAL && !RELEASE Console.WriteLine(" ."); #endif Console.WriteLine( " ."); : -. .
(
#undef #undef , . #undef : #undef 16. , 445
: #define SMALL #if SMALL // ... #undef SMALL // SMALL . #undef SMALL . #undef , . # error # e r r o r . . t e r r o r : terror ___ t e r r o r __ . , I t e r r o r ! , " !". #warning twarning t e r r o r , , . . twarning : twarning _ #line t l i n e , t l i n e . . t l i n e :
t l i n e "_"
, , ___ , . t l i n e . , d e f a u l t : | t l i n e default
446
I. #
# region # end region #region #endregion , (IDE) Visual Studio. :
#region _ // _
#endregion , __ .
internal #- (assembly), . .NET-. Microsoft, " .NET Framework." , . . . (manifest). . , , , " ". , , . , . , Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). , , . , # , ( ) . , , #, , . , . . ( .NET-, #.) # : i n t e r n a l . - .
i n t e r n a l p u b l i c , p r i v a t e p r o t e c t e d , , # i n t e r n a l . , , , . , , i n t e r n a l , , - . i n t e r n a l . 16. , 447
i n t e r n a l , . i n t e r n a l . i n t e r n a l p r o t e c t e d . p r o t e c t e d i n t e r n a l , . , p r o t e c t e d i n t e r n a l , . . i n t e r n a l . // internal. using System; class InternalTest { internal int x; class InternalDemo { public static void Main() { InternalTest ob = new InternalTest(); ob.x = 10; // : .
Console.WriteLine(" ob.x: " + ob.x);
I n t e r n a l T e s t i n t e r n a l . , , InternalDemo, .
448
I. #
,
#: , . , . , . , , . , , . . , , . . , .
(runtime type identification RTTI) , . , , . RTTI , , , . ( ). # , : i s , as typeof. .
i s i s , . : i s . ( ) , . . , , , . i s . // i s . using System;c l a s s A {} c l a s s : A {}
class Usels { public static void Main() { A a = new A () ; b = new ();
450
I. #
if(a is A) Console.WriteLine(" A . " ) ; if(b is A) Console.WriteLine(" b , " + " . " ) ; if(a is ) Console.WriteLine(" , " + " .") if(b is ) Console.WriteLine(" b . " ) ; if(a is object) Console.WriteLine(" .");
: . b , . b . -- .
fI
, bie . : i f ( b i s A) Console.WriteLine(" b , " + " . " ) ;
i f- , b , . , b . . i f ( a i s ) Console.WriteLine(" , " + " . " ) ; if- , , . , .
as , , . as, : as , , . . . a s i s . , , , i s : // i s // . using System;c l a s s A {} c l a s s : {}
17. ,
451
class CheckCast { public static void Main() { A a = new A ( ) ; b = new (); // , . if(a is ) // // , b = () ; else // // , b = null; if(b==null) Console.WriteLine( " b = () ."); else Console.WriteLine( " b = () .")
: b = () . , , , if. , . , . as , . // a s . using System; class A {} class : A {} class CheckCast { public static void Main() { A a = new A(); b = new () ; b = a as ; // , // . if(b==null) Console.WriteLine(" " + "b = () ."); else Console.WriteLine( " b = () .");
: b = () .
452
I. #
as , , , , .
typeof as i s , ( -) . . # typeof. System.Type . , . typeof : typeof() , . , typeof, , . -, , , , . , , . , , , : FullName, I s C l a s s I s A b s t r a c t . FullName . I s C l a s s t r u e , . I s A b s t r a c t t r u e , . // typeof. using System; using System.10; class UseTypeof { public s t a t i c void Main() { Type t = typeof(StreamReader); Console.WriteLine(t.FullName); if (t. IsClass) Console. WriteLine (" ") ; if(t.IsAbstract) Console.WriteLine( " ."); else Console.WriteLine(" .");
(
: System.10.StreamReader . .
StreamReader. , , .
17. ,
453
, (reflection) #, . : , , , . " " , () , . , , , . , , .NET Reflection API, System.Reflection. , , , : I using S y s t e m . R e f l e c t i o n ;
: system. Type System. , "" , . , . System.Reflection.Memberlnf. Member Info , : D e c i a n n g T y p e ,
MemberTypes MemberTypes t r i n g Name Type ReflectedType
, MemberType MemberTypes. MemberTypes , , . : MemberTypes.Constructor v MemberTypes.Method MemberTypes.Field MemberTypes.Event MemberTypes.Property , , MemberType. , MemberType MemberTypes .Method, , . Memberlnf : GetCustomAttributes () I sDefined (). . , Memberlnf , "". , .
454
I. #
C o n s t r u c t o r i n f [ ] G e t C o n s t r u c t o r s () E v e n t l n f [ ] G e t E v e n t s () F i e i d i n f [ ] G e t F i e i d s () M e m b e r i n f [ ] GetMembers () M e t h o d i n f [ ] G e t M e t h o d s () P r o p e r t y i n f [ ] G e t P r o p e r t i e s ()
, . Assembly Assembly TypeAttributes BaseType s t r i n g FuliName bool isAbstract bool i sArray bool isClass b o o l isEnum s t r i n g Namespace Attributes , , , ,
, . , , , , . , , . Reflection API , . ( Reflection API !) Reflection API , , , , . : , , .
Type- , . GetMethods (). : Methodinf[] GetMethods()
17. ,
455
GetMethods () Methodlnf , , . Methodlnf System. Reflection. Methodlnfo MethodBase, , , Memberlnfo. , , . , , Name. Methodlnfo: ReturnType GetParameters (). ReturnType, , , . GetParameters () , . : Parameterlnfo[] GetParameters() Parameterlnfo. Parameterlnfo , . : Name, , , ParameterType, . . , , MyClass. , , . // . using System; using System.Reflection; class MyClass { int x; int y; public MyClass(int i, int j) { x = i; = j; } public int sum() { return x+y; } public bool isBetween(int i) { if(x < i && i < y) return true; else return false; public void s e t ( i n t a, i n t b) { x = a; = b;}
public void set(double a, double b) { x = (int) a; = (int) b; 456 I. #
public void show() { Console.WriteLine(" x: {0}, y: {1}", x, y ) ;
class ReflectDemo { public static void Main() { Type t = typeof(MyClass); // Type-, // MyClass. Console.WriteLine( " , " + t.Name); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine(" Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(); // , MyClass. foreach(Methodinf m in mi) { // , , / / . Console.Write(" " + m.ReturnType.Name + 11 " + m.Name + " (") ; // . '~ Parameterlnfo[] pi = m.GetParameters(); for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name + 11 " + pi[i] .Name) ; if(i+l < pi.Length) Console.Write(", " ) ; : " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(")"); Console.WriteLine();
: , MyClass : Int32 G e t H a s h C o d e O Boolean Equals(Object String ToStringO obj)
Int32 sum() Boolean isBetween(Int32 i) Void set(Int32 a, Int32 b)
17. ,
457
Void set(Double a, Double b) Void show() Type GetType() , , MyClass, , o b j e c t . , # o b j e c t . , .NET-. , s e t () . : s e t ( ) . i n t , double. . , , MyClass public- public-, s e t (). Main () , MyClass: Type t = typeof(MyClass); // Type-, // MyClass.
I
t Reflection API, , MyClass. : I MethodlnfoU mi = t . G e t M e t h o d s ( ) ; f oreach, , : // , , / / . Console.Write( " + m.ReturnType.Name + " " + m.Name + "(") ; // . Parameterlnf [ ] pi = m.GetParameters () ; for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i++) { Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name + " " + pi[i].Name); if(i+l < pi.Length) Console.Write(", " ) ; } GetParameters () p i . for p i . , , .. MyClass.
GetMethods () GetMethods () , . : Methodlnfo[] GetMethods(BindingFlags flags) , . BindingFlags . :
458
I. #
DeciaredOnly instance NonPublic Public static
, . -- public- static-
. P u b l i c NonPublic I n s t a n c e S t a t i c . GetMethods () . BindingFlags-, GetMethods ( ) , , . , , . , , GetMethods () : // , // MyClass. Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(BindingFlags.DeciaredOnly | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public) ; : , MyClass : Int32 sum() Boolean isBetween(Int32 i) Void set(Int32 a, Int32 b) Void set(Double a, Double b) Void show() , , MyClass.
, , . Invoke , Methodlnfo. : object Inyoke(object ob, o b j e c t [ ] args) ob , . static- ob n u l l . , , args. , args n u l l . args , . , , args , , , . 17. , 459
invoke () Methodlnfo, GetMethods (). : // . using System; using System.Reflection; class MyClass { int x; int y; public MyClass(int i, int j) { x = i; = j; } public int sum() { return x+y; } public bool isBetween(int i) { if((x < i) && (i < y)) return true; else return false; } public void set (int a, int b) { Console.Write(" set(int, int). " ) ; . x = a; = b; show(); } // set. public void set(double a, double b) { Console.Write(" set(double, double). " ) ; x = (int) a; = (int) b; show(); p u b l i c v o i d show() { Console.WriteLine( " x:
{0},
:
{1}",
x,
);
class InvokeMethDemo { public static void Main() { Type t = typeof(MyClass); MyClass reflectOb = new MyClass(10, 20); int val; Console.WriteLine(" , t.Name); Console.WriteLine() ; M e t h o d l n f o [ ] mi = t . G e t M e t h o d s ( ) ;
460
I. #
// , foreach(Methodlnfo m in mi) { // . Parameterlnf[] pi = m.GetParameters(); if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 && pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) { object [] args = new object[2]; args[0j = 9; args[l] = 18; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args); } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 && pi[0].ParameterType typeof(double)) { object[] args = new object[2]; args[0] = 1.12; args[l] = 23.4; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args); } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("sum")==0) { val = (int) m.Invoke(reflectOb, null); Console.WriteLine( " sum " + val) } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("isBetween")==0) { object[] args = new object[1]; args[0J = 14; if((bool) m.Invoke(reflectOb, args)) Console.WriteLine("14 . " ) ; } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("show")==0) { m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
" , MyClass sum 30 14 . s e t ( i n t , i n t ) . : 9, : 18 set(double, double). : 1, : 23 : 1, : 23 , . . foreach . , i f /else-, . s e t (): if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 && pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) { object[] args = new object[2]; args[0] = 9; args[l] = 18; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args);
17. ,
461
e l s e if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 & & p i [ 0 ] . P a r a m e t e r T y p e typeof(double)) o b j e c t [ ] a r g s = new o b j e c t [ 2 ] ; args[0] = 1.12; a r g s [ l ] = 23.4; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args);
{
s e t , , s e t ( ) . , s e t ( i n t , i n t ) , a r g s int- s e t ( ) . s e t ( ) double.
, ( MyClass), MyClass . , . , . . , . , . , G e t C o n s t r u c t o r s () . : Constructorlnf[] GetConstructors() C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o , . C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o MethodBase, Member Info. C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o . GetParameters ( ) , , . GetParameters ( ) , Methodlnf . , , Invoke ( ) , C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o . Invoke () : object Invoke(object[] args) , , args. , args null-. args . invoke () . MyClass: // . using System; using System.Reflection;
462
I. #
class MyClass { int x; int y; public MyClass(int i) { Console.WriteLine( " MyClass(int). " ) ; x = = i; public MyClass(int i, int j) { Console.WriteLine( " MyClass(int, int). " ) ; x = i; = j; show(); public int sum() { return x+y; public bool isBetween(int i) { if((x < i) && (i < y)) return true; else return false; public void set(int a, int b) { Console.Write(" set(int, int). " ) ; x = a; = b; show () ; // set(). public void set(double a, double b) { Console.Write(" set(double, double). ") ; x = (int) a; = (int) b; show(); public void show() { Console.WriteLine( " : {0}, : {1}", x, )
c l a s s InvokeConsDemo { p u b l i c s t a t i c void Main() { Type t = typeof(MyClass); int val; // . Constructorinf[] ci = t.GetConstructors(); Console.WriteLine(" : " ) ;
17. ,
463
foreach(Constructorinf in ci) { // . Console.Write(" " + t.Name + " ( " ) ; // . Parameterlnf[] pi = .GetParameters(); for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name + " " + pi[i].Name); if(i+l < pi.Length) Console.Write(", " ) ; Console.WriteLine(")"); } Console.WriteLine(); // , int x; for(x=0; x < ci.Length; x++) { Parameterlnf[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters(); if(pi.Length == 2) break; if(x == ci.Length) { Console.WriteLine( " ."); return; } else Console.WriteLine( " .\"); // . object[] consargs = new object[2]; consargs[0] = 10; consargs [1] = 20; object reflectOb = ci[x].Invoke(consargs); Console.WriteLine( " reflectOb."); Console.WriteLine(); Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(); // . foreach(Methodinf m in mi) { // . Parameterlnf[] pi = m.GetParameters(); if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 && pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) { // set(int, int). object[] args = new object[2]; args[0] = 9; args [1] = 18; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args);
464
I. #
else if (m.Name.CompareTo ("set")0 && pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) { // set(double, double). object[] args = new object[2]; args[0] = 1.12; args[l] = 23.4; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args); } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("sum")==0) { val = (int) m.Invoke(reflectOb, null); Console.WriteLine( " sum() " + val); } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("isBetween")==0) { object[] args = new object[1]; args[0] = 14; if((bool) m.Invoke(reflectOb, args)) Console.WriteLine("14 . " ) ; } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("show")==0) { m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
: : MyClass(Int32 i) MyClass(Int32 i , Int32 j) . MyClass(int, : 10, : 20 reflectOb. int).
sum() 30 14 . s e t ( i n t , i n t ) . : 9, : 18 set(double, double). : 1, : 23 : 1, : 23 , MyClass. : I Constructorlnf[] ci = t.GetConstructors(); , . , , : for(x=0; < ci.Length; x++) { Parameterlnfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters(); if(pi.Length == 2) break;
|
1
( ), , : 17. , 465
// . object[] consargs = new o b j e c t [ 2 ] ; consargs[0] = 10; consargs[1] = 20; object reflectOb = ci[x].Invoke(consargs);
Invoke () r e f l e c t O b MyClass. , , int-, , MyClass. .
MyClass, : MyClass. MyClass, , MyClass, typeof , ( ). , , . 16, , ., . Reflection API , . , , " " . . , , , . , , , , . , . Assembly. Assembly p u b l i c . Assembly , . , LoadFromO . : s t a t i c Assembly LoadFrom(string _) _ . Assembly, GetTypes (). : [] GetTypes() , . , . . MyClasses.cs : I // . | // MyClasses.cs. 466 I. #
using System; class MyClass { int x; int y; public MyClass(int i) { Console.WriteLine( " MyClass(int). x = = i; show(); public MyClass(int i, int j) { Console.WriteLine( " MyClass(int, int). ") x = i; = j; show(); public int sum() { return x+y; public bool isBetween(int i) { if((x < i) && (i < y)) return true; else return false; public void set(int a, int b) { Console.Write(" set(int, int). " ) ; x = a; = b; show () ; // set. public void set(double a, double b) { Console.Write(" set(double, double). " ) ; x = (int) a; = (int) b; show(); public void show() { Console.WriteLine( " : {0}, : {1}", x, ) ;
class AnotherClass { string remark; public AnotherClass(string str) { remark = str;
17. ,
467
public void show() { Console.WriteLine(remark);
class Demo { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine(" .");
MyClass, . , AnotherClass Demo. , , , . , MyClasses.exe. , . , ^lyClasses.exe. /* , , . */ using System; using System.Reflection; class ReflectAssemblyDemo { public static void Main() { int val; // MyClasses.exe. Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe"); // , MyClasses.exe. [] alltypes = asm.GetTypes(); foreach(Type temp in alltypes) Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name); Console.WriteLine(); // , // MyClass. Type t = alltypes[0]; // // . Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name); // . Constructorlnfo[] ci = t.GetConstructors(); Console.WriteLine(" : " ) ; foreach(Constructorlnfo in ci) { // . Console.Write(" " + t.Name + " ( " ) ; // . Parameterlnfo[] pi = c.GetParameters(); for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i++) { Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name + 468 I. #
" " + pi[i].Name); if(i + l < pi.Length) Console.Write(", ") ; } Console.WriteLine(")"); } Console.WriteLine() ; // , int x; for(x=0; x < ci.Length; x++) { Parameterlnfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters(); if(pi.Length == 2) break; } if(x == ci.Length) { Console.WriteLine( " ."); return; } else Console.WriteLine( " .\n") ; // . object[] consargs = new object[2]; consargs[0] = 1 0 ; consargs[1] = 20; object reflectOb = ci[x].Invoke(consargs); Console.WriteLine( " reflectOb."); Console.WriteLine(); Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(); // . foreach(Methodlnf m in mi) { // . Parameterlnfo[] pi = m.GetParameters(); if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 && pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) { // set(int, int). object[] args = new object[2]; args[0] = 9; args[1] = 18; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args); } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 && pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) { // set(double, double). object[] args = new object[2]; args[0] = 1.12; args[l] = 23.4; m.Invoke(reflectOb, args); } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("sum")==0) {
17. ,
469
val = (int) m.Invoke(reflectOb, null); Console.WriteLine( " sum() " + val) ; } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("isBetween")==0) { object[] args = new object[1]; args[0] = 14; if((bool) m.Invoke(reflectOb, args)) Console.WriteLine("14 . " ) ; } else if(m.Name.CompareTo("show")==0) { m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
: : MyClass : AnotherClass : Demo : MyClass : MyClass(Int32 i) MyClass(Int32 i, Int32 j) . MyClass(int, int). : 10, : 20 reflectOb. sum() 30 14 . set(int, int). : 9, : 18 set(double, double). : 1, : 23 : 1, : 23 '
, , MyClasses.exe. , MyClass, . MyClasses. . , MyClasses.exe, , Main (): // MyClasses.exe. Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe"); // , MyClasses.exe. Type[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes(); foreach(Type temp in alltypes) Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name);
470
I. #
, . , -. (dynamic link library DLL), d l l . , MyClasses. cs : I esc / t : l i b r a r y MyClasses.es MyClasses.dll. DLL- Main(). - , Main (), . Demo Main (). DLL- . MyClass DLL-, LoadFromO : I Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.dll");
, . MyClass , MyClass. , ( s e t ( ) sum ). , . , , . , , , , . , , , MyClasses.exe, MyClass, . // MyClass // . using System; using System.Reflection; class ReflectAssemblyDemo { public s t a t i c void Main() { int val; Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe"); Type[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes(); Type t = a l l t y p e s [ 0 ] ; // // . Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name); Constructorlnfo[] ci = t.GetConstructors(); // . 17. , * 471
Parameterlnfof] cpi = ci[0].GetParameters(); object reflectOb; if(cpi.Length > 0) { object[] consargs = new object[cpi.Length]; // . for(int n=0; n < cpi.Length; n++) consargs[n] = 10 + n * 20; // . reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(consargs) ; } else reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(null); Console.WriteLine( " reflectOb."); Console.WriteLine(); // . Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods( BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public) ; // . foreach(Methodinf m in mi) { Console.WriteLine(" {0} ", m.Name); // . Parameterlnfo[] pi = m.GetParameters(); // , switch(pi.Length) { case 0: // if(m.ReturnType == typeof(int)) { val = (int) m.Invoke(reflectOb, null); Console.WriteLine(" " + val); } else if(m.ReturnType == typeof(void)) { m.Invoke(reflectOb, null); } break; case 1: // if(pif0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) { object [] args = new object[1]; args[0] = 14; if((bool) m.Invoke(reflectOb, args)) Console.WriteLine( "14 . " ) ; else Console.WriteLine( "14 . " ) ; } break; case 2: // if((pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) &&
472
I. #
(pi[1].ParameterType == t y p e o f ( i n t ) ) ) o b j e c t [ ] a r g s = new o b j e c t [ 2 ] ; a r g s [ 0 ] = 9; a r g s [ 1 ] = 18; m.Invoke(reflectOb, a r g s ) ;}
{
e l s e i f ( ( p i [ 0 ] . P a r a m e t e r T y p e == t y p e o f ( d o u b l e ) ) & & (pi[1].ParameterType == t y p e o f ( d o u b l e ) ) ) { o b j e c t [ ] a r g s = new o b j e c t [ 2 ] ; a r g s [ 0 ] = 1.12; args[1] = 23.4; m.Invoke(reflectOb, a r g s ) ;}
break; Console.WriteLine();}
:
: MyClass M y C l a s s ( i n t ) . : 10, : 10 sum 20 isBetween 14 . s e t s e t ( i n t , i n t ) . : 9, : 18 reflectOb.
'
s e t s e t ( d o u b l e , d o u b l e ) . : 1, : 23 show : 1, : 23 . -, ( ) , MyClass. BindingFlags- GetMethods (). . -, , , . switch-. case- () () . .
17. ,
473
# . , , .. , , , . , , . , . .
, System. A t t r i b u t e . , A t t r i b u t e . A t t r i b u t e , . A t t r i b u t e . , , , E r r o r A t t r i b u t e . A t t r i b u t e U s a g e . , .
, . . , , , . : [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)] public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute { string pri_remark; // remark. public RemarkAttribute(string comment) { pri_remark = comment; } public string remark { get { return pri_remark; } . RemarkAttribute. A t t r i b u t e U s a g e , , RemarkAttribute . A t t r i b u t e U s a g e , ; . RemarkAttribute, A t t r i b u t e . RemarkAttribute pri_remark, remark, . , . 474 I. #
RemarkAttribute , p r i r e m a r k . , , RemarkAttribute, .
, . , , . , RemarkAttribute : [RemarkAttribute(" .")] class UseAttrib { RemarkAttribute, " .". UseAttrib. A t t r i b u t e . , : [Remark(" .")] class UseAttrib { Remark. , , .
, . . GetCustomAttributes ( ) , Memberlnfo . , , : object[] GetCustomAttributes(bool searchBases) searchBases t r u e , . , . GetCustomAttribute , A t t r i b u t e . : s t a t i c Attribute GetCustomAttribute(Memberlnfo mi, Type attrib type) mi Memberlnfo, , . attribtype. , , . , RemarkAttribute, : // RemarkAttribute. Type tRemAtt = typeof(RemarkAttribute); RemarkAttribute ra = (RemarkAttribute) Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(t, tRemAtt); 17. , 475
, . , , , , , . , remark: I Console.WriteLine(ra.remark); Rema r kAt t r i b u t e . // . using System; using System.Reflection; [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)] public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute { string pri_remark; // remark. public RemarkAttribute(string comment) { pri_remark = comment;}
public string remark { get { return pri_remark;}
[RemarkAttribute(" .")] class UseAttrib {
class AttribDemo { public static void Main() { Type t = typeof(UseAttrib); Console.Write(" " + t.Name + ": ") ; object[] attribs = t.GetCustomAttributes(false); foreach(object in attribs) { Console.WriteLine(o); Console.Write("Remark: " ) ; // RemarkAttribute. Type tRemAtt = typeof(RemarkAttribute); RemarkAttribute ra = (RemarkAttribute) Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(t, tRemAtt); Console.WriteLine(ra.remark); : UseAttrib: RemarkAttribute Remark: .
I
476
I. #
Remark At t r i b u t e . , .. , comment, RemarkAttribute (), . , . # . , . , , . . , . , , : [ a t trib (__, ___1 = value, __2 = value, . . . ) ] ( ) . . . . . , , . RemarkAttribute, supplement, . [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)] public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute { s t r i n g pri_remark; // remark. public s t r i n g supplement; // . public RemarkAttribute(string comment) { pri_remark = comment; supplement = " ";}
public string remark { get { return pri_remark;
, supplement " " . . , , supplement : [RemarkAttribute(" .", supplement = " .")] class UseAttrib {
17. ,
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, RemarkAttribute. . , , supplement, . . , . . , , . . , supplement: // . using System; using System.Reflection; [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)] public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute { string pri__remark; / / remark. public s t r i n g supplement; / / . public RemarkAttribute(string comment) { pri_remark = comment; supplement = " "; public string remark { get { return pri_remark;
[RemarkAttribute(" .", supplement = " .")] class UseAttrib {
class NamedParamDemo { public s t a t i c void Main() { Type t = typeof(UseAttrib); Console.Write(" " + t.Name + " : ") ;
object[] a t t r i b s = t.GetCustomAttributes(false); foreach(object in a t t r i b s ) { Console.WriteLine(o); // RemarkAttribute. Type tRemAtt = typeof(RemarkAttribute); RemarkAttribute ra = (RemarkAttribute) Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(t, tRemAtt); Console.Write("Remark: ") ; Console.WriteLine(ra.remark);
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Console.Write("Supplement: " ) ; Console.WriteLine(ra.supplement);
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: UseAttrib: RemarkAttribute Remark: . Supplement: .
, . , jlema r kAt tribute int- priority. // // . using System; using System.Reflection; [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)] public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute { string pri__remark; // remark. int pri_priority; // priority, public string supplement; // . public RemarkAttribute(string comment) { pri_remark = comment; supplement = " "; } public string remark { get { return pri_remark;
// , public int priority { get { return prijpriority; } set { prijpriority = value; }
[RemarkAttribute( " .", supplement = " .", priority = 10)] class UseAttrib {
class NamedParamDemo { 17. , 479
public static void