4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

CPU(DMA)

Memory Wall

Memory HierarchyCache

4.1 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) TTL MOS

(1) 4.12. (2)

CacheFlash Memory3. 4.1

1. 4.1

4.1

4.2 1.

2. CPU 4.2

24 16 32 3. 4.2224 = 16 M8 M4 M

(2) 4. (1) (3) /4.2

600~700/TB200/GBSRAM400/256KB

1. 1K416K18K81041411384.2

/ 4.2

16K 1 64K 8 324.2

2. (1) 4.2

(2) 4.20,0

( RAM ) 1. RAM (SRAM) (1) RAM A A 4.2T1 ~ T4

RAM 4.2

RAM

(2) RAM Intel 2114 1K4

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

1503116473263481503116473263480163015I/O1I/O2I/O3I/O4WECS0000000000 Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)

(3) RAM

(4) RAM (2114)

SRAM 4096140961640961409616

SRAM

SRAMCPU

32

/

/

...

...

n

0

2n-1

W

W

...

B0

B1

Bm-1

SRAM n2n n4 241616

32

/

/

...

...

n

0

2n-1

W

W

...

B0

B1

Bm-1

SRAM3-84-168+8=168X8

SRAMX/Y n22n/22n/22n/2=2nn=12212=4096226=128 n

T

SRAM/I/OX

T

SRAM2114SRAM1K4/cs/we/cs/we/cs2114

A9A0D3D0

SRAM4102464166-644-16

(1) 10 (2) (3) MOSZWTCSCDMOS

(1) RAM 2. RAM ( DRAM ) 1 CS 1 04.2T

(2) RAM RAM (Intel 1103) 4.2

RAM (Intel 1103) 4.2

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)

RAM 4116 (16K 1)

4116 (16K 1) 63000

4116 (16K1) 4.2630

(3) RAM DOUT DIN 4.2

(4) DRAM1 2ms

2ms

1024200ns2ms 10 000 1024 8976(2ms/200ns)-1024=8976

/tRC100ns200ns2ms10000

2ms 12815.6sCPUDMA

10243232500ns500ns3232 2ms/500ns=4000

500ns500ns1s10243232500ns500ns3232

10243232500ns500ns3232 2ms32322ms/32=62.5s62s0.5s2ms62.5s

CPU

3. RAM RAM 4.2

(RAM)SRAMDRAMMOS

DRAM1.SRAM4SRAMSRAM42.DRAMSRAM1/43.DRAMSRAM1/6DRAM1.SRAM 2.DRAM DRAMSRAMDRAM SRAM

DRAMEDO RAMExtended Data Out RAMBEDO RAMBurstSDRAMSynchronous DRAMEDO50%DDRDual Data RateSDRAM IISDRAMSDRAM2CDRAM(Cached)SDRAMDRAMDRAMRDRAM(Rambus DRAM)

ROM 1. ROM ( MROM ) MOS 1 MOS 0 2. PROM ()

3. EPROM ( ) (1) N MOS

(2) 2716 EPROM

4. EEPROM ( ) 5. Flash Memory () EEPROMEPROM EEPROM RAM

RAM RAMRAMAiDi CPU

1RAM16K812116K=214148814 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 26 / 20000H~3FFFH01

SRAM21141K4A9A0D3D0/CS= 0 = 1 WE= 0 = 1

1 () () () //

1K 4 1K 8 1. 2

8K1RAM8K88

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O8K1RAM8K8

I/O8K1I/O

64K1b64K8b64KB = 8 16A0 A15 8A15A0CPUA15A088CPUD7D0 CPU168 CPU /8

< CS

(2) 1K 8 2K 8 2

16K8RAM64K864K16K44RAM 2

16K8RAM64K810

64K8b512K8b512KB = 8 16A0 - A15 20 A0-A19 8A15A0CPU20 A15 A0 4 A16 A19 16888 88CPUD7D0

:

MNLK

(3) 1K 4 4K 8 8

2. CPU (1) (2) (3) /(4) (5) (6)

4.1 : (1) (2) A15A14A13 A11 A10 A7 A4 A3 A0

(3) A10~ A0 2K 8 ROM A9 ~ A0 1K 4 RAM (4)

4.1 CPU

(1) (2) (3) (4) 1 4K 8 ROM 2 4K 8 RAMA11~ A0 ROM RAM

138 CPU 2764 F0000H~FFFFFH , 2764

1 2321141K4SRAM4K8421141K4SRAM4K8

21141K4SRAM4K81. 21K4 1K8 41K8 4K8 8 =48/ 14=8

21141K4SRAM4K82.()4KB16(64KB

21141K4SRAM4K8A11 A10 A9 A00 0 0 00 0 1 10 1 1 11 0 1 10 1 0 01 0 0 01 1 0 01 1 1 1 124KBA11A021141K410A0~A9

1K1K1K1KA9A0A9A0A9A0A9A0CS0CS1CS2CS3A11A10A11A10A11A10A11A10000H~FFFH4000H~3FFH400H~7FFH800H~BFFHC00H~FFFH21141K4SRAM4K8

21141K4SRAM4K83.1234

4K82KEPROM27162K82KSRAM21141K4/A15A0D7D0

2K8

1K4 1K4

1K4 1K4000007FF08000BFF0C000FFF127164211481/A112A11/A103A11A101K81K84K8

4K12A15~A1210000~07FFA10~A0A110A111/A1120800~0BFFA9~A0A111 A100A11 /A1030C00~0FFFA9~A0A111 A101A11 A10

111A10A0 A112310A9A0 A11A10000007FF08000BFF0C000FFF

2716

2114

2114

2114

2114D7~4D3~0R/WCS0CS1CS2A11A11A10A11A10A10~0A9~0A9~0

/CS8ROMRAM21144D7D4D3D08 /R/W2716R/WR/WRAM2114

8K8ROM8K4RAMRAM2000H~7FFFHROMC000H~FFFFHCPU

1.A15A14A13001~011RAM8K3=24K8K4RAM6RAM 0010 0000 0000 0000 0111 1111 1111 1111RAM8K=2130111 1111 1111 11110010 0000 0000 0000ROM =FFFFH C000H=3FFFHROM214=16K8K8ROM2A15A14A13110~111 ROM1111 1111 1111 11111100 0000 0000 0000

CS7 A15A14A130 0 1 1 1A15A14A13A12A00 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 03:874LS13840KB16RAMA15A0ROM

L D C 1 .

2k n + k + 1 2 .

Ci gi 2i1 gi gj 2i1 + 2j1 gigj gl 2i1 + 2j1 + 2l1

4.4 0101 n = 4 2k n + k + 1 k = 3:C1 C2 C40 0101 010010110

0011 C1 C2 C41 0 0 n = 4 2k n + k + 1 k = 3 0011 10000111

3. Pi 3 k = 3 P4 P2 P1 k = 3 Pi P1= 0P2 = 0P4 = 0C1C2C4

P4P2P1 = 110 6 0100101 01014.5

2 P4 P2 P1 = 100 4 0101011

1. Cache

2. (1)

(1)

(2)

(2)

0 1 2 3

T T 4 4 T(4 1)

T

W4

W3

W2

W1

W0

M0

M0

M1

M2

M3

(3) CPU

3.(1) SDRAM ( DRAM)CPU (2) RDRAM Rambus (3) Cache DRAM DRAM SRAM Cache

4.3 1. CPU CPU DRAM

2. Cache (1) B 4.3

(2) M >> C 4.3

(3) Cache CPU Cache Cache 4 ~ 8 CRAY_1 16 16 IBM 370/168 4 4 644 = 2564.3

(4) Cache e Cache h Cache tc tm

4.3

3. Cache 4.3

CacheCacheCacheCPU

Cache

Cache

Cache

CPU

Cache

Cache

Cache

4. Cache 4.3

CacheCPUCache/CacheCPUCache CacheCache

Cache 4.3 Write through Write back Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache

5. Cache (1) Cache Cache Cache(2) Cache CachePentium 8K Cache 8K CachePowerPC620 32K Cache 32K Cache4.3

CacheCPUTemporal LocalitySpatial Locality

CachePareto principle80/2080%20% 80%20%90%10%20%80%

CacheCacheSRAMCPUCacheCache

CacheCacheCache//Cache

CacheCache?

Cache 1. i j i = j mod C4.3

Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache1MB512BCache8KB512B162048/16=1281620947

i = j mod nCache Cache Tag CacheCache BS 102416101024111024531018

Cache Cache Cache Cache

4-1Cache53CPU8 000101100001101000010110000110100001000000000 0110001000000010010 Cache 1 Cache

2 0010110Y0001000010110 Cache110N00010110Cache 110Cache110Y00010Cache00010110

300011010Y00011 00011010 Cache010 N00011010Cache 010Cache010Y 00011Cache00011010

4 00010110CacheCache

5 00011010CacheCache

6 00010000 Cache000 N00010000Cache 000Cache000Y 00010Cache0001000 Y0001000010000

7 00000011 Cache011 N00000011Cache 011Cache011Y 00000Cache00000011 Y 00000

800010000CacheCache

900010010 Cache0100001100010 0001001000011010 00010Cache0001000010010

CacheCache

2. 4.3

Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache1MB512B20119Cache8KB512B169Cache11

CacheCPUCache Cache CacheCache CacheCache Cache Cache Cache

Cache Cache Cache

Cache8Cache3CPU8 0001011000011010000101100001101000010000000000110001000000010010 Cache 8 222622261631618,Cache4-1 Cache4-198 Cache8418 mod 8 = 26 mod 8

18

Cache4-208Cache22222622262226222616222616 3 222616 3222616 318

j Q i i = j mod Q3. 4.3

Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache 22Cache1MB512BCache8KB512B1682048/8=256209 3 8

Cache Cache Cache

Cache Cache

CacheCacheCache Cache Cache CacheCache Cache

Cache8Cache34-21CPU8 0001011022000110102600010110220001101026000100001600000011300010000160001001018 Cache100010 11 02285000102110Cache822Cache30Cache6Cache611000010 0

22

0 0 0 1 0 0

(2)00011 01 026, 2610 Cache2 26

000110

3 Cache6 000100 Cache, Cache 110

(4) 00011 01 026 100011Cache (3) 00010 11 0 22

50000100016 Cache00Cache0 6000000113 11011 Cache3162622163

700010 00 016 02Cache 800010 01 018 Cache10326103 10FIFO 18

4 1 Cache(1)

CacheCache

1. FIFO 2. LRU 4.3

4.4 1. CPU 2. C = n k s + Dr = Db V

1. 4.4

4.41.

2. 4.4

NRZ1 4.4

1. (1) (2) 2. 4.4

(1) 4.4

(2) (3) 4.4

1. 4.4

2. 4.4

1. 2. 4.4

:():: :():.:CPU

-

CacheCache

CPU324G

Cache----

*