1

Sentence, Phrase and Clause

1The sentence - ) ( ) ) .(

:finite verb .( Capital Letter (.) )(

(!).

Examples

. He sat. 1. . She plays football. 2.

Are they dancing? 3. ! Ah , they have come! 4.

. Read the lesson. 5.

2Clause- ) .(

Examples

... . ... because he was tired. 1. ... When he arrived ... 2.

3Phrase - .

Examples

... ... ... in the corner ... 1. ... Reaching home, ... 2.

v )Reaching gerund ) (verbal noun).(

2

Finite verb ) (

Complete sense

b b Sentence b Clause Phrase

Phrases Clauses .

Reaching home, he sat in the corner because he was tired. .

Phrase Main Sentence Phrase Clause

Exercise No. 1

v Which of the following are sentences, clauses or phrases?

Open the window. 1. whom we saw. 2. at the grocer's. 3. across the street. 4. that he came. 5. through the window. 6. Come here. 7. as I was waiting. 8. from my father. 9. Where are my books? 10. Did you laugh? 11. Sit down. 12. near the new secondary school. 13. before he met you. 14. if I see him. 15. They watched T.V. 16.

3

Kinds of Sentences

u :-

1. ) ( Statement 3. Order 2. ) ( Question 4. Exclamation

v .

The Statement

.

. ) ( He watches TV. 1. . ) ( He does not watch TV. 2.

v

1. The Simple Sentence 2. The Compound Sentence 3. The Complex Sentence

1. The Simple Sentence

.

Examples

. The earth moves around the sun. 1. . Samy has a car. 2.

). ""( Come. 3. Why did you come late? 4.

. They didn't believe you. 5. Going home, he stopped by the grocery shop to buy some tea and rice.

. 6.

u non-finite verbs) .(

4

: u

.

ecnetneS dnuopmoC ehT .2

. ( )

. snoitcnujnoC evitanidrooC :

)a .mih detivni ehS ( . ) )b .rac reh mih tnes ehS ( . )

(.a) ( b)

)c .rac reh mih tnes ehs osla tub mih etivni ehs did ylno toN .

selpmaxE

( . ) . ( . ) =

.htab a koot eH .pu ekow nam ehT .1 .htab a koot eh dna pu ekow nam ehT =

( . ) . ( . ) =

.deeccus t'ndid eH .llew deiduts ymaS .2 .deeccus t'ndid eh tub llew deiduts ymaS =

. . ( ) ( . ) =

ta yats nac uoY .amenic eht ot og nac uoY .emoh yats nac uoy ro amenic eht ot og nac uoY = .emoh ta

.3

. . ( . )

= ( . )

ynam dah ehS .lufituaeb yrev saw ehS .meht fo enon deirram ehS .srerimda ynam dah ehs dna lufituaeb yrev saw ehS = .meht fo enon deirram ehs tub srerimda

.4

5

v

) ( Coordinative Conjunctions

/ / nevertheless ...../ ..../.... and in spite of that but

despite that ... ... both ... and ... on the contrary ... and also

/ or .... / as well as /... otherwise .. .... not only ...but also

or else besides ....... either ... or ... / furthermore .... .. neither ... nor ... moreover

so / likewise thus / again hence yet

then still therefore however

consequently accordingly

v :

1. Coordinating Copulative 1. 2. Negative Coordinating Copulative 2. 3. Coordinating Adversative 3. 4. Coordinating Alternative 4. 5. Coordinating Illative 5.

1. Coordinating Copulative

"and " :

further more again and likewise besides and also as well as moreover both...and

not only...but also ) ( .

6

: ......... ...1. and

and .

Ahmed went to school. Hany went to school. Nader went to school. Ahmed, Hany and Nader went to school. (compound)=

= . ) ( and (

a)

Samy went away. Samy bought a paper. = Samy went away and bought a paper. (compound) = . ) ( b) The liquid was thick. The liquid was yellow. = The liquid was thick and yellow. (compound) = .) ( c)

He was the bravest. He was the strongest. = He was the bravest and the strongest. (compound) = .) ( d)

I hope to succeed. He hopes to succeed. = I and he hope to succeed. (compound) = .) ( e)

Slowly he arrived home. Safely he arrived home. = Slowly and safely he arrived home. = ). ( f)

v -

1 ( and ) ( ) and( or.

2 ( ) and ( and .

Examples

. . = .

The boy opened the door. The boy walked into the room. = The boy opened the door and walked into the room.(compound)

the boy and the boy and .

. . =

Samy didn't go away. Samy didn't buy a paper. = Samy didn't go away or buy a paper.(compound)

or and or ) Samy( t'didn or.

. . = .

Samy didn't go away. Magid didn't stay home. = Samy didn't go away and Magid didn't stay home. (compound)

7

( ymaS) (digaM ) (.2) dna dna

. . =

.repap a thguob ymaS .yawa tnew ymaS )noitseuQ( ?repap a yub ro yawa og ymaS diD =

ro ( ) (ymaS) .ro dna

. . =

.emoh ta deyats digaM .yawa tnew ymaS ?emoh ta yats digaM did ,dna ,yawa og ymaS diD = )noitseuQ(

dna (ymaS digaM ) .

..... dna .... htob .2 .... ....

. ( . ( . =

.revelc si ilA )a .oot revelc si demhA )b )dnuopmoc( .revelc era demhA dna ilA htoB =

.1

. ( . ( . =

.noitacude ni detseretni era stnemnrevoG )a .noitacude ni detseretni era stneraP )b ni detseretni era stnerap dna stnemnrevog htoB = )dnuopmoc(.noitacude

.2

3sa llew sa . ........ ...

sa llew sa . sa llew sa

. ( . (

. =

.hsilgnE skaeps eH )a .hcnerF skaeps eH )b .hsilgnE sa llew sa hcnerF skaeps eH = )dnuopmoc(

.1

. ( . (

. =

.rotcod a si eH )a .naicisum a si eH )b .rotcod a sa llew sa naicisum a si eH = )dnuopmoc(

.2

. ( . ( . =

.cisum ni detseretni ma I )a .oot cisum ni detseretni si rehtorb yM )b ni detseretni ma ,rehtorb ym sa llew sa ,I = )dnuopmoc( .cisum

.3

. ( I ) ma

8

. ( . (

. =

.gnimmiws fo dnof si eH )a .oot gnimmiws fo dnof era snisuoc siH )b .gnimmiws fo dnof si ,snisuoc sih sa llew sa ,eH = )dnuopmoc(

.4

. ( . ( . =

.gnimmiws fo dnof era snisuoc siH )a .oot gnimmiws fo dnof si eH )b fo dnof era ,eh sa llew sa ,snisuoc siH = )dnuopmoc( .gnimmiws

.5

... osla .... tub .... ylno ton .4 .... ... ... ... : ... .... ... osla tub .... ylno ton :rO

. )

) od seod did ( (. ) ylno ton .(. ) ylno ton

selpmaxE

. ( . ( . = =

.

.hsilgnE skaeps ehS )a .hsinapS skaeps ehS )b ehs tub hsilgnE kaeps ehs seod ylno toN = )dnuopmoc( .osla hsinapS skaeps ehs tub hsilgnE skaeps ylno ton ehS = rO )dnuopmoc( .osla hsinapS skaeps

.1

osla llew sa :

)dnuopmoc( .llew sa hsinapS skaeps ehs tub hsilgnE kaeps ehs seod ylno toN = :rO . =

. ( . (

= .

.ssalc ni ylluferac snetsil eH )a .emoh ta drah skrow eH )b tub ,ssalc ni ylluferac snetsil ylno ton ,eH = ).pmoc(.emoh ta drah skrow eh ,osla

.2

..... osla tub .... ylno ton sa llew sa )dnuopmoc( .emoh ta drah skrow eh sa llew sa ssalc ni ylluferac snetsil eH = rO

. =

9

( . ( .

= .

a) They sold their factory. b) They migrated to America. = Not only did they sell their factory but they migrated to America also. (comp.)

3.

( . ( .

= .

= .

a) Ahmed has passed his exam. b) Ahmed has obtained full mark. = Not only has Ahmed passed his exam but also he has obtained full mark. (comp) Or = Ahmed, not only has passed his exam, but also he has obtained full mark. (comp)

4.

( . ( . = .

a) He is innocent. b) He is brave. = Not only is he innocent but he is brave as well. (compound) Or =He, not only is innocent but he is brave as well. (compound)

5.

( . ( .

= .

a) They send him letters. b) They send him money and explosives. = Not only do they send him letters but they send him money and explosives also. Or = They, not only send him letters but they send him money and explosives also.

6.

( . ( . = .

a) She may refuse to pay money. b) She may call the police. = Not only may she refuse to pay money but she may call the police also. (compound) Or = She, not only may refuse to pay money but also she may call the police.(compound)

7.

5. besides

( . ( . = .

a) The pens are new. b) The pens are cheap. = The pens are new, besides, they are cheap. (compound)

1.

( . ( . = .

.

a) Students study Arabic at school b) Students study Maths at school. = Students study Arabic at school, besides, they study Maths at school. (compound)

2.

10

6. moreover

( . ( . = .

a) He lost his money. b) He lost his shop. = He lost his money, moreover, he lost his shop. (compound)

2. Negative Coordinating Copulative

"nor" :-

..... .. ...neither ....... nor 1. nor . .... 2.

) ( .

( . ( . =

a) He can not read. b) He can not write. = He can neither read nor write. (compound)

1.

( . ( . = .

a) He didn't come. He didn't apologize = He didn't come, nor did he apologize. (compound)

2.

( . ( . = .

a) He will not gain the first prize. b) He will not gain the second prize. = He will gain neither the first nor the second prize. (compound)

3.

- ) ...Neither( ): Neither nor ( ) .(

= Neither the first nor the second prize will he gain. (compound) = .

( . ( . = .

a) He didn't come early. b) He didn't stop talking either. = He neither came early nor stopped talking. (comp.) Or: = Neither did he come early nor did he stop talking. (comp.)

4.

( . ( . = .

a) He didn't buy anything. b) He didn't sell anything. = He neither bought nor sold anything. (compound) Or: = Neither did he buy nor did he sell anything. (comp.)

5.

11

( . ( . = .

a) He does not understand the lesson. b) He does not answer the question either. = He neither understands the lesson nor answers the question. (comp.) Or: = Neither does he understand the lesson nor does he answer the question.(comp.)

6.

3. Coordinating Adversative

. "but " :

nevertheless but in spite of that still despite that yet on the contrary however

1. but

but but : -

( . ( .

= .

a) She was angry with him. b) She gave him money. = She was angry with him but she gave him money. (compound)

2. still

( . ( . = .

a) They received the body. b) His mother thinks he is alive. = They received the body, his mother still thinks he is alive. (compound)

3. yet

( . ( . = .

a) He is forty years old. b) He is a bachelor. = He is forty years old, yet , he is a bachelor.(comp.)

1.

( . ( ).( = ).(

a) He worked hard. b) He was fired. = He worked hard, yet , he was fired. (comp.)

2.

12

4. however

( . ( . = .

a) He became rather mad. b) You can talk to him. = He became rather mad, however , he can talk to him. (comp.)

5. nevertheless

( . ( . = .

a) He was innocent. b) He was hanged. = He was innocent, nevertheless , he was hanged.(comp.)

1.

( . ( . = .

a) They are enemies. b) They respect each other. = They are enemies; nevertheless, they respect each other. (compound)

2.

( . ( . = ) ( .

a) Winter is cold. b) Summer is hot. = Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer is hot. (compound)

1.

( . ( . = ) ( .

a) He was blind. b)He could find his way. = He was blind (however, but, nevertheless) he could find his way. (compound)

2.

6. on the contrary

( . ( . = .

a) She does not hate him. b) She is fond of him. = She does not hate him, on the contrary, she is fond of him. (compound)

4.Coordinating Alternative

. " " "or" :

or else or otherwise either ...... or

.

13

/ 1. or

( . ( . = .

a) You can buy a Sony recorder. b) You can buy a Philips recorder. = You can buy a Sony or a Philips recorder. (compound)

1.

( . ( . = .

a) Pay them money. b) Take the consequences. = Pay them money or take the consequences. (compound)

2.

.... ....2. either ...... or

( . ( . = . : = .

a) He will gain the first prize. b) He will gain the second prize. = He will gain either the first prize, or the second prize. (compound) Or = Either the first prize or the second prize will he gain. (compound)

1.

( . ( . = .

a) You can stay. b) You can leave. = You can either stay, or you can leave. (comp.)

2.

( /. ( /. = .

a) I am to blame. b) He is to blame. = Either I or he is to blame. (compound)

3.

.... 3. or else ....

( . ( . = .

a) I had to obey them. b) They would have killed me. = I had to obey them, or else, they would have killed me. (comp.)

/... ....4. otherwise ....

( . ( . =

.

a) They will take their money. b) They will take the car. = They will take their money; otherwise, they will take the car. (comp.)

14

General Example

( . ( . = )(

. = : . = : .

a) You must study hard. b) You wont get high marks. = You must study hard or (otherwise) you wont get high marks. (compound) Or: = Either you must study hard or you wont get high marks. (compound) Or: = You must either study hard or you wont get high marks. (compound)

5. Coordinating Illative

. "" "so ":

therefore so accordingly thus then hence consequently

.

.

( . ( . = ) ( .

a) He was very tired. b) He couldn't walk. = He was very tired, so (thus, therefore), he couldn't walk. (compound)

1.

( . ( . = ) ( .

a) She was sick. b) She went to the doctor. = She was sick, consequently (hence), she went to the doctor. (compound)

2.

...1. so ...

( . ( . = .

a) He is an officer. b) He can use a gun well. = He is an officer, so , he can use a gun well. (compound)

1.

( . (. = .

a) He didn't do his homework. b) He was punished. = He didn't do his homework, so, he was punished. (comp.)

2.

15

2. thus

( . ( . = .

a) She showed us her documents. b) We believe that she is the only owner. = She showed us her documents, thus , we believe that she is the only owner.(comp.)

/ 3. therefore

( . ( . =

.

a) She always obeys her mother. b) You have to arrange it with your mother-in-law. = She always obeys her mother, therefore , you have to arrange it with your mother-in-law. (comp.)

4. accordingly

( . ( . = .

a) They have signed the contract. b) They cannot ask for a higher price. = They have signed the contract, accordingly, they cannot ask for a higher price. (comp.)

/ 5. hence

( . ( . = .

a) She was robbed once. b) She always locks everything. = She was robbed once, hence , she always locks everything. (compound)

1.

( . ( . = .

a) I have paid all the price. b) I have the right to earn its rent. = I have paid all the price, hence , I have the right to earn its rent. (compound)

2.

6. then

( . ( . = .

a) I left back my glasses. b) I can not read anything. = I left back my glasses, then , I can not read anything. (compound)

16

7. consequently

( . ( . = .

a) He was tired. b) His answers were wrong. = He was tired, consequently , his answers were wrong. (comp.)

1.

( . ( . = .

a) I held him by the neck. b) He couldn't bite me. = I held him by the neck, consequently, he couldn't bite me. (comp.)

2.

Exercise No. 2

: ** Join each pair of the following:

and , but , or .

. :

1. Hoda was blamed. Her mother was blamed. (both .... and ...) 2. Hoda was not blamed. Her mother was not blamed. (neither .... nor ...) 3. He is a farmer. He is a government employee. (as well as) 4. He works hard. He finds time to play. (not only ... but ... also) 5. He came to see me. He stayed for a month. 6. He has time to play tennis. He has money to play tennis. 7. I told him that she does not fit. He insisted on marrying her. 8. This is a very heavy loss. You should not stop at all. 9. I did not cause any harms. Why do you blame me? 10. She may send a telegram. She may come tomorrow. 11. I can not believe that such a child can buy a gun. I can not believe that he can use it.

12. When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital. It is impossible to be accused ).(

13. He did not buy a car. He did not buy a flat. 14. of forty feddans. Her father died last month. She is the heiress

17

Exercise No. 3

** Join the following sentences using a suitable coordinating conjunction and make necessary changes:

** :

1. The wind was cold. I felt warm.

2. It was raining. We decided to stay indoors. 3. Hurry up! You'll be late for school. 4. The weather was windy and rainy. It was cold. 5. He told the truth. No one believed him. 6. Can you fix the lamp ? Is it too high? 7. She studied hard. She failed. 8. She studied hard. She succeeded. 9. She didn't study hard. She didn't succeed. 10. He is intelligent. He is hard-working.

Exercise No. 4

** Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets and make necessary changes:

** :

1. He neither cheated nor lied. (Neither....) 2. He was not kind, but, he was also brave. (Not only....) 3. He either went home or went to the club. (Either....) 4. He neither sold his car nor used it. (Neither....) 5. She not only cleans the house, but she also cooks dinner. (Not only....)

Exercise No. 5

** Complete with an appropriate coordinating conjunction: ** :

1. He drinks ..... tea ... coffee, but never the tow at the same time. 2. Their actions were .... risky ..... positively suicidal. 3. I'm going out for a minute ..... two ..... you can get supper ready. 4. I don't agree with you, ..... does my brother.

18

5. Those who are not studying hard should ..... change their ways ..... make room for those who will work. 6. The answer is not right ..... is mine. 7. The car was quite old, ..... it was in excellent condition. 8. John could ..... see, hear ..... talk.

When I am right no one remembers, when I am wrong no one forgets.

91

ecnetneS xelpmoC ehT .3

. . snoitcnujnoC evitanidrobuS

snoitcnujnoC evitanidrooC . ( )

:

strap owt fo stsisnoc ecnetneS xelpmoC

esualC )elpicnirP( niaM esualC etanidrobuS

.brev a sah - ecnetnes elpmiS .gninaem etelpmoc a ton sah -

.drow-gninioj eht ot tcennoc - niaM (elpicnirP )esualC

(. ) :esualC etanidrobuS

(. ) . . (esarhP) (esualC etanidrobuS)

( ) (esarhP) ( esualC)

(esarhP) ( esualC) . .

- @ (. ) (esarhP) . (

20

Examples

1. I shall start cooking when you come home. 1. .

).(

2. If you succeed, I'll buy you a car. 2. .

) ( ), ( .

3. He was angry because they arrested him for a crime he did not commit.

)2 ( )1 ( 3 . .

) ( .

4. The man who arrived by taxi will be promoted because he is efficient.

)2 ( )1 (

4 . ).(

) ( .

The man will be promoted who arrived by taxi

)( because he is efficient

Noun Clause 1. Adjectival (Relative) Clause 2.

Adverbial Clause 3.

21

Subordinative Clause

Noun Clause Adjectival (Relative) Clause Adverbial Clause

Examples

.

When the manager returns, I will ask him whether the books which you ordered have arrived from the publishers

) ( :

main Clause I will ask him an adverbial Clause when the manager returns noun Clause whether the books have arrived from the publishers an adjectival Clause which you ordered

How to change a complex sentence Into a simple sentence Or: How to change from Clause Into Phrase

Main (Principle) Clause ) (Subordinative Clause(s) phrase

clause .

. Noun Clause Noun or Noun Phrase

. Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase

. Adverbial Clause Adverb or Adverbial Phrase

Clauses Phrases

.

22

xelpmoC( ) esualC . esarhP )elpmiS(

sesarhP sesualC

laibrevdA lavitcejdA nuoN laibrevdA lavitcejdA nuoN

esarhP nuoN esualC nuoN . esarhP esualC

sesarhP nuoN dna sesualC nuoN .1

.

.esualC nuoN

- @ : ( ) esarhP1

.renroc eht ni . .... ..emoh gnihcaeR ......

) ( ) esualC2 : (

.mih ees I fi. . ..... .sevil eh erehW ....

esarhP esualC elpmiS xelpmoC

. esarhP nuoN ro nuoN esualC nuoN

-: @ sdrow snoitseuq( hW ) (

: (

32

raf woh gnol woh mohw tahw netfo woh hcum woh ohw nehw esohw ynam woh hcihw erehw ediw woh woh yhw

: (

taht = fi / rehtehw

- @ )sesualC nuoN( .1

. :- )gnikniht fo sbreV(

esoppus dnatsrednu eveileb naem leef wonk rebmemer kniht llacer tsurt

.2 -:

taht hw ).hw( sdrow noitseuq / rehtehw / fi

selpmaxE )esualC / xelpmoC( .tcaf a si nus eht dnuora sevom htrae eht tahT .1 esualC niaM )esualc nuoN( esualc etanidrobuS

. . 1

)esualC nuoN( )esarhP nuoN(

: )esarhP / elpmiS( .tcaf a si nus eht dnuora htrae eht fo tnemevom ehT =

. = si nus eht dnuora htrae eht fo tnemevom ehT

.

24

2. He explained how nature breaks rocks. (Complex / Clause) Main Clause Subordinate clause (Noun clause)

2 . .

how

. = He explained the way of breaking rocks by the nature. (Simple / Phrase)

= .

clause phrase .

Noun Clauses Noun Phrases

1. I told him that he is innocent.

. I told him about his innocence.

.

2. That the earth moves around the sun became a fact.

.

The movement of the earth around the sun became a fact.

. 3. What he said annoyed me. . His words annoyed me. .

4. He showed that he is a clever doctor.

. He showed his cleverness as a doctor.

.

5. That he is innocent became a fact.

. His innocence became a fact.

. 6. I know where she lives. . I know her address. .

7. He knows when she will arrive.

. He knows the time of her arrival.

.

8. I don't know whether she can buy it or she cannot.

.

I dont know her ability or inability to buy it.

.

9. He brought what is necessary for us.

. He brought our necessary things.

.

10. I don't know whether he has succeeded or failed.

.

I dont know anything about his success or failure.

.

11. They discovered how deep it was.

. They discovered its depth.

.

12. She asked how much sugar I had bought.

. She asked about the quantity of sugar bought by me.

.

13. The teacher asked how many books we had.

. The teacher asked about the number of our books. .

25

14. He didnt tell us why he had committed his crime. .

He didnt tell us the reason of his crime. .

15. What he said is true. . His speech is true. . 16. That he will succeed is certain. . His success is certain. .

17. That he is generous was known to everyone.

. His generosity was known to everyone.

.

18. What he studies gave him great pleasure.

. His studies gave him great pleasure.

.

19. That he failed was unexpected.

. His failure was unexpected.

.

20. Tell me where you live. . Or: Tell me where your address is.

.

Tell me your address. .

21.

Can you tell me where your birthplace is? .

Or: Can you tell me where you were born. .

Can you tell me your birthplace? .

22. I saw who built that house.

. I saw the builder of that house.

.

23. I met who wrote this book.

. I met the writer of this book.

.

24. She spoke of what she feels. Or: She spoke of what she felt.

).(

She spoke of her feelings. .

25. No one knows why he was absent.

. No one knows the reason of his absence.

.

26. The doctor discovered why he was ill.

. The doctor discovered the cause of his illness. .

27. He told me when he arrived.

. He told me the time of his arrival.

.

28. Tell me how far the house from the airport.

. Tell me the distance between the house and the airport.

. 29. We hope that he succeeds. . We hope for his success. .

30.

She knows how she makes cakes. .

She knows the way of making cakes. .

Or: She knows how to make cakes. . :

31. He knew how he can solve the problem.

. He knew the way of solving the problem.

. Or: He knew how to solve the problem.

: .

62

.23 slipup ynam woh wonk ton seod rehcaet ehT .ssalc eht ni era ereht

.

fo rebmun eht wonk ton seod rehcaet ehT .ssalc eht ni slipup

.

.33 evah I srehtorb ynam woh wonk tndid yehT . .tog

ym fo rebmun eht wonk tndid yehT . .srehtorb

.43 .era uoy dlo woh wonk ot detnaw I

. .ega ruoy wonk ot detnaw I

.

.53 ?stsoc koob siht hcum woh wonk uoy oD

?koob siht fo tsoc eht wonk uoy oD

.63 ?si teerts eht ediw woh wonk uoy oD

?teerts eht fo htdiw eht wonk uoy oD

.73 ?si revir eht peed woh em llet uoy naC

?revir eht fo htped eht em llet uoy naC

.83 .emoh og dluoc ehs rehtehw deksa ehS

. .emoh og ot noissimrep a deksa ehS

.

.93 .ylenol saw eh taht dias eH

. .ssenilenol sih tuoba su dlot eH

.

.04 .yretsym a si depacse renosirp eht woH

. a si epacse )fo dohtem( srenosirp ehT .yretsym

. ( )

.14 .skrow eh erehw em dlot eH

. eht ,sserdda eht( ecalp eht em dlot eH .krow sih fo )stuobaerehw

.( )

.24 .dias eh tahw ta dehgual ehS

. .)selat ,yrots( sekoj sih ta dehgual ehS

(. )

. .sgnis eh woh si sihT .34 fo )dohtem ,rennam( yaw sih si sihT . .gnignis

.44 saw edicius dettimmoc eh yhw fo yrots ehT . .nwonk llew

.nwonk llew saw edicius sih fo nosaer ehT .

v (evitinifni) .1

. (.83 13 03 8 ) ( esarhP) ( )og ot

esualc esarhp .2 .

esualc esarhp .3 .

.

27

Exercise No. 6

** Change the following clauses into phrases (Change the following complex sentences into simple sentences):-

) :(-

1. Remember that we are friends. . 2. We dont know why he broke it. . 3. I know why she failed. . 4. I expect that they will arrive here. . 5. She did not tell us how old she is. . 6. None knows who owns it. . 7. They can guess how we got money. . 8. We discovered that she was clever. . 9. You should know how high the hill is. . 10. I do not know how deep this canal is. . 11. Tell me why you were absent. . 12. I dont know when the flood occurs (happens). . 13. It is essential that man thinks before he acts. . 14. Most of the members repeated what he said. . 15. He seems that he is glad. . 16. The policeman knew where the crime had happened. . 17. Do you know how much this house costs? 18. That he will arrive tomorrow is certain. . 19. Bring what you need with you. . 20. We know who designed the house. . 21. We must hope that he will recover. . 22. Dont forget where you will examine. . 23. He spoke along time what he suffers. . 24. We agreed to what he suggested. . 25. Tell me how tall you are. . 26. I am sure of that the book is not useful (is useless). . 27. The patient hoped that he recovers quickly. . 28. That he is young was evident to all. . 29. That he is intelligent was clear to every one. . 30. Tell me how many boys there are in this class. .

82

sesarhP )evitaleR( lavitcejdA & sesualC )evitaleR( lavitcejdA .2

: evitcejdA(evitaleR )esualC v .

( snuonorP evitaleR

. :

)taht gniht eht =( tahw ,esohw ,mohw ,taht ,hcihw ,ohw

:) : ( ( )

.1 .rotcod eht ot lli si ohw nos sih tnes eH . .2 .lli si ohw rotcod eht ot nos sih tnes eH .

esualc lavitcejdA esualc niaM (.1) ( 2)

: sesualC evitaleR fo sdniK v

sesualc gninifed ( (. : . )

non-sesualc gninifed ( ( ,)

. ( ammoc)

selpmaxE

.dehsinup eb lliw yadretsey tnesba saw ohw tneduts ehT .1 .

(gninifed) ohwyadretsey tnesba saw :

. .dehsinup eb lliw tneduts ehT :

?tneduts tahW

29

2. Nabil, who was absent yesterday, will be punished. . was absent yesterdaywho )defining-non(

: Nabil will be punished. .

3. The professor who teaches us chemistry is a good teacher. (defining) 4. The professor, who teaches us chemistry, is a good teacher. (non-defining)

: 1. The boys, who wanted to swim, jumped into the water. 2. The boys who wanted to swim jumped into the water while the others played on the beach.

)who wanted to swim ( ) ( :

. v

which :

I did not bring my book again, which made the teacher very angry. .

1. )infinitive ( ) ( :

the first, the second, the next, the last, the only, and the superlatives ) ( (e.g. the most, the least, the fewest ..etc.).

Mr. Ahmed was the first person that (who) arrived at the reception. .

= Mr. Ahmed was the first person to arrive at the reception. .

2. )-ing form() the present participle ( )verb in active voice:(

Students who want to success should study harder. .

= Students wanting to success should study harder. .

3 . )-ed form) (the past participle ( )verb in passive voice :(

30

Jewellery that was bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now. = Jewellery bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.

)Present Participle( :

. He saw an exciting film. 1. . It was an interesting book. 2.

. Many men were inside the burning house. 3.

)Past Participle( ) ( :

. He was excited when he saw the film. 1. . He was interested in the book. 2.

. The burnt men were rushed to the hospital. 3.

v raseAdjectival Ph )Adjective( ) ( :

. (Adjective) He likes a corner seat. 1. . (Adjectival Phrase) He likes a seat in the corner. 2.

v Forms of Adjective

(Simple Adjective :

clever boy intelligent girl wise man

(Present Participle) ) +ing( :

exciting film interesting book terrifying place

Past Participle :

educated man broken bottle sunken ship written exercise

:

An air-conditioned house a narrow-minded man

a talented composer

v )Adjective Clause ( ) ( (Relative Pronouns) clause phrase

13

snuonorP evitaleR

) (.

. (1 .noitcnujnoc (2

tcejbuS tcejbO evissessoP taht - ohw taht - mohw esohw taht taht esohw

hcihw hcihw hcihw fo

: ) (

. .

v . (1

. ( . ( . =

.devirra tsuj sah nam ehT )a .tsol saw eH )b .devirra tsuj sah tsol saw )taht( ohw nam ehT =

(.a) eH ohw

. esualC lavitcejdA (2

/ ohw .1

: ohw

. ( . (

. =

.detserra saw nam ehT )a .knab eht debbor dah nam ehT )b .detserra saw knab eht debbor dah )taht( ohw nam ehT =

.1

. ( . ( . =

.tnesba si yob ehT )a .wodniw eht ekorb eH )b .tnesba si wodniw eht ekorb )taht( ohw yob ehT =

.2

23

( ( )taht ohw) 21 ) ( )

. (

( ) ( 2) : (eH) ( yob ehT) ( eH)

.tnesba si yob ehT )a .wodniw eht ekorb yob ehT )b .tnesba si wodniw eht ekorb )taht( ohw yob ehT =

) ( taht ohw) ( yob ehT) . (

.tnesba si wodniw eht ekorb )taht( ohw yob ehT = .wodniw eht ekorb tnesba si )taht( ohw yob ehT =

.

/ hcihw .2

: hcihw

. ( . ( ( puc eht ) . =

.sselesu si puc ehT )a .nekorb si puc ehT )b .sselesu si nekorb si )taht( hcihw puc ehT =

.1

. ( . (

.

.llew emaceb draobkcalb ehT )a .draobkcalb eht detniap eH )b detniap eh )taht( hcihw draobkcalb ehT = .llew emaceb

.2

. ( . 2 ( . 2 =

.rac a derih I )a .sretemolik owt retfa nwod ekorb tI )b nwod ekorb )taht( hcihw rac a derih I = .sretemolik owt retfa

.3

. ti rac a =ti

. ( . ( . =

.tniap fo taoc wen a esuoh eht evag I )a .won ylevol yrev skool tI )b fo taoc wen a evag I hcihw ot esuoh ehT = .won ylevol yrev skool tniap

.4

. + hcihw esuoh eht = ti

v . hcihw (1 . + hcihw (2

33

3. whom /

whom . u

) ( . They gave me a present.

)2( )1(

( whom :

( . ( . = .

a) The man wept. b) The manger dismissed the man. = The man whom (that) the manger dismissed wept.

1.

( . ( . = .

a) I saw the director. b) He told me to come back tomorrow. = The director whom (that) I saw, told me to come back tomorrow.

2.

( )whom + Preposition( :

( . ( . = .

a) That is the boy. b) I gave him a book. = That is the boy to whom I gave a book.

1.

( . ( . = .

a) I am going to visit Ahmed. b) I bought him a present. = I am going to visit Ahmed for whom I bought a present.

2.

( whom :

( . ( . = .

a) Ali went to hospital. b) A stone fell on him. = Ali, on whom a stone fell, went to hospital.

1.

)b ( him ) ( whom.

( . ( . = .

a) Ahmed married Tagreed. b) He was in love with her. = Ahmed married Tagreed with whom he was in love. 2.

34

4. whose / ) / (

whose . whose ) ( ) ( :

( . ( . = .

a) I met Ali. b) Alis father is a doctor. = I met Ali whose father is a doctor.

1.

( . ( . = .

a) My friend is sad. b) His dog has been killed. = My friend whose dog has been killed is sad.

2.

( . ( . = .

a) The horses leg has been broken. b) It had to be shot. = The horse whose leg was broken had to be shot.

3.

5. that /

that ) whom- which -who ( whose.

that ......

( . ( . = .

a) The story is true. b) He told us the story. = The story that (which) he told us is true.

1.

( . ( . = .

a) We fought for our freedom. b) We love our freedom. = We fought for our freedom that (which) we love.

2.

( . ( . = .

a) Ahmed is clever. b) Ahmed is a student. = Ahmed that (who) is a student is clever.

3.

v that

1( that who which whom that :

It is the man behind the camera, not the camera, that is important. .

53

( esualC nuoN) ( ) taht (2 (.esopruP fo esualC laibrevdA) ( )

)esualC nuoN( .tneserp eb ot ekil dluow eh taht dias eH .1 ( . ) ( )

.2 ( . ) )esualC nuoN( .tneconni si eh taht kniht I )esopruP fo esualC laibrevdA( .regnol evil thgim eh taht gnikoms deppots eH

.3 (. . )

nuonorP evitaleR ( ) taht (3 (.esualC lavitcejdA)

)esualC .jdA( .edistuo gnitiaw si wodniw eht ekorb taht yob ehT .1 ( . )

)esualC .jdA( .rotcod a si niart eht ni tem I taht nam ehT .2 ( . )

. ( ) taht (4

( . ) )evitcejda evitartsnomed( .hsiloof si nam tahT

. ( ) taht (5

( ) . )nuonorp evitartsnomed( .koob ym si tahT

snuonorP evitaleR v

mohw ( / )ohw (1 (. /)

.yadretsey tem I )taht / mohw( ohw nam eht si tahT .

(. taht gniht eht ) tahw (2

.1 .mih dehsinotsa was eh tahW . .2 .did eh tahw su llet tndid eH .

:( ) ( esualC .jdA) (3 .cte. nehw ,erehw ,yhw

36

1. why = for which

. The reason why he refused to stay was not known.

2. where = in / at which ) ( /

. The hotel where he was staying caught fire. 1. . The villa where I spent my boyhood is still standing. 2.

3. when = in / on / at / during which ) ( /

Do you remember the day when we first met? 1. . The day when he arrived, his wife had a baby. 2.

4( )Relative Adverb ( where :

. The reason he refused to stay was not known. 1. . The hotel he was staying in caught fire. 2. . The villa I spent my boyhood in is still standing. 3.

Do you remember the day we first met? 4. . The day he arrived, his wife had a baby. 5.

5(

)contact clause( :

(defining clause) The man whom you saw yesterday is a doctor. (contact clause) = The man you saw yesterday is a doctor.

1.

(defining clause) The family whom I visited invited me to stay. (contact clause) = The family I visited invited me to stay.

2.

6( who whom .

The dog, who was chasing rabbits in his sleep, suddenly kicked the table. .

37

7( ) ( :

Interrogative Adjectives

Interrogative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

------------ )( who )( who ------------ )( whom )( whom

) + ( whose + noun )( whose )( whose ) +( which + noun which ) ( which

------------ ------------ that ) +( what + noun / what what

) ( )

.( .

Exercise No. 7

I) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence. (Use a relative pronoun). 1 ( ) (

The minerals are in great quantities. The minerals are found in Egypt. 1. The boat has no sails )( . The boat is on the river. 2. The policeman warned )( the boy. The boy was driving quickly. 3. Those boys must have good food. You made them work hard. 4. The man helped the girl. He had met her in Gaza. 5. Samy was weeping. I had found Samys book. 6. The boy was very clever. His answers were correct answers. 7. I took all these things. I need all these things. 8. This is the man. I met him in London. 9. The man was killed. He was driving a car. 10. I bought this stereo last week. It doesnt work properly. 11. Hes the person. Hes going to be fired )( . 12. That is the journalist. His article made quite a stir ) /( yesterday. 13. Im the man. You stole my wallet. 14. They sent a new teacher. She looks nice. 15. We didnt like the housemaid. The agency sent her. 16. Nadia looked angry. She has been listening to our conversation. 17. I climbed up the stairs. They were newly-painted. 18.

38

II) Put a suitable relative pronoun: 2 ( :

The cat had been very quiet, suddenly started mewing. 1. I didnt find the wallet you said youd left under the pillow )( . 2. Mr. Galal, had been very sick, died yesterday. 3. Im the one car was stolen last night. 4. Thats the general manager is retiring )( next month. 5. I love cities, are big and noisy. 6. He was extremely rude, made me very angry. 7. Ive never met the actor lives next door to us. 8. That is one neighbour with Ill never be on good terms ) ( . 9. The car, four wheels were punctured, had to be abandoned ) ( 10. Students names begin with A always get examined first is unfair ( / ). 11. I did I could wasnt much. 12. He was very rude to the police officer , of course, made things worse. 13. Youssef, . wallet was missing, found it under the table. 14.

III) Add the missing word: 3 ( :

I dont know . to do. 1. I asked him . to put it. 2. I cant remember . to start this machine. 3. We dont know . to give it to. 4. I dont know . is your house. 5. I cant imagine . you are angry with me. 6. I cant remember . I am supposed to meet him at the station. 7. You must do .. he tells you. 8. Do you know . did it? 9. She hasnt written to me . she is coming. 10.

IV) Remove the relative pronoun and make the necessary changes: 4 ( :

The captain was the last man that left the sinking ship. 1. Tourists who travel abroad a lot should make prior reservations ) ( at hotels. 2. The man who was sick was brought to the doctor. 3. Students, who were punished yesterday, are to report to the headmasters office. 4. He was the only student who understood the lesson. 5. Guns that have been fired recently are easy to detect. 6. Mona was the first person who saw the flying saucer ) ( . 7. The car that was stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner. 8. Plants that are watered by salty water seldom survive. 9. People who want to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters ) ( 10.

39

V) Join the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets: 5 ( :

Romeo and Juliet were deeply in love. Their families hated each other. (Romeo and Juliet .) 1. I was waiting for a friend. He didnt come. (The friend .) 2. Swiss Family Robison, is a story about family. Their ship sank near a desert island. (Swiss Family Robison ) 3.

I saw several apartments. Few of them were suitable. (I saw ..) 4. I was given this address by my friend. I met her at the airport. (I was given ..) 5. A man answered the phone. He said that it was the wrong number. (The man ..) 6. The bed had no springs. I slept on that bed. (The bed .. ) 7. Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges. Many of them were hungry. (Before the Gulf War ..) 8.

Rashids leg is still in a plaster cast. Hell have to watch the match on T.V. (Rashid .) 9. He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. This didnt suit me at all. (He wanted ..)_ 10.

VI) Pick out the adjective clause in each of the following sentences: 6 ( :

This is the dress that my aunt gave me. 1. The cakes which I bought are on the table. 2. The thief who robbed the old lady was arrested. 3. A car that wont start is of no value to anybody. 4. The police gave the old man who has been robbed his stolen wallet. 5.

VII) Get rid of the relative pronoun (make contact clauses or use the infinitive, the present participle or the past participle):

7 ( ) ) :((

The house which they built fell down after two months. 1. The bus that arrived late was full. 2. The money which he borrowed from his friend was lost. 3. She was the most beautiful girl that attended the party. 4. The street was lead to the university is very wide. 5. Buildings which were built fifty years ago are more robust than those are built these days. 6. The man whom I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss. 7. Books that bored him were usually thrown into the waste basket. 8. Being the last person that arrived that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door. 9. He said that bonds / that were purchased last month made a large profit / . 10.

40

VIII) Add the missing relative, but where possible, make a contact clause (without a relative pronoun):

8 ( ) :(

The doctor you want has just left. 1. The paper you showed me yesterday was very interesting. 2. The flowers I cut this morning are still fresh. 3. The barber shaved your beard did it very badly. 4. The eggs I ate yesterday were delicious. 5. The man about you are talking died last week. 6. The knife with we cut the bread is very sharp. 7. The knife, we use to cut the bread with, is very sharp. 8. The man money you stole went to the police. 9. Where is the shop sells picture post-cards? 10.

IX) Punctuate the following sentences to show which are defining and which are non-defining clauses:

9 ( :

Many people were injured in the capital Zaire where 10.000 students took part in a demonstration )( . 1. The river that flows through Cairo is the Nile. 2. The Nile which flows through Cairo is the longest river in the world. 3. I went to see their home which I liked very much. 4. Professor Ali who teaches chemistry is a good teacher. 5.

X) Express differently by means of a relative pronoun:

10 ( :

The reason for his anger is not known. 1.

This is a book on astronomy; there is non better. 2. We are living in profoundly disturbing times. 3. I ended up by making a speech, and I hadn't wanted to. 4.

Time is money.

41

How to change Adjectival Clause into Adjectival Phrase (How to change from Complex to Phrase)

Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase

complex simple clause phrase + verb To Be .

) ( . ) ( .

The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems. (Complex / Clause) ) ( .

The intelligent man can overcome his problems. (Simple / Phrase) ) ( .

1.

E intelligent ) ( )Complex /Clause( )Simple /Phrase( ) (

who is) verb to be.(

I bought a suit which is made of wool. (Complex / Clause) .

I bought a suit made of wool. (Simple / Phrase) .

2.

E made of wool ) ( (Complex /Clause) Simple /Phrase) ( ) () a suit(

which is) verb to be.(

Examples

Adjectival Phrase

Adjectival Clauses

Learned People behave wisely. .

People who are learned behave wisely. . 1.

The wounded man could regain his health.

.

The man who was wounded could regain his health.

. 2.

Careless students are always punished. .

Students who are careless are always punished. . 3.

24

.krow eht did ,ynaH dellac nam ehT .

. .krow eht did ynaH :rO

.krow eht did ynaH dellac si ohw nam ehT .4 .

.daed si yadretsey fo tsoh ruoy ,nezaM .rM .

si ,yadretsey detisiv uoy mohw ,nezaM .rM .daed

. detisiv :

nezaM .rM .si

.5

si ,rac eulb eht fo renwo eht ,aidaN .sriatsnwod .

.sriatsnwod si ,rac eulb eht snwo ohw ,aidaN .6 .

saw uoy yb dednemmocer koob ehT .tnellecxe

.

ot em dednemmocer uoy hcihw koob ehT .tnellecxe saw daer

. .7

.elbuort hcum em desuac ecivda ruoY .

em desuac uoy yb nevig ecivda ehT :rO .elbuort hcum

.

hcum em desuac evag uoy ecivda ehT .elbuort

. hcihw :

.ecivda eht uoy

.8

.esion eht raeh t'ndluoc lrig faed ehT .

.esion eht raeh t'ndluoc faed saw ohw lrig ehT .9 .

.teerts eht ni nam dnilb eht tem I . ( )

.teerts eht ni dnilb si ohw nam eht tem I .01 . ( )

.detserra saw knab eht fo rebbor ehT .

.detserra saw knab eht debbor dah ohw nam ehT .11 .

.detnaw era uoy yb detivni elpoep ehT .

detivni : .era

.detnaw era detivni uoy mohw elpoep ehT .

.21

.tpew nam dessimsid ehT .

.tpew dessimsid reganam eht mohw nam ehT .31 .

.sgniw gnorts evah sdrib gnitargiM .

.sgniw gnorts evah etargim hcihw sdriB .41 .

.sselesu si puc nekorb A .

.sselesu si nekorb si hcihw puc A .51 .

.yenom teg lliw dnal tnrub gnissessop sremraF .

.yenom teg lliw dnal tnrub ssessop ohw sremraF .61 .

.evisnepxe yrev si reh yb thguob rac ehT .

thguob : .si

.evisnepxe yrev si thguob ehs rac ehT .

rac eht hcihw : . rac eht ehs

.71

43

The government gave money to the owner of the burnt houses.

.

The government gave money to the people whose houses were burnt. .

18.

The lost battle was a great one. .

The battle that they lost was a great one. . 19.

The valuable illustrations are kept in museums.

.

The illustrations which are valuable are kept in museums.

. 20.

Exercise No. 8 v Change adjectival clauses into phrases:

:

The road which they destroyed joined two cities. . 1. The man who wrote these papers died many years ago.

. 2.

The man who invited this rocket made more advanced rockets. . 3.

The people whom they employed are very clever. . 4. The stories that he writes are tragedies. . 5. The man whose car was damaged is still alive. . 6. The manuscripts that they found in the desert clear many things

. 7. The papers which were very old are written in a strange language.

) .( 8.

Deeds, not words.

44

How to change from Simple Sentence into Complex Sentence Or: How to change from Phrase into Clause

- phrase clause clause phrase.

Adjective or Adjectival phrase Adjectival clause

)adjectival clause ( :

verb to Be

Adjectival Clause ( Complex )

Adjectival Phrase (Simple )

The boy who is clever succeeds every year. .

The clever boy succeeds every year. . 1.

The man who is wise can solve his problems. .

The wise man can solve his problems. . 2.

People who are living in Gaza enjoy the sea. Or: People who live in Gaza enjoy the sea.

) ( ) ( .

People living in Gaza enjoy the sea. ) ( ) ( . 3.

The pupils who are in the third year must work hard.

.

The pupils in the third year must work hard. . 4.

I have read a story which was interesting. .

I have read an interesting story. . 5.

I saw a film which was wonderful. .

I saw a wonderful film. . 6.

Khalil lives in a house which is air-conditioned.

) ( .

Khalil lives in an air-conditioned house. ) ( . 7.

We live in a house which is containing many rooms. Or: We live in a house which contains many rooms.

.

We live in a house containing many rooms. ) ( .

8.

45

Exercise No. 9

v Change the following sentences from Simple to Complex and vice versa:

: .

. Violent wind pull out trees. 1. The students answered the questions which are difficult. 2. The government decided to educate the illiterate people ) ( . 3. The man playing piano is my friend. 4. The girl who has golden hair, answers well. 5. My friend bought a car which was old. 6. Our brave soldiers have freed our land. 7. His broad minded thought has helped us. 8. Books which are written by hand are put in museums. 9. Minerals found in Egypt will help in developing the country. 10. Hard working students always attain /( ) their ends. 11. The passengers on this train escaped death. 12. The people like faithful friends. 13. The carpenter repaired the broken chair. 14. Clouds which were heavy caused rain today. 15. Narrow minded people always face troubles. 16.

. We admire their unconquerable spirit. 17. Homeless children should be housed in healthy homes. 18. The goods which were in the shop window were damaged by fire. 19. A useful book gives knowledge. 20.

He laughs best who laughs last.

46

3. Adverbial Clause and Adverbial Phrases

v Adverbial Clauses Adverb ... . )Subordinating Conjunctions( :

while, where, because, if, as, although, ...etc.

)Subordinating Conjunctions ( Complex Sentence Subordinate Clause

main (principle) clause:

. ) (

1. because. 2. because he was tired 3. he went home

He went home because he was tired. (complex)

. ) ( :

.

Because he was tired, he went home. (complex)

Examples

. He went home because he was tired. 1. . Because he was tired, he went home. 2.

. He went for a walk although it was raining. 3. . Although it was raining, he went for a walk. 4.

v ),) (comma( .

E -

1. Adverbial Clause of Place 2. Adverbial Clause of Time 3. Adverbial Clause of Cause (Reason) 4. Adverbial Clause of Purpose 5. Adverbial Clause of Result (Consequence) 6. Adverbial Clause of Contrast

47

7. Adverbial Clause of Manner 8. Adverbial Clause of Comparison 9. Adverbial Clause of Condition

10. Adverbial Clause of Degree 11. Adverbial Clause of Exception 12. Adverbial Clause of Preference 13. Adverbial Clause of Proportion

v Adverbial Phrase ) ... (

.... Preposition

Compound Conjunctions Present Participle) (ing form)( )Past Participle) ( .(

Examples

1. He smiled wickedly. (adv. Phrase of manner)

) . ) ((

2. He smiled in a wickedly way. (adv. Phrase of manner)

).) .( (

3. He arrived at four oclock. (adv. Phrase of time)

) . (

4. She went into the garden. (adv. Phrase of place)

) . (

5. Being ill, he was absent yesterday. (adv. Phrase of reason)

) . (

6. Going home, he ran into his friend. (adv. Phrase of time)

) () . (

7. He studied hard, in order to succeed. (adv. Phrase of purpose)

) . (

8. But for his illness, he would succeeded. (adv. Phrase of condition)

) ( ) . (

. .

He went on foot to the station at four oclock. . Adverbial clause of manner place time

48

| Clausephrase

1. Adverbial Clauses of Place

"where:"

/ whence where / any where wherever

) .(

Examples

1. I dont know where he went. ) (. 2. I found your pen where you dropped it. . 3. Bad luck follows him wherever he goes. " . 4. I dont know whence he came. .

How to change from Adverbial Clause to Adverbial Phrase

Adverbial Clause Adverb or Adverbial Phrase ) (

) ( .

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Place into Phrase

Clause Phrase :

Phrase Clause where wherever

in, at, on, .. etc, every where

/ whence / no where / any where

49

Examples

Clause Phrase

1. She goes with him where he goes.

. She goes with him every where.

2. You can go whence you came.

. You can go back.

.

3. The sun was where the sea meets the sky.

. The sun was at the horizon.

.

4. He made friends wherever he went.

. He made friends every where.

.

5. Do you know where he hides the map?

Do you know the place of the hidden map?

6. She showed them where she had hidden the bag.

. She showed them the place of the hidden bag.

.

7. New building are standing where old cottages once stood.

.

New building are standing in the place of the old cottages.

.

Like father, like son.

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2. Adverbial Clauses of Time

)when( :-

as while when before every time / wherever after until / as long as the moment till since / as soon as

/ once immediately

the next time the last time the first time ... scarcely when ... hardly when where upon

... no sooner than

Examples

1. I saw my friend, when I arrived. . 2. As I was walking, I met an old friend. . 3. While I was shaving, the telephone rang. . 4. Before he went out, he had given me a prize. . 5. After he had written the letter, he posted it. . 6. He waited outside the gate, till we arrived. . 7. I havent seen him, since he got married. . 8. Hardly had he arrived when he started work. . 9. No sooner had he arrived than he started work. .

v 1. perfect tenses since . 2. :

hardly when scarcely when no sooner than

when ) ( extra-ordinary cases ) ... (.... :

when.

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Present Perfect )had ( ) ( :

Hardly had he opened the envelop when an explosion was heard. .

3 after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment

( ) .(

after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment +

Examples

1. After I finish (or have finished) my work, Ill go to the cinema. .

2. I will visit him as soon as I phone (or have phoned) him. .

3. She will prepare the dinner before she goes (or has gone) out. .

4. We will wait until he arrives (or has arrived). . 5. When I get (or have got) my visa, Ill travel to Paris. ) . 6. Ill send him a letter the moment I know (or have known) of his success. .

after, when, as soon as, till, until, the moment . before .

( after, when, as soon as, till, until ) .(

( before ) .(

+ after, when, as soon as +

+ before +

till, until +

52

Examples

7. After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk. . 8. Before he went for a walk, he had eaten dinner. . 9. He didnt go for a walk until (till) he had eaten dinner. .

. till until .

I commit my affair to Allah.

53

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Time into Phrase

Clause Phrase :

Phrase Clause in / at / on when after / before after, before during / while as, while till / until till, until since + poss. adj. since just on the moment

noun or

gerund

immediately on / after / just on / on / as soon as + poss. adj.

as soon as, no sooner than , scarcely when , hardly when

when in, at, on + noun or gerund

Clause Phrase

1. When he saw his mother, he ran towards her.

. On seeing his mother, he ran towards her.

.

2. When he arrived, she was angry.

. On his arrival, she was angry.

.

3. When he came, I was sleeping.

. On his coming, I was sleeping.

.

4. When she heard the news, she fainted.

. On hearing the news, she fainted .

.

after 1) after + noun or gerund Or 2) having + p.p

before before + noun or gerund

Phrases Clauses After eating dinner, he went for a walk . Or: Having eaten dinner, he went for a walk.

.

After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk. . 1.

After receiving the telegram, they came. Or: Having received the telegram, they came.

).(

They came after they had received the telegram.

) ( . 2.

54

After finishing the work, they went home. Or: Having finished the work, they went home.

) ( .

After they had finished the work, they went home.

) ( . 3.

They had studied the plans before starting the project.

.

They had studied the plans before they started the project.

. 4.

He had sent a telegram before her arrival. .

He had sent a telegram before she arrived. . 5.

while / as 1) while + noun or gerund Or 2) during + noun or gerund

While As )(complex / clause ) (simple / phrase :

While (As) I was studying my lessons, my friends came. (clause / complex) .

1. While studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple) 2. During studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple) 3. Studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)

.

Clauses Phrases

1. He met her while he was walking in the street.

) ( .

Walking in the street, he met her. .

2. While (As) his friends fought with the enemy, he hid himself.

.

During his friends fight with the enemy, he hid himself.

.

3. While (As) I was singing, I coughed.

. While singing, I coughed.

.

4. While he was climbing the tree, he slipped.

. Climbing the tree, he slipped.

.

until until + noun or gerund till till

Clauses Phrases

1. She will not leave until he comes.

. She will not leave until (his) coming.

).(

2. They waited until (till) the work began.

. They waited until (till) the beginning of work.

.

3. He waited till it appeared again.

. He waited till its second appearance.

) (.

55

since since + poss. adj. + noun or gerund

)poss. adj. () :my, his, her, it, their, your, our ( since .

Clauses Phrases

1. I havent seen him since he returned from the U.S.A.

.

I havent seen him since his return from the U.S.A.

.

2. He hasnt sent letters since he departed.

. He hasnt sent letters since (his) departing (departure).

.

3. Since he died, no one has visited his family.

. Since (his) death, no one has visited his family.

.

4. He has left his home since they arrived.

. He has left his home since their arrival.

.

5. She neglected every thing since her child died.

.

She neglected every thing since the death of her child.

.

the moment just on + noun or gerund

Clauses Phrases

1. The moment he rang the bell, two men came.

. Just on ringing the bell, two men came.

.

2. The moment he read that letter, he left our village.

.

(Just on) Reading that letter, he left our village. .

Just on.

3. I shall send him a letter the moment I know of his success.

.

I shall send him a letter just on knowing of his success.

.

hardly .when . no sooner . than . scarcely . when as soon as ..

immediatelty on immediately after

Clauses Phrases

1. As soon as he arrived, he started talking.

. Immediately on arrival (arriving), he started talking.

.

56

2. As soon as I received the telegram, I hurried to the airport.

.

Immediately on receiving the telegram, I hurried to the airport.

.

3. As soon as he had arrived, he demanded a meal.

. Immediately after his arrival, he demanded a meal.

.

4. No sooner had she taken the papers than she tore them.

. Immediately on taking the papers, she tore them.

) ( .

5. No sooner had she swallowed two pills than she slept.

. Immediately on swallowing two pills, she slept.

.

6. No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.

. Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.

.

7. No sooner had she seen the lion than she cried.

. Immediately after seeing the lion, she cried.

.

8. Hardly had he reached the station when he was called back.

. Reaching the station, he was called back.

) ( .

9. Hardly had she opened the envelop when an explosion was heard.

. Opening the envelop, an explosion was heard.

) ( .

10. Hardly had he left the house when we missed the jewels.

.

Just after his leaving the house, we missed the jewels.

) ( .

11. Scarcely had the plan touched the ground when it burst into flames.

.

Just on touching the ground, the plan burst into flames.

) ( .

12. Scarcely had the bus stopped when it burst into flames.

. Stopping, the bus burst into flames.

) ( .

13. So long as he neglects his duties, he should be blamed.

. Neglecting his duties, he should be blamed.

.

14. So long as he disobeys me, I shall stop sending him money.

. Disobeying me, I shall stop sending him money.

.

15. Once he stands firm, she will respect him.

) ( . Standing firm, she will respect him.

.

16.

Once you sign these papers, I shall send you the goods.

) / ( ) (.

Signing these papers, I shall send you the goods. ) (.

57

Exercise No. 10

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence: 1 ( :

I waited for a long time. At least he appeared. 1.

We arrived at the football field. Then the game started. 2.

He arrived at a certain time. Immediately I went home. 3.

My father finished his work. He soon went home. 4.

I studied my lessons. I went to bed afterwards. 5.

He went away yesterday. We have done no work since that time. 6.

They crossed the canal. Then they attacked the enemy. 7.

The Egyptian soldiers had appeared. Immediately the Israeli soldiers disappeared. 8.

I was washing my hands. The telephone rang. 9.

She was sitting at the table. Then the children came. 10.

II) Complete the following: 2 ( :

1. He had lived abroad since 2. No sooner had he left the house 3. He apologized to his father after 4. The boys sat silent when 5. Hardly had he packed his luggage to travel 6. Scarcely had they gone out of school 7. I shall wait for him till 8. He had studied his lessons well before

III) Change the black typed clauses into phrases and vice versa: 3 ( : | ) .(

I didnt know him until he spoke to me. 1. No one could believe him after he had told lies. 2. The sick pupil forgot every thing when he sat for the exam. 3. He had not prepared himself before entering the exam. 4. Having prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic. 5. No sooner had he met him than he informed him of his success. 6. In doing your duty, you should not be shamed. 7. Hardly had we attacked them when they escaped. 8. Immediately after his reaching school, the bell rang. 9. When I spoke to him, he was angry. 10. Dont write till I give you an order. 11. The world has changed since the atomic power was discovered. 12.

58

3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason)

)because:(-

for because / so long as since now that as /

Examples

1. She didnt come to school today because she was ill. . 2. As she was late, she was walking quickly. . 3. He walked carefully since he was in pain. . 4. She was thirsty for she had drunk nothing all morning. .

5. As long as he refuses our advice he should shoulder the results. . 6. Now that you have taken money, sign this contract. ) ( .

u since as for because) ( .

How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause into Phrase

clause phrase :

Clause Phrase because / because of for / for / since / owing to as / / due to /

on account to so long as

as a result of

now that thanks to so long as Being + /

+ poss. adj. + noun or gerund

u clause phrase )verb + ing ( .

59

Examples

Clauses Phrases

1. He could not speak because he was ill.

. He could not speak because of his illness. Or: Being ill, he could not speak.

.

2. He got angry since she was late.

. He got angry on account of her lateness.

.

3. She drove fast as she was late.

. She drove fast owing to her being late.

.

4. He studied hard because he wanted to succeed.

. He studied hard due to his need to succeed.

.

5.

Because he was careless, he was punished.

.

Because of his carelessness, he was punished. .

Or: Being careless, he was punished. : .

6. As it was dark, we lost our way.

. Owing to darkness, we lost our way.

.

7.

She stayed in bed as she was ill. .

She stayed in bed as a result of her illness. .

Or: Being ill, she stayed in bed .

8. She danced because she was happy.

. Being happy, she danced.

.

9. They admired his for he is brave.

. They admired his for his bravery.

.

10. As we have a wise leader, we avoided many troubles.

.

Owing to the wisdom of our leader, we avoided many troubles.

.

11. He will succeed since he works hard.

. Working hard, he will succeed.

.

12. They work in this way as you have directed them.

).(

They work in this way according to your directions.

).(

13. Now that you have taken money, sign this contract.

. Having taken your money, sign this contract.

.

14. Now that he is innocent, they must set him free.

. Being innocent, they must set him free.

.

60

15. As long as he refuses our advice, he should shoulder the results.

.

Refusing our advice, he should shoulder the results.

) ( .

16. As you had been here before, you had better lead the way.

.

Having been here before, you had better lead the way.

.

17. He refuses to drive his car since he has faced many accidents.

.

Due to his accidents, he refuses to drive his car. .

he refuses to , Due to facing many accidents :Or drive his car.

.

18. You cannot blame him for he is innocent.

. You cannot blame him for his innocence.

.

19. He succeeded because he is clever.

. He succeeded owing to (due to) (on account of) (according to) his cleverness.

.

Necessity has no law.

Exercise No. 11 I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

1 ( :

He could not see. He was blind. 1.

He was angry. He lost his watch. 2.

He could not play well. He was not trained well. 3.

He could not walk. His leg was broken. 4.

He suffers from cough. He smokes much. 5. II) Complete the following: 2 ( : 1. He closed his shop as . 2. He left sad because . 3. She wept bitterly since . 4. He could not buy new shoes for . 5. As he refused to return the stolen good .

61

III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

3 ( :

| ) .(

1. He failed because of his laziness. 2. Owing to his bravery, he defeated his rival ) (. 3. Being tired, he went to bed. 4. We couldnt study, because there was much noise. 5. As the day was hot, they decided to spend it on the beach. 6. The boy was punished because he was careless. 7. He was put in prison as a result of bad behavior. 8. Thanks to intelligence, he could overcome his difficulties. 9. The travelers suffered a great deal as they did not have enough water. 10. Egypt, being full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.

Charity begins at home.

26

esopruP fo sesualC laibrevdA .4

....... : )nosaer( esuac esoprup .(? ........yhW)

?loohcs ot og uoy od yhW )esuac( .nrael ot tnaw I esuaceb loohcs ot og I ().

)esoprup( .nrael ot loohcs ot og I :rO ()( ) :

:esoprup fo nosaer fo (. )

(. )

. esuac

. esoprup

: (taht os) @

taht os taht redro ni taht taht epoh eht ni

taht gnimia

.1

.

.yam + ( )

.thgim+ ( )

.

+ taht gnimia ,taht epoh eht ni ,taht ,redro ni ,taht os + + + yam

+ taht gnimia ,taht epoh eht ni ,taht ,redro ni ,taht os + + + thgim (thgimyam

63

lest / / / for fear that

2.

should lest for fear that.

lest for fear that

+ + should +

+ + may or might + + + should +

for fear that /

Examples

1. He worked hard so that he might succeed. . 2. She studies hard that she may / can succeed. ) .( 3. He ran fast in order that he might catch the train. . 4. He traveled abroad in the hope that he might find work. . 5. He stopped smoking lest he should die young. . 6. I opened the door quickly lest I should disturb him. ) ( .

7. She didnt sleep all night for fear that she might miss her train. ) (.

8. He got up early for fear that he should miss the train. .

How to change Adverbial Clause of Purpose into Phrase

that so clausecomplexphrasesimple

) ( may might :

Clause Phrase

so that, in order that, that, in the hope that

to , in order to , so as to , not to , in order not to

aiming that / aiming to

+ infinitive

Or: for , with the intention of , with the aim of

+ noun or gerund

64

lestfor fear that clausecomplexphrasesimple

) ( should :

+ infinitive ( ) / so as not to + noun or gerund ( ) / Or: for fear of

Phrase Clause so as not to + infinitive ( ) Or: for fear of + noun or gerund ( )

lest / for fear that

Examples

Clauses Phrases

1. We went to the theater in order that we might see the play.

. We went to the theater in order to see the play.

.

2. He ran everyday that he might win the race.

. He ran everyday to win the race.

.

3.

He works hard so that he may get high marks.

.

He works hard to (so as to / in order to) get high marks.

. Or: He works hard for getting high marks.

: .

4. We go to school so that (in order that / that / aiming that) we may learn.

.

We go to school to (so as to / in order to / aiming to) learn.

.

5.

They went to Gaza in order that they might enjoy the sea.

.

They went to Gaza to (so as to / in order to) enjoy the sea.

. Or: They went to Gaza with the intention of (with the aim of) enjoying the sea.

: .

6.

Mother entered the kitchen that she might cook.

.

Mother entered the kitchen to cook. .

Or: Mother entered the kitchen for (with the aim of / with the intention of) cooking.

: .

7. Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early lest he should be late.

.

Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early for fear of being late.

.

65

8. I am in a hurry lest I shouldnt attend the first lesson.

.

I am in a hurry for fear of not attending the first lesson.

.

9.

He worked hard lest he should fail. .

He worked hard so as not to fail. .

Or: He worked hard for fear of failing (failure). : .

10.

He got up early for fear that he should miss the train.

.

He got up early so as not to miss the train. ) ( .

Or: He got up early for fear of missing the train. .

Exercise No. 12

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence: 1 ( :

He went home. He wanted to take a rest. 1.

They spent the day on the mountain. They hoped to enjoy the fresh air. 2.

The students worked hard. They were afraid to fail. 3.

She went to the doctor. She wished the doctor to examine her. 4.

They kept the child in a warm room. They feared he would take cold. 5.

They traveled to Egypt.