早期计算机 昂贵、独立、无法互联
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早期计算机 昂贵、独立、无法互联. 两种技术的进步改变了这一现象: 功能更强的微处理器的开发; Microprocessor - Central Processor Unit (Single Chip) Microcomputer – Microprocessor + Memory + I/O system (Multiple Chips) Microcontroller – A single-chip microcomputer 高速计算机网络的出现 今天不敢梦想的事情 明天变成现实. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Microprocessor - Central Processor Unit (Single Chip) Microcomputer Microprocessor + Memory + I/O system (Multiple Chips) Microcontroller A single-chip microcomputer
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1.. (Multiple processor Operating System)High Performance Computingsingle-processor system - Has one general-purpose processor -but almost all systems have other special-purpose processors e.g. disk-controller, network processor
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Throughput NN NO Reliability , Fault Tolerant Economy
(1) (2) 1975(multi-processor)
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(tightly-coupled)OSOS(loosely-coupled)I/OOS
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OS(Asymmetric Multiprocessing, ASMP)(Master-slave mode)(Master)OS(slaver)I/OMore common in extremely large systemsSunOS version 4.0
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Symmetric MultiprocessingOSAll processors are peers (), no master-slave relationshipMany processes can run simultaneously (must control I/O to ensure data to reach proper processor)Solaris, Linux, Windows NT/2000
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Recent Trend
Multi-core CPU Multiple processors into one single chip
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Why do we need Multi-core CPU?-In the early 2000s, CPU clock speeds finally accelerate past the 1 GHz mark.-Some folks (including Intel itself) predicted that CPU clock speeds would reach 10 GHz in the future. -PC enthusiasts looked forward to a new world where CPU clocks kept increasing at an accelerating pace. Moores Law()-It just Needs more power, Just adds clock speed. Is that true ?NO !
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Physics doesnt allow for exponential increases in clock rate without exponential increases in heat, and there were a number of other challenges to consider, such as manufacturing technology.
Indeed, the fastest commercial CPUs have been hovering between 3 GHz and 4 GHz for a number of years now. But it is difficult to be higher.if you cant make the CPU faster, why not add additional computing resources ?
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Why do we need Multi-core CPU?On-chip communication is faster than between-chip communicationUse significantly less powerProduce less heat and disturbingMulticore systems are well suited for server systems such as database and Web serversMulticore CPUs appear to the OS as N standard processors
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Multi-core CPU Effects-software has to be specifically written to run in multiple threads-it doesn't offer an immediate Effects on Multi-core-Back in 2005, when the first dual-core CPUs were seeing the light of day, they didnt offer much in the way of tangible performance increases because there was so little desktop software available properly supporting them. -In fact, most dual-core CPUs were slower than single-core CPUs in a great majority of tasks because single-core CPUs were available at higher clock speeds.
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NOW, a lot has changed. Many software developers have been hard at work optimizing their applications to take advantage of multiple cores. Single-core CPUs are actually hard to find and two-, three-, and four-core CPUS are now normal.
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From Multi-core to Many-core CPUIntel200680Tilera200764Intel801T Flop
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High Performance ComputingSuper computers
55/
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Super computers are near to usor far away from usIt is really near to us
It is located in Tanjin
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Application
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High Performance Computing :C l u s t e r MPPConstellations
To p500
2 0 0 8 6 , Top50080%
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(Parallel Vector ProcessingPVP)(Vector Processor)()CPU(Scalar Processor)Cray XMPCray YNPNEC SX2
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(Massive Parallel ProcessingMPP)
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(Symmetric Multi ProcessingSMP)
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(Constellation)SMPSMP------(Constellation)
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Clustered system(/)Another type of multiple-CPU systemComposed of two or more individual systems coupled togetherClustered computers share storage and are closely linked via a local-area network (or fast interconnect)High availability: service will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail
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Clustered system()
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Clustered system Special Advantage (DM)
Linux
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Clustered system Special Disadvantage,
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Clustered system()Asymmetric clustering()One machine is in hot-standby mode(); the other is running applicationsHot-standby machine does nothing but monitor the active serverIf that server fails, the hot-standby host becomes the active serverSymmetric clustering ()Two or more hosts run applications and monitor each otherThis mode is more efficient (uses all of the available hardware)
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OS-Top500Linux-UnixTop5002007612%2007116% -Windows200711Top5006Windows Compute Cluster Server