الكتاب الدوري: الهوية والمواطنة والأمن الوطني

91

Upload: -

Post on 05-Oct-2015

479 views

Category:

Documents


4 download

DESCRIPTION

الهوية والمواطنة والأمن الوطني : الكتاب الدوري لمجلة أبحاث ودراسات الصادرة عن جامعة الجلفة

TRANSCRIPT

  • 1

    :

  • 2

    =0.............. ? - . . .

    :: ......................................................... ) ( -

    7>........................................................................ - .

    :7..................................... -

    ;

  • 3

    - -

    -

    (

    (

    .

    47

    /

    .

    - 33

    . 44

  • 4

    37 16

    ( . 42 23

    .

    " (

    / 2005 "

    " ( 2004

    .2004/ 2005

    .

    /

    .

  • 5

    .

    .

    2005

    .

    .

    " "

    " "

    .

    .

    20

    :

    : .

  • 6

    : -

    .

    ( : -

    .

    .

    (

    (

    (

    (

    .

  • 7

    2015

    12 .

    :

    .

    .

  • 7

    :

    *

    . - - -

    **

    25/1/2014-22 - .

  • 8

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 01

    .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    (.2008 )

    .

    .

    :

    .

    .

    .

  • 00

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 01

    -

    :

    . .1 .

    .

    .2 .

    .

    .

    .3 .

    .

    .4 .

    .

    .

    .5 .

    .

    .6 .

    .

    .

    .

    . .7

    .

  • 02

    .

    . .8

    ) (.

    .

    . . .9

    .

    .

    .

    .10 .

    .

    .

    .

    . .11

    . .

    . .12

    .

    ( )( )

    (Cecchini, 2003 )( )

  • 03

    .

    ) (

    :

    /

    .

    .

    : .

    ( ) 1

    (

    2 (

    ( )( :3

  • 04

    2020

    ( fiche )

    . 27

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 05

    .

    :

    :

    .

    .

    )

    (.

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    :

  • 06

    .

    . .

    ( 1)

    .

    .

    situated forms of)

    learning ( .

    .

  • 07

    .

    .

    .

    Hoskins and)

    Kerr, 2012.)

    6 . .

    .

    )structures( )learning( )collaboration : ) ( funding(

    )technology( )internet) -Hard-to(

    reach groups).

    ( 2 )

  • 08

    .

    )

    (. .

    .

    .

    /

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    16 .

    .

    .

    .

    . ( PoliPedia.au)

    .

    .

    .

  • 11

    .

    / .

    .

    .

    :

    .

    . - .

    (. )

    .

    .

    .

    .

    . .

    . ..

    .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

  • 10

    :

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ( .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

    ( eOpinio )

    .

    .

    .

  • 11

    ) (.

    ( Nasi Politici ) .

    ( For Fair Election )

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ( Romea)

    .

    .

    .:

    ( . Corps of Role Models. )

    .

    .

    " " .

    .

    ) Krek, Losito, Ridley

    and Hoskin, 2012 .)

  • 12

    (Active Citizenship )

    2005

    .

    .

    " " "

    "

    .

    ( 20 )

    :

    .

    .

    (3)

  • 13

    (Active Citizenship )

    .

    . :

    . :

    .1

    .2

    .3

    (GHK, 2007)

    ( 4 )

    .

    .

    .

    ) ( " Marshall

  • 14

    .

    ( Walzer, 2004( )Marshal, 1973 )

    " . "

    "

    ) . (European Commission, 2005

    .

    )(

    .

    -

    .

    "

    ( European Commission, 2005 . )

    "" .

    .

    ( ( ) belonging )

    "

    ) T-Kit on

    European Citizenship, 2003)

    :

    /

  • 15

    " "

    .

    .

    "

    (European Commission, 2005 (.

    "

    ."

    .

    ( ( ETGACE .

    :

    ( 4 / ( 3 ( 2) ( .1

    (.GHK, 2007)

    ( 5)

  • 16

    .

    .

    .

    ( formal . )

    )non-formal ) (. informal(

    .

    .

    .

    "

    ".

    2006

    .

    .

    )

    ( .

  • 17

    :

    .1

    .2

    .3

    .4

    )( .5

    .6

    .7

    ( 6 )

  • 18

    ( 1 )

    De Weerd, Gemmeke Rigter, & Rij, (2005) p. iii:

  • 21

    2011

    .

    .1

    ( ) passive )

    (

    ( active )

    .

    .

    .

    .

    / .2

    )( .

    ) (. unilateralism

    .

    .

  • 20

    /

    ( sociocentric( )egocentric )

    .

    (. )

    .

    /

    .

    .3

    .

    .

    . )

    (

    .

    .

    ( : Fs)

    (food( )folklore( )festivities (.

    )

    (

  • 21

    .

    .

    : 7

    .

    .4

    /

    .

    .

    .

  • 22

    .

    .5

    .

    (Manichaeism )( self-righteousness). " "

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .6

    .

    . )

  • 23

    (

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .7

    .

    ' ' .

    .

    .

    . 1948

    .

    .

  • 24

    .

    ( )

    .

    . )

    . (

    (Schugurensky and Myers, 2003)

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 25

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    . .1

    .

  • 26

    .2

    . : '

    .

    .3

    .

    .

    .4

    .

    .

    .

    . .5

    )

    (

    .

    .6

    .

    .

  • 27

    .

    " " .7

    .

    .

    .( 2011 ) ) . (.. : 2010

    . 2011 ) (. .

    205-177( 53) 27 .

    (. 2006 )

    .201-171 41 21

    (2007 )

    http://www.damascusuniversity.edu.sy/faculties/edu

    (. . 2005 )

    . (. 2005/ 3/-15-14)

    : . ( 2010 )

    : 2010 ) . 2010(

    http://www.binbayyah.net( . 2008 )

    1998) (.

    24

    ) 2003 : ( 2003

    ) 2005 : ( 2004

    .1 - (. 2011 . )

    : ( 2008 )

    .

    ) ( 2007 ) (. :

    news/wmview.php?ArtID=8202-http://www.amanjordan.org/a

    http://www.binbayyah.net/http://www.amanjordan.org/a-news/wmview.php?ArtID=8202http://www.amanjordan.org/a-news/wmview.php?ArtID=8202

  • 28

    (. 2005 .)

    10-7

    http://www.informatics.gov.sa/ebook/book/dr.alhamed.doc

    2012 ) " 4117 . ( " 24

    " : 2008 ) " (.

    22-21

    . : (. 2002 )

    - -( 2005 )

    -

    (. 2005 .)

    10-7

    =1&PHPSESSIDhttp://www.informatics.gov.sa/ebook/index.php?subcat=

    " . (.2010 ) "

    1995 ) (. . :

    ( 2011)

    " "

    :

    ) (. 2005

    ) (. 1426

    1964 ) .26(. ..

    (. 1999 )

    .

    : 11-1542 . . (. 2006 )

    http://www.altasamoh.net/Article.asp?Id=324

    (. 2005 .)

    . 10-7

    http://www.minshawi.com/other/alzanidy.htm

    ) 2009 (.

    http://www.alghad.jo/?news=1062034 24

    (. 1979 )

    2

    "1998 ) " (.

    66

    http://www.informatics.gov.sa/ebook/index.php?subcat=1&PHPSESSIDhttp://www.informatics.gov.sa/ebook/index.php?subcat=1&PHPSESSIDhttp://www.altasamoh.net/Article.asp?Id=324http://www.minshawi.com/other/alzanidy.htmhttp://www.alghad.jo/?news=1062034

  • 31

    . 1 (. 2007 )

    http://cspkhenchela.jeeran.com

    (. 2005 .)

    24 ) .14-13(

    (. : . : .1994 )

    (. 2008 )

    (. 2008 )

    12-10

    2004 ) 4(.

    1991 ) (.

    38

    ) (. 1996

    5

    . ) . (. 2001

    . 2001 30-29

    ) (. 2005

    .

    ) (. 1426

    .

    .) : (. 2005

    10-7

    tics.gov.sa/ebook/book/dr.sharidah.dochttp://www.informa

    / 2013 ) (.

    .

    2561 - . -( 2009 )

    18/2/2009

    : 18/ 2/ 2009 - 2561: - - 2009

    (. 1420 ) 1

    ( : .2000 )

    (. . . 1994 )

    1422) (.

    http://cspkhenchela.jeeran.com/http://cspkhenchela.jeeran.com/http://www.informatics.gov.sa/ebook/book/dr.sharidah.dochttp://www.informatics.gov.sa/ebook/book/dr.sharidah.dochttp://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.cat.asp?cid=219http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.cat.asp?cid=219http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.cat.asp?cid=219

  • 30

    ) (4-1) (. 2008 .

    : "

    : 6 5 4 " :

    ar.html-12593-article-/regionalar-12593-article-http://www.oujdacity.net/regional

    : ( 2001 )

    264

    (. : : 2006 )

    .

    2002 ) (.

    .

    " " (. 2004 )

    .21-18

    2006 ) (. :

    ) .135-98( 6

    (. : : 2006 )

    .

    : )2006 ) ( 1(.

    http://www.arabrenewal.com 23/5/2006.

    (. : " 2007 )

    .

    . 2008 ) (. : :

    Abdi, A; Ellis, L; Shizha, E. (2005). Democratic development and the role of citizenship education in Sub

    Saharan Africa with a case Focus on Zambia, International Education Journal, 6(4), 454-466.

    Acheson, N, Harvey, B, Kearney, J. and Williamson, A. (2004) Two Paths, One Purpose: Voluntary Action

    in Ireland, North and South, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration .

    Aiginger, K. (2005), Towards a new European model of the reformed welfare state: An alternative to the

    United States Model, UN Economic Survey of Europe, No. 1, United Nations, New York.

    Alberta Education (2005). Social studies program of studies K-12. Alberta Government: Edmonton, AB,

    Canada.

    AlMaamari, S. (2009). Citizenship education in Initial Teacher Education in the Sultanate of Oman: an

    exploratory study of the perceptions of student teachers of social studies and their tutors,

    (Unpublished, PhD thesis), Faculty of Education, the University of Glasgow, Scotland.

    Amin A.; Thrift, N. 1995. Institutional issues for the European regions: from markets and plans to socio-

    economics and powers of association. Economy and society (London), no. 24, p. 41-66.

    ASEAN, World Bank. Country report of the ASEAN assessment on the social impact of the global financial

    crisis: Singapore. 25 September 2011.

    http://www.aseansec.org/publications/ARCR/Singapore.pdf (accessed April 18, 2012).

    http://www.oujdacity.net/international-article-12530-ar/international-article-12530-ar.htmlhttp://www.oujdacity.net/international-article-12475-ar/international-article-12475-ar.htmlhttp://www.oujdacity.net/regional-article-12593-ar/regional-article-12593-ar.htmlhttp://www.arabrenewal.com/http://www.arabrenewal.com/

  • 31

    Banks, J. A. (2004b). Introduction: Democratic citizenship education in multicultural societies. In J. A.

    Banks (Ed.), Diversity and citizenship education: Global perspectives (pp. 315). San Francisco:

    Jossey-Bass .

    Banks, J. A. (2008). Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age , American

    Educational Research Association , University of Washington.

    Barone, N. (2002). Civic education and citizenship in Malaysian education, Paper Presented at the Annual

    Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, April 1-5.

    Benhabib, S.( 2004) The rights of others. Aliens, residents and citizens. Cambridge: Cambridge University

    Press.

    Biesta, G. & Lawy, R. (March, 2006). From teaching citizenship to learning democracy: Overcoming

    individualism in research, policy and practice. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36(1), 63-79.

    Brza, C. (2000) Project on "Education for Democratic Citizenship": A lifelong learning Perspective,

    Council for Culture Co-operation (CDCC), Strasbourg, 20 June

    Bocker Anita; Thrfinhardt Dietrich (2006) Multiple Citizenship and Naturalization: An Evaluation of

    German and Dutch Policies Journal of international Migration and Integration Vol. 7 No. 1

    Pp.71-94 Transaction Publishers.

    Bolino, Mark C.; Harvey, Jaron; Bachrach, Daniel G. A self-regulation approach to understanding citizenship

    behavior in organizations, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier

    Inc, 119 (2012), pp. 126-139

    Branson, M. (2004). The Case for Using Interactive Methods to create informed, effective citizens: Co-

    sponsored by the Malaysian Citizenship Initiative and the Center for Civic Education, Speech

    Delivered at The Educating the Young for Active Citizenship Conference, Penang, Malaysia,

    December 11, 2004.

    British Council, (2011) Active citizenship , toolkit global edition http://activecitizens.britishcouncil.org

    Brown, G. (2005). Making Ethnic Citizens: The Politics and Practice of Education in Malaysia, Cries

    Working Paper No: 23, Center For Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity,

    University of Oxford.

    Brubaker Rogers 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Harvard University Press

    Cambridge.

    Bryony Hoskins and David Kerr (2012). Final Study Summary and Policy Recommendations Participatory

    Citizenship in the European Union Institute of Education. Report 4 European Commission,

    Europe for Citizens Programme http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/pdf/report2_analytic_report.pdf

    Butts, R.F. (2000). Curriculum for the Educated Citizen, Educational Leadership, EBSCO publishing,

    Online, 1989. Crick, Belnard, In education for citizenship, Lawton Denis, Continuum publisher,

    London.

    Carine Bachmann & Christian Stae (2003) The meanings of citizenship: from status to social process in

    Pp 25-40 Carine Bachmann, Christian Staerkl and Willem Doise re-inventing citizenship in

    south caucasus : exploring the dynamics and contradictions between formal definitions and

    popular conceptions. final research report

    Castles, S., & Davidson, A. (2000). Citizenship and migration: Globalization and the politics of belonging.

    London: Macmillan.

    Cecchini, M. (2003). Active citizenship adult learning and active citizenship life long learning and active

    citizenship. EAEA Conference. Cyprus, 15 November 2003. www.eaea.org/doc/cechhini.doc

    Center For Civic Education (1998). The Role of Civic Education, September, from the world wide web:

    http://www. Civiced.org/stds-htm.

    Center for International Media Assistance. Social Media in the Arab World: Leading up to the Uprisings of

    2011. 3 February 2011. http://cima.ned.org/sites/default/files/CIMA-Arab_Social_Media-

    Report%20-%2010-25-11.pdf (accessed July 3, 2012).

    http://activecitizens.britishcouncil.org/http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/pdf/report2_analytic_report.pdfhttp://www.eaea.org/doc/cechhini.doc

  • 32

    Centre for Social and Economic Research (CASE), (2009). Key Competences in Europe: Opening Doors For

    Lifelong Learners Across the School Curriculum and Teacher Education. Warsaw: CASE.

    Chandrakumara Anil; (2010) Cultural Values and Demographic Correlates of Citizenship Performance

    International Employment Relations Review Vol 16 No 1 pp. 28-52

    Cherry Holmes, Ch. (1980). Social Knowledge & Citizenship Education: Two Views of Truth & Criticism,

    Curriculum inequity,10(2),

    Chiaburu Dan S.(2007). From Interactional Justice to Citizenship Behaviors: Role Enlargement or Role

    Discretion? Social Justice Research Vol. 20 No. 2 June pp. 207-227

    Council of Europe, 2010. Recommendation CM/Rec (2010)7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member

    Council of Europe, OShea, K, 2003. A Glossary of terms for education for democratic citizenship.

    Developing a shared understanding. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2003.

    Council of Europe. (1997). Teaching guide to the European convention on human rights, Strasbourg, Doc,

    DECS/BiH (97) 13.

    Council of the EU: The Concrete Future Objectives of Education and Training Systems. Report from the

    Education Council to the European Council. 5980/01 (Brussels, 14 February 2001) and Council

    conclusions of 12 May 2009 on a strategic framework for European cooperation in education

    and training ('ET 2020'). OJ C 119, 28.5.2009.

    Council of the European Union. Joint Progress Report of the Council and the Commission on the

    implementation of the "Education & Training 2010" work programme Adoption of the report.

    Brussels, 18 January 2010, 5394/10, EDUC 11, SOC 21.

    Council Resolution of 27 November 2009 on a renewed framework for European cooperation in the youth

    field (2010-2018), OJ C311, 19.12.2009 [pdf]. Available at:

    http://ec.europa.eu/youth/pdf/doc1648_en.pdf [Accessed 07 May 2012]

    Crick, B. (2000). Essays on Citizenship, London: Continuum.

    Davies, I; Gregory, I; Riley S. (1999). Good citizenship and educational provision, London 9Falmer Press.

    De Weerd, M., Gemmeke, M., Rigter, J., & Rij, C., (2005). Indicators for monitoring active citizenship and

    citizenship education. Final report. http://ec.europa.eu/education/more-

    information/doc/citizenship_en.pdf

    Dean, B. (2005). Citizenship education in Pakistani schools: problems and possibilities, International Journal

    of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(2), December, 35-55.

    Delanty, Gerard. 2000. Citizenship in a Global Age: Society, Culture, Politics. Buckingham, United

    Kingdom: Open University Press.

    DfEE (1998) Final Report of the Advisory Group on Citizenship, Education for citizenship and the teaching

    of democracy in schools (London: DfEE) .

    Dinkelman, T. (1999). Conceptions of democratic citizenship in pre-service social studies teacher education:

    a case study, Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research

    Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, April 19-23, ED 444970.

    Dobson, Lynn (2002), Citizenship in Reader's guide to the social science. Fitzroy Dearborn Publish. Landon.

    Vol. 1.2002.pp(197-198).

    Doong, S-L. (April, 2002). Reconstructing political education in Taiwan: A study on perspectives of teacher

    educators and senior high school teachers of civic/citizenship education, A thesis submitted to

    the faculty of the graduate school of the university of Minnesota.

    Dunne . T (2008) Good citizen Europe, International Affairs; 84(1): 13-28

    Durr, V; Spajic-Vrkas, J; Martins, F. (2000). Learning for democratic citizenship approaches, methods and

    practices, Strasbourg, Council of Europe,

    Dustin, W. (1999). Toward an ethic of citizenship: creating a culture of democracy for 21st century,

    Dynneson, T.L, (1992), "What Dose Good Citizenship mean to Students?" Social Education, 56, 1, pp. 55-

    57.

    http://ec.europa.eu/youth/pdf/doc1648_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/education/more-information/doc/citizenship_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/education/more-information/doc/citizenship_en.pdf

  • 33

    EACEA/Eurydice, 2009. National testing of pupils in Europe: objectives, organisation and use of results.

    Brussels: Eurydice

    EACEA/Eurydice, 2011. Teaching reading in Europe: Contexts, policies and Practices. Brussels: Eurydice.

    EACEA/Eurydice, 2012a. Entrepreneurship Education at School in Europe: National Strategies, Curricula

    and Learning Outcomes. Brussels: Eurydice.

    EACEA/Eurydice, 2012b. Key data on education in Europe 2012. Brussels: Eurydice.

    Education and Skills Select Committee (2006) Press notice no. 22, 7 February, Citizenship Education.

    Available online at: http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees /education and skills

    committee/espn070206b.cfm

    Eleonore Kofman, (2002), Contemporary European migrations, civic stratification and citizenship, Political

    Geography 21 (2002)1035-1054.

    EU Citizenship Report )2013. Report from the Commission to the Europeean Parliament the Council, The

    European Economic and Social Committee of the regions.

    EU Citizenship Report 2013 EU citizens: your rights, your future .

    http://ec.europa.eu/justice/citizen/files/com_2013_269_en.pdf

    European Commission (2005), Learning for Active Citizenship: A Significant Challenge in building a

    Europe of Knowledge 2005, Foreword by Edith Cresson,

    http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/archive/citizen/citiz_en.html

    European Commission (2005a), Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion, COM(2005) 14 final,

    European Commission, Brussels, 27.01.05.

    European Commission (2005b), The Economic Costs of Non-Lisbon: A survey of the literature on the

    economic impact of Lisbon-type reforms, Commission Staff Working Document No. 16,

    Brussels, DG for Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission, Brussels.

    European Commission (2005c), The Economic Impact of Ageing Populations in the EU-25 Member States,

    DG for Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission, Brussels.

    European Commission, (2009). Key competences for a changing world. Communication from the

    Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social

    Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Draft 2010 joint progress report of the Council

    and the

    European Commission,(2005) Learning for Active Citizenship: A Significant Challenge in building a

    Europe of Knowledge 2005, http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/archive/citizen/citiz_en.html

    European Seminar Risk Management in the Public Sector 31st January 1st February 2013, Berlin

    http://www.euroakad.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/dateien/seminars/Risk_Management_in_the_Pu

    blic_Sector_DM.pdf

    Eurydice European Unite. (2005). Citizenship education at school in Europe, online in: http://www.

    Eurydice.org.

    Eurydice, 2005. Citizenship education at school in Europe. Brussels: Eurydice. Filzmaier, Peter, 2007.

    Jugend und Politische Bildung Einstellungen und Erwartungen von 14- bis 24-Jhrigen [Youth

    and Citizenship Education attitudes and expectations of 14 to 24 years of age]. ([Online]

    Available at: www.donau-uni.ac.at/dpk/studies [Accessed 07 May 2012]. EUR 22530 EN.

    Faulks, K. (2000). Citizenship, London: Routledge.

    Faundez, J. (2006) On the State of Democracy, London: Routledge

    Ferman, B. (2007). Reclaiming democracy through civil society: The role of education, local institutions and

    community organizing. Paper prepared for A global look at urban and regional governance:

    The state-market-civic nexus

    Ferrell, O. C. ; Maignan, Isabelle, (2000), Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case of

    the United States and France, Journal of Business Ethics 23: 283297, Netherlands: Kluwer

    Academic Publishers.

    http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committeeshttp://ec.europa.eu/justice/citizen/files/com_2013_269_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/justice/citizen/files/com_2013_269_en.pdfhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/education/archive/citizen/citiz_en.htmlhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/education/archive/citizen/citiz_en.htmlhttp://www.euroakad.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/dateien/seminars/Risk_Management_in_the_Public_Sector_DM.pdfhttp://www.euroakad.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/dateien/seminars/Risk_Management_in_the_Public_Sector_DM.pdfhttp://www.euroakad.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/dateien/seminars/Risk_Management_in_the_Public_Sector_DM.pdfhttp://www/

  • 34

    Gans, J. (2005). Citizenship in the context of globalization, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The

    University of Arizona.

    Gibson. R, et al ( 2008) Developing Global Awareness and Responsible World Citizenship With Global

    Learning Roeper Review. Bloomfield Hills: Vol. 30, Iss. 1, Jan-Mar.

    Giddens, A (2005), Debating the social model: Thoughts and suggestions, in The Hampton Court Agenda:

    A Social Model for Europe, Policy Network, London, pp. 95-150.

    Giddens, A. (2000) Citizenship education in the global era in Pierce, N. and Hillgarten, J. Tomorrows

    Citizens (London: IPPR)

    Gittell, M. (2003) Participation, social capital and social change, in Body-Gendrot, S. and Gittell, M. (eds.)

    Social Capital and Social Citizenship, New York: Lexington Books.

    Gunsteren, H. (1994). Four conceptions of citizenship, In Steenbergen, B (eds). The Condition of

    Citizenship. London: Sage Publications

    Gunsteren, H. (1994). Four conceptions of citizenship, In Steenburgen, B (eds). The Condition of

    Guohau, L. (1998). Civic education in China: Past, present, and future challenges, ERIC ED 428990.

    Gusfield , Tr. (1987), Tradition and modernity: misplaced polarities in the study of social change' American

    Journal Of Sociology 72(4) , 1987 , PP.35:62.

    Gutman, A. (1999). Democratic Education, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Hannan, M. (2003). Report on" Regional Workshop on engendering Citizenship Education, Kathmandu,

    Nepal, 8 to 11 October, 2003.

    Haque, M. Shamsul, 1999 b. The Fate of Sustainable Development Under the Neoliberal Regimes in

    Developing Countries, International Political Science Review 20 (2): 199222.

    Haque, M. Shamsul,( 2008). Global Rise Of Neoliberal State And Its Impact On Citizenship: Experiences

    In Developing Nations , Asian Journal of Social Science 36, 1134 .

    Harries, C. (2005). Democratic citizenship education in Ireland, Article for the 2005 edition of the Adult

    Learner the Journal of adult and community education in Ireland.

    Heater, D. (1997). What is citizenship? Cambridge: Polity Press

    Hebert, Y., & SEARS, A. Citizenship education. The Canadian Education Association (2003), Available at

    :http://www.cea-ace.ca/media/en/Citizenship_Education.pdf

    Heitzmann, K., Canagarajah, R.S. and Siegel, P.B. (2002): Guidelines for Assessing Risk and Vulnerability,

    Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0218, Washington, D.C. (The World Bank).

    Hofmann, D. A., Morgeson, F. P., and Gerras, S. J. (2003). Climate as a moderator of the relationship

    between leader-member exchange and content-specific citizenship: Safety climate as exemplar.

    J. Appl. Psychol., 88, 170178.

    Holford , J (2003 ) Engaging People in Active Citizenship- New Perspectives for Learning , University of

    Surrey , UK.

    Holford, J. (2006) The role of lifelong learning in building citizenship: European Union approaches in the

    light of British and colonial experience, International Journal of Lifelong Education; 25 (3): 321

    Holmes, Cherry (1980) Social Knowledge and Citizenship Education: Two views Of Truth and Criticism

    ,Curriculum in quity, 10(2). pp.115-510.

    Holzmann, R. (2003) in E. Dowler and P. Mosely (eds.): Poverty and Social Exclusion in North and South,

    London and New York (Routledge), in print.

    Holzmann, R. and Jorgensen, S. (1999): Social Protection as Social Risk Management: Conceptual

    Underpinnings for the Social Protection Sector Strategy Paper, Journal of International

    Development, Vol. 11, Issue 7, 1999, 1005-1027.

    Holzmann, R. and Jorgensen, S. (2001): Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social

    Protection, and Beyond, International Tax and Public Finance, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2001, 529-556.

    Holzmann, R. and S. Jorgensen (2000), Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social

    Protection and Beyond, Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0006, World Bank, Washington

    D.C., February.

    http://www.cea-ace.ca/media/en/Citizenship_Education.pdf

  • 35

    Holzmann, R., Gill, I., Hinz, R., Impavido, G., Musalem, A., Rutkowski, M. and Schwarz, A. (2003): Old

    Age Income Support for the 21st CenturyThe World Banks Perspective on Pension Systems

    and Reforms, Washington, D.C. (The World Bank), in preparation.

    Holzmann, Robert, and Steen Jorgensen. Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for

    Social Protection, and Beyond. International Tax and Public Finance 8 (2001): 529-556.

    Holzmann, Robert, and Steen Jorgensen. Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for

    Social Protection, and Beyond. International Tax and Public Finance 8 (2001): 529-556.

    Homana .G , & Carolyn . B, and Judith ,T.P .(2006 ). Assessing School Citizenship Education Climate .

    University of Maryland.

    Home Office (2005) Life in the United Kingdom: a journey to citizenship (London, TSO, published on

    behalf of the Life in the UK Advisory Group) .

    Honohan, I. (2005) Active citizenship in contemporary democracy, in Harris, C. (ed.) The Report of the

    Democracy Commission: Engaging Citizens, the Case for Democratic Renewal in Ireland,

    Dublin: TASC and Democratic Dialogue

    Hoogeveen, H. (2000): Risk and insurance by the poor in developing countries, paper presented at the

    Microfinance for Disaster Risk Colloquium, sponsored by UNDP and the Disaster

    Management Facility, World Bank. Washington, D.C., February 2. in: Platteau, J.P. (ed.):

    Institutions, Social Norms, and Economic Development, Chapter 5, Chur (Harwood Academic

    Publisher), in print.

    Hopkins. Gary ( 1997) Teaching Citizenships Five Themes, Available at http://www.education-

    world.com/a_curr/curr008.shtml

    Hoskins , B ( 2006 ) Working towards Indicators for Active Citizenship, Report from the Active Citizenship

    for Democracy conference.

    Hoskins, B. et al. (2012) Analytic Report: Participatory Citizenship in the European Union, Institute of

    Education report for EU. Southampton: Southampton University.

    http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/about-the-europe-for-citizens-programme/studies/index_en.htm

    Hoskins, B. et al. (2012) Contextual Report: Participatory Citizenship in the European Union, Institute of

    Education report for EU. Southampton: Southampton University,

    http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/about-the-europe-for-citizens-programme/studies/index_en.htm

    Howard, Marc Morj, 2006. Comparative citizenship: an agenda for cross-national research. Perspectives on

    Politics 4, P. 455.

    Hughes. I. et al (2007). Power to the People: Assessing Democracy in Ireland, Dublin: TASC at New Island.

    Hutchings, K. (1999). Political theory and cosmopolitan citizenship In Hutchings, K; Dannreuther, R. (eds).

    Cosmopolitan citizenship, London: Macmillan Press LTD.

    Hutchings, K. (1999). Political theory and cosmopolitan citizenship In Hutchings, K; Dannreuther, R. (eds).

    Cosmopolitan citizenship, London: Macmillan Press LTD.

    IEA, 2010b. ICCS 2009 European Report. Civic Knowledge, attitudes, and engagement among

    lowersecondary students in 24 European countries. Amsterdam: IEA.

    International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), 2010a. ICCS 2009

    International report. Civic Knowledge, attitudes, and engagement among lower-secondary

    students in 38 countries. Amsterdam: IEA.

    Jagdeep S. Chhokar; Anatoly Zhuplev; Lillian Y. Fok; Sandra J. Hartman (2001) The Impact of Culture

    on Equity Sensitivity Perceptions and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Five-Country

    Study International Journal of Value-Based Management 14 (2001/2002) 7998 Kluwer

    Academic Publishers Netherlands.

    Jarrar Amani Ghazi (2012) Global citizenship education in Jordanian universities Published by Elsevier

    Ltd. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 1922 1926

    http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr008.shtmlhttp://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr008.shtmlhttp://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/about-the-europe-for-citizens-programme/studies/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/about-the-europe-for-citizens-programme/studies/index_en.htm

  • 36

    Jeffrey Alwang Paul B. Siegel Steen L. Jrgensen Vulnerability: A View From Different Disciplines 2001

    Social Protection Discussion Paper Series No. 0115 Social Protection Unit Human

    Development Network The World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/sp.

    Jen Dickinson, Adrian J. Bailey, (2007), (Re)membering diaspora: Uneven geographies of Indian dual

    citizenship, Political Geography 26 (2007) 757-774.

    John, Patrick(1999) The Concept of Citizenship in Education for Democracy . Available at

    http://www.eric.ed.gov

    Johnson, L. S. (2003) The diversity imperative: building a culturally responsive school ethos, Intercultural

    Education .

    Jonassen, D.H. (1994) Thinking technology: Towards a constructivists design model, Educational

    Technology; 34(4):34

    Jones, K. B. (1998) Citizenship in a woman-friendly polity, in: G. Shafir (Ed.) The citizenship debates

    (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press).

    JOWELL, R. & PARK, A. (1998). Young people, politics and citizenship: a disengaged generation London:

    The Citizenship Foundation

    Judith, T.P., Lehmann, ROswald, H, & Schulz, W. (2001). Citizenship and Education in twenty-eight

    countries: civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IEA.

    Judith T.P. Lehmann ROswald H & Schulz W. (2001). Citizenship and Education in twenty-eight

    countries: civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen. Amsterdam Netherlands: IEA.

    Kalidjernih, F. (2005). Post-Colonial citizenship education: A critical study of the production and

    reproduction of the Indonesian civic ideal, Dissertation Submitted to University of Tasmania to

    Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human

    Development.

    Kalous, J.(1996). Civic education reform in the context of transition, Paper Presented at the International

    Conference on individualism and community in a Democratic Society, Washington, October 6-

    11.

    Kane, L. (2007) The educational influences on active citizens: A case study of members of the Scottish

    Socialist Party (SSP), Studies in the Education of Adults; 39 (1): 54-55.

    Kaukab, Syeda Rakhshanda (2012) A STUDY OF CAUSES OF DECLINE IN CITIZENSHIP

    EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN AT SECONDARY LEVEL INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

    OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2012 Institute of

    Interdisciplinary Business Research 239 DECEMBER 2012 VOL 4, NO 8

    Keane, J. (1998) Civil Society: Old Images, New Visions, Cambridge: Polity.

    Keever, GRINNE (2007) Citizenship and Social Exclusion; The Re-Integration of Political Ex-Prisoners in

    Northern Ireland . The British Journal of Criminology. London: May. Vol. 47, Iss. 3 .

    Keith Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, F. Leslie Seiddle, (2008), The Art of the State III: Belonging?

    Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, Int. Migration & Integration (2008)

    9:115116. Institute for Research on Public Policy, Montreal, 2007, 708 pp. Studies in

    Philcosophy and Education 21: 305-311,2002.

    KENNEDY, K. (Ed.) (1997). Citizenship education and the modern state. London: Falmer Press.

    Kepenekci, Y. (2005). A study of Effectiveness of Human rights education In Turkey, Journal of Peace

    Education, 2(1), March, 53-68.

    Kerr, D. (1999). Citizenship education: an international comparison, online:

    http://www.inca.org.uk/pdf/citizenship_no_intro.pdf#search='David%20kerr%20and%20citizen

    ship%20education'

    Kerr, D. (July, 2002). Assessment and evaluation in citizenship education, Paper presented at British Council

    seminar in Beijing China. National foundation for educational research.

    Kerr, D. et al., 2004. Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study: Second Annual Report. FirstLongitudinal

    Survey. Making Citizenship Education Real. Research Report RR531. [pdf] Available at:

    http://www.worldbank.org/sphttp://www.eric.ed.gov/http://www.inca.org.uk/pdf/citizenship_no_intro.pdf#search='David%20kerr%20and%20citizenship%20educationhttp://www.inca.org.uk/pdf/citizenship_no_intro.pdf#search='David%20kerr%20and%20citizenship%20education

  • 37

    https://www.education.gov.uk/publications//eOrderingDownload/RR531.pdf [Accessed 3 May

    2012].

    Kerr, D., 1999. Citizenship education: an International Comparison. London: QCA.

    Kerr, D., Keating, A. & Ireland, E. 2009. Pupil Assessment in Citizenship Education: Purposes, Practices and

    Possibilities. Report of a CIDREE Collaborative Project. Slough: NFER/CIDREE.

    Kirby, P. (2006) Bringing social inclusion to center stage: Towards a project of active citizenship, in

    Jacobson, D., Kirby, P. and OBroin, D., Taming The Tiger: Social Exclusion in a Globalised

    Ireland, Dublin: TASC at New Island.

    Kisby, B. (2009), Social capital and citizenship lessons in England: Analysing the presuppositions of

    citizenship education, Education, Citizenship, and Social Justice, 4 (1), 41-62.

    Kiwan, D .2008 Citizenship education in England at the cross-roads? Four models of citizenship and their

    implications for ethnic and religious diversity , Oxford Review of Education Vol. 34, No.

    1, pp. 3958 .

    knowledge. The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. Sage Publications

    Kofman, Eleonore, Contemporary European migrations, civic Stratification and citizenship, Political

    Geography 21 (2002) pp. 10351054 , Elsevier Science L

    Kolst Stein Dankert March (2007) Science education for democratic citizenship through the use of the

    history of science Springer Science. Global citizenship education in Jordanian universities

    Kolst Stein Dankert March (2007) Science education for democratic citizenship through the use of the

    history of science Sci & Educ (2008) 17:977997

    Koopmans, R., et al (2005). Contested citizenship: Immigration and cultural diversity in Europe.

    Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Koya 2008, p31) The Quest for Authentic Assessment: What are we assessing andwhy? An examination of

    the Internal Assessment Initiative at Secondary School Level in Fiji, In J. Dorovolomo, C. F

    Koya, H.P. Phan, J. Veramu and U. Nabobo-Baba, Pacific Education: Issues and Perspectives,

    (pp28-58). Suva: University of the South Pacific.

    Krek, J. Losito, B., Ridley, R. and Hoskin, B. (2012). Good Practices Report9Participatory Citizenship in the

    European Union Institute of Education. Report 3. European Commission, Europe for Citizens

    Programme. http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/pdf/report3_analytic_report.pdf

    Krinks ,K . 1999. Creating the Active Citizen? Recent Developments in Civics Education , Politics and

    Public Administration Group .

    Kubow, Patricia. K(1997) Citizenship Education for the 21st Century: Insights form Social Studies Teacher

    Preparation Students in Three Countries. "Canada, England, United States". Chicago.

    Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. New York: Oxford

    University Press.

    Kymlicka, W. (1999) Education for citizenship, in: J. M. Halstead & T. H. McLaughlin (Eds) Education in

    morality (London & New York, Routledge)

    Kymlicka, W; Norman, W. (2001). Return of the citizen: A survey of recent work on citizenship theory in

    Beiner, R. (eds). Theorizing citizenship, United States of America: State University of New

    York Press.

    Kymlickya, W. (2002) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University

    Press.

    Ladson-Billings, G. (2004). Culture versus citizenship: The challenge of racialized citizenship in the United

    States. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), Diversity and citizenship education: Global perspectives (pp. 99

    126). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Lange, E.A. (2004) Transformative and restorative learning: A vital dialectic for sustainable societies, Adult

    Education Quarterly; 54(2): 121.

    http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/pdf/report3_analytic_report.pdf

  • 38

    Lawy, B. & Biesta, G.J.J. (2006, March). Citizenship-as-practice: The educational implications of an

    inclusive and relational understanding of citizenship. British Journal of Educational Studies,

    54(1), 34-50.

    Learning and Teaching Scotland,( 2002). Education For Citizenship On Scotland: A paper for Discussion and

    Development, Scotland.

    Levanon, A. and Lewin-Epstein, N. (2010), Grounds for citizenship: Public attitudes in comparative

    perspective, Published by Elsevier Inc., Social Science Research 39, PP. 419431

    Lister, R. (1997). Educating beyond the nation, International Review on Education, 41 (1-2), 109-118, online

    on: http://www.jstor.org.

    Lister, R. (2003). Feminist theory: practice of citizenship, Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the

    DVPW (German Political Science Association), Mainz, September on line in:

    http://www.dvpw.de/data/doc/ad-hocCitizen.pdf.

    Lister, R.(1997). Citizenship: towards a feminist synthesis, Feminist Review, No (57), 28-48.

    Livingstone, D.W. (2006). Informal learning: Conceptual distinctions and preliminary findings, in Bekerman,

    Z., Burbules, N. and Silberman-Keller, D., Learning in Places: The Informal Education Reader,

    New York: Peter Lang.London

    Long street , W, (1997), alternative futures and the social studies , in revans and saxe (Eds) , hand book on

    teaching social issues, national council for the social studies, Washington, dc , pp. 317-260

    Losito, Bruno, Civic Education in Italy Intended Curriculum & Students, Opportunity to Learn,2003

    Lustig, N. (2000, ed.): Social Protection for Equity and Growth, Washington D.C. (Inter-American

    Development Bank (IADB)).

    Lynn Dobson: Citizenship in Reader's guide to the social science. Fitzroy Dearborn Publish. Landon. Vol

    1.2002.pp(197-198)

    Macpherson, W. (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: report of an inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of

    Cluny (London, HMSO).

    Magick Hanray ( 2007) : post 16 citizenship in colleges and introduction to effective practice learning and

    skills net work , united states.

    Mann, S. 1996. Political scientists examine civics standards: An introduction. PS: Political Science and

    Politics 29 (1): 4749.

    Marianne. B & Nicholas. R (2009) Learning How to be an Active Citizen in Dublins Docklands: The

    Significance of Informal Processes , Combat Poverty Agency. Ireland .

    Marshall, T. H. (1964). Class, citizenship, and social development: Essays of T. H. Marshall. Westport, CT:

    Greenwood

    Marshall, T.H. (1950). Citizenship and social class, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Marshall, T.H. (1994) Citizenship and Social Class, in B.S. Turner and P. Hamilton, eds Citizenship:

    Critical Concepts (Volume II). London: Routledge, pp.543

    Marshall, Thomas H., 1964. Class, Citizenship and Social Development. University of Chicago Press,

    Chicago.

    Mauch, J. (1995). Civic education in the Czech Republic, ASHE Annual Meeting Paper, Paper Presented at

    the Annual Meeting of the Association for The Study of Higher Education, 20th Oriando,

    November 2-5.

    McAllister, I, 1998. 'Civic education and political knowledge in Australia'. Australian Journal of Political

    Science, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 9

    McEwan, Cheryl, (2000), Engendering citizenship: gendered spaces of democracy in South Africa, Political

    Geography 19 (2000) 627651, Published by Elsevier Science

    McEwan Cheryl (2000) Engendering citizenship: gendered spaces of democracy in South Africa Political

    Geography 19 (2000) 627651 Published by Elsevier Science

    McGregor, S.(1999). Towards a Rational for integrating consumer and citizenship education, Journal

    Consumer Studies 23 (4), 207-211.

    http://www.dvpw.de/data/doc/ad-hocCitizen.pdf

  • 41

    McIntyre- Mill J.J. (2000) Global Citizenship and Social Movements: Creating Transcultural webs of

    Meaning for the New Millennium Australia: Harwood Academic Publishers

    McIntyre- Mills, J.J. (2000), Global Citizenship and Social Movements: Creating Transcultural webs of

    Meaning for the New Millennium, Australia: Harwood Academic Publishers

    McWayne, C. et al., 2004. A multivariate examination of parent involvement and the social and academic

    competencies of urban kindergarten children. Psychology in Schools, 41, pp. 363-377.

    Michael, B., Adeyemi, K., & Boikhutso, M. (2003). Teaching and learning of citizenship education at the

    Junior Secondary level in Botswana, Pastoral Care, 35-40.

    Miedema . S & Bertram.G ( 2008) Democratic citizenship and religious education: challenges and

    perspectives for schools in the Netherlands , British Journal of Religious Education , Vol. 30,

    No. 2, March 2008, 123132

    Miedema, S. ( 2006) Public, social, and individual perspectives on religious education: Voices from the past

    and the present. Studies in Philosophy and Education 25: 11127

    Miedema. S,( 1994) The intersubjecttive notion of citizenship: Between nationalism and cosmopolitanism In

    From subject to citizen, ed. G. Csepeli, D. German, L. Kri, & I. Stumpf, 5561. Budapest :

    Hungarian Center for Political Education.

    Miller, D. (2000). Citizenship and national identity, Malden, Mass.; Oxford: Polity Press.

    Milner, H. (2002) Civic Literacy: How Informed Citizens Make Democracy Work. Hanover NH: Tufts

    University Press.

    Morduch, J. (1999a): Between the State and the Market: Can informal insurance patch the safety net?, The

    World Bank Research Observer 14, No. 2, 187-207.

    Morrell, F. (1991). The work of the speaker's commission and its definition of citizenship, In Fogelman, K.

    (eds) Citizenship in school, Great Britain: David Fulton Publishers Ltd.

    Mullen, J.: 1997, Performance-Based Corporate Philanthropy: How Giving Smart Can Further Corporate

    Goals, Public Relations Quarterly, 4248.

    Mundel,Kirsten (2003) examining the impact of university international programs on active citizenship, the

    case of students praxical participation in the Mexico Canada Rural development Exchange,

    University of Toronto Canada.

    Myles, J. (2002), A new social contract for the elderly?, in G. Esping-Andersen, D. Gallie, A. Hemerijck

    and J. Myles, Why We Need a New Welfare State, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    National Association of Secretaries of State. (1999). New millennium project, Part 1: American youth

    attitudes on politics, citizenship, government, and voting. Lexington, KY: National Association

    of Secretaries of State.

    National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA), 1999. Social, personal and health education.

    Teacher guidelines [Online] Available at:

    http://www.curriculumonline.ie/en/Primary_School_Curriculum/Social,_Personal_and_Health_

    Educatio n_SPHE_/Social,_Personal_and_Health_Education_SPHE_Teacher_Guidelines/

    [Accessed 3 May 2012].

    National Security Coordination Secretariat. Decisions in a Complex World - Building Foresight Capabilities.

    Singapore: National Security Coordination Secretariat, 2010.

    Noel and Rita timms: dictionary of social welfare Roultedge Kegan paul, Londan, 1982, P205.

    http://www.pnic.gov.ps/arabic/palastine/ReFu7.http.

    NORIO IKENO,(2005) Citizenship Education In Japan After World War II, Hiroshima University, Japan -

    International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education Vol 1, No. 2, December 2005

    Nowakowski, J. M., and Conlon, D. E. (2005). Organizational justice: Looking back, looking forward. Int. J.

    Conflict. Manag., 16, 429.

    ODonnell, A. Schmitter, P. Whitehead , L (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: John

    Hopkins University Press .

    http://www.curriculumonline.ie/en/Primary_School_Curriculum/Social,_Personal_and_Health_Educatiohttp://www.curriculumonline.ie/en/Primary_School_Curriculum/Social,_Personal_and_Health_Educatiohttp://www.curriculumonline.ie/en/Primary_School_Curriculum/Social,_Personal_and_Health_Educatio

  • 40

    OBPWO-programma'. Brussel: V.U.Brussel. European Commission, 2009a. Progress towards the Lisbon

    objectives in education and training. Indicators and benchmarks 2009. Commission staff

    working document, SEC (2009) 1616.

    Ofsted, 2009. The new Framework for the inspection of maintained schools in England from September

    2009. [Online] Available at: www.ofsted.gov.uk [Accessed 3 May 2012].

    Oldfield, A. (1990). Citizenship and Community: Civic republicanism and the modern world, London:

    Routledge

    Oliver .D & Heater. D( 1994) The Foundation of Citizenship, Harvertor Wheats leaf, London

    oprahized_minimum_wage_done.html>.

    Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome, Lexington Books:

    Lexington, MA.

    ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) (2006) OECD

    Studies in Risk Management Japan EARTHQUAKES. France

    Osler, A; Starkey, H. (2002) Education for Citizenship: mainstreaming the fight against racism? European

    Jou

    Osler, A; Starkey, H. (2005). Citizenship and language learning: international perspectives, London: British

    Council and Trentham Books.

    Osler. A, & Starkey. H (2005). Changing citizenship: Democracy and inclusion in education. New York:

    Open University Press.

    Owen, D. (2004). Citizenship identity and civic education in the United state, Paper presented at the

    Conference on civic education and the politics in Democracies, San Diego, September 26-

    October 1.

    Panetta Institute. (2000). Institute poll shows college students turned off by politics, turned on by other public

    service..

    Parekh . B (2000) Rethinking multiculturalism (Basingstoke and London, Macmillan).

    Parry, G (1991). Conclusion: paths to citizenship. In Vogel, U; Moran, M. (eds). The frontiers of citizenship,

    Basingstoke: Macmilan.

    Passini, Stefano; Morselli, Davide, (2011), In the Name of Democracy: Disobedience and Value-oriented

    Citizenship, Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 21: 255267 (2011),

    Published online in Wiley Online Library

    Patrick, J. (1999). Concepts at the core of education for democratic citizenship, In Bahmueller, C; Patrick, J.

    (Eds). Principles and practices of education for democratic citizenship, Bloomington, in: ERIC

    Clearinghouse for Social Studies/social sciences education.

    Patrick, J. (1999). Education for Constructive engagement of Citizens in Democratic Civil Society, in:

    Bahmueller, J; Patrick, J (Eds) Principles and practice for democratic citizenship, Bloomington,

    Indiana, Eric Clearinghouse.

    Patrick, J. (2000a). Introduction to education for Civic engagement in democracy, In Mann, S; Patrick, J.

    (Eds). Education for Civic engagement in Democracy: service learning and other promising

    practices. Bloomington, in: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/social sciences education

    Patrick, J. (2000b). Multicultural education and the civic mission of schools, In Wraga, W; Hlebowitsh.

    (Eds). Research Review for School Leaders, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations.

    Patrick, J. (2002). Defining, delivering and defending a common education for citizenship in a democracy,

    Paper Presented at the" Summit on Civic Learning in Teacher Education,", Boston, May 15,

    2002.

    Patrick, J. (2003) Essential elements of education for democracy: What are they and why should they be at

    the core of the Curriculum in Schools, A Lecture Delivered in Sarajevo, Bosnia and

    Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, October 16, 2003.

    Patrick, J. (2003). Teaching democracy globally, internationally and comparatively: The 21st century civic

    mission of schools, Paper presented at the 3rd annual R. Freeman Butts Institute on Civic

  • 41

    Learning in Teacher Education, Indianapolis, 17 May 2003 and to the Civitas Latin America

    Leaders Seminar in Santo Domingo, Republican Dominicana, 24 May 2003.

    Patrick, J; Thomas, S. (2001). Components of education for democratic citizenship in the preparation of

    social studies teachers, In Patrick, J; Leming, R. (Eds). Principles and practices of democracy in

    the education of social studies teachers: civic learning in teacher education, Volume 1,

    Bloomington, in: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/social sciences education

    Perczynski, P. (1999). Citizenship and associative democracy, A paper presented at European Consortium of

    Political Research, Annual Joint Sessions, Mannheim, Germany, 26-31 March.

    Petesron Donna: Pathways of influence in out of school time Community University partnership to develop

    Ethics new directions for youth development/2005.

    Plant, R. (2003). Citizenship and social security, Fiscal Studies, 24 (2), 153-166, Jun. Online in

    http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2003.tb00081.x

    Plant, R. (2003). Citizenship and social security, Fiscal Studies, 24 (2), 153-166, Jun. Online in:

    Podsakoff, P. M., Aheane, M., and MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the

    quantity and quality of work group performance. J. Appl. Pychol., 82, 262270.

    Porath, E. (2003). Science education as education for citizenship education-the relation between measurable

    knowledge and ability to ethical discussions, LUND University, Department of Education,

    Online In: http://www.pedagog.lu.se/personal/ep/Hamburg0309.pdf

    Powell, F. (2000) State, welfare and civil society, in Tonkis, F. and Passey, A. (eds.) Trust and Civil Society,

    Basingstoke: Macmillan.

    Preece, J. (2005). Perceptions of citizenship responsibility amongst Botswana youth: implications for

    citizenship education, Paper presented at ESREA Seminar on Citizenship and Civil Society,

    Estonia, September.

    Print, M. (2000). Civics and values in the Asia-Pacific region, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 20 (1), 7-

    20.

    Print, M; rnstrom, S; Skovgaard, H. (2002). Education for democratic processes in schools and classrooms,

    European Journal of Education, 37(2), 194-210.

    Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Schuller

    & Schuster.

    Qualifications and curriculum Authority (QCA). (1998) Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of

    Democracy in Schools: Final Report of the Advisory Group on Citizenship 22 September 1998,

    London.

    Quigley, C. (2005). The civic mission of the schools: what constitutes an effective civic education? A Speech

    Delivered at The Education for Democracy: The civic Mission of The Schools, Sacramento,

    California, USA.

    Randall Hansen (1998). A European citizenship or a Europe of citizens? Third country nationals in the EU.

    Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Oct 1998 v24 n4 p751(18)

    Ravallion, M. (2003): Targeted Transfers in Poor Countries: Revisiting the Tradeoffs and Policy Options,

    Social Protection Discussion Paper, Washington, D.C. (The World Bank), forthcoming.

    Rawls, J. (1973). A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Rawls, J. (1993) Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Recommendation 2006/962/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December on key

    competences for lifelong learning, OJ L 394, 30.12.2006.

    Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on key competences for lifelong

    learningv(December 2006). http://eur-

    lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018:en:PDF

    Regioplan, (2005). Indicators for monitoring active citizenship and citizenship education final report.

    Remy, R. (1997). Attitude toward their civics and government instruction. Review of research in social

    studies education.1990-1995 in Hankins et. Al. (Editors). NCSS, Arlington.

    http://www.pedagog.lu.se/personal/ep/Hamburg0309.pdfhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018:en:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018:en:PDF

  • 42

    Rescher, N., (1969). Introduction to Value Theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Robert , D (1989) : Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University, New Haven , Yale university press.

    Robert Holzmann and Steen Jrgensen (1100) Social Risk Management: A new conceptual framework for

    Social Protection, and beyond Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0006

    Robert Holzmann, Lynne Sherburne-Benz, and Emil Tesliuc 2003 Social Risk Management: The World

    Banks Approach to Social Protection in a Globalizing World Social Protection Unit Human

    Development Network The World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/sp.

    Robert Woyach , Leadership in Civic Education, ERICK Digest, date of publication 1992.

    ROCHELLE SKOGEN, (2010), The Missing Element to Achieving a Citizenship-as-Practice: Balancing

    Freedom and Responsibility in Schools Today, Springer 2010, Interchange, Vol. 41/1, 1743.

    ROCHELLE SKOGEN (2010) The Missing Element to Achieving a Citizenship-as-Practice: Balancing

    Freedom and Responsibility in Schools Today Springer 2010 Interchange Vol. 41/1 1743.

    Rokeach, M. (1971) Understanding Human Values, Individual and Societal. New York: the Free Press.

    Rokeach, M.,(1976). Beliefs, Attitudes and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change. San Francisco:

    Jossey Bass Pub.

    Rosati, F.C., Guarcello, L. and Mealli, F. (2002): Household Vulnerability and Child Labor: The Effect of

    Shocks, Credit Rationing and Insurance, Understanding Childrens Work (UCW) Project,

    UNICEF, ILO and World Bank, Washington, D.C. (The World Bank), draft.

    Rose, N. (2000). Community, citizenship, and the third way. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(9),

    1395e1411

    Rose N. (2000). Community citizenship and the third way. American Behavioral Scientist 43(9)

    1395e1411

    Rouissi, Moncer, Learning to Live together an integral Part of Citizenship Education, (March 2002),

    Prospects, vol. XXXII, no. 1

    Russell . J (2008 ) Citizenship Norms and the Expansion of Political Participation , University of California

    , POLITICAL STUDIES: 2008 VOL 56, 7698 .

    Sabel, C (1996) Ireland: Local Partnerships and Social Innovation, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-

    operation and Development.

    Saltmarsh, 1996, p1). Education for Critical Citizenship: John Deweys Contributionto the Pedagogy of

    Service-Learning. Michigan Journal of Service Learning, Vol.3, 13-21.2.

    Sarma, V. (1998). Civic education in Latvia's transition to democracy, Paper Presented at the International

    Conference on Engagement in Political and Civic Live: Citizenship in Twenty-First Century

    Democracies, Valley Forge, October 4-9.

    Saunders, P. (1993). Citizenship in a liberal society, In Turner, B.(eds). Citizenship and social theory,

    London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

    Scharpf, F.W. (2002), The European Social Model: Coping with the challenges of diversity, Journal of

    Common Market Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 645-70.

    Schmid, G. (2006), Social risk management through transitional labour markets, Socio- Economic Review,

    Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-33.

    Schugurensky, D (2006) This is our school of citizenship: Informal learning in local democracy, in

    Bekerman, Z., Burbules, N. and Silberman-Keller, D. Learning in Places: The Informal

    Education Reader, New York: Peter Lang.

    Schugurensky, D. and John P. Myers, J. P., (2003). Citizenship education: Theory, research and practice.

    Encounters on Education. Volume 4, Fall 2003 pp. 1 10

    Scott, Allen J, (1998) TOWARDS NEW FORMS OF CITIZENSHIP: COMMUNITY, LOCAL

    DEMOCRACY AND CITIZENSHIP, Prospects, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, June 1998

    Sears, A; Hughes, A. (1996). Citizenship education and current educational reform, Canadian Journal of

    Education, 21(2), 123-142.

    http://www.worldbank.org/sp

  • 43

    Secor, A. J. (2004). There is an Istanbul that belongs to me: Citizenship, space and identity in the city.

    Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(2), 352e368.

    Segal, H. (1999). Towards a new definition of citizenship: beneath, beyond the nation-state: Canada- United

    Kingdom Colloquium.

    Segnatelli, Barbara(1997) Learning Citizenship: Intergenerational Socialization and the Role of the High

    School Civics Curriculum in Adolescent Efficacy. University of Maryland, college Park.

    Shatkin, G. & Gershberg, A.I., 2007. Empowering parents and building communities: The role of school-

    based councils in educational governance and accountability. Urban Education 42, p. 582.

    Shaver, J. P., and R. S. Knight. 1986. Civics and government in citizenship education In Social studies and

    social sciences: A fifty-year perspective, ed. S. P. Wronski and D. H. Bragaw, 7184, bulletin

    no. 78. Washington, DC: National Council for the Social Studies.

    Shevel, O. (2004). Citizenship and Nation-Building in Ukraine, Paper Presented at The Workshop "

    Understanding the Transformation of Ukraine: Assessing What Has Been Learned, Devising a

    Research Agenda, Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada 15-16 October,

    2004.

    Shklar, J. (1991) American Citizenship. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Sim, J. (2005). Citizenship education and social studies in Singapore: A national Agenda, International

    Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(1), 58-73.

    Sim, J. (2005). Citizenship education and social studies in Singapore: A national Agenda, International

    Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1 (1), 58-73.

    Sim, J; Print, M; Merritt, L.(2004). Social studies and citizenship education: Exploring teacher,

    understanding and practice.

    Skovsmose, O. (1998). Linking Mathematics Education and Democracy: citizenship, Mathematical

    Archaeology

    SOYSAL, YASEMIN NUHOGLU, (1997), Changing parameters of citizenship and claims-making:

    Organized Islam in European public spheres, Theory and Society 26: 509-527, Kluwer

    Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands

    Spinder, H., P. Boersma, W. Haussmann, H.-E. Politt, S. Miedema, D. Lankshear, J. Stevenson, and K.

    Wood ( 2003) Giving Europe a heart and soul: A Christian vision for education in Europes

    schools. Mnster: ICCS.

    Splitter, Laurance, 2011, Identity, Citizenship and Moral Education, Educational Philosophy and Theory,

    Vol. 43, No. 5, 2011

    Starkey, H. (2002). Active citizenship and the lifelong learning agenda, Paper presented at the Danish EU

    presidency conference " lifelong learning- learning for adults in the 21st century" in 7-9 October

    in Comwell Helsingor, Snekkersten.

    Starkey, H; Osler, A. (2002). Education for citizenship: mainstreaming the fight against racism, European

    Journal of Education, 37(2), 143-159.

    States on the Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights

    Education. [Online] Available at: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1621697 [Accessed 07

    May 2012].

    Stephan Braig Biniam Gebre Andrew Sellgren(2011). Strengthening risk management in the US public

    sector. McKinsey & Company

    www.mckinsey.com/...service/Risk/.../28_WP_Risk_management

    Stern, N. (2003): Public Policy for Growth and Poverty Reduction, CESifo Economics Studies 49, No. 1, 5-

    25, Munich (Center for Economic Studies).

    Taskforce on Active Citizenship (2007 b) Statistical Evidence on Active Citizenship in Ireland Dublin:

    Stationery Office .

    Taylor, M. (2003) Public Policy in the Community (Basingstoke: Palgrave)

    http://www.mckinsey.com/...service/Risk/.../28_WP_Risk_management

  • 44

    Tetreaault, A; Al-Mughni, H. (1996). Gender, citizenship and nationalism in Kuwait, British Journal of

    Middle Eastern Studies, 22(1/2), 64-80.

    Theiss-Morse E. & Hibbing J. R. (2005). Citizenship and civic engagement. Annual Review of Political

    Science 8 227e249.

    Tibbitts, F; Torney-Purta, J. (1999). Citizenship Education in Latin America: Preparing for the future, A

    Monograph developed under the Auspices of The Education Unit of The Inter-American

    Development Bank, Published by Human Rights Education Associates (HREA).

    Trudeau D. (2012)Constructing citizenship in the shadow state. Geoforum 43 (2012) 442452

    Turner, B. (1993A). Contemporary problems in the theory of citizenship, In Turner, B.(eds). Citizenship and

    social theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

    Vitanos, C. (2005). Fostering Democratic Citizenship and History Teaching in Romania, Module; the

    Massage of the 2oth Century Culture, online in:

    http://www.eurocliohistory.org/download/2005/Teaching%20Materials%20Constantin%20Vitan

    os.doc

    Woodward , V (2004) Active Learning for Active Citizenship (London: CRU, Home Office) .

    Zembylas, Michalinos, (2012), Citizenship Education and Human Rights in Sites of Ethnic Conflict: Toward

    Critical Pedagogies of Compassion and Shared Fate, Stud Philos Educ (2012) 31:553567,

    Springer

  • 65

    )

    (

  • 65

    : :

    , ,

    .

    ,

    1921

    .

    : ,

    , , .

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    . , , , , , *

    . **

  • 65

    National identity (The Jordanian case as a model)

    By: dr. Hayel M . Al Bree* and Khader E.-Al Sarhan**

    Abstract

    The main aim of this study is to clarify the idea of the concept of

    national identity and all associated meanings connected with it including the

    components and the characteristics of Jordanian identity and the its problematic

    issues. Moreover, it will show how to strengthen it in Jordanian society. The

    Jordanian identity can't be composed or indivisible. It is an honor and privilege for

    any person carries it. This identity has been established by the hard- working of the

    Jordanian since the founding of the Principality in 1921 until the present time .

    The Jordanian identity has passed through several stages since the

    establishment of the Jordan state up to now. The Jordanian identity that serves as the

    most trustworthy handhold that combines the Jordanians in one pot, on the bases of

    respect for human rights, and the system of rights and duties of the individual and the

    state.

    It must be noted that the identity of Jordan is currently experiencing

    many problems, including: The unstable political conditions in the neighboring

    countries, and devoting the logical, and sub- loyalties. This study concludes that the

    Jordanian identity needs to be deepen and strengthen in the current time by all

    Jordanians, individuals, institutions, political bodies and the three authorities. This

    requires an interest in the social heritage of all classes of the Jordanian society, and

    work hard to develop effective and beneficial solutions for the economic problems,

    and to direct meaningful and effective programs through the media to deepen full

    knowledge of the history, customs, traditions and the values of the Jordanian society

    focusing on social justice away from the partisan through the deepening and

    strengthening of national responsibility.

    * ASSt. professor. History Department .Faculty .of Social Sciences. Muta University .Jordan

    ** Researcher in Islamic History.

  • 65

    :

    ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    .

    ,

    . , ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , , ,, :

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    , 1996

  • 56

    : "

    "

    , .

    , ,

    , , .

    , .

    |: .:

    :

    ( ) ( : ) :

    (1) (: : )

    ,

    : . ,

    (. 2)

    . :

    , : (.3)

    (. 4)

    (5.)

    , :

    , : (6)

  • 56

    :

    .

    (, 7)

    (. 8) :

    . ()

    :

    ( 9)

    ,

    :

    ,. , ,

    ,

    (.10)

    ,

    .( 11)

    (12) ,

  • 56

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    (.13)

    ,

    :

    , ( . 14)

    ,

    (. 15)

    ( , 16)

    ,

    , , ,

    . (, 17)

    :

    (. 18)

    , ,

    , ,

    (,19)

    :

  • 56

    ,

    : ,

    1921 1

    922/1516 ,

    ,

    (20 .)

    .

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    , 1334 9 1916

    ( , 21) ,

    ( .22)

    2

    ,

    ( . 23)

    ,

    , , :

    .

    1948 , 1946 3

    ,

  • 56

    , ( 24) 1950

    . ,

    1967 4

    , ( , , , , )

    ( 25) ,

    1988 ,

    ,

    . ( 26)

    :

    :

    , : :

    ( 27) ,

    . - -

    %96 , : :

    , (28) ( .29)

    : : ,

    ,

    , ( 30)

    .

    : : ( 31)

    ( 32)

    (33)

    ,

    ,

  • 56

    ( 34)

    .

    (.35)

    , : :

    ( 36) ,

    .

    ,

    " : ,

    ( 37".)

    : :

    (, 38)

    (, 39) 1921

    ,

    ( 41) (, 40)

    " "

    , 1968 21

    , (. 42)

    ( 43)

    , , : , ,

    .

  • 55

    , ,

    - _ 25/7/1928

    ,

    ( 44)

    " "

    1948 (, 45) 1936

    . 1967

    ( .46) , 1920/ /24

    :

    :

    :

    :

    (.47) :

    1948

    1967 1950

    (.48)

    1880-1870

    (. 49)

  • 55

    (. 50)

    % 3

    ( 52) : (. 51)

    ,

    ,

    (.54) ( 53)

    : ,

    ,

    (.55)

    :

    ,

    ( .56)

    :

    ,

    ,

  • 55

    ,

    , ,

    .

    :

    -

    , , ,

    . ,

    2010

    , :

    ( 57.)

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    :

    ,

    , ,

    (58)

    ( 59)

    (GloBaliztion)

    Habermas) (, 60)

  • 55

    gurgen ) ,

    ( 61)

    ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    (. 62)

    .

    :

    :

    , -1

    (63)

    ,

    ( 64) ,

    -2

    (.65)

    -3

    : ,

    (.66)

  • 56

    -4

    ,

    (.67)

    -5

    ,

    . ,

    , -6

    .

    -7

    ,

    ( .68)

    :

    : ,

    1

    ,

    . ,

    , 2

    ,

    .

  • 56

    3

    . ,

    4

    :

    , , : ,

    ,

    , (, )

    .

  • 27

  • 27

    :

    "

    " 808

    .

    .

    :

    (Civilization) (Culture

    .

    .

    "

    "

    808

    - -

    .

    .

  • 27

    :

    "

    .1987 "

    .

    .

    :" (Discourse)

    " . 1984

    .

    "

    "

    1995

    " " (1984)

    .

    .

    "

  • 27

    . 1995 "

    "

    .1984"

    :

    " (2004 )"

    .1987 : "

    - -

    .

    ...

    .

    .

    .

    .

    - -

  • 27

    .

    "

    1 1993 "

    "

    " .1985

    - -

    - .

    .

    - -

    :

    .

    :

    :

    1 1979

  • 22

    ...

    :

    (Analytic Method)

    (Historical method

    .

    .

    .

    :

    .

  • 27

    1964 "

    . 808 "

    .

    .

    .--

    500-250 "

    1984"

    .

    .

    :

    ...

    .

    .

  • 27

    .

    .

    :

    " 1"

    :

    :

    ...

    - -

    .

    .

    - -

    1

    .192

  • 78

    .

    :

    .1

    .2

    .3

    ...

    .

    " "

    .

    :

    .

    :

  • 78

    -

    .

    "

    "

    1991

    " } { {

    } .

    .1991 "

    .

    - -

    .

    ...

    .

    1

    1

    .188 :

  • 77

    "

    1981 "

    ... .

    .

    .

    (Nationalism)

    :

    :

    .

    .

    .

    .

    :

    .1991 " : "

  • 77

    .

    :

    "

    - - 1 " 1997

    - .

    .

    ...

    ...

    ...

    .

    :

    .1

    ...

    .

    .2

    .

    1

    Savage

  • 77

    " " .3

    1

    1970

    : " "

    :

    ...

    2

    .

    :(Globalization)

    1918-1914

    1945-1939

    ...

    1

    1989

    .214

    2 .209-206 : ..347 :

  • 77

    1"General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade "

    .

    - -

    .

    1989

    .

    .

    .

    ... .

    3 2 :

    .

    1

    13 .1995 2

    : 1993 :

    .3

    : . 1993 :

  • 77

    :"" " "

    "".

    .

    "

    } {

    : "

    Friedman, 1999.

    :

    :) .

    : /

    : / ...

    .

    :1

    1

    145-144 .354

  • 72

    .

    .

    .

    .

    "

    "

    . 1992

    -

    .1

    .

    :

    :1991

    1

    .

  • 77

    1

    2

    ...

    3

    :

    .

    -

    !

    !

    ...

    ...

  • 77

    -

    ...

    .

    - -

    ...

    -

    ...

    :

    ... ...

    ...

    ... ... ...

    ...

    : ...

  • 78

    . ...

    - -

    - -

    ...

    .

    -

    -

    .

    1

    - -

    ...

    :

    ...

    1

    . 1999

  • 78

    .

    :

    ...

    ...

    : :

    :

    .

    1

    ...

    34

    .

    1

    :

    ...

    ...

  • 77

    ...

    :

    ...

    ... :

    ...

    ...

    ...

  • 77

    ...

    - -

    .

    - -

    .

    ...

  • 77

    ..808

    . 1987

    : . ..347

    1981 3

    : . 1992

    . .2004

    . 1987

    1999

    . : .1985

    : . .1985

    1989

    .

    : .31991

    : .1997

    : . 1964

    : . .1984

    .1995

    .1979

    : . 1993

    : . 1984

    : . 1993

    . : 1989

    . 1970

    ..354

    . 1991

    1991