Ìàêñèì ÁÅËÎÓÑÅÍÊÎ

Èèñóñèç Íàçàðåòà:

åâðåéñêèé Ìåññèÿ

Êèåâ

«Àçèìóò-Óêðàèíà»

2012

ÓÄÊ 27-247-273ÁÁÊ 26.37-2

Á43

Áåëîóñåíêî Ì.Â.Èèñóñ èç Íàçàðåòà: åâðåéñêèé Ìåññèÿ. – Ê.: «Àçèìóò-Óêðàè-

íà». – 2012. – 440 ñ. + èëë.

ISBN 978-966-1541-32-9

Êíèãà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïîñòðî÷íûé êîììåíòàðèé íà ÷åòûðå êàíî-

íè÷åñêèå Åâàíãåëèÿ, â êîòîðîì íîâîçàâåòíûå ñîáûòèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàþò-

ñÿ ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ èñòîðèè, ïîëèòèêè, òðàäèöèé è ðåëèãèîçíîãî êóëüòà

åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà (516 ã. äî í. ý. – 70 ã. í. ý.).

 êíèãå ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà íà îñíîâå ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñîâðåìåííûõ áèá-

ëåéñêèõ è íîâîçàâåòíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî Èèñóñ èç Íàçàðå-

òà áûë îðãàíè÷åñêîé ÷àñòüþ åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà, æèë è äåéñòâîâàë â

ðàìêàõ ñóùåñòâîâàâøåé ðåëèãèîçíîé òðàäèöèè – Óñòíîé Òîðû – è íè-

êîãäà íå îòâåðãàë íè ñîâðåìåííîãî åìó èóäàèçìà, íè åâðåéñêîãî íàðî-

äà, íè Çàêîíà Ìîèñååâà.

ÁÁÊ 26.37-2

© Áåëîóñåíêî Ì.Â., 2012

© Õóä. îôîðìëåíèå

ISBN 978-966-1541-32-9 «Àçèìóò-Óêðàèíà», 2012

Á43

 îôîðìëåíèè îáëîæêè èñïîëüçîâàí

ôðàãìåíò êàðòèíû Ã. Ñåìèðàäñêîãî

«Õðèñòîñ ó Ìàðôû è Ìàðèè»

3

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

Ïðåäèñëîâèå. È.À. Êîçëîâñêèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Îò àâòîðà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Êîììåíòàðèé:

Åâàíãåëèå îò Ìàòôåÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Åâàíãåëèå îò Ìàðêà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Åâàíãåëèå îò Ëóêè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Åâàíãåëèå îò Èîàííà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ãëîññàðèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

8

17

157

217

343

397

414

4

ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ

Êíèãà, ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ íà ñóä ÷èòàòåëÿ, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êîì-

ìåíòàðèè íà òåêñòû Åâàíãåëèé êàê âàæíåéøåé ÷àñòè íîâîçàâåòíî-

ãî êàíîíè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà. Íîâîçàâåòíûé êàíîí, ïðèíÿòûé â áîëü-

øèíñòâå õðèñòèàíñêèõ öåðêâåé, âêëþ÷àåò ÷åòûðå Åâàíãåëèÿ – îò

Ìàòôåÿ, îò Ìàðêà, îò Ëóêè è îò Èîàííà, ïîñâÿùåííûå îïèñàíèþ

çåìíîé æèçíè, ó÷åíèþ, ñìåðòè è âîñêðåñåíèþ Èèñóñà Õðèñòà.

Ãðå÷åñêîå ñëîâî «åâàíãåëèå» òðàäèöèîííî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê

«áëàãîâåñòèå». Îòåö Àëåêñàíäð Ìåíü óêàçûâàë íà òî, ÷òî â àíòè÷-

íîì ñëîâîóïîòðåáëåíèè òåðìèí «åâàíãåëèå» îçíà÷àë ïðîâîçãëàøå-

íèå êàêîé-ëèáî îòðàäíîé íîâîñòè (íàïðèìåð, ñîîáùåíèå î ïîáåäå),

òîðæåñòâî â ÷åñòü ýòîé íîâîñòè èëè íàãðàäó, êîòîðóþ ïîëó÷àë âåñò-

íèê ðàäîñòè. Êðîìå òîãî, ìîæíî âñïîìíèòü, ÷òî ñëîâî «àíãåë» ïå-

ðåâîäèòñÿ êàê «âåñòíèê».

Ïðè ýòîì â ñëîâàõ ñàìîãî Õðèñòà, Åãî àïîñòîëîâ ïîä ñëîâîì

«åâàíãåëèå» âîâñå íå ïîäðàçóìåâàëàñü êàêàÿ-òî îïðåäåëåííàÿ

êíèãà (âåäü ñàì Õðèñòîñ íå ïèñàë Ñâîåãî ó÷åíèÿ, à ïåðåäàâàë åãî

èçóñòíî), êàê ýòî äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî ïîíèìàåòñÿ â ñîâðåìåííîì ìèðå.

Åâàíãåëèå äëÿ Õðèñòà è àïîñòîëîâ áûëî íå ÷åì èíûì, êàê ñàìîé

áëàãîé âåñòüþ, åå ïðîïîâåäüþ, à òàêæå ñîäåðæàíèåì ýòîé áëàãîé

âåñòè, ïðîâîçãëàøàåìîé æèâûì Ñëîâîì Èñòèíû, à âîâñå íå íàïè-

ñàííûì òåêñòîì.

Óïîòðåáëåíèå ñëîâà «åâàíãåëèå» â îòíîøåíèè òåêñòà îòíîñèò-

ñÿ òîëüêî êî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ²² ñòîëåòèÿ í. ý. À ïîñêîëüêó ñàìî

ýòî áëàãîâåñòèå âîñõîäèëî ê îäíîìó èç àïîñòîëîâ, òî è ñàìè òåêñ-

òû ïîëó÷èëè â íàçâàíèè ñïåöèôè÷åñêîå äîïîëíåíèå: «åâàíãåëèå

îò Ìàòôåÿ», «åâàíãåëèå îò Ìàðêà», «åâàíãåëèå îò Ëóêè», «åâàí-

5

ãåëèå îò Èîàííà». Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, åâàíãåëèå – ýòî áëàãàÿ âåñòü,

ïåðåäàííàÿ Ìàòôååì, Ìàðêîì, Ëóêîé, Èîàííîì.

Êðîìå Åâàíãåëèé, êîòîðûå ñòàëè êàíîíè÷åñêèìè, – îò Ìàòôåÿ,

Ìàðêà, Ëóêè è Èîàííà, – ñóùåñòâîâàëè è äðóãèå ðàññêàçû îá

Èèñóñå, Åãî äåëàõ, ñëîâàõ è ó÷åíèêàõ, îäíàêî ôîðìèðóþùàÿñÿ

õðèñòèàíñêàÿ öåðêîâü â Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè ïðèçíàëà òîëüêî ýòè

÷åòûðå â êà÷åñòâå ïîäëèííîãî âûðàæåíèÿ àïîñòîëüñêîãî áëàãî-

âåñòèÿ. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ïèñüìåííûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâà èìåííî îá

ýòèõ ÷åòûðåõ êàê î ñâÿùåííûõ êíèãàõ, ïðèíÿòûõ öåðêîâüþ, âîñ-

õîäÿò êî ²² â., à îêîí÷àòåëüíàÿ ôèêñàöèÿ èõ êàê êàíîíè÷åñêèõ

áûëà îñóùåñòâëåíà ê IV â. í. ý.

Åâàíãåëèÿ ïèñàëèñü íå â îäíî÷àñüå. Ïðîøëî ìíîãî âðåìåíè,

ïðåæäå ÷åì ýòè òåêñòû ïîëó÷èëè çíàêîìûé íàì âèä è ñîäåðæà-

íèå. Êàæäûé åâàíãåëèñò ïèñàë äëÿ ñâîåé àóäèòîðèè, â îïðåäåëåí-

íîå âðåìÿ, è ïîòîìó öåëü è ôîðìû êàæäîãî èç íèõ áûëè îáóñëîâ-

ëåíû ìíîæåñòâîì êîíêðåòíûõ ñîöèàëüíûõ è èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ôàêòî-

ðîâ. Ïîëàãàÿñü íà ñâîþ ïàìÿòü, íà çàïèñè, íà âîñïîìèíàíèÿ æè-

âûõ î÷åâèäöåâ, àïîñòîëû ïîñòåïåííî ñîñòàâëÿëè ñâîè Åâàíãåëèÿ.

Ìèð Åâàíãåëèé ìíîãîëèê, êàê ìíîãîëèê è èõ àäðåñàò. Åâàíãå-

ëèñòû îáðàùàëèñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ê ÷åòûðåì êóëüòóðíûì àðåà-

ëàì: èóäåéñêîìó, âîñòî÷íîýëëèíèñòè÷åñêîìó, ãðå÷åñêîìó è ðèì-

ñêîìó. Ýòî áûëè è Ïàëåñòèíà, è äèàñïîðà, Ìàëàÿ Àçèÿ è Ñèðèÿ,

Åãèïåò è Ðèì. Êàæäîå Åâàíãåëèå íåñåò íà ñåáå îòïå÷àòîê àâòîðà,

ýïîõè, àäðåñàòà, êóëüòóðíîãî, ðåëèãèîçíîãî è èíûõ êîíòåêñòîâ, â

êîòîðûõ ñîçäàâàëèñü ýòè ïèñàíèÿ. Âåäü ìèð, êîòîðîìó ïðåäñòîÿ-

ëî óñëûøàòü åâàíãåëüñêóþ ïðîïîâåäü, èìåë áîãàòîå êóëüòóðíîå

íàñëåäèå. Âìåñòå ñ òåì íå ñëåäóåò çàáûâàòü, ÷òî ñàìè ýòè òåêñòû

îñíîâàíû íà ïðåäàíèÿõ ñàìîãî ðàííåãî ïåðèîäà, ïåðèîäà çåìíîé

æèçíè Õðèñòà è áëèæàéøèõ ê íåé ãîäîâ, òåõ ãîäîâ â èñòîðèè

Èåðóñàëèìñêîé öåðêâè, êîòîðûå ïðåäøåñòâîâàëè ìèññèè êàê ñðå-

äè ÿçû÷íèêîâ, òàê è ñðåäè èóäååâ äèàñïîðû.

À, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû ïðàâèëüíî, íàèáîëåå ïîëíî,

öåëîñòíî, îáúåìíî è àäåêâàòíî ïîíÿòü ñîäåðæàíèå Åâàíãåëèé, èõ

ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè, ñïåöèôèêó êóëüòóðíîé, ðåëèãèîç-

íîé ñèòóàöèè, îòðàæåííîé â åâàíãåëüñêîì òåêñòå, íþàíñàõ è ïîä-

ðîáíîñòÿõ æèçíåííîãî ïóòè Õðèñòà è àïîñòîëîâ, ãëóáîêèé ñèìâî-

6

ëèçì òåêñòà, ðå÷åíèé, ïðèò÷, ìàëî ïðîñòî ÷èòàòü èõ ñîâðåìåííûì

ãëàçîì è ïîíèìàòü òàê, êàê íàì ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ñ âûñîòû ïðîøåä-

øèõ âåêîâ. Çà÷àñòóþ òàêîå, ñêîëüçÿùåå ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè ïîíèìà-

íèå îñòàâëÿåò çà ðàìêàìè öåëûå ïëàñòû ñìûñëîâ, ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ

â ýòîì âåëèêîì áëàãîâåñòèè.

Êîììåíòàðèè ê Åâàíãåëèÿì ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàíî, è ýòî

áûëè ðàçìûøëåíèÿ Îòöîâ Öåðêâè. Ïðåêðàñíî èçâåñòíû ðàííèå

êîììåíòàðèè áëàæ. Àâãóñòèíà, ñâ. Àôàíàñèÿ Âåëèêîãî, ñâ. Ãðèãî-

ðèÿ Âåëèêîãî, ïðåï. Åôðåìà Ñèðèíà, áëàæ. Èåðîíèìà Ñòðèäîí-

ñêîãî, ñâ. Èëàðèÿ Ïèêòàâèéñêîãî, ñâ. Èîàííà Çëàòîóñòà, ñâ. Êè-

ðèëëà Àëåêñàíäðèéñêîãî è äðóãèõ Îòöîâ. Âïîñëåäñòâèè ïîÿâëÿåò-

ñÿ ìíîæåñòâî êîììåíòàðèåâ, ïðåñëåäóþùèõ ðàçíûå öåëè è èñ-

ïîëüçóþùèõ ðàçëè÷íóþ ìåòîäèêó òîëêîâàíèÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò

ðåëèãèîçíîé òðàäèöèè, öåëåé êîììåíòèðîâàíèÿ, ïîëèòè÷åñêîé è

ñîöèàëüíîé îáñòàíîâêè.

Ïîçæå, ñ íà÷àëîì Íîâîãî âðåìåíè, â èñòîðèè èçó÷åíèÿ è êîì-

ìåíòèðîâàíèÿ íîâîçàâåòíûõ òåêñòîâ ìû âñòðå÷àåì ìíîæåñòâî òðó-

äîâ, ïîñâÿùåííûõ êóëüòóðíî-èñòîðè÷åñêîé, ðåëèãèîçíîé ñèòóà-

öèè òîé ýïîõè, ò.å. ïîïûòêå âïèñàòü Åâàíãåëèÿ â èñòîðè÷åñêèé

êîíòåêñò òîãî âðåìåíè, êîãäà îíè áûëè íàïèñàíû, à èìåííî –

â ýïîõó èñòîðèè Èçðàèëÿ ìåæäó âîçâðàùåíèåì åâðååâ èç âàâèëîí-

ñêîãî ïëåíà è ðàçðóøåíèåì Âòîðîãî Õðàìà ðèìñêèìè ëåãèîíàìè

Òèòà è Âåñïàñèàíà.

Ðå÷ü èäåò î êðàéíå âàæíûõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ, òàêèõ, êàê, íàïðè-

ìåð, ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûé òðóä Õ. Øòðàêà è Ï. Áèëëåðáåêà «Êîì-

ìåíòàðèé ê íîâîìó Çàâåòó èç Òàëìóäà è Ìèäðàøåé», âûïóùåí-

íûé â íà÷àëå ÕÕ â., ãäå Åâàíãåëèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ â êîíòåêñòå

èóäåéñêîé äóõîâíî-ðåëèãèîçíîé òðàäèöèè ýëëèíèñòè÷åñêîé ýïî-

õè, òî åñòü íàèáîëåå î÷åâèäíîãî èñòî÷íèêà, èç êîòîðîãî âûðîñëà

åâàíãåëüñêàÿ òðàäèöèÿ è áåç ïîíèìàíèÿ êîòîðîé ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå-

âîçìîæíî ïðàâèëüíîå âèäåíèå ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ ñìûñëîâ ýòîãî íåïðî-

ñòîãî, ìíîãîìåðíîãî, ìíîãîóðîâíåãî òåêñòà.

Òàêîé ïîäõîä ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî àêòóàëåí è ïîëåçåí, òàê êàê îòêðû-

âàåò âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ îáúåêòèâíîãî è öåëîñòíîãî ïîíèìàíèÿ ñî-

äåðæàíèÿ åâàíãåëüñêèõ òåêñòîâ, à áåç íåãî ïîíèìàíèå èõ ñìûñëà

è çíà÷åíèÿ ìîæåò áûòü íåïîëíûì, à ÷àñòî è ïðåâðàòíûì.

7

Èìåííî òàêóþ çàäà÷ó è ïðåñëåäóåò àâòîð äàííîé ðàáîòû: óâè-

äåòü â Èèñóñå Åâàíãåëèé íå ïðîñòî óíèâåðñàëüíîãî Õðèñòà, Õðèñ-

òà âñåõ íàðîäîâ, à ðåàëüíîãî, æèâîãî ÷åëîâåêà, ïðèíåñøåãî áëà-

ãóþ âåñòü ìèðó, îäíàêî ðîäèâøåãîñÿ â êîíêðåòíîì ìåñòå è â

êîíêðåòíîå âðåìÿ – â Èçðàèëå ïåðåä ðàçðóøåíèåì Âòîðîãî Õðàìà,

áûâøåãî ÷àñòüþ åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà, ãîâîðèâøåãî íà èâðèòå, ïðî-

ïîâåäîâàâøåãî â ñèíàãîãàõ è èåðóñàëèìñêîì Õðàìå, íîñèâøåãî åâ-

ðåéñêóþ îäåæäó. È ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî ïåðåä íàìè íå ïðîñòî

êîììåíòàðèé, ýòî äîñòàòî÷íî ãëóáîêèé àíàëèç ñìûñëîâûõ íþàí-

ñîâ åâàíãåëüñêîãî òåêñòà: ðåëèãèîçíûõ, êóëüòóðíûõ, ÿçûêîâûõ,

íàöèîíàëüíûõ, ñèìâîëè÷åñêèõ è ïîâñåäíåâíûõ.

Êíèãà íàïèñàíà äîñòóïíûì è ïîíÿòíûì ÿçûêîì, íî âìåñòå ñ

òåì íå óïðîùàåò òåìó, à ðàñêðûâàåò åå íà õîðîøåì, êà÷åñòâåííîì

íàó÷íîì óðîâíå. Êàê çàêîí÷åííîå öåëîñòíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå, áóäåò

èíòåðåñíà è ïîëåçíà âñåì, êòî èíòåðåñóåòñÿ èñòîðèåé õðèñòèàíñò-

âà è èóäàèçìà, è, íàäåþñü, ïîñëóæèò óêðåïëåíèþ âçàèìîïîíèìà-

íèÿ ìåæäó ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè ðàçíûõ ðåëèãèé.

È.À. ÊÎÇËÎÂÑÊÈÉ,

ïðåçèäåíò Öåíòðà

ðåëèãèîâåä÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé

è ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ äóõîâíûõ îòíîøåíèéã. Äîíåöê Ìàðò 2012 ã.

8

ÎÒ ÀÂÒÎÐÀ

Ìíîãî ñòîëåòèé ïîäðÿä õðèñòèàíå ñ÷èòàëè, ÷òî îñíîâàòåëü èõ

ðåëèãèè ðàçîðâàë ñâÿçü ñ åâðåéñêèì íàðîäîì, îòâåðã óñòàðåâøèé è

îáâåòøàâøèé Çàêîí, Òîðó, äàííóþ Áîãîì Ìîèñåþ íà ãîðå Ñèíàé,

ñî âñåìè ïðàçäíèêàìè, æåðòâàìè è ïèùåâûìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè è

ñîçäàë, â ïðîòèâîâåñ ñóõîìó çàêîííè÷åñòâó åâðåéñêèõ ó÷èòåëåé,

íîâóþ ðåëèãèþ, ðåëèãèþ ëþáâè è ìèëîñåðäèÿ, íå ñêîâàííóþ

âíåøíèìè îáðÿäàìè. Ýòî îòðàæàëîñü íà òîëêîâàíèè Åâàíãåëèé,

èíòåðïðåòàöèè ñëîâ è äåéñòâèé Èèñóñà, â êîòîðûõ äëèòåëüíîå âðå-

ìÿ íå ïðèíèìàëè âî âíèìàíèå åâðåéñêèé ðåëèãèîçíûé, ýêîíîìè-

÷åñêèé, ïîëèòè÷åñêèé, áûòîâîé êîíòåêñò ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà.

Òåïåðü ÿñíî, ÷òî ýòî áûëà ñåðüåçíàÿ îøèáêà. Çàïàäíàÿ áèáëå-

èñòèêà, ïðîéäÿ òðóäíûé ïóòü èçó÷åíèÿ åâðåéñêèõ êîðíåé õðèñòè-

àíñòâà è ïîèñêà «èñòîðè÷åñêîãî Èèñóñà», êîòîðîãî îíà íå ñòîëüêî

èñêàëà, ñêîëüêî êîíñòðóèðîâàëà â ïðîòèâîâåñ Õðèñòó öåðêâè, ê

êîíöó ÕÕ – íà÷àëó ÕÕI âåêà ïðèøëà ê ÿñíîìó âûâîäó: îòîðâàòü

Èèñóñà îò åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà è åãî èñòîðèè, ïëîòü îò ïëîòè êîòî-

ðûõ îí áûë, íåâîçìîæíî. Èçâåñòíûé àíãëèéñêèé èññëåäîâàòåëü

Ð. Áîêõåì â êíèãå «Åâðåéñêèé ìèð Íîâîãî Çàâåòà» âåðíî îáîáùèë

âçãëÿäû ìíîæåñòâà ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ñåãîäíÿ øêîë è òå÷åíèé áèá-

ëåèñòèêè: «Áîëüøèíñòâî èññëåäîâàòåëåé Íîâîãî Çàâåòà ñîãëàñè-

ëèñü áû ñåé÷àñ, ÷òî òåêñòû Íîâîãî Çàâåòà âñåöåëî ïðèíàäëåæàò

åâðåéñêîìó ìèðó ñâîåãî âðåìåíè. Íàñêîëüêî áû íè áûëè ñåðüåç-

íûìè êîíôëèêòû ñ äðóãèìè åâðåéñêèìè ãðóïïàìè, ýòè êîíôëèê-

òû èìåëè ìåñòî â ðàìêàõ ñàìîãî åâðåéñêîãî ìèðà. Äàæå ðàáîòû

àâòîðîâ Íîâîãî Çàâåòà, àäðåñîâàííûå ÿçû÷íèêàì, íå ñîáëþäàþ-

ùèì Òîðó, âñå æå âðàùàþòñÿ âíóòðè åâðåéñêîãî ìèðà èäåé. Èõ

Áîã – íåñîìíåííî Áîã Èçðàèëÿ è äëÿ íèõ ñàìî ñîáîé ðàçóìååòñÿ,

÷òî åâðåéñêèå Ïèñàíèÿ ïðèíàäëåæàò èì. Èèñóñ äëÿ íèõ – Ìåññèÿ

9

Èçðàèëÿ è Ìåññèÿ äëÿ âñåõ íàðîäîâ òîëüêî ïîòîìó, ÷òî îí – Ìåñ-

ñèÿ Èçðàèëÿ» [82, ð.1].

Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ðóññêîÿçû÷íàÿ àóäèòîðèÿ ñåãîäíÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè

íå èìååò âîçìîæíîñòè ïîçíàêîìèòüñÿ ñ ëèòåðàòóðîé, îòðàæàþùåé

ðåçóëüòàò ðàáîòû ñïåöèàëèñòîâ èç ðàçíûõ ñòðàí, âåðóþùèõ, àãíîñ-

òèêîâ è àòåèñòîâ, â îáëàñòè èññëåäîâàíèÿ åâðåéñêèõ êîðíåé õðè-

ñòèàíñòâà (Jewish Roots of Christianity). Ó íàñ íîâîçàâåòíûå èñ-

ñëåäîâàíèÿ íå ïîëüçóþòñÿ ïîïóëÿðíîñòüþ ó èçäàòåëüñòâ è ñïðîñîì

ó ÷èòàòåëåé, â îòëè÷èå îò ñòðàí, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ çà ãðàíèöàìè áûâ-

øåãî ÑÑÑÐ.  òîì ÷èñëå çäåñü íåèçâåñòíû òàêèå êîììåíòàðèè íà

Åâàíãåëèÿ èç åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè, êàê «Ñèíîïòè÷åñêèå åâàíãå-

ëèÿ: Ââåäåíèå è êîììåíòàðèè» Ê. Ìîíòåôèîðå, «Ðàââèíñêèå êîì-

ìåíòàðèè íà Íîâûé Çàâåò. Åâàíãåëèÿ îò Ìàòôåÿ, Ìàðêà è Ëóêè»

Ñ.Ò. Ëàêñà, ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûé òðóä Õ. Øòðàêà è Ï. Áèëëåðáåêà

«Êîììåíòàðèé ê íîâîìó Çàâåòó èç Òàëìóäà è Ìèäðàøåé». Èçäàí-

íûé ëèøü íåáîëüøèì òèðàæîì «Êîììåíòàðèé íà Åâðåéñêèé

Íîâûé Çàâåò» ìåññèàíñêîãî èóäåÿ Ä. Ñòåðíà íå ìîæåò èñïðàâèòü

ýòó ñèòóàöèþ, à êíèãà À. Ýäåðøàéìà «Æèçíü è âðåìÿ Èèñóñà

Ìåññèè», ïîÿâèâøàÿñÿ íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå

ÕÕ âåêà, ïðî÷íî çàáûòà*.

Ïîýòîìó öåëü äàííîé ðàáîòû ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òîáû, âî-ïåðâûõ,

ïîçíàêîìèòü ðóññêîÿçû÷íîãî ÷èòàòåëÿ ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè èçó÷åíèÿ

åâðåéñêèõ êîðíåé õðèñòèàíñòâà â ôîðìå êîìïëåêñíîãî, ðàçâåðíó-

òîãî êîììåíòàðèÿ íà Åâàíãåëèÿ è, âî-âòîðûõ, ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî áåç

çíàíèÿ åâðåéñêîé ðåëèãèîçíîé òðàäèöèè (Óñòíîé Òîðû) è ëèòåðà-

òóðû, ñîõðàíèâøåé èíôîðìàöèþ î ìíîãèõ ðåàëüíûõ ñîáûòèÿõ è* Èñòîðèÿ êîììåíòèðîâàíèÿ Åâàíãåëèé ñ åâðåéñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ â Åâðî-

ïå è Àìåðèêå íàñ÷èòûâàåò óæå ñîòíè ëåò, îäíèì èç ðîäîíà÷àëüíèêîâ ýòîãîíàïðàâëåíèÿ áèáëåèñòèêè ñ÷èòàåòñÿ àíãëèêàíñêèé ñâÿùåííèê Äæîí Ëÿéò-ôóò, àâòîð «Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae» (XVII â.). Òîëêîâàÿ Áèáëèÿ ïîäðåä. À.Ï. Ëîïóõèíà, ñ íàøåé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, õîòÿ è èñïîëüçóåò ÷àñòü åâðåé-ñêèõ ïîíÿòèé, íî äàëåêî íå â òîé ñòåïåíè, êàê ýòî íåîáõîäèìî, è ïîòîìó íåäîòÿãèâàåò äî ëó÷øèõ îáðàçöîâ çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðàòóðû, ïîñâÿùåííûõ åâ-ðåéñêèì êîðíÿì õðèñòèàíñòâà. Åâðåéñêóþ òðàäèöèþ êîììåíòàðèé Ëîïóõèíàïðèâëåêàåò âî ìíîãîì èç êíèã À. Ýäåðøàéìà, êîòîðûå â ïîëíîé ìåðå áûëèèñïîëüçîâàíû àâòîðîì íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòû (Çäåñü è äàëåå – ïðèì. àâò.).

10

îñîáåííîñòÿõ êóëüòóðíî-ðåëèãèîçíîãî êîíòåêñòà Èçðàèëÿ ýïîõè

Âòîðîãî Õðàìà, áåç çíàíèÿ åâðåéñêîãî ÿçûêà, áîãîñëóæåíèÿ â

èåðóñàëèìñêîì Õðàìå, ïðàçäíèêîâ åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà, åãî êàëåí-

äàðÿ, îñîáåííîñòåé îäåæäû è ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé, ñîöèàëüíîé è

ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè ïåðåä ðàçðóøåíèåì Õðàìà, ïîíÿòü äî êîí-

öà òî, ÷òî Èèñóñ õîòåë äîíåñòè è ê ÷åìó ïðèçûâàë, è äàæå òî, ê

÷åìó ìîã, à ê ÷åìó íå ìîã ïðèçûâàòü, íåâîçìîæíî. Ïðè ñîñòàâëå-

íèè êîììåíòàðèÿ àâòîð ñòàâèë ïåðåä ñîáîé ñëåäóþùèå çàäà÷è:

Ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî Èèñóñ – åâðåé, ÷åðåç îïèñàíèå åãî âêëþ-

÷åííîñòè â åâðåéñêèé ðåëèãèîçíûé, ÿçûêîâûé, ýêîíîìè÷åñ-

êèé, ïîëèòè÷åñêèé êîíòåêñò ñâîåãî âðåìåíè.

Äàòü îáùèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î Âåòõîçàâåòíîì è îò÷àñòè –

ñîâðåìåííîì ðàââèíñêîì èóäàèçìå.

Ïðîÿñíèòü ðÿä ñïîðíûõ âîïðîñîâ, êîòîðûå âîçíèêàþò ó âå-

ðóþùèõ è èññëåäîâàòåëåé Åâàíãåëèé, íà êîòîðûå ëåãêî ìîæíî

äàòü îòâåò, èñõîäÿ èç åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè (Öàðñòâî Íåáåñíîå,

ïðè÷àñòèå òåëà è êðîâè Ìåññèè, ïðè÷àñòíîñòü ôàðèñååâ ê àðåñ-

òó è êàçíè Èèñóñà, âðåìåííîé ãîðèçîíò åãî ïðîðî÷åñòâ è äð.)

Âíåñòè ïîñèëüíûé âêëàä â áîðüáó ñ õðèñòèàíñêèì àíòè-

ñåìèòèçìîì.

Âñå ýòè çàäà÷è â êîììåíòàðèè, êàê óâèäèò âíèìàòåëüíûé ÷èòà-

òåëü, âûïîëíåíû è ïåðåä íàìè âîçíèêàåò îáðàç æèâîãî ÷åëîâåêà,

ìóäðåöà, åâðåÿ Èèñóñà èç Íàçàðåòà, êîòîðûé, ïðåòåíäóÿ íà òî, ÷òî-

áû áûòü Ìåññèåé, Ìàøèàõîì, Ïîìàçàííûì Öàðåì åâðåéñêîãî íàðî-

äà, ãîâîðèë î ñâîåì ìåññèàíñòâå íà åâðåéñêîì ÿçûêå, èâðèòå, êîòî-

ðûì ïîçæå áûëè íàïèñàíû Ìèøíà è Òàëìóäû, à íå íà ãðå÷åñêîì

êîéíå èëè àðàìåéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê äîëãî ñ÷èòàëîñü, èñïîëüçîâàë åâ-

ðåéñêóþ òðàäèöèþ, Óñòíóþ Òîðó, êîòîðàÿ äëÿ èóäàèçìà òàê æå

âàæíà, êàê è ïèñàíèÿ Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà (Òàíàõà), â ïåðèîä ñâîåãî ñëó-

æåíèÿ âûñòóïàë êàê ðàââèí, ìóäðåö, ó÷èòåëü, ñîáèðàþùèé âîêðóã

ñåáÿ ó÷åíèêîâ, êàê äåëàëè ìíîãèå åâðåéñêèå ìóäðåöû â åãî âðåìÿ,

èñïîëüçîâàë âñå ìåòîäû òîëêîâàíèÿ Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà (Òàíàõà), êîòî-

11

ðûå çàôèêñèðîâàíû â åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè, èñïîëíÿë ïðàâèëà ôà-

ðèñååâ, ðåãóëèðóþùèå æèçíü åâðåÿ, íå íàðóøèâ íè îäèí èç çàêî-

íîâ Ïèñüìåííîé è Óñòíîé Òîðû, íå îòìåíÿë Çàêîí, íî óòî÷íÿë åãî

äóõîâíûé ñìûñë, ó÷èë òîé æå ýòèêå, ÷òî è äðóãèå ìóäðåöû, ó÷àñò-

âîâàë âî âñåõ ïðàçäíèêàõ, ïðåäïèñàííûõ Òîðîé, â ïðîïîâåäÿõ èñ-

ïîëüçîâàë ïðèåìû, ïðèñóùèå ìíîãèì äðóãèì ìóäðåöàì Èçðàèëÿ,

íîñèë îäåæäó îðòîäîêñàëüíîãî èóäåÿ ñâîåãî âðåìåíè, ïîñåùàë ñè-

íàãîãè äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ Òîðû è ìîëèòâ, ÷èòàë â íèõ ïðîïîâåäè, ìîëèë-

ñÿ ïî-åâðåéñêè, ïðîèçíîñèë áëàãîñëîâåíèÿ, ïðåäïèñàííûå Óñòíîé

Òîðîé, ïðîïîâåäîâàë âñå èäåè ôàðèñååâ: ïîêàÿíèå, Öàðñòâî Íåáåñ-

íîå, âñåîáùåå âîñêðåñåíèå, ïðèõîä Ìåññèè (Ìàøèàõà).

Ýòî, êîíå÷íî, íå îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî Èèñóñ èç Íàçàðåòà – îðòîäîê-

ñàëüíûé èóäåé ñîâðåìåííîãî òèïà, à õðèñòèàíñòâî – ïðîñòî ðàçíî-

âèäíîñòü ðàââèíñêîãî èóäàèçìà. Ìåæäó õðèñòèàíñòâîì è èóäàèç-

ìîì Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà, Òàíàõà, åñòü êàê ïðååìñòâåííîñòü, òàê è ðàç-

ëè÷èÿ, íî áåäà â òîì, ÷òî ðàçëè÷èÿ ïîä÷åðêèâàëèñü è óñèëèâà-

ëèñü, à ïðååìñòâåííîñòü, ðîäñòâåííàÿ ñâÿçü ïðàêòè÷åñêè áûëà íå

çàìå÷àåìà. Òàêîé ïîäõîä íå äàâàë âîçìîæíîñòè ïîíÿòü òåêñò

Åâàíãåëèé ñ åäèíñòâåííî ïðàâèëüíîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ – êàê îðãàíè-

÷åñêóþ ÷àñòü è ïðîäóêò ìíîãîâåêîâîé ðåëèãèîçíîé, ïîëèòè÷åñ-

êîé, ëèòåðàòóðíîé èñòîðèè Èçðàèëÿ è åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà.

 öåëîì êíèãà, êîòîðóþ äåðæèò â ðóêàõ ÷èòàòåëü, ïðåäñòàâëÿ-

åò ñîáîé ïîäðîáíûé êîììåíòàðèé ÷åòûðåõ Åâàíãåëèé, ñäåëàííûé

íà îñíîâå èçó÷åíèÿ ïàðàëëåëåé íîâîçàâåòíîìó òåêñòó â åâðåéñêîé

ðåëèãèîçíîé ëèòåðàòóðå: Âàâèëîíñêîì è Èåðóñàëèìñêîì Òàëìó-

äàõ, ìèäðàøàõ, ñáîðíèêàõ ìîëèòâ, òîëêîâàíèÿõ ðàââèíîâ, ïåðåâî-

äàõ Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà íà àðàìåéñêèé ÿçûê (òàðãóìàõ), àïîêðèôàõ,

íå âîøåäøèõ â êàíîí Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà, ïñåâäîýïèãðàôàõ (ñî÷èíåíè-

ÿõ, ïîäïèñàííûõ èìåíàìè èçâåñòíûõ áèáëåéñêèõ ïåðñîíàæåé), òî

åñòü âî âñåõ èñòî÷íèêàõ, â êîòîðûõ òàê èëè èíà÷å îòðàæåíà åâ-

ðåéñêàÿ óñòíàÿ òðàäèöèÿ (Óñòíàÿ Òîðà). Íàèáîëåå ðàííèé åå ñëîé

çàôèêñèðîâàí â Ìèøíå – ïåðâîé è ñàìîé ðàííåé ÷àñòè Òàëìóäîâ

(~ 200 ã. í.ý.), ñáîðíèêå ïîñòàíîâëåíèé, êîììåíòàðèåâ íà Ïèñàíèÿ

ìóäðåöîâ-ôàðèñååâ, æèâøèõ äî, âî âðåìÿ è äâåñòè ëåò ñïóñòÿ ïîñëå

12

Èèñóñà, è, âîçìîæíî, â íåêîòîðûõ òàðãóìàõ. Ñåãîäíÿ Òàëìóäû è

ìèäðàøè ñ÷èòàþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íîé íàäåæíûì èñòî÷íèêîì ñâåäåíèé

îá óñòíîé òðàäèöèè èçðàèëüñêîãî íàðîäà ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà.*

Îñíîâó êîììåíòàðèÿ ñîñòàâèë ìàññèâ ðàáîò Èåðóñàëèìñêîé

øêîëû ñèíîïòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé (Jerusalem School of Synoptic

Research), Èçðàèëü, Èåðóñàëèì. Îíà áûëà ñîçäàíà è âîçãëàâëÿëàñü

ìíîãèå ãîäû àìåðèêàíñêèì ïðîòåñòàíòîì, ïðîôåññîðîì Ðîáåðòîì

Ëèíäñååì (1917–1995) è îðòîäîêñàëüíûì èóäååì, ñïåöèàëèñòîì â

îáëàñòè ðàííåãî õðèñòèàíñòâà, ïðîôåññîðîì Äàâèäîì Ôëþññåðîì

(1917–2000). Øêîëà ñóùåñòâóåò â Èåðóñàëèìå óæå ìíîãî äåñÿòè-

ëåòèé. Ñåãîäíÿ îíà ïðåäñòàâëåíà ñàéòîì Jerusalem Perspective

Online: Exploring the Jewsh Background to the Life and Words of

Jesus (www.jerusalemperspective.org). Íà÷àëî îñóùåñòâëÿåìûõ åå

ñïåöèàëèñòàìè èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî ïîëîæåíî â ïÿòèäåñÿòûå ãîäû

ÕÕ â., êîãäà Ð. Ëèíäñåé íà÷àë ïåðåâîä Åâàíãåëèé íà èâðèò. Ê åãî

óäèâëåíèþ, òåêñò îò Ìàðêà, Ìàòôåÿ è îñîáåííî Ëóêè ïåðåâîäèë-

ñÿ íà èâðèò áåç èçìåíåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèé: îêàçàëîñü,

÷òî ýòè Åâàíãåëèÿ â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ÷àñòè ñâîåé íàïèñàíû íà èâðè-

òå, èëè òî÷íåå èâðèòîãîâîðÿùèìè àâòîðàìè, à çàòåì ïîñëîâíî ïå-

ðåâåäåíû íà ãðå÷åñêèé êîéíå. Äëÿ îáðàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà ïðàêòè÷åñ-

êè íå òðåáóåòñÿ ìåíÿòü ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ, è ýòîò ïîðÿäîê íà ãðå÷åñêîì

òàêîâ, êàêîâ îí äîëæåí áûòü íà èâðèòå.

Òàê áûëî ñäåëàíî îòêðûòèå, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîìó â îñíîâå ãðå÷åñ-

êèõ òåêñòîâ èçâåñòíûõ íàì Åâàíãåëèé ëåæèò åâðåéñêèé ïðàòåêñò.

À çíà÷èò – åâðåéñêàÿ òðàäèöèÿ è åâðåéñêèé êîíòåêñò. À çíà÷èò,

èçó÷àÿ ïîñëåäíèå, ìîæíî ëó÷øå ïîíÿòü ïåðâûé. Òàê ðîäèëàñü èäåÿ

èññëåäîâàíèÿ åâðåéñêîãî ÿçûêà è åâðåéñêèõ òðàäèöèé ýïîõè Âòîðî-

ãî Õðàìà íå òîëüêî ñ öåëüþ ïåðåâîäà Íîâîãî Çàâåòà, íî è óòî÷íå-

* Êàê ïîêàçàë Ä. Íüþñíåð, ñóùåñòâóåò ïðîáëåìà äàòèðîâêè òðàäèöèé, ïðè-ïèñûâàåìûõ ðàçíûì ìóäðåöàì â Òàëìóäàõ, ñì. íàïð. Inston-Brewer D. ReviewArticle: The Use of Rabbinic Sources in Gospel Studies // Tyndale Bulletin. –¹ 50. – 1999. – ð. 281–298. Îäíàêî ìû, âñëåä çà Èåðóñàëèìñêîé øêîëîé ñè-íîïòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, èñõîäèì èç òîãî, ÷òî, áëàãîäàðÿ ñâîåìó ãëóáîêîáëàãîãîâåéíîìó îòíîøåíèþ ê òåêñòó Ïèñàíèÿ è ìíîãîâåêîâîé ñïîñîáíîñòèíàèçóñòü çàó÷èâàòü ìíåíèÿ è èíòåðïðåòàöèè, ðàââèíû ñìîãëè îòðàçèòü â ñâî-åé ëèòåðàòóðå òðàäèöèè ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà.

13

íèÿ ñìûñëà ñëîâ è äåÿòåëüíîñòè Èèñóñà è åãî ó÷åíèêîâ. Èìåííî ýòî

ïîçâîëèëî «ðàçãðûçòü» ìíîæåñòâî òðóäíûõ ìåñò â Åâàíãåëèÿõ è

äàòü íîâûå èíòåðïðåòàöèè, áîëåå ãëóáîêèå, ÷åì ó äðóãèõ åâðîïåé-

ñêèõ è àìåðèêàíñêèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé. Ê Ëèíäñåþ è Ôëþññåðó ïðè-

ñîåäèíèëèñü åäèíîìûøëåííèêè: Ä. Áèâèí, Ø. Ñàôðàé, Á. ßíã,

Ì. Óèëñîí, Ä. Ïðàéîð, Ñ. Íîòëè è äð., ïîÿâèëàñü Èåðóñàëèìñêàÿ

øêîëà, âûõîäèò æóðíàë «Èåðóñàëèìñêàÿ ïåðñïåêòèâà» (ñåé÷àñ â

ýëåêòðîííîé ôîðìå). Âàæíûì îòëè÷èåì ýòîé øêîëû îò äðóãèõ èñ-

ñëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ ïðîãðàìì è íàïðàâëåíèé áûëè ñîåäèíåíèå âåðóþ-

ùèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé-õðèñòèàí è èóäååâ â îäíîì ïðîåêòå è èñêðåí-

íÿÿ ëþáîâü âñåõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ê åâðåéñêîìó íàðîäó è åãî òðàäèöèÿì.

Êðîìå òîãî, ïðè ðàáîòå íàä êîììåíòàðèåì ïîìîùü îêàçàëè

âàæíûå ðàáîòû ìåññèàíñêèõ èóäååâ Ä. Ôèøåðà, Ä. Ôðèäìàíà,

À. Ôðóõòåíáàóìà, àíãëèêàíñêèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé Ð. Áîêõåìà

è áûâøåãî åïèñêîïà Äàðåìñêîãî Í.Ò. Ðàéòà, åâðåÿ-õðèñòèàíèíà

À. Ýäåðøàéìà, ïðàâîñëàâíûõ ãåáðàèñòîâ, îäíîãî èç àâòîðîâ ñèíî-

äàëüíîãî ïåðåâîäà Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà Ä. Õâîëüñîíà, è íûíåøíåãî

çàâåäóþùåãî êàôåäðîé áèáëåèñòèêè ÌÄÀ î. Ëåîíèäà Ãðèëèõåñà,

à òàêæå êíèãè Ð. Ñàíòàëû, êàòîëè÷åñêîãî ïðîôåññîðà Á. Ïèòðè,

åâðåéñêîãî èññëåäîâàòåëÿ Ä. Íüþñíåðà è äð. Àâòîð íå áûë çàêðûò

íè îò êàêîé èíôîðìàöèè, ëèøü áû îíà ïîäðîáíî îïèñûâàëà îáû-

÷àè è âåðîâàíèÿ åâðååâ ýïîõè äî ðàçðóøåíèÿ Âòîðîãî Õðàìà.

Åñòåñòâåííî, àâòîð ñ÷èòàë ñåáÿ ñâîáîäíûì â êîìïîíîâêå ìàòåðèà-

ëà è âûâîäàõ, çà êîòîðûå íåñåò ïîëíóþ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü.

Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû ÷èòàòåëþ, äàëåêîìó îò çíàíèÿ åâðåéñêîé èñòî-

ðèè è èóäàèçìà, áûëî ëåã÷å îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ â ñëîæíîé òåðìèíî-

ëîãèè è ïîíÿòèéíîì àïïàðàòå, â êîíöå êíèãè ïðèâåäåí äîñòàòî÷-

íî ïîäðîáíûé ãëîññàðèé, â êîòîðîì óïîð ñäåëàí íà îñîáåííîñòè

èóäàèçìà ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà.

Òàê êàê â ðàáîòå æèçíü, ñëîâà è äåëà Èèñóñà ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ

êàê áû «ñî ñòîðîíû», ñî ñòîðîíû èñòîðèè è ëþäåé, êîòîðûå âñòðå-

÷àëèñü ñ íèì è âñòóïàëè â îáùåíèå, ïóñòü äàæå ñ÷èòàÿ åãî Ìåññè-

åé, Ìàøèàõîì, òî âåçäå â òåêñòå «îí», «åãî», «åìó» â îòíîøåíèè

Èèñóñà ïèøåòñÿ ñ ìàëåíüêîé áóêâû, à âðåìåííàÿ øêàëà èìååò

îáîçíà÷åíèå «í. ý.», «äî í. ý.», à íå «ïîñëå Ð.Õ.», «äî Ð.Õ.».

14

Öèòàòû èç Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà (Òàíàõà) è Åâàíãåëèé äàþòñÿ ïî òåê-

ñòó Ñèíîäàëüíîãî ïåðåâîäà.

Âñëåä çà Èåðóñàëèìñêîé øêîëîé ñèíîïòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé,

ìû èñõîäèì èç òîãî, ÷òî ó åâðååâ â Èçðàèëå ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà

îñíîâíûì ðàçãîâîðíûì ÿçûêîì áûë èâðèò, à íå àðàìåéñêèé, êàê

ÿñíî ïîêàçàë Ø. Ñàôðàé [340]. Òàêæå ìû èñõîäèì èç òîãî, ÷òî

ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î «íåãðàìîòíûõ ãàëèëåéñêèõ ðûáàðÿõ» íå ñîîòâåò-

ñòâóþò äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè è åâðåè òîé ýïîõè êàê â Èóäåå, òàê è â

Ãàëèëåå â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñâîåé ìàññå óìåëè ÷èòàòü è çíàëè ñ äåòñò-

âà áîëüøèå ïîðöèè èëè âñå ïèñàíèå Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà (Òàíàõà) íà-

èçóñòü, ïîëüçîâàëèñü îáùåðàñïðîñòðàíåííûìè ìåòîäàìè åãî òîëêî-

âàíèÿ, ÷òî è îòðàçèëè òåêñòû Åâàíãåëèé.

Áóêâà % èâðèòà â òåêñòå, ïðåæäå âñåãî íà ìåñòå àðòèêëÿ, ïåðå-

äàåòñÿ êàê ðóññêàÿ õ, ÷òîáû íå çàòðóäíÿòü ôîðìàòèðîâàíèå è ÷òå-

íèå, êîòîðîå è òàê ïåðåãðóæåíî íåîáû÷íîé òåðìèíîëîãèåé.

Êíèãó íàäî ÷èòàòü, äåðæà â ðóêàõ Ñèíîäàëüíûé ïåðåâîä Åâàí-

ãåëèé, òàê êàê ìû ïðèâîäèì â òåêñòå íå âñå íîâîçàâåòíûå ñòèõè,

à òîëüêî òå, íà êîòîðûå äàåì êîììåíòàðèé, ïîýòîìó áåç ïîëíîãî

òåêñòà ïîä ðóêîé ìîæåò íàðóøàòüñÿ öåëîñòíàÿ êàðòèíà.

Ìàêñèì ÁÅËÎÓÑÅÍÊÎ

ã. ÄîíåöêÌàðò 2012 ã.

ÏÐÈÍßÒÛÅ ÑÎÊÐÀÙÅÍÈß

ÍÎÂÛÉ ÇÀÂÅÒ

Åâàíãåëèå îò Ìàòôåÿ – Ìò.

Åâàíãåëèå îò Ìàðêà – Ìê.

Åâàíãåëèå îò Ëóêè – Ëê.

Åâàíãåëèå îò Èîàííà – Èí.

Äåÿíèÿ àïîñòîëîâ – Äåÿí.

15

ÂÅÒÕÈÉ ÇÀÂÅÒ (ÒÀÍÀÕ)

Áûòèå – Áûò.

Èñõîä – Èñõ.

Ëåâèò – Ëåâ.

×èñëà – ×èñ.

Âòîðîçàêîíèå – Âòîð.

Êíèãà Èèñóñà Íàâèíà – Èèñ. Íàâ.

Êíèãà Ñóäåé Èçðàèëåâûõ – Ñóä.

Êíèãà Ðóôè – Ðóô.

Ïåðâàÿ êíèãà Öàðñòâ – 1 Öàð.

Âòîðàÿ êíèãà Öàðñòâ – 2 Öàð.

Òðåòüÿ êíèãà Öàðñòâ – 3 Öàð.

×åòâåðòàÿ êíèãà Öàðñòâ – 4 Öàð.

Ïåðâàÿ êíèãà Ïàðàëèïîìåíîí – 1 Ïàð.

Âòîðàÿ Êíèãà Ïàðàëèïîìåíîí – 2 Ïàð.

Ïåðâàÿ Êíèãà Åçäðû – 1 Åçä.

Êíèãà Íååìèè – Íååì.

Âòîðàÿ êíèãà Åçäðû – 2 Åçä.

Êíèãà Òîâèòà – Òîâ.

Êíèãà Èóäèôè – Èóäèôü.

Êíèãà Åñôèðè – Åñô.

Êíèãà Èîâà – Èîâ

Ïñàëòèðü – Ïñ.

Ïðèò÷è Ñîëîìîíà – Ïðèò. Ñîë.

Êíèãà Åêêëåçèàñòà – Åêêë.

Ïåñíü ïåñíåé Ñîëîìîíà – Ïåñí. Ïåñí.

Êíèãà Ïðåìóäðîñòè Ñîëîìîíà – Ïðåì. Ñîë.

Êíèãà Ïðåìóäðîñòè Èèñóñà, ñûíà Ñèðàõîâà – Ñèð.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Èñàéè – Èñ.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Èåðåìèè – Èåð.

Ïëà÷ Èåðåìèè – Ïë. Èåð.

Ïîñëàíèå Èåðåìèè – Ïîñë. Èåð.

16

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Âàðóõà – Âàð.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Èåçåêèèëÿ – Èåç.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Äàíèèëà – Äàí.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Îñèè – Îñ.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Èîèëÿ – Èîèë.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Àìîñà – Àì.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Àâäèÿ – Àâä.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Èîíû – Èîí.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Ìèõåÿ – Ìèõ.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Íàóìà – Íàóì.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Àââàêóìà – Àââ.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Ñîôîíèè – Ñîô.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Àããåÿ – Àãã.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Çàõàðèè – Çàõ.

Êíèãà ïðîðîêà Ìàëàõèè – Ìàë.

Ïåðâàÿ êíèãà Ìàêêàâåéñêàÿ – 1 Ìàê.

Âòîðàÿ êíèãà Ìàêêàâåéñêàÿ – 2 Ìàê.

Òðåòüÿ êíèãà Ìàêêàâåéñêàÿ – 3 Ìàê.

Òðåòüÿ êíèãà Åçäðû – 3 Åçä.

Ê Î Ì Ì Å Í Ò À Ð È É

Å Â À Í Ã Å Ë È ÅÎ Ò Ì À Ò Ô Å ß

18

Ìàòôåé – Ìàòèòüÿõó, åâðåéñêîå èìÿ, îçíà÷àåò «äàð

Áîãà», «äàð ßõâå».

Åâàíãåëèå – íà ãðå÷åñêîì «áëàãàÿ âåñòü», íà èâðèòå – áå-ñîðà. Ïðîèñõîäèò îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî áàñàð, «ïëîòü», «òå-

ëî». Ãëàãîë áàñàð áóêâàëüíî îçíà÷àåò «ïðèäàâàòü òåëó õîðî-

øóþ ôîðìó», «äåëàòü òó÷íûì, ïîëíûì».  ïåðåíîñíîì

ñìûñëå îçíà÷àåò «ïðèíîñèòü, ïåðåäàâàòü ðàäîñòíîå èçâåñ-

òèå».  êîíòåêñòå Íîâîãî Çàâåòà áàñàð îçíà÷àåò «íåñòè èçâå-

ñòèå î òîì, ÷òî Ìåññèÿ (Ìàøèàõ) ïðèøåë â ìèð», «ñîîáùàòü,

÷òî Áîã ïðèñòóïèë ê ðåàëüíîìó èñêóïëåíèþ ìèðà». Ýòî ïîä-

òâåðæäàåòñÿ óïîòðåáëåíèåì ýòîãî èëè ðîäñòâåííûõ ñëîâ â

Âåòõîì Çàâåòå (Òàíàõå): «ß âîçâåùàë [áèñèðòè] ïðàâäó

Òâîþ â ñîáðàíèè âåëèêîì; ÿ íå âîçáðàíÿë óñòàì ìîèì: Òû,

Ãîñïîäè, çíàåøü» (Ïñ. 39:10), «Ïîéòå Ãîñïîäó, áëàãîñëîâ-

ëÿéòå èìÿ Åãî, áëàãîâåñòâóéòå [áàñðó] ñî äíÿ íà äåíü ñïàñå-

íèå Åãî» (Ïñ. 95:2), «Êàê ïðåêðàñíû íà ãîðàõ íîãè áëàãîâå-

ñòíèêà [ìåáàñåð], âîçâåùàþùåãî ìèð, áëàãîâåñòâóþùåãî [ìå-áàñåð] ðàäîñòü, ïðîïîâåäóþùåãî ñïàñåíèå, ãîâîðÿùåãî Ñèî-

íó: «âîöàðèëñÿ Áîã òâîé!» (Èñ. 52). Ïîñëåäíÿÿ öèòàòà èç

Èñàéè ïîä÷åðêèâàåò, ÷òî «áëàãîâåñòâîâàòü» – çíà÷èò ãîâî-

ðèòü «âîöàðèëñÿ Áîã òâîé!», òî åñòü ÷òî Áîã íåïîñðåäñòâåííî

ñòàë ïðàâèòü ìèðîì, ïðèøëî Öàðñòâî Íåáåñíîå (Ìò. 4:17).

Ïðè ýòîì áëàãîâåñòíèê, ìåáàñåð, åâàíãåëèñò – ýòî íå òîëüêî

íåêîòîðîå ëèöî, ïåðåäàþùåå âåñòü î ïðèõîäå Ìåññèè, íî è

Ïðåäòå÷à (ïðåäøåñòâåííèê) Ìåññèè, à òàêæå è ñàì Ìåññèÿ-

Ìàøèàõ, îáðàùàþùèéñÿ ê ëþäÿì. Öåíòð òÿæåñòè áëàãîâåñ-

òèÿ ïðèõîäèëñÿ íå íà ñîäåðæàíèå èçâåñòèÿ, òî åñòü êàê

èìåííî ïðèäåò Ìåññèÿ, òàê êàê ïðèçíàêè åãî ïðèøåñòâèÿ

îïèñûâàëè ïðîðîêè, à íà ñàì ôàêò îáúÿâëåíèÿ: âîò çäåñü è

ñåé÷àñ, â òàêîì-òî ìåñòå ÿâèëñÿ Ìåññèÿ, âûõîäèòå âñòðå÷àòü

[4, ñ. 116–117].

19

Ãëàâà 1

1 Ðîäîñëîâèå Èèñóñà Õðèñòà, Ñûíà Äàâèäîâà, Ñûíà Àâðàà-ìîâà. 2 Àâðààì ðîäèë Èñààêà; Èñààê ðîäèë Èàêîâà; Èàêîâðîäèë Èóäó è áðàòüåâ åãî; 3 Èóäà ðîäèë Ôàðåñà è Çàðó îòÔàìàðè... 5 Ñàëìîí ðîäèë Âîîçà îò Ðàõàâû; Âîîç ðîäèëÎâèäà îò Ðóôè; Îâèä ðîäèë Èåññåÿ; 6 Èåññåé ðîäèë Äàâèäàöàðÿ; Äàâèä öàðü ðîäèë Ñîëîìîíà îò áûâøåé çà Óðèåþ;7 Ñîëîìîí ðîäèë Ðîâîàìà... 11 Èîñèÿ ðîäèë Èîàêèìà; Èîà-êèì ðîäèë Èåõîíèþ è áðàòüåâ åãî, ïåðåä ïåðåñåëåíèåì âÂàâèëîí. 12 Ïî ïåðåñåëåíèè æå â Âàâèëîí, Èåõîíèÿ ðîäèëÑàëàôèèëÿ; Ñàëàôèèëü ðîäèë Çîðîâàâåëÿ; 13 Çîðîâàâåëüðîäèë Àâèóäà... 16 Èàêîâ ðîäèë Èîñèôà, ìóæà Ìàðèè, îò êî-òîðîé ðîäèëñÿ Èèñóñ, íàçûâàåìûé Õðèñòîñ.

Ðîäîñëîâíàÿ Èèñóñà ó Ìàòôåÿ ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáûïîêàçàòü, ÷òî Èèñóñ – îáåùàííûé Èçðàèëþ Ìåññèÿ Äàâèäîâ(Ìàøèàõ). Ýòà ãåíåàëîãèÿ ïîñòðîåíà íà îñíîâå 1–9-é ãëàâ 1-éÊíèãè Ïàðàëèïîìåíîí, ãäå ÷åðåç ïåðå÷èñëåíèå ðîäîñëîâíûõñæàòî ðàññêàçàíà âñÿ èñòîðèÿ Èçðàèëÿ êàê èñòîðèÿ ïîäãîòîâêèïðèõîäà Ìåññèè. Îíà íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ Àâðààìà, ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç îñ-òàëüíûõ ïàòðèàðõîâ, ïîòîì – ÷åðåç åãèïåòñêèé ïåðèîä, ïóñòûíþè äàðîâàíèå Çàêîíà (Òîðû), ïåðèîä ñóäåé, öàðåé, èçãíàíèå â Âà-âèëîí, âîçâðàùåíèå è ñòðîèòåëüñòâî Âòîðîãî Õðàìà è çàêàí÷è-âàåòñÿ Èèñóñîì.

Ìåññèàíñêèé õàðàêòåð ãåíåàëîãèè ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî âíåé òîëüêî äâà ÷åëîâåêà ñ òèòóëàìè – öàðü Äàâèä è Èèñóñ-Ìåññèÿ.Îíà ðàçáèòà íà òðè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ïî ÷åòûðíàäöàòü ïîêîëå-íèé. Öàðü Äàâèä ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåõîäîì îò ïåðâîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñ-òè êî âòîðîé, à äåïîðòàöèÿ (ïåðåñåëåíèå) â Âàâèëîí – ïåðåõîä îòâòîðîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ê òðåòüåé. Ïåðâàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü –îò èçáðàíèÿ Àâðààìà äî Äàâèäà – ïðèõîä Èçðàèëÿ ê çåíèòó â ñëó-æåíèè öàðÿ Äàâèäà, çåíèò öàðñòâà, âòîðàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü –çàêàò öàðñòâà, åãî óïàäîê. Òðåòüÿ – ñ Èèñóñîì, åå ïèê – îáåùàí-íîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå äèíàñòèè âî ãëàâå ñ âå÷íûì öàðåì.

Òðè óìíîæèòü íà ÷åòûðíàäöàòü ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òðèæäû âçÿòîìó÷èñëó ÷åòûðíàäöàòü, êîòîðîå åñòü ñóììà ÷èñëîâûõ çíà÷åíèé åâ-ðåéñêèõ áóêâ èìåíè «Äàâèä» (ïðèìåð ãåìàòðèè).

Âûðàæåíèå «è áðàòüåâ åãî» îçíà÷àåò âêëþ÷åíèå â èñòîðèþïîäãîòîâêè Ìåññèè âñåõ äâåíàäöàòè êîëåí Èçðàèëåâûõ, òàê êàê

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Ìåññèÿ äîëæåí áûòü öàðåì âñåãî åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà. Ðîäîñëîâíàÿíà÷èíàåòñÿ íå ñ Äàâèäà, à ñ Àâðààìà, òàê êàê Ìåññèÿ äîëæåí áûòüíàñëåäíèêîì ïîñëåäíåãî, â êîòîðîì áëàãîñëîâÿòñÿ âñå íàðîäû.Èìåííî ýòî ñâÿçûâàåò íà÷àëî – ãåíåàëîãèþ – ñ êîíöîì Åâàíãåëèÿ,êîãäà âîñêðåñøèé Èèñóñ âåëèò àïîñòîëàì èäòè êðåñòèòü âñå íàðî-äû âî èìÿ Îòöà, Ñûíà è Ñâÿòîãî Äóõà.

Òîé æå öåëè – ñâÿçè ÿçû÷åñêèõ íàðîäîâ ìèðà ñ Ìåññèåé Èçðàè-ëåâûì, ïî ìíåíèþ Ð. Áîêõåìà, ñëóæèò âêëþ÷åíèå ÷åòûðåõ æåíùèíâ ãåíåàëîãèþ: Ôàìàðü (Òàìàð), Ðààâ (Ðàõàâ), Ðóôü (Ðóò) è Âèðñà-âèè (Áàò Øåâû). Òðè ïåðâûå áûëè ÿçû÷íèöàìè, î ïðîèñõîæäåíèèÂèðñàâèè íè÷åãî íå èçâåñòíî, íî âîçìîæíî, ÷òî îíà òàêæå íå áûëàèçðàèëüòÿíêîé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âñå ÷åòûðå æåíùèíû ÿçû÷íèöû, àÐààâ åùå è ïðîñòèòóòêà, òî åñòü íè îäíà èç íèõ íå ìîãëà áû, â ñî-îòâåòñòâèè ñ òðåáîâàíèÿìè Òîðû, ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ ê Èçðàèëþ. Îä-íàêî, ïî Áîæüåìó ïîïóùåíèþ, îíè âõîäÿò â íàðîä Áîæèé è, áîëååòîãî, ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ïðàìàòåðÿìè Ìåññèè. Ýòèì åùå ðàç ïîä÷åðêèâàåò-ñÿ òî, ÷òî â Ìåññèè áóäóò áëàãîñëîâëåíû âñå íàðîäû çåìëè, êàê áû-ëî îáåùàíî Àâðààìó [78, ð. 19–22, 44–46], [263, ð. 2–3].

Ó ðîäîñëîâíîé Èèñóñà åñòü òàêæå åùå îäíà öåëü: îòâåñòè îáâèíå-íèÿ, âèäèìî, âîçíèêøèå î÷åíü ðàíî, î íåëåãèòèìíîì ðîæäåíèèÈèñóñà èç-çà íåäîñòîéíîãî ñóïðóæåñêîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ åãî ìàòåðè[263, ð. 2]. Ñîãëàñíî Þëèþ Àôðèêàíñêîìó, êîòîðûé æèë â Ýììàó-ñå â íà÷àëå òðåòüåãî âåêà í. ý., ðîäñòâåííèêè Èèñóñà, âîçìîæíî, åãîñâîäíûå áðàòüÿ è ñåñòðû, êîòîðûõ íàçûâàëè ïî-ãðå÷åñêè äåñïîñèíîé[«òå, êîòîðûå ïðèíàäëåæàò õîçÿèíó èëè ñîâåðåíó: äåñïîòåñ»], ïðè-íàäëåæàëè ê òåì ñåìüÿì, êîòîðûå ñîõðàíèëè ñïèñîê ñâîåé ãåíåàëî-ãèè, êîãäà Èðîä Âåëèêèé ñæåã îôèöèàëüíûå ðîäîâûå çàïèñè, õðà-íèâøèåñÿ â Õðàìå. Îíè ïóòåøåñòâîâàëè ïî Ïàëåñòèíå è, âåðîÿòíî,ïðîïîâåäîâàëè Åâàíãåëèå âìåñòå ñ îñòàëüíûìè àïîñòîëàìè, à òàêæåïîêàçûâàëè ýòî ðîäîñëîâèå, ñëè÷àÿ åãî ñ Êíèãîé Ïàðàëèïîìåíîíäëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îáîñíîâàòü ðîäñòâåííóþ ñâÿçü Èèñóñà ñ öàðåì Äàâè-äîì. Îíè æèëè â ãîðîäå Íàçàðåòå è ìåñòå÷êå Êîõàáà (ñîâð. Êàóêàá),íàõîäèâøåìñÿ â äåñÿòè ìèëÿõ ê ñåâåðó îò ïåðâîãî. Î áðàòüÿõ Èèñó-ñà óïîìèíàåò àïîñòîë Ïàâåë â (1 Êîð. 9:5): «Èëè íå èìååì âëàñòèèìåòü ñïóòíèöåþ ñåñòðó, æåíó, êàê è ïðî÷èå Àïîñòîëû, è áðàòüÿÃîñïîäíè, è Êèôà?».

Âàæíîñòü Íàçàðåòà è Êîõàáû â òîì, ÷òî íàçâàíèå ïåðâîãî ãî-ðîäà îòñûëàåò ê ìåññèàíñêîìó íåöåð, «âåòâü», «îòðàñëü», ïîä êî-òîðîé ïîäðàçóìåâàëàñü «Îòðàñëü Äàâèäîâà» – Ìåññèÿ, òîãäà êàêíàçâàíèå âòîðîãî îçíà÷àåò «çâåçäà», à ýòî òàêæå óêàçûâàåò íà ìåñ-

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ñèàíñêîå ïîíÿòèå «çâåçäû îò Èàêîâà» (×èñ. 24:17). Âèäèìî, ÷ëå-íû çåìíîé ñåìüè Èèñóñà èãðàëè âàæíóþ ðîëü â ïåðâûõ îáùèíàõâåðóþùèõ [77].

Õðèñòîñ – «ïîìàçàííûé», ìàøèàõ. Çíà÷åíèå òèòóëà ñâÿçàíî ñöåðåìîíèåé ïîìàçàíèÿ îëèâêîâûì ìàñëîì öàðåé è ñâÿùåííèêîâïðè âñòóïëåíèè â äîëæíîñòü, ïîýòîìó ïîíÿòèå «ìåññèÿ» íåñåòèäåþ ïîëó÷åíèÿ îò Áîãà ñâÿùåííè÷åñêîé è öàðñêîé âëàñòè [51,ñ. 25], [47, ñ. 80–81], [1, ñ. 195–196].

Ñûíà Äàâèäîâà – ýòîò òåðìèí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè îäíèì èçòèòóëîâ Ìåññèè â åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè.  çíà÷åíèè òàêîãî òèòóëàâïåðâûå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ïîçäíåì ïñåâäîýïèãðàôå Ïñàëìû Ñîëîìî-íà (Ïñ. Ñîë. 17:23, 36).  Íîâîì Çàâåòå îí èñïîëüçóåòñÿ 15–20 ðàç,à â ñîâðåìåííîì èóäàèçìå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ è ñåãîäíÿ. Ê ïðèìåðó,ïÿòíàäöàòîå áëàãîñëîâåíèå öåíòðàëüíîé åâðåéñêîé ìîëèòâû Àìèäà(Ñòîÿíèå, èëè Øìîíý-Ýñðå) çâó÷èò òàê: «Îòïðûñêó Äàâèäà, ðàáàÒâîåãî, äàé ñêîðî âîçðàñòè, è ðîã åãî äà âîçâûñèòñÿ ïîìîùüþ Òâî-åþ. Èáî íà Òâîþ ïîìîùü ìû óïîâàåì âñÿêèé äåíü. ÁëàãîñëîâåíÒû, Ãîñïîäè, âîçäâèãàþùèé ðîã ñïàñåíèÿ».  öåëîì â Ïèñàíèè(Òàíàõå) ìíîæåñòâî óêàçàíèé íà òî, ÷òî ïîòîìîê öàðÿ Äàâèäàèñêóïèò Èçðàèëü (2 Öàð. 7:12–13,16), (Èñ. 11:1), (Èåð. 23:5–6),(Çàõ. 3:8), (Àì. 9:11–12) è äð. [51, ñ. 373].

19 Èîñèô æå, ìóæ Åå, áóäó÷è ïðàâåäåí è íå æåëàÿ îãëàñèòüÅå, õîòåë òàéíî îòïóñòèòü Åå.

Õîòåë òàéíî îòïóñòèòü Åå – «ïðàâèëüíûé» ðàçâîä ïðè îá-ðó÷åíèè âêëþ÷àë ïåðåäà÷ó ÷àñòíûì îáðàçîì èëè â ïðèñóòñòâèèäâóõ ñâèäåòåëåé Ìàðèè (Ìèðüÿì) ðàçâîäíîãî ïèñüìà (ãåò), ïðèýòîì Èîñèô (Éîñåô) ìîã íå îáúÿñíÿòü ïðè÷èíó ðàçâîäà. Ðÿä èçâå-ñòíûõ ðàââèíîâ (ðàáè Ýëåàçàð, Éîõàíàí, Çåðà) íå ðåêîìåíäîâàëèâûñòàâëÿòü æåíùèíó íà âñåîáùèé ïîçîð [70, ñ. 196].

Ïðàâåäåí – ñì. êîììåíò. ê (Ëê. 1:6).

20 Íî êîãäà îí ïîìûñëèë ýòî, – ñå, Àíãåë Ãîñïîäåíü ÿâèëñÿåìó âî ñíå è ñêàçàë: Èîñèô, ñûí Äàâèäîâ! íå áîéñÿ ïðèíÿòüÌàðèþ, æåíó òâîþ, èáî ðîäèâøååñÿ â Íåé åñòü îò ÄóõàÑâÿòàãî.

ßâëåíèå àíãåëà âî ñíå äîëæíî áûëî ïîäåéñòâîâàòü íà Èîñèôà(Éîñåôà) î÷åíü ñèëüíî, òàê êàê «äîáðûé ñîí» áûë îäíèì èç ïðè-çíàêîâ áëàãîâîëåíèÿ Áîæèÿ. Ñóùåñòâîâàëà íàðîäíàÿ ïîñëîâèöà îòîì, ÷òî åñëè êòî-òî ñåìü äíåé ñïèò è íå âèäèò èëè íå ìîæåò

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âñïîìíèòü ñîí, òî îí äîëæåí íàçûâàòüñÿ íåñ÷àñòíûì, òàê êàê îíåì íå âñïîìèíàåò Áîã [70, ñ. 198].

21 Ðîäèò æå Ñûíà, è íàðå÷åøü Åìó èìÿ Èèñóñ, èáî Îí ñïà-ñåò ëþäåé Ñâîèõ îò ãðåõîâ èõ.

Èèñóñ – íà èâðèòå Éåøóà ñ óäàðåíèåì íà ó, áîëåå ðàííÿÿ ôîð-ìà – Éåõîøóà, òåîôîðíîå èìÿ, ñîäåðæèò ñâÿùåííîå èìÿ Áîãà,òî÷íåå, ïåðâûé åãî ñëîã Éå. Îçíà÷àåò «Áîã ñïàñàåò» èëè «ñïàñåíèåÃîñïîäíå». ßâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìîé ìóæñêîãî ðîäà ñëîâà éåøóà (æ.ð.),«ñïàñåíèå».  åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè óïîìèíàþòñÿ ïÿòü ÷åëîâåê,êîòîðûì èìåíà áûëè äàíû äî ðîæäåíèÿ: Èñààê (Éèöõàê), Èçìà-èë (Éèøìàýëü), Ìîèñåé (Ìîøå), Ñîëîìîí (Øëîìî), Èîñèÿ. Øåñ-òûì, êîòîðîìó áóäåò íàðå÷åíî èìÿ äî ðîæäåíèÿ, ñòàíåò Ìåññèÿ[1, ñ. 196], [70, ñ. 192], [51, ñ. 30].

22 À âñå ñèå ïðîèçîøëî, äà ñáóäåòñÿ ðå÷åííîå Ãîñïîäîì ÷å-ðåç ïðîðîêà, êîòîðûé ãîâîðèò...

Ñêàçàííîå... ÷åðåç ïðîðîêà, êîòîðûé ãîâîðèò – ôðàçó ìîæíîïîíèìàòü êàê «ñêàçàííîå Ãîñïîäîì ÷åðåç ïðîðîêà, ÷åðåç êîòîðîãîÃîñïîäü ãîâîðèò» èëè òàê, ÷òî ãîâîðèò îò Ãîñïîäà ñàì ïðîðîê. Âëþáîì ñëó÷àå çäåñü ïðèñóòñòâóåò ãåáðàèçì «ñêàçàííîå... ãîâîðèò»,äâàæäû ðàçíûìè ñëîâàìè ãîâîðèòñÿ îá îäíîì è òîì æå [52].

Äà ñáóäåòñÿ... – «ñáûâàòüñÿ», «èñïîëíÿòüñÿ» (ëåêàéåì) (ñì.êîììåíò. ê (Ìò. 5:17–18), òåõíè÷åñêèé òåðìèí ìóäðåöîâ Èçðàèëÿ,èñïîëüçóåìûé ïðè ïîäòâåðæäåíèè ñëîâ Ïèñàíèåì, íå÷òî âðîäå«ïîäòâåðæäàòü» [263, ð. 6].

24 Âñòàâ îò ñíà, Èîñèô ïîñòóïèë, êàê ïîâåëåë åìó ÀíãåëÃîñïîäåíü, è ïðèíÿë æåíó ñâîþ, 25 è íå çíàë Åå, êàê íàêî-íåö Îíà ðîäèëà Ñûíà Ñâîåãî ïåðâåíöà, è îí íàðåê Åìó èìÿÈèñóñ.

Ïðèíÿë æåíó ñâîþ – íåìåäëåííî æåíèëñÿ íà íåé, òàê êàê âïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå îíà íå ìîãëà áû ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü ñ íèì â Âèôëå-åì (Áåéò Ëýõåì) [70, ñ. 198]. Ýòî òàêæå çíà÷èò, ÷òî Èîñèô(Éîñýô) ïðèíÿë Èèñóñà êàê ñâîåãî ñûíà. Ñîãëàñíî åâðåéñêîé òðà-äèöèè, îòðàæåííîé â Òàëìóäå, òîìó ÷åëîâåêó, êîòîðûé ãîâîðèò:«Âîò ìîé ñûí», íóæíî âåðèòü è ïðåäîñòàâèòü òàêîìó ðåáåíêó âñåïðàâà íàñëåäîâàíèÿ èìóùåñòâà.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, Èèñóñ ïî ïðàâó íàñëåäóåò ïðåñòîë öàðÿ Äàâèäà÷åðåç ñâîåãî íàçâàííîãî îòöà, Èîñèôà, ïîòîìêà Äàâèäà [51, ñ. 35].

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Ãëàâà 21 Êîãäà æå Èèñóñ ðîäèëñÿ â Âèôëååìå Èóäåéñêîì âî äíèöàðÿ Èðîäà, ïðèøëè â Èåðóñàëèì âîëõâû ñ âîñòîêà è ãî-âîðÿò: 2 ãäå ðîäèâøèéñÿ Öàðü Èóäåéñêèé? èáî ìû âèäåëèçâåçäó Åãî íà âîñòîêå è ïðèøëè ïîêëîíèòüñÿ Åìó.

Èðîä – Õîðäîñ Âåëèêèé, öàðü Èçðàèëÿ èäóìåéñêîãî ïðîèñõîæ-äåíèÿ, ïðàâèë ñ 40 ïî 4 ã. äî í.ý. Öàðñòâîâàíèå åãî õàðàêòåðèçî-âàëîñü ìàñøòàáíûì ñòðîèòåëüñòâîì ãîðîäîâ è êðåïîñòåé, çàâèñè-ìîñòüþ îò Ðèìà, çàìåòíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîñòüþ è ÷óäîâèùíîéæåñòîêîñòüþ ïî îòíîøåíèþ êî ìíîãèì ñëîÿì åâðåéñêîãî íàñåëå-íèÿ. Ïåðåñòðîèë Âòîðîé Õðàì, ïîñòðîåííûé Çîðîâàâåëåì (Çðóáà-áåëåì) â 520–516 ãã. äî í. ý.

Âîëõâû – ìàãè ñ Âîñòîêà, âåðîÿòíî èç Ïåðñèè.  åâðåéñêèõ ïè-ñàíèÿõ ÷àñòî óïîìèíàþòñÿ êàê ìàãóø, èëè àìåãóøà.  äàííîìñëó÷àå îíè ñèìâîëèçèðóþò âñå íàðîäû, êîòîðûå ïðèâåòñòâóþòðîæäåíèå ñïàñèòåëÿ (ñì. íèæå).

Èáî ìû âèäåëè çâåçäó Åãî – çâåçäà âîñïðèíèìàëàñü êàê ïðè-çíàê ïðèøåñòâèÿ Ìåññèè íà îñíîâå ïðîðî÷åñòâà Âàëààìà, ñûíà Âå-îðà (Áèëàìà áåí Áåîðà): «Âèæó Åãî, íî íûíå åùå íåò; çðþ Åãî, íîíå áëèçêî. Âîñõîäèò çâåçäà îò Èàêîâà è âîññòàåò æåçë îò Èçðàè-ëÿ, è ðàçèò êíÿçåé Ìîàâà è ñîêðóøàåò âñåõ ñûíîâ Ñèôîâûõ»(Èñõ. 24:17). Òàê, íà îñíîâàíèè ýòîé ñòðîêè ðàáè Àêèâà ïðèçíàëðóêîâîäèòåëÿ âîññòàíèÿ ïðîòèâ Ðèìà â 131–135 ãã. í. ý. ØèìîíàÁàð Êîçèáó ìåññèåé, è ïîòîìó òîò íàçûâàëñÿ âïîñëåäñòâèè ÁàðÊîõáà, «ñûí Çâåçäû» [263, ð. 8–9].

Èñòîðè÷íîñòü Âàëààìà (Áèëàìà) ïîäòâåðæäåíà àðõåîëîãèåé. 1967 ã. íà ãîðîäèùå Òåëü Äèð-Àëëà â Èîðäàíñêîé äîëèíå ãîë-ëàíäñêèìè àðõåîëîãàìè áûëà íàéäåíà ÷àñòü ñòåëû ÿçû÷åñêîãî,î÷åâèäíî ìèäèàíèòÿíñêîãî, õðàìà ñ íàäïèñÿìè î ïðîðîêå è ìàãåÁèëàìå, ñûíå Áåîðà.

3 Óñëûøàâ ýòî, Èðîä öàðü âñòðåâîæèëñÿ, è âåñü Èåðóñàëèìñ íèì. 4 È, ñîáðàâ âñåõ ïåðâîñâÿùåííèêîâ è êíèæíèêîâ íà-ðîäíûõ, ñïðàøèâàë ó íèõ: ãäå äîëæíî ðîäèòüñÿ Õðèñòó?5 Îíè æå ñêàçàëè åìó: â Âèôëååìå Èóäåéñêîì, èáî òàê íà-ïèñàíî ÷åðåç ïðîðîêà: 6 «È òû, Âèôëååì, çåìëÿ Èóäèíà,íè÷åì íå ìåíüøå âîåâîäñòâ Èóäèíûõ, èáî èç òåáÿ ïðîèçîé-äåò Âîæäü, Êîòîðûé óïàñåò íàðîä Ìîé Èçðàèëÿ».

Åâðåéñêèå ïèñàíèÿ ñîäåðæàò çíà÷èòåëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî óêàçà-íèé íà òî, ÷òî Ìåññèÿ ðîäèòñÿ â Âèôëååìå, ñî ññûëêîé íà òå æå

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Ïðèâàëèâ áîëüøîé êàìåíü – áîëüøîé êàìåíü íàçûâàëñÿ ãî-ëåëü, êàê ïðàâèëî, îí ïîäïèðàëñÿ ìåíüøèì êàìíåì, äîôåêîì[208, ð. 616].

Ãëàâà 28

19 Èòàê, èäèòå, íàó÷èòå âñå íàðîäû, êðåñòÿ èõ âî èìÿ Îòöàè Ñûíà è Ñâÿòîãî Äóõà, 20 ó÷à èõ ñîáëþäàòü âñ¸, ÷òî ß ïî-âåëåë âàì; è ñå, ß ñ âàìè âî âñå äíè äî ñêîí÷àíèÿ âåêà.Àìèíü.

Âî èìÿ – èäèîìà èâðèòà, îáîçíà÷àåò òîãî, ÷üå èìÿ ïðîèçíî-ñèòñÿ ïîñëå. Òàê, «âî èìÿ Ãîñïîäíå» îçíà÷àåò «Ãîñïîäü», «âîèìÿ ßõâå» – «ßõâå». Ñìûñë ôðàçû òàêîâ: «Êðåñòÿ [ïîãðóæàÿ] èõâ Îòöà, Ñûíà è Ñâÿòîãî Äóõà».  öåëîì ïåðåä íàìè íîâîå îòêðî-âåíèå î òîì, êòî åñòü Áîã: åñëè Ìîèñåþ îí îòêðûëñÿ êàê òåòðà-ãðàììàòîí (âîçìîæíî, ßõâå, Âå÷íî Ñóùåñòâóþùèé), òî Èèñóñ îò-êðûë åäèíîãî (ýõàä íà èâðèòå) èñòèííîãî Áîãà Èçðàèëåâà êàêÎòöà, Ñûíà è Ñâÿòîãî Äóõà [170], [81, ð. 57].

Ìíîãèå ó÷åíûå, íàñòðîåííûå ïðîòèâ âåðû â Òðèåäèíñòâî Áî-æüå, ñ÷èòàëè è ñ÷èòàþò ýòó ñòðîêó áîëåå ïîçäíåé âñòàâêîé, îò-ðàæàþùåé ýâîëþöèþ âåðû â ïåðâûõ îáùèíàõ îò âåðû â ÌåññèþÈèñóñà êàê ïðîñòîãî ÷åëîâåêà, «ó÷èòåëÿ», äî âåðû â íåãî êàêÁîãà. Îäíàêî ñêðóïóëåçíûé òåêñòîëîãè÷åñêèé è èñòîðè÷åñêèéàíàëèç ïîêàçûâàåò àóòåíòè÷íîñòü ýòîãî âûñêàçûâàíèÿ è ïðèíàä-ëåæíîñòü åãî ñàìîìó Èèñóñó [249].

ÅÂÀÍÃÅËÈÅÎÒ ÌÀÐÊÀ

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Ãëàâà 1

1 Íà÷àëî Åâàíãåëèÿ Èèñóñà Õðèñòà, Ñûíà Áîæèÿ,

Íà÷àëî – Êíèãà Áûòèÿ, à âìåñòå ñ íåé Ïÿòèêíèæèå (Òîðà) èâåñü êàíîí Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà îòêðûâàåòñÿ ñëîâàìè «â íà÷àëå», áýðå-øèò. Åâðåéñêèé ÷èòàòåëü áûë ïðèó÷åí îòíîñèòüñÿ ñ áîëüøèìâíèìàíèåì ê òîìó, êàêàÿ áóêâà ñòîèò â íà÷àëå ñâÿùåííîãî òåêñ-òà; èóäåéñêàÿ òðàäèöèÿ ñîõðàíèëà ðàññóæäåíèÿ î òîì, ïî÷åìóïåðâàÿ áóêâà òåêñòà Òîðû — èìåííî áýò, , à íå êàêàÿ-ëèáîèíàÿ. Ýòî îáúÿñíÿëîñü òåì, ÷òî ñ äàííîé áóêâû íà÷èíàåòñÿ êî-ðåíü ãëàãîëà áåðàõ, «áëàãîñëîâëÿòü», èëè òåì, ÷òî åå ôîðìà, íà-ïîìèíàþùàÿ ñêîáêó, âûðàæàåò çàïðåò ñïðàøèâàòü î òîì, ÷òî áû-ëî äî ñîòâîðåíèÿ ìèðà.  ìèäðàøå èçîáðàæàëñÿ ñïîð âñåõ áóêâàëôàâèòà çà ïðèâèëåãèþ ñòîÿòü íà ýòîì ïî÷åòíîì ìåñòå, è ïðîèã-ðàâøèå áóêâû ïîëó÷àëè â óòåøåíèå êîìïåíñàöèþ – ïðàâî ñûã-ðàòü îñîáóþ ðîëü â äðóãèõ ýïèçîäàõ Ñâÿùåííîé Èñòîðèè è ÷àñòÿõÒîðû (íàïðèìåð, îäíà èç íèõ áóäåò íà÷èíàòü Äåêàëîã). Íà÷àëîâñåõ ÷åòûðåõ Åâàíãåëèé òàê èëè èíà÷å âûðàæàåò èäåþ «íà÷àëà» –íîâîãî íà÷àëà, ñîïîñòàâèìîãî ïî ñâîåìó çíà÷åíèþ ñ ñîòâîðåíèåììèðà, – è îòñþäà îòñûëêà ê íà÷àëó Êíèãè Áûòèÿ. Ïåðâûå ñëîâàó Ìàòôåÿ – «êíèãà ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ» (áûòèå, ãåíåñèñ), âî ââîäíîìïîñâÿùåíèè Ëóêè âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ñëîâî «îò íà÷àëà». Íàêîíåö, ïðî-ëîã Èîàííà îòêðûâàåòñÿ òîé æå ôîðìóëîé «â íà÷àëå», áýðåøèò,÷òî è Òîðà [1, ñ. 207–208].

Åâàíãåëèå – çäåñü ýòî ñëîâî ïîíèìàåòñÿ íå êàê îïðåäåëåííûéòåêñò èëè êíèãà, à êàê óêàçàíèå íà âåñòü î òîì, êòî òàêîé Èèñóñèç Íàçàðåòà è êàêîå Öàðñòâî îí íåñåò ñ ñîáîé è â ñåáå (ñì. êîì-ìåíò. ê (Ìò. 1).

5 È âûõîäèëè ê íåìó âñÿ ñòðàíà Èóäåéñêàÿ è Èåðóñàëèì-ëÿíå, è êðåñòèëèñü îò íåãî âñå â ðåêå Èîðäàíå, èñïîâåäóÿãðåõè ñâîè.

Èñïîâåäóÿ ãðåõè ñâîè – âîçìîæíî, ÷òî èñïîâåäü ãðåõîâ áûëàïóáëè÷íîé, ëþäè ëèáî íàçûâàëè âñëóõ ñâîè ïðåãðåøåíèÿ ïðîòèâÒîðû, ëèáî çàÿâëÿëè î ñâîåì ðàñêàÿíèè â îáùåé ôîðìå, ïî êðàé-íåé ìåðå, íà ýòî óêàçûâàþò íåìíîãî áîëåå ïîçäíèå ñïîðû ðàââè-íîâ. Ïðàêòèêà îáùåñòâåííîãî ïîêàÿíèÿ ïðèìåíÿëàñü â ïðàçäíèêÄåíü Èñêóïëåíèÿ (Éîì Êèïóð). Îäíà èç ïðåäëàãàåìûõ ôîðìóë ïî-êàÿíèÿ áûëà òàêîâà: «ß ïðèçíàþ âñå çëî, êîòîðîå ÿ ñîâåðøèë ïå-

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ðåä Òîáîé, õîäÿ çëûìè ïóòÿìè. Òî, ÷òî ÿ ñäåëàë, ÿ íå áóäó áîëü-øå òâîðèòü ñíîâà. Äà ïðîñòèøü Òû ìíå, î Ãîñïîäü è Áîã ìîé, âñåìîè ãðåõè è âñå ìîå íåïîñëóøàíèå è äàðóåøü ìíå ïðîùåíèå âñåõãðåõîâ» [1, ñ. 216], [263, ð. 37–38].

6 Èîàíí æå íîñèë îäåæäó èç âåðáëþæüåãî âîëîñà è ïîÿñ êî-æàíûé íà ÷ðåñëàõ ñâîèõ, è åë àêðèäû è äèêèé ìåä.

Ñì. êîììåíò. ê (Ìò. 3:4). Îáðàç æèçíè Èîàííà íàïîìèíàåòàñêåòè÷åñêóþ ïðàêòèêó ïðîðîêà Èëèè (Èëèÿõó): «Îíè ñêàçàëèåìó: ÷åëîâåê òîò âåñü â âîëîñàõ è êîæàíûì ïîÿñîì ïîäïîÿñàíïî ÷ðåñëàì ñâîèì. È ñêàçàë îí: ýòî Èëèÿ Ôåñâèòÿíèí» (4 Öàð. 1:8)[1, ñ. 216].

8 ÿ êðåñòèë âàñ âîäîþ, à Îí áóäåò êðåñòèòü âàñ Äóõîì Ñâÿ-òûì.

Èçëèÿíèå Ñâÿòîãî Äóõà äîëæíî áûëî ÿâèòüñÿ ìåññèàíñêîé çà-äà÷åé, íàïð.: «È áóäåò ïîñëå òîãî, èçëèþ îò Äóõà Ìîåãî íà âñÿ-êóþ ïëîòü, è áóäóò ïðîðî÷åñòâîâàòü ñûíû âàøè è äî÷åðè âàøè;ñòàðöàì âàøèì áóäóò ñíèòüñÿ ñíû, è þíîøè âàøè áóäóò âèäåòüâèäåíèÿ. È òàêæå íà ðàáîâ è íà ðàáûíü â òå äíè èçëèþ îò ÄóõàÌîåãî» (Èîèë. 2:27-28), «èáî ß èçîëüþ âîäû íà æàæäóùåå è ïî-òîêè íà èññîõøåå; èçëèþ äóõ Ìîé íà ïëåìÿ òâîå è áëàãîñëîâåíèåÌîå íà ïîòîìêîâ òâîèõ» (Èñ. 44:3).

9 È áûëî â òå äíè, ïðèøåë Èèñóñ èç Íàçàðåòà Ãàëèëåéñêî-ãî è êðåñòèëñÿ îò Èîàííà â Èîðäàíå.

Íàçàðåò áûë äåðåâíåé, â êîòîðîé, ïî ñîâðåìåííûì äàííûì,æèëî ïðèìåðíî 120 ÷åëîâåê è áûëî îêîëî 28 çäàíèé âìåñòå ñ ñè-íàãîãîé, ðàñïîëàãàâøèõñÿ âäîëü îäíîé óëèöû [52]. Îäíàêî ðÿäîì,ïðèìåðíî â ïÿòè êèëîìåòðàõ, íàõîäèëñÿ êðóïíûé áîãàòûé ãîðîäñ ïðåîáëàäàþùèì åâðåéñêèì íàñåëåíèåì, ðàâíûì ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî15 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê, – Ñåïôîðèñ (Öèïîðè) [52].

10 È êîãäà âûõîäèë èç âîäû, òîò÷àñ óâèäåë Èîàíí ðàçâåðçà-þùèåñÿ íåáåñà è Äóõà, êàê ãîëóáÿ, ñõîäÿùåãî íà Íåãî. 11 Èãëàñ áûë ñ íåáåñ: Òû Ñûí Ìîé âîçëþáëåííûé, â ÊîòîðîìÌîå áëàãîâîëåíèå.

Ñíèñõîæäåíèå Ñâÿòîãî Äóõà – ìåññèàíñêîå è ïðîðî÷åñêîå ïî-ìàçàíèå.

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Ðàçâåðçàþùèåñÿ íåáåñà – îáðàç èç Ïèñàíèÿ (Òàíàõà): «Î, åñëèáû Òû ðàñòîðã íåáåñà è ñîøåë!» (Èñ. 64:1), «È áûëî â òðèäöàòûéãîä, â ÷åòâåðòûé ìåñÿö, â ïÿòûé äåíü ìåñÿöà, êîãäà ÿ íàõîäèëñÿñðåäè ïåðåñåëåíöåâ ïðè ðåêå Õîâàðå, îòâåðçëèñü íåáåñà, è ÿ âèäåëâèäåíèÿ Áîæèè» (Èåç. 1:1) [1, ñ. 219].

12 Íåìåäëåííî ïîñëå òîãî Äóõ âåäåò Åãî â ïóñòûíþ. 13 È áûëÎí òàì â ïóñòûíå ñîðîê äíåé, èñêóøàåìûé ñàòàíîþ, è áûëñî çâåðÿìè; è Àíãåëû ñëóæèëè Åìó.

 Âåòõîì Çàâåòå (Òàíàõå) äèêèå çâåðè àññîöèèðóþòñÿ ñî çëîìè ñ ïîáåäîé ïðàâåäíèêà íàä íèìè [263, ð. 52].

21 È ïðèõîäÿò â Êàïåðíàóì; è âñêîðå â ñóááîòó âîøåë Îí âñèíàãîãó è ó÷èë. 22 È äèâèëèñü Åãî ó÷åíèþ, èáî Îí ó÷èë èõ,êàê âëàñòü èìåþùèé, à íå êàê êíèæíèêè... 32 Ïðè íàñòóï-ëåíèè æå âå÷åðà, êîãäà çàõîäèëî ñîëíöå, ïðèíîñèëè ê Íå-ìó âñåõ áîëüíûõ è áåñíîâàòûõ.

Áîëüíûõ ïðèíîñèëè âå÷åðîì, òî åñòü ïîñëå îôèöèàëüíîãîîêîí÷àíèÿ ñóááîòû (ìîöàýé øàááàò) äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû íåíàðóøàòü çàêîíû ôàðèñååâ î çàïðåùåíèè ðàáîòû â ýòîò äåíü [62,ñ. 23].

23  ñèíàãîãå èõ áûë ÷åëîâåê, îäåðæèìûé äóõîì íå÷èñòûì,è âñêðè÷àë: 24 îñòàâü! ÷òî Òåáå äî íàñ, Èèñóñ Íàçàðÿíèí?Òû ïðèøåë ïîãóáèòü íàñ! çíàþ Òåáÿ, êòî Òû, Ñâÿòûé Áî-æèé.

×òî òåáå äî íàñ – áóêâàëüíî «÷òî íàì è òåáå», óñòîé÷èâîå âû-ðàæåíèå â èâðèòå [52].

25 Íî Èèñóñ çàïðåòèë åìó, ãîâîðÿ: çàìîë÷è è âûéäè èç íåãî. 26 Òîãäà äóõ íå÷èñòûé, ñîòðÿñøè åãî è âñêðè÷àâ ãðîìêèìãîëîñîì, âûøåë èç íåãî.

Çàìîë÷è è âûéäè èç íåãî – «Âîí! Ïîøåë âîí!», ïî-åâðåéñêè öå.Ñòàíäàðòíàÿ ôîðìóëà èóäåéñêîãî ýêçîðöèçìà, èçãíàíèÿ áåñîâ. ÂÒàëìóäå åñòü ðàññêàçû î òîì, êàê ðàââèíû Ýëåàçàð áåí Éîñå èØèìîí áåí Éîõàé èçãîíÿëè áåñîâ òåì æå ñëîâîì èç äî÷åðè ðèì-ñêîãî èìïåðàòîðà [377, p.3].

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27 È âñå óæàñíóëèñü, òàê ÷òî äðóã äðóãà ñïðàøèâàëè: ÷òîýòî? ÷òî ýòî çà íîâîå ó÷åíèå, ÷òî Îí è äóõàì íå÷èñòûì ïî-âåëåâàåò ñî âëàñòüþ, è îíè ïîâèíóþòñÿ Åìó?

×òî ýòî çà íîâîå ó÷åíèå... ïîâåëåâàåò ñî âëàñòüþ – â îòëè÷èåîò ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ ó÷èòåëåé Èçðàèëÿ ó Èèñóñà áûëà âëàñòü íàä áå-ñàìè. Ïîýòîìó «íîâîå ó÷åíèå» ïðèâåëî â èçóìëåíèå ñëóøàâøèõ.Òàðãóì Îíêåëîñà (ïåðåâîä Ïÿòèêíèæèÿ Ìîèñååâà íà àðàìåéñêèéÿçûê, âûïîëíåííûé ïðîçåëèòîì Îíêåëîñîì), ñîñòàâëåííûé, ïî-âè-äèìîìó, â I â. í. ý., îáúÿñíÿåò îòðûâîê èç Êíèãè Èñàéè 12:3, ñòàâ-øèé ïåñíåé äëÿ òðàäèöèîííîãî èçðàèëüñêîãî òàíöà (Óøàâòýììàéèì áåñàññîí ìè ìààÿíåé õàéåøóà – «È â ðàäîñòè áóäåòå ÷åð-ïàòü âîäó èç èñòî÷íèêîâ ñïàñåíèÿ») ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: «È âûïîëó÷èòå íîâîå ó÷åíèå îò ïåðâîðîäíîãî ïðàâåäíîãî ñûíà Áîæüå-ãî». Òàêèì îáðàçîì, Îíêåëîñ òîëêóåò ýòî ìåñòî â Êíèãå Èñàéè êàêìåññèàíñêîå ïðîðî÷åñòâî: åâðåéñêèé íàðîä ïîëó÷èò îò Ìåññèè íî-âîå ó÷åíèå, âîçìîæíî íîâîå òîëêîâàíèå Òîðû. Ñëîâà ëþäåé î íî-âîì ó÷åíèè â äàííîì ñòèõå ðàâíîñèëüíû èõ ïðèçíàíèþ Èèñóñà èçÍàçàðåòà Ìåññèåé Èçðàèëÿ.

Îí è äóõàì íå÷èñòûì ïîâåëåâàåò ñî âëàñòüþ – â Òàëìóäå ñêà-çàíî, ÷òî ðàáè Éîõàíàí áåí Çàêêàé, ñîáðàâøèé Ñèíåäðèîí (Ñàíõå-äðèí) â ßâíå ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â 90 ã. í. ý., íà êîòîðîì áûëè ðàç-ðàáîòàíû îñíîâû èóäàèçìà ïîñëå ðàçðóøåíèÿ Õðàìà, èçó÷àë ðå÷üøåäèì (áåñîâ), íî øåäèì åìó íå ïîâèíîâàëèñü [51,ñ. 140].

29 Âûéäÿ âñêîðå èç ñèíàãîãè, ïðèøëè â äîì Ñèìîíà è Àíä-ðåÿ, ñ Èàêîâîì è Èîàííîì. 30 Òåùà æå Ñèìîíîâà ëåæàëà âãîðÿ÷êå; è òîò÷àñ ãîâîðÿò Åìó î íåé. 31 Ïîäîéäÿ, Îí ïîäíÿëåå, âçÿâ åå çà ðóêó; è ãîðÿ÷êà òîò÷àñ îñòàâèëà åå, è îíà ñòà-ëà ñëóæèòü èì.

Ãîðÿ÷êà – ýøàòà öåìèðòà.  Òàëìóäå ïðåäïèñûâàåòñÿ ñëîæ-íîå ìàãè÷åñêîå ëå÷åíèå, ñîåäèíåííîå ñ ÷òåíèåì Ïèñàíèÿ (Òîðû)[70, ñ. 611]. Ñîãëàñíî âçãëÿäàì (ãàëàõå) øêîëû Ãèëëåëÿ, Èèñóñèìåë ïðàâî èñöåëèòü òåùó Ñèìîíà (Øèìîíà) â ñóááîòó, òàê êàêýòî íå áûëî ñâÿçàíî ñ ïåðåâîçêîé áîëüíîé. Îäíàêî øêîëà Øàììàÿíå ñîãëàñèëàñü áû ñ ýòèì ïî ðÿäó ïðè÷èí [62, ñ. 24].

33 È âåñü ãîðîä ñîáðàëñÿ ê äâåðÿì.

Êàïåðíàóì – Êôàð Íàõóì, «ñåëåíèå Íàóìà». Ðûáîëîâåöêèéïîðò áûë ðàñïîëîæåí íà 700 ì íèæå óðîâíÿ ìîðÿ, îáëàäàë ðàçâè-

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íàïðàâëåííîñòü ïðàçäíèêà íà îæèäàíèå âñåîáùåãî âîñêðåñåíèÿ,Áîã îáåùàåò íå òîëüêî óðîæàé çåìíîé, íî è óðîæàé âå÷íîé æèç-íè, à íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü Îí âîñêðåøàåò Èèñóñà. Âïîëíå âîçìîæ-íî, ÷òî ó÷åíèêè Èèñóñà, â ïå÷àëè ïðèøåäøèå â Õðàì â ñóááîòó,ìîãëè ñëûøàòü ïðîðî÷åñòâî Èåçåêèèëÿ, à íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü ýòîïðîðî÷åñòâî íà÷àëî îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ [365, ð. 108-109].

6 Îí æå ãîâîðèò èì: íå óæàñàéòåñü. Èèñóñà èùåòå Íàçàðÿ-íèíà, ðàñïÿòîãî; Îí âîñêðåñ, Åãî íåò çäåñü. Âîò ìåñòî, ãäå Îíáûë ïîëîæåí. 7 Íî èäèòå, ñêàæèòå ó÷åíèêàì Åãî è Ïåòðó, ÷òîÎí ïðåäâàðÿåò âàñ â Ãàëèëåå; òàì Åãî óâèäèòå, êàê Îí ñêàçàëâàì. 8 È, âûéäÿ, ïîáåæàëè îò ãðîáà; èõ îáúÿë òðåïåò è óæàñ, èíèêîìó íè÷åãî íå ñêàçàëè, ïîòîìó ÷òî áîÿëèñü.Ïî÷åìó æåíùèíû ìîë÷àò? Îíè âîñïðèíÿëè ñëîâà þíîøè â áå-

ëîé îäåæäå êàê óêàçàíèå íà òî, ÷òî èì ïåðåäàí àïîêàëèïòè÷åñêèéñåêðåò, êîòîðûé äî îïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè íå ìîæåò áûòü îòêðûòíèêîìó, êðîìå ó÷åíèêîâ Èèñóñà.

Ïîýòîìó ñëîâà «è íèêîìó íè÷åãî íå ñêàçàëè, ïîòîìó ÷òî áîÿ-ëèñü» íóæíî ïîíèìàòü òàê, ÷òî æåíùèíû æäàëè, ïîêà ñìîãóò îò-êðûòü íåîáû÷íóþ âåñòü àïîñòîëàì, à â îòíîøåíèè îñòàëüíûõ ëþ-äåé áóäóò õðàíèòü ìîë÷àíèå.

Òîëüêî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê âîñêðåñøèé Èèñóñ ÿâíî äàåò âñåìó÷åíèêàì, ìóæ÷èíàì è æåíùèíàì óêàçàíèå èäòè è ñâèäåòåëüñò-âîâàòü âñåìó ìèðó î åãî äåëàõ è î âîñêðåñåíèè èç ìåðòâûõ,æåíùèíû ñòàëè îòêðûòî ïðîïîâåäîâàòü òî, ÷òî îíè âèäåëè â ãðîá-íèöå. Òàê ÷òî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ñòðàõ è ìîë÷àíèå æåíùèí –ýòî òðåïåò â îæèäàíèè çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ñîáûòèé, ê êîòîðûì èõíàïðàâèë àíãåë.

Êðîìå òîãî, ïåðâûå âåðóþùèå, îñîáåííî ñëóøàòåëè ïðîïîâå-äåé àïîñòîëà Ïåòðà, ÷üè ðàññêàçû ëåãëè â îñíîâàíèå Åâàíãåëèÿîò Ìàðêà, õîðîøî çíàëè, ÷òî ïîñëåäîâàëî â ðåàëüíîñòè ïîñëåòîãî, êàê æåíùèíû âåðíóëèñü îò ãðîáíèöû Èèñóñà, ïîýòîìóèì íå íóæíî áûëî ðàññêàçûâàòü âñå â ïîäðîáíîñòÿõ. Âèäèìî,ñîáûòèÿ âîñêðåñåíèÿ áûëè â öåíòðå ïðîïîâåäè àïîñòîëà, à Åâàí-ãåëèå êîíöåíòðèðîâàëîñü íà òîì, ÷òî ñëóøàòåëè íå çíàëè ïîäðîá-íî [78, ð. 290].

ÅÂÀÍÃÅËÈÅÎÒ ËÓÊÈ

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Ãëàâà 15 Âî äíè Èðîäà, öàðÿ Èóäåéñêîãî, áûë ñâÿùåííèê èç Àâèå-âîé ÷ðåäû, èìåíåì Çàõàðèÿ, è æåíà åãî èç ðîäà Ààðîíîâà,èìÿ åé Åëèñàâåòà.

Èç Àâèåâîé ÷ðåäû – âî âðåìåíà Âòîðîãî Õðàìà ôóíêöèîíèðî-âàëî äâàäöàòü ÷åòûðå ÷åðåäû (ñìåíà – ìèøìàðà, ìí. ÷. – ìèøìà-ðîò) ñâÿùåííèêîâ, êîòîðûå ñëóæèëè â Õðàìå ïî äâà ðàçà â ãîä âòå÷åíèå îäíîé íåäåëè. Æèëè ñâÿùåííèêè ïî âñåé Çåìëå Èçðàèëÿ(Ýðåö Éèñðàýëü), à êîãäà íàñòóïàëà î÷åðåäü èõ ñëóæáû, ñîáèðà-ëèñü è øëè â Èåðóñàëèì. Ãëàâà êàæäîé ñìåíû íàçûâàëñÿ ðîø õà-ìèøìàð. Äàæå ïîñëå ðàçðóøåíèÿ Õðàìà äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ ñâÿ-ùåííèêè ñåëèëèñü è æèëè êîìïàêòíî â îòäåëüíûõ ñåëåíèÿõ; â÷àñòíîñòè, Íàçàðåò áûë äîìîì äëÿ âîñåìíàäöàòîé ÷åðåäû Õàïïèö-öåö. Ñëóæåáíûé (ðåëèãèîçíûé) ãîä íà÷èíàëñÿ âåñíîé â ìåñÿöå íè-ñàí (ñåðåäèíà ìàðòà – ñåðåäèíà àïðåëÿ), âîñüìàÿ ÷åðåäà Àâèè(Àáèè) ñëóæèëà â êîíöå ìåñÿöà àéÿð (ñåðåäèíà àïðåëÿ – ñåðåäèíàìàÿ) è ñíîâà â êîíöå ìåñÿöà ìàðõåøâàí (ñåðåäèíà îêòÿáðÿ – ñåðå-äèíà íîÿáðÿ). Êîãäà òî÷íî ýòî ïðîèñõîäèëî, íåèçâåñòíî, è íåèçâå-ñòíî ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî ìåñÿöà, êîòîðûé âñòàâ-ëÿëñÿ äâàæäû êàæäûå ñåìü ëåò èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî åâðåéñêèé êàëåí-äàðü áûë ëóííûé. Ñìåíà ÷åðåä ïðîèñõîäèëà â ñóááîòó. Óïîìèíà-íèå î ðàñïðåäåëåíèè ÷åðåäû Àâèè ìîæíî íàéòè â 1-é Êíèãå Ïàðà-ëèïîìåíîí, 24:10. Ñåìüÿ Àâèè áûëà ñåìüåé ñâÿùåííèêîâ Ààðî-íîâñêîãî íàñëåäîâàíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ âåðíóëàñü â çåìëþ Èçðàèëÿ âìå-ñòå ñ Çîðîâàâåëåì (Çðóáàâåëåì) è Èèñóñîì (Íååì. 12:4). Óïîìèíà-åòñÿ òàêæå Àâèÿ, êîòîðûé ïîäïèñàë çàâåò íå îòñòóïàòü îò Áîãà,ïðåäëîæåííûé Åçäðîé (Íååì. 10:7). Æåíà Çàõàðèè (Çåõàðüè) áû-ëà òàêæå èç ñâÿùåííè÷åñêîãî ðîäà, è õîòÿ ñâÿùåííèêàì íå îáÿ-çàòåëüíî áûëî æåíèòüñÿ íà äî÷åðÿõ ñâÿùåííèêîâ, ýòî áûëî îáû÷-íûì äåëîì [335].

Çàõàðèÿ (Çåõàðüÿ) – «Áîã âñïîìíèë» [263, ð. 16–17].

6 Îáà îíè áûëè ïðàâåäíû ïðåä Áîãîì, ïîñòóïàÿ ïî âñåì çà-ïîâåäÿì è óñòàâàì Ãîñïîäíèì áåñïîðî÷íî.

Ïðàâåäíûé – íà èâðèòå öàäèê. Öàäèê òùàòåëüíî èñïîëíÿë âñåçàïîâåäè Çàêîíà (Òîðû), â òîì ÷èñëå ãàëàõè÷åñêèå ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿôàðèñååâ [70, ñ. 173], [263, ð. 6].

Ïåðåä Áîãîì – òî÷íåå, «âî ìíåíèè Áîæüåì», ëèôíå Àäîíàé[263, ð. 17].

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7 Ó íèõ íå áûëî äåòåé, èáî Åëèñàâåòà áûëà íåïëîäíà, è îáàáûëè óæå â ëåòàõ ïðåêëîííûõ.

Ê òîìó, êòî óìåð áåçäåòíûì, ïðèëàãàëèñü ñëîâà ïðîðîêà Èåðå-ìèè: «...íî ãîðüêî ïëà÷üòå îá îòõîäÿùåì â ïëåí, èáî îí óæå íåâîçâðàòèòñÿ è íå óâèäèò ðîäíîé ñòðàíû ñâîåé» (Èåð. 22:10). Áåç-äåòíûé ïðèðàâíèâàëñÿ ê ìåðòâîìó. Íè îäèí ÷åëîâåê â Èçðàèëå íåäîëæåí áûë îñòàâàòüñÿ áåçäåòíûì, òàê êàê â ëþáîé ñåìüå ìîã ïî-ÿâèòüñÿ Ìåññèÿ [207, ð. 98].

8 Îäíàæäû, êîãäà îí â ïîðÿäêå ñâîåé ÷ðåäû ñëóæèë ïðåäÁîãîì, 9 ïî æðåáèþ, êàê îáûêíîâåííî áûëî ó ñâÿùåííèêîâ,äîñòàëîñü åìó âîéòè â õðàì Ãîñïîäåíü äëÿ êàæäåíèÿ,10 à âñå ìíîæåñòâî íàðîäà ìîëèëîñü âíå âî âðåìÿ êàæäå-íèÿ, – 11 òîãäà ÿâèëñÿ åìó Àíãåë Ãîñïîäåíü, ñòîÿ ïî ïðàâóþñòîðîíó æåðòâåííèêà êàäèëüíîãî.

Íåñêîëüêî ñîòåí ñâÿùåííèêîâ ñëóæèëè åæåäíåâíî â èåðóñà-ëèìñêîì Õðàìå, îäíàêî óòðåííèå è äíåâíûå îáùåñòâåííûå æåðò-âû (òàìèä) îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü òîëüêî íåáîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì ñâÿ-ùåííèêîâ ïî æðåáèþ. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ôóíêöèé, èñïîëíÿåìûõ âÕðàìå, îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü äâóìÿ óòðåííèìè æðåáèÿìè, ïåðåä êîòî-ðûìè ñâÿùåííèêè ìîëèëèñü, â òîì ÷èñëå ÷èòàëè ìîëèòâó «Ñëó-øàé, Èçðàèëü!...» (Øìà, Éèñðàýëü!..). Íàèáîëåå ïðåñòèæíûì áû-ëî êàæäåíèå ëàäàíà íà çîëîòîì àëòàðå íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà â Ñâÿ-òîì Õðàìå, êîòîðîå îñóùåñòâëÿë îäèí ÷åëîâåê. Åãî îáÿçàííîñòüäîñòàâàëàñü åìó ïî æðåáèþ, è, êàê ïðàâèëî, òîëüêî îäèí ðàç âæèçíè, ïîñëå ÷åãî îí íàçûâàëñÿ «áîãàòûì». Îí âîñêóðÿë ëàäàí,ïàäàë íèö â áëàãîãîâåíèè è âûõîäèë èç ñâÿòèëèùà. Ó òàêîãî ñâÿ-ùåííèêà áûëî äâà èçáðàííûõ ïîìîùíèêà èç äðóçåé èëè ðîäñòâåí-íèêîâ. Îäèí èç íèõ ñíèìàë îñòàòêè óãëÿ è ôèìèàìà ïðîøëîãîäíÿ, à âòîðîé ïðèíîñèë óãëè ñ æåðòâåííèêà, íà êîòîðîì ñæèãà-ëèñü æåðòâåííûå æèâîòíûå. Äíåâíîå âîñêóðåíèå ñ÷èòàëîñü áîëååâàæíûì, ÷åì óòðåííåå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ÿâëåíèå àíãåëàÇàõàðèè (Çåõàðüå) áûëî èìåííî â äíåâíóþ ñìåíó. Âèäåíèÿ è ÿâëå-íèÿ àíãåëîâ áûëè íå ðåäêè ïðè âîñêóðåíèè ëàäàíà. Òàê ÑèìîíÏðàâåäíûé (Øèìîí Öàäèê), êîòîðûé ñëóæèë ïåðâîñâÿùåííèêîìîêîëî 200 ã. äî í. ý. â òå÷åíèå ñîðîêà ëåò, â ïîñëåäíèé ãîä íà ÄåíüÈñêóïëåíèÿ (Éîì Êèïóð), êîãäà ïåðâîñâÿùåííèê åäèíñòâåííûéðàç çàõîäèë â Ñâÿòàÿ Ñâÿòûõ Õðàìà ñ êðîâüþ äëÿ êðîïëåíèÿ è ëà-äàíîì, ñêàçàë, ÷òî â ýòîò ãîä îí óìðåò. Êîãäà åãî ñïðîñèëè, îòêó-äà îí çíàåò, îí ñêàçàë: «Êàæäûé ãîä â ýòîò äåíü ñòàðûé ÷åëîâåê

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â áåëîé îäåæäå âõîäèë â Ñâÿòîå Ñâÿòûõ è âûõîäèë ñî ìíîé. Â ýòîòðàç îí çàøåë, íî íå âûøåë ñî ìíîþ» [356], [70, ñ. 171, 174–175].

13 Àíãåë æå ñêàçàë åìó: íå áîéñÿ, Çàõàðèÿ, èáî óñëûøàíàìîëèòâà òâîÿ, è æåíà òâîÿ Åëèñàâåòà ðîäèò òåáå ñûíà, èíàðå÷åøü åìó èìÿ: Èîàíí.

Íàðå÷åøü åìó èìÿ... – «íàçîâåøü åãî èìÿ»; «íàçâàòü èìÿ» – ãåá-ðàèçì, íàïðèìåð: «...è íàðåêóò èìÿ Åìó [íàçîâóò åãî èìÿ]: ×óä-íûé...» (Èñ. 9:6).

15 èáî îí áóäåò âåëèê ïðåä Ãîñïîäîì; íå áóäåò ïèòü âèíà èñèêåðà, è Äóõà Ñâÿòàãî èñïîëíèòñÿ åùå îò ÷ðåâà ìàòåðèñâîåé.

Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ñ äåòñòâà Èîàíí äîëæåí áûë áûòü ïîñâÿùåí âîáåò íàçîðåéñòâà (×èñ. 6). Íàçîðåþ çàïðåùåíî áûëî ñòðè÷ü âîëî-ñû íà âðåìÿ îáåòà, åñòü è ïèòü ÷òî-ëèáî, õîòÿ áû â ìàëåéøåé ñòå-ïåíè ñâÿçàííîå ñ âèíîãðàäîì, à òàêæå ïðèêàñàòüñÿ ê ìåðòâîìó òå-ëó. Íàçîðåþ, êàê îñîáî ïîñâÿùåííîìó [îòäåëåííîìó] Áîãó, ïðåä-ïèñûâàëèñü ñïåöèàëüíûå æåðòâû. Îáåò ìîã áûòü äàí íà îïðåäå-ëåííûé ñðîê, íî ìîã è íà âñþ æèçíü. Èñêðåííèå íàçîðåè âûñîêîïî÷èòàëèñü [339].

16 è ìíîãèõ èç ñûíîâ Èçðàèëåâûõ îáðàòèò ê Ãîñïîäó Áîãó èõ.

Ñûíîâ Èçðàèëåâûõ – áíåé Éèñðàýëü, èäèîìà èâðèòà, ñíà÷àëàîáîçíà÷àëà 12 ñûíîâåé Èàêîâà, ðîäîíà÷àëüíèêîâ êîëåí Èçðàèëÿ, àâî âðåìåíà Âòîðîãî Õðàìà – èóäååâ âîîáùå, èçðàèëüòÿí [60, ñ. 42].

19 Àíãåë ñêàçàë åìó â îòâåò: ÿ Ãàâðèèë, ïðåäñòîÿùèé ïðåäÁîãîì, è ïîñëàí ãîâîðèòü ñ òîáîþ è áëàãîâåñòèòü òåáå ñèå.

Ãàâðèèë – Ãàáðèýëü, «Áîã – ìîÿ ïîìîùü», «ãåðîé Áîæèé», «âî-èí Áîæèé».  åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü,ñóä Áîæèé, òîãäà êàê Ìèõàèë (Ìèõàýëü, «êòî ïîäîáåí Áîãó?») –ìèëîñåðäèå Áîæüå. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî èìåííî Ãàâðèèë ðàçðóøèë Ñî-äîì, ïîðàçèë ñëóæàíîê åãèïåòñêîé ïðèíöåññû ïîñëå òîãî, êàê îíèõîòåëè óäåðæàòü åå îò òîãî, ÷òîáû îíà âûòàùèëà Ìîèñåÿ èç Íè-ëà. Îí ñïàñ òðåõ þíîøåé â ïå÷è âàâèëîíñêîé è îí æå óáèë ëþäåé,ñòîÿùèõ ðÿäîì ñ íåé.  êíèãå ïðîðîêà Èåçåêèèëÿ åñòü ìåñòî, êî-òîðîå ïðèâÿçûâàåòñÿ òðàäèöèåé ê ýòîìó àðõàíãåëó (÷åëîâåê âëüíÿíîé îäåæäå): «È âèäåë ÿ, è âîò íà ñâîäå, êîòîðûé íàä ãëàâà-ìè Õåðóâèìîâ, êàê áû êàìåíü ñàïôèð, êàê áû íå÷òî, ïîõîæåå íàïðåñòîë, âèäèìî áûëî íàä íèìè. È ãîâîðèë Îí ÷åëîâåêó, îäåòîìó

221

â ëüíÿíóþ îäåæäó, è ñêàçàë: âîéäè ìåæäó êîëåñàìè ïîä Õåðóâè-ìîâ è âîçüìè ïîëíûå ïðèãîðøíè ãîðÿùèõ óãîëüåâ ìåæäó Õåðóâè-ìàìè, è áðîñü íà ãîðîä; è îí âîøåë â ìîèõ ãëàçàõ... òîãäà èç ñðå-äû Õåðóâèìîâ îäèí Õåðóâèì ïðîñòåð ðóêó ñâîþ ê îãíþ, êîòîðûéìåæäó Õåðóâèìàìè, è âçÿë è äàë â ïðèãîðøíè îäåòîìó â ëüíÿíóþîäåæäó. Îí âçÿë è âûøåë» (Èåç. 10:1–2,7). Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî Ãàâðè-èë õðàíèë óãîëü øåñòü ëåò â íàäåæäå, ÷òî Èçðàèëü ïîêàåòñÿ. Åñòüòàêæå óòâåðæäåíèå, ÷òî êîãäà öàðü Ñîëîìîí (Øëîìî) æåíèëñÿ íàäî÷åðè ôàðàîíà, òî àðõàíãåë Ãàâðèèë ñîøåë â ìîðå è âîòêíóë âäíî òðîñòíèêîâûé øåñò, âîêðóã êîòîðîãî íàìûëî ïî÷âó, íà êîòî-ðîé âûðîñ ëåñ è âïîñëåäñòâèè áûë îñíîâàí Ðèì, êîòîðûé â ñâîåâðåìÿ îâëàäåë Èçðàèëåì. Ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òî Ãàâðèèë ñîçäàí èç îãíÿ,à Ìèõàèë – èç ñíåãà, íî, ñòîÿ ðÿäîì äðóã ñ äðóãîì, îíè íå îïàëÿ-þò è íå îõëàæäàþò îäèí äðóãîãî. Ìèõàèë, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ñòîèòïî ïðàâóþ ðóêó îò òðîíà Áîæüåãî è ÿâëÿåòñÿ àíãåëîì, ïðåäñòàâ-ëÿþùèì Èçðàèëü â íåáåñàõ, åãî íåáåñíûì êíÿçåì. Îí ñïàñ Ëîòà,áûë îäíèì èç òðåõ àíãåëîâ, ïðèøåäøèõ ê Àâðààìó ó äóáðàâûÌàìðå. Ìèõàèë ñ÷èòàåòñÿ áîëåå âûñîêî ñòîÿùèì â èåðàðõèè àí-ãåëîâ, ÷åì Ãàâðèèë [208, ð. 748–749].

21 Ìåæäó òåì íàðîä îæèäàë Çàõàðèþ è äèâèëñÿ, ÷òî îí ìåä-ëèò â õðàìå. 22 Îí æå, âûéäÿ, íå ìîã ãîâîðèòü ê íèì; è îíèïîíÿëè, ÷òî îí âèäåë âèäåíèå â õðàìå; è îí îáúÿñíÿëñÿ ñíèìè çíàêàìè è îñòàâàëñÿ íåì.

Êàê ëþäè îïðåäåëèëè, ÷òî ó Çàõàðèè (Çåõàðüè) áûëî âèäåíèå?Ñóùåñòâîâàëî îñîáîå îæèäàíèå îòíîñèòåëüíî ñâÿùåííèêà, âõîäèâ-øåãî â Õðàì. Ëþäè äîëæíû áûëè áûòü óáåæäåíû, ÷òî âñå èäåò âñâÿòîì ìåñòå êàê ïîëîæåíî: îá ýòîì ãîâîðèëî òî âðåìÿ, êîòîðîåñâÿùåííèê ïðåáûâàë âíóòðè Ñâÿòîãî èëè Ñâÿòîãî Ñâÿòûõ. Íàïðè-ìåð, â Äåíü Èñêóïëåíèÿ (Éîì Êèïóð) ïåðâîñâÿùåííèê âõîäèëåäèíñòâåííûé ðàç çà âåñü ãîä â Ñâÿòîå Ñâÿòûõ, îêðîïëÿë åãî êðî-âüþ, çàòåì âîñêóðÿë ëàäàí, ìîëèëñÿ è âûõîäèë ê ëþäÿì, îæèäà-þùèì âî äâîðàõ Õðàìà. Ðàââèíñêèå ïèñàíèÿ óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî «îííå äîëæåí áûë ìîëèòüñÿ äîëãî, ÷òîáû íå èñïóãàòü Èçðàèëü». Ñè-ìîí Ïðàâåäíûé (Øèìîí Öàäèê – îêîëî 200 ã. äî í. ý.), ïåðâîñâÿ-ùåííèê, îäíàæäû äîëüøå îáû÷íîãî ìîëèëñÿ â Ñâÿòîì Ñâÿòûõ.Áóäó÷è ñïðîøåííûì, ïî÷åìó îí çàäåðæàëñÿ, îòâåòèë, ÷òî îí ìî-ëèëñÿ î òîì, ÷òîáû Ãîñïîäü îòâðàòèë ðàçðóøåíèå Õðàìà. Ëþäèñêàçàëè åìó, ÷òî îí âñå ðàâíî íå äîëæåí áûë ìîëèòüñÿ òàê äîëãî.Ïîýòîìó ëþäè ïîíÿëè, ÷òî Çàõàðèÿ âèäåë âèäåíèå ïîòîìó, ÷òî îí

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Ìåñòî â Ïèñàíèè

Òåêñò Ìåññèàíñêîå çíà÷åíèå

Èñ. 60:1

Èñ. 61:1

Èñ. 61:10

Èñ. 65:25

Âîññòàíü, ñâåòèñü, [Èåðóñàëèì],

èáî ïðèøåë ñâåò òâîé, è ñëàâà

Ãîñïîäíÿ âçîøëà íàä òîáîþ

Äóõ Ãîñïîäà Áîãà íà Ìíå, èáî

Ãîñïîäü ïîìàçàë Ìåíÿ áëàãîâåñò-

âîâàòü íèùèì, ïîñëàë Ìåíÿ èñ-

öåëÿòü ñîêðóøåííûõ ñåðäöåì,

ïðîïîâåäûâàòü ïëåííûì îñâî-

áîæäåíèå è óçíèêàì îòêðûòèå

òåìíèöû

Ðàäîñòüþ áóäó ðàäîâàòüñÿ î Ãîñ-

ïîäå, âîçâåñåëèòñÿ äóøà ìîÿ î

Áîãå ìîåì; èáî Îí îáëåê ìåíÿ â

ðèçû ñïàñåíèÿ, îäåæäîþ ïðàâäû

îäåë ìåíÿ, êàê íà æåíèõà âîçëî-

æèë âåíåö è, êàê íåâåñòó, óêðà-

ñèë óáðàíñòâîì

Âîëê è ÿãíåíîê áóäóò ïàñòèñü

âìåñòå, è ëåâ, êàê âîë, áóäåò åñòü

ñîëîìó, à äëÿ çìåÿ ïðàõ áóäåò ïè-

ùåþ: îíè íå áóäóò ïðè÷èíÿòü çëà

è âðåäà íà âñåé ñâÿòîé ãîðå Ìîåé,

ãîâîðèò Ãîñïîäü

Ñîáûòèÿ âðåìåí Ìåññèè

Ðàññêàç î Ìåññèè

Ðàññêàç î Ìåññèè

Ðàññêàç î âîñêðåñåíèè ïî-

ñëå ïðèõîäà Ìåññèè

ÅÂÀÍÃÅËÈÅÎÒ ÈÎÀÍÍÀ

344

Ãëàâà 11  íà÷àëå áûëî Ñëîâî, è Ñëîâî áûëî ó Áîãà, è Ñëîâî áûëîÁîã. 2 Îíî áûëî â íà÷àëå ó Áîãà... 3 Âñå ÷ðåç Íåãî íà÷àëîáûòü, è áåç Íåãî íè÷òî íå íà÷àëî áûòü, ÷òî íà÷àëî áûòü...14 È Ñëîâî ñòàëî ïëîòèþ, è îáèòàëî ñ íàìè, ïîëíîå áëàãî-äàòè è èñòèíû; è ìû âèäåëè ñëàâó Åãî, ñëàâó, êàê Åäèíî-ðîäíîãî îò Îòöà.

 íà÷àëå – áýðåøèò, ïåðâûå ñëîâà êíèãè Áûòèå: «Â íà÷àëå ñî-òâîðèë Áîã íåáî è çåìëþ» (Áûò. 1:1), ñì. êîììåíò. ê (Ìê. 1:1).

Ñëîâî – ìåìðà íà àðàìåéñêîì. C ýòèì ñëîâîì ñâÿçàíà äàâíÿÿòðàäèöèÿ îòíîñèòü ñîçäàíèå õðèñòîëîãèè Åâàíãåëèÿ îò Èîàííà êâëèÿíèþ ýëëèíèçèðîâàííîãî åâðåÿ-ôèëîñîôà Ôèëîíà Àëåêñàíä-ðèéñêîãî, êîòîðûé èñïîëüçîâàë ãðå÷åñêîå ñëîâî «ëîãîñ» («ñëîâî»,«ðàçóì») â ôèëîñîôñêèõ öåëÿõ. Îäíàêî Ôèëîí íå èìååò ê Åâàí-ãåëèþ íèêàêîãî îòíîøåíèÿ è èñòî÷íèêîì, ïîñëóæèâøèì îñíîâà-íèåì äëÿ ñëîâîóïîòðåáëåíèÿ Èîàííà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ åâðåéñêàÿ òðàäè-öèÿ.  àðàìåéñêèõ ïàðàôðàçàõ Ïèñàíèÿ (Òàíàõà), òàê íàçûâàå-ìûõ òàðãóìàõ, ñ öåëüþ ñíèçèòü àíòðîïîìîðôíîñòü (÷åëîâåêîîá-ðàçíîñòü) îïèñàíèÿ Áîãà, åâðåéñêèìè àâòîðàìè äîáàâëåíû ðàç-ëè÷íûå îïèñàíèÿ Áîæåñòâà. Íàïðèìåð, âìåñòî «È ñîòâîðèë Áîã÷åëîâåêà ïî îáðàçó Ñâîåìó» â òàðãóìàõ ìîãëî áûòü íàïèñàíî: «Èñëîâî [ìåìðà] Áîæèå ñîçäàëî ÷åëîâåêà ïî ñâîåìó îáðàçó», âìåñòî«È ñêàçàë Áîã: äà áóäåò ñâåò» – «È ñëîâî Áîæèå ñêàçàëî: Äà áó-äåò ñâåò». Òî÷íî òàêæå èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ñëîâà «ñëàâà» (èêàð) è«ïðèñóòñòâèå», «ñëàâà», «æèëèùå», «îáèòàíèå» (øåõèíà). Âñåýòî äåëàëîñü äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû íèêòî íå ïîäóìàë, ÷òî Áîã ãîâîðèòèëè ïðèñóòñòâóåò èëè äåëàåò ÷òî-òî òàêèì æå îáðàçîì, êàê ÷åëî-âåê, ÷òî ó íåãî åñòü òàêèå æå ðîò, ðóêè, íîãè, ìûøöû. È õîòÿáîëüøèíñòâî òàðãóìîâ ñåãîäíÿ äàòèðóþòñÿ áîëåå ïîçäíèì âðåìå-íåì, ÷åì Åâàíãåëèÿ, òðàäèöèÿ, êîòîðóþ îíè îòðàæàþò, î÷åâèäíî,íàìíîãî áîëåå ðàííÿÿ, ÷åì âðåìÿ èõ íàïèñàíèÿ. Ð. Ìîñëè óêàçû-âàåò, ÷òî åâðåéñêèå ìóäðåöû ðàçðàáîòàëè ôàêòè÷åñêè öåëüíóþäîêòðèíó ìåìðû, êîòîðàÿ âêëþ÷àëà â ñåáÿ øåñòü ôóíêöèé, è âñåîíè ñîçíàòåëüíî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ Èîàííîì [247, ð. 133–134]:

• ìåìðà èíîãäà îòëè÷íî îò Áîãà, èíîãäà òî æå ñàìîå, ÷òî èÁîã: «Â íà÷àëå áûëî Ñëîâî, è Ñëîâî áûëî ó Áîãà, è Ñëîâî áû-ëî Áîã»;

345

• ìåìðà áûëî àãåíòîì ïðîöåññà òâîðåíèÿ: «Âñå ÷ðåç Íåãî íà-÷àëî áûòü, è áåç Íåãî íè÷òî íå íà÷àëî áûòü, ÷òî íà÷àëî áûòü»;

• ìåìðà áûëî àãåíòîì ñïàñåíèÿ: «À òåì, êîòîðûå ïðèíÿëèÅãî, âåðóþùèì âî èìÿ Åãî, äàë âëàñòü áûòü ÷àäàìè Áîæèèìè»;

• ìåìðà áûëî ïîñðåäíèêîì Áîãîÿâëåíèÿ: «È Ñëîâî ñòàëîïëîòèþ, è îáèòàëî ñ íàìè, ïîëíîå áëàãîäàòè è èñòèíû; è ìûâèäåëè ñëàâó Åãî, ñëàâó, êàê Åäèíîðîäíîãî îò Îòöà» [Ñëîâîêàê ñðåäñòâî ïðîÿâëåíèÿ è ïîêàçà Áîãà-Îòöà];

• ìåìðà áûëî àãåíòîì çàêëþ÷åíèÿ Çàâåòà: «èáî çàêîí äàí÷ðåç Ìîèñåÿ; áëàãîäàòü æå è èñòèíà ïðîèçîøëè ÷ðåç ÈèñóñàÕðèñòà» [Íîâûé Çàâåò ÷åðåç Ñëîâî-Èèñóñà];

• ìåìðà áûëî àãåíòîì îòêðîâåíèÿ: «Áîãà íå âèäåë íèêòîíèêîãäà; Åäèíîðîäíûé Ñûí, ñóùèé â íåäðå Îò÷åì, Îí ÿâèë».

Èîàíí, òàêèì îáðàçîì, èñïîëüçóåò ïîíÿòèéíûé àïïàðàò, ïðè-ñóùèé åâðåéñêèì òàðãóìèñòàì è, î÷åâèäíî, èìåâøèé ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèå â èóäåéñêîé òðàäèöèè óæå â åãî âðåìÿ, òîëüêî ñ îäíèì âàæ-íûì îòëè÷èåì: îí èñïîëüçóåò ïîíÿòèÿ åâðåéñêîé ýêçåãåçû òàê,÷òîáû ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî îí îïèñûâàåò íå ïðîñòî ñâîéñòâà Áîãà (ñëîâî,ñëàâó, ïðèñóòñòâèå), íî îñîáóþ è åäèíñòâåííóþ â ñâîåì ðîäå ëè÷-íîñòü Áîãà, êîòîðàÿ ïðèñóòñòâîâàëà íà çåìëå.

È Ñëîâî ñòàëî ïëîòèþ, è îáèòàëî ñ íàìè, ïîëíîå áëàãîäàòèè èñòèíû; è ìû âèäåëè ñëàâó Åãî, ñëàâó, êàê Åäèíîðîäíîãî îòÎòöà – â ðóêîïèñè Åâàíãåëèÿ äëÿ «îáèòàëî» èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ðåäêîåãðå÷åñêîå ñëîâî ñêåíîî, «æèòü â [ïàëàòêå]», êîòîðîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýê-âèâàëåíòîì ñëîâà øåõèíà (êîðåíü ñ-ê-í), ñëàâà. «È ìû âèäåëè ñëà-âó åãî» – îïÿòü èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òî æå ñëîâî øåõèíà èëè èêàð. «Êàêåäèíîðîäíîãî», «åäèíîðîäíûé» – åäèíñòâåííûé ðîæäåííûé â òîìñìûñëå, ÷òî îäèí âûðàæàåò âñþ ïðèðîäó òîãî, êòî åãî ðîäèë(Èí. 3:16). Èîàíí ñîçíàòåëüíî èñïîëüçóåò ïîíÿòèéíûé ðÿä åâðåé-ñêîé òðàäèöèè, è îí çíàåò, ÷òî åãî ÷èòàòåëè äîëæíû óëîâèòü ýòèïîíÿòèÿ ñ öåëüþ ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî Áîæåñòâî, êîòîðîå ïðèøëî â íàøìèð, åñòü îñîáàÿ áîæåñòâåííàÿ ëè÷íîñòü, íàõîäÿùàÿñÿ ðÿäîì ñÎòöîì Íåáåñíûì, íî âñå æå îòëè÷íàÿ îò Íåãî.

Âñå ÷ðåç Íåãî [òî åñòü ñëîâî, ìåìðó] íà÷àëî áûòü – ñëîâà,êîòîðûå ÷àñòî áûëè íà óñòàõ ó âåðóþùåãî èóäåÿ. Êîãäà âî âðåìå-íà Èèñóñà ïðîèçíîñèëîñü áëàãîñëîâåíèå Áîãó íàä åäîé (áëàãîñëî-âåíèé, êàê ìû âèäåëè, áûëî ìíîãî äî è ïîñëå åäû) è áûëî íå ÿñ-íî, êàêîå èç íèõ âûáðàòü, èñïîëüçîâàëîñü ñàìîå îáùåå áëàãîñëî-âåíèå çà òî, ÷òî âñå ïðèâåäåíî èì ê æèçíè [âñå ÷åðåç Åãî ñëîâî íà-÷àëî áûòü – øåõàêîëü íèõèÿ âèäâàðî]. Òàëìóä óòâåðæäàåò, ÷òî

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ïðîèçíîñÿ äàííîå áëàãîñëîâåíèå, ÷åëîâåê âûïîëíÿåò ñâîþ îáÿçàí-íîñòü áëàãîäàðèòü Áîãà ïåðåä åäîé [192].

16 È îò ïîëíîòû Åãî âñå ìû ïðèíÿëè è áëàãîäàòü íà áëàãî-äàòü, 17 èáî çàêîí äàí ÷ðåç Ìîèñåÿ; áëàãîäàòü æå è èñòèíàïðîèçîøëè ÷ðåç Èèñóñà Õðèñòà. 18 Áîãà íå âèäåë íèêòî íè-êîãäà; Åäèíîðîäíûé Ñûí, ñóùèé â íåäðå Îò÷åì, Îí ÿâèë.

Âñå ìû ïðèíÿëè è áëàãîäàòü íà áëàãîäàòü – áîëåå òî÷íûéñìûñë ôðàçû: «Ìû ïîëó÷èëè äâå áëàãîäàòè: ïåðâàÿ – Çàêîí (Òî-ðà) ÷åðåç Ìîèñåÿ, âòîðàÿ – áëàãîäàòü è èñòèíà, êîòîðûå ïðèøëè÷åðåç Èèñóñà-Ìåññèþ (Ìàøèàõà)». Ðå÷ü èäåò íå î ïðîòèâîïîñòàâ-ëåíèè – ñëîâî «èáî» è ÷àñòèöà «æå», – à î äîïîëíåíèè: ó ãîðûáëàãîäàòè, êîòîðàÿ åñòü Çàêîí (Òîðà), ïîÿâèëàñü âåðøèíà –Èèñóñ-Ìåññèÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðîãî ïðèøëà îêîí÷àòåëüíàÿ èñòèíà èïðîùåíèå ãðåõîâ [192].  åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè íåñêîëüêî âåùåéÃîñïîäü ñîçäàë äî ñîçäàíèÿ ìèðà (â ðàçíûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ ïî-ðàçíî-ìó): ïðåñòîë ñëàâû, Ìåññèþ-Öàðÿ, Çàêîí (Òîðó), èäåàëüíûé Èçðà-èëü, Õðàì, ïîêàÿíèå è ãååííó, èëè Çàêîí (Òîðó), ãååííó, ðàé, ïðå-ñòîë ñëàâû, Õðàì, ïîêàÿíèå è èìÿ Ìåññèè, èëè äâå âåùè äåéñò-âèòåëüíî ñîòâîðåííûå – Çàêîí (Òîðó) è ïðåñòîë ñëàâû, è ÷åòûðå,êîòîðûå Áîã áûë òîëüêî íàìåðåí ñîòâîðèòü: îòöîâ, Èçðàèëÿ, Õðàìè èìÿ Ìåññèè [70, ñ. 223].

Åäèíîðîäíûé Ñûí, ñóùèé â íåäðå Îò÷åì, Îí ÿâèë – ïðåäëîæå-íèå ïîñòðîåíî ïî îáðàçöó ìíîãèõ åâðåéñêèõ ôðàç, â êîòîðûõ ïîä-ëåæàùåå èëè äîïîëíåíèå ñòîèò â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ («åäèíîðîä-íûé ñûí») êàê áû îòäåëüíî îò òîãî, ÷òî èäåò äàëåå («ñóùèé â íåä-ðå îò÷åì»), à çàòåì äóáëèðóåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì («îí»). Òàêèå ãåá-ðàèçìû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â Åâàíãåëèè îò Èîàííà 28 ðàç, ó Ìàòôåÿ –11 ðàç, ó Ìàðêà – 4 ðàçà è ó Ëóêè – 6 ðàç, íàïðèìåð: «...äåëà, êî-òîðûå òâîðþ ß âî èìÿ Îòöà Ìîåãî, îíè ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î Ìíå»(Èí. 10:25) [60, ñ. 27–28].

19 È âîò ñâèäåòåëüñòâî Èîàííà, êîãäà Èóäåè ïðèñëàëè èçÈåðóñàëèìà ñâÿùåííèêîâ è ëåâèòîâ ñïðîñèòü åãî: êòî òû?

Ñëîâî «èóäåè» âñòðå÷àåòñÿ âî âñåì Íîâîì Çàâåò ïî÷òè 200 ðàç,à â Åâàíãåëèè îò Èîàííà – ñåìüäåñÿò îäèí ðàç. Êîãî â Åâàíãåëè-ÿõ íàçûâàþò «èóäåÿìè»? Ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü âñëåä çà Ä. Ñòåðíîì,÷òî ýòîò òåðìèí (ïî-ãðå÷åñêè èóäàéîé, åä. ÷. – èóäàéîñ) íèêîãäàíå íåñåò óêàçàíèÿ íà åâðåéñêèé íàðîä â öåëîì (âåðóþùèõåâðååâ, â ñîâðåìåííîì çíà÷åíèè èóäååâ) è ïîòîìó ýòî ñëîâî â Íî-

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âîì Çàâåòå íåëüçÿ ïåðåâîäèòü êàê «åâðåè». Âîçìîæíû òðè ðàç-ëè÷íûõ çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâà èóäàéîé è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî åìó åâðåé-ñêîãî éåõóäèì:

1) ïðåäñòàâèòåëè êîëåíà Èóäû (èâð. Éåõóäà, ãðå÷. Éóäàñ); 2) ëþäè, èñïîâåäóþùèå èóäåéñêóþ ðåëèãèþ, òî åñòü èóäåè; 3) ëþäè æèâóùèå â Èóäåå èëè ðîäîì èç íåå (èâð. Éåõóäà, ãðå÷.

Éóäàéà). Òàê êàê ãðàíèöû Èóäåè íå îñòàâàëèñü ïîñòîÿííûìè, âîâðåìåíà Èèñóñà ïîä ýòèì íàçâàíèåì ìîãëè ïîäðàçóìåâàòüñÿ òðèðåãèîíà:

à) Èóäåÿ «â ñòðîãîì ñìûñëå» – òåððèòîðèÿ, çàêðåïëåííàÿ çàêîëåíîì Èóäû, íå âêëþ÷àþùàÿ Ñàìàðèþ (Øîìðîí) è Ãàëèëåþ(Ãàëèëü);

á) òåððèòîðèÿ, íàõîäÿùàÿñÿ ïîä âëàñòüþ ïðîêóðàòîðà ÏîíòèÿÏèëàòà, à èìåííî Èóäåÿ âàðèàíòà (à) ïëþñ Ñàìàðèÿ è Èäóìåÿ;

â) öàðñòâî Èðîäà (Õîðäîñà) Âåëèêîãî è ïîñëåäíèõ Õàñìîíååâ,òî åñòü èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ Çåìëÿ Èçðàèëÿ (Ýðåö Éèñðàýëü) â öåëîì:Èóäåÿ âàðèàíòà (á) ïëþñ Ãàëèëåÿ, ïëþñ òåððèòîðèÿ íà ñåâåð îòÃàëèëåè (ñîâðåìåííûé Ëèâàí) è ê âîñòîêó îò ðåêè Èîðäàí (Ãîëàí-ñêèå âûñîòû è îáëàñòè ñîâðåìåííûõ Èîðäàíèè è Ñèðèè).

 íàøå âðåìÿ ñëîâî èóäàéîé îçíà÷àåò ëèøü âòîðîé èç ýòèõòðåõ âàðèàíòîâ (èóäåè ïî âåðîèñïîâåäàíèþ), âî âðåìåíà æå Èèñó-ñà áûëè âîçìîæíû âñå òðè çíà÷åíèÿ. Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåõ ÷åòû-ðåõ Åâàíãåëèé è â Êíèãå Äåÿíèé 1–8 èóäàéîé îçíà÷àåò «èóäåÿíå»,òî åñòü æèòåëè Èóäåè âàðèàíòà 3à, à íå «åâðåè». Êîãäà ýòè êíèãèíàçûâàþò åâðååâ èóäàéîé, ýòî îáû÷íî äåëàåòñÿ äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáûïðîâåñòè ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó åâðåÿìè èç Èóäåè, òî åñòü èóäåÿíàìè, èåâðåÿìè Ãàëèëåè è äðóãèõ îáëàñòåé. Êîãäà åâðåè òîãî âðåìåíè ãî-âîðèëè î ñåáå â ðåëèãèîçíîì ñìûñëå, îíè íåèçìåííî óïîòðåáëÿëèâûðàæåíèå «íàðîä Èçðàèëÿ». Ýòî ìîæíî óâèäåòü êàê â Ìèøíå,òàê è â Íîâîì Çàâåòå (Ðèì. 9–11), (Ðèì. 11:26à), (Åô. 2:12). Åâðåèèç ïðîâèíöèè Èóäåÿ (èóäåÿíå) ñëàâèëèñü îñîáîé ïðèâåðæåííîñ-òüþ ê òåì ôîðìàì èóäàèçìà, êîòîðûå ðàçðàáàòûâàëè äâå ïàðòèèñî «øòàá-êâàðòèðàìè» â Èåðóñàëèìå – ïàðòèÿ ôàðèñååâ è ïàðòèÿñàääóêååâ (ê êîòîðûì ïðèíàäëåæàëî áîëüøèíñòâî ñâÿùåííèêîâ,êîõàíèì). Èìåííî ýòè åâðåè èç Èóäåè, ïðè÷åì, ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü,äàæå íå âñå îíè, à ëèøü îïðåäåëåííàÿ ãðóïïà íàõîäèëèñü â ïåð-âûõ ðÿäàõ îïïîçèöèè Èèñóñó, êàê îá ýòîì ïîâåñòâóåò Èîàíí. Êîã-äà òåðìèí èóäàéîé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íååâðåÿìè â Åâàíãåëèÿõ è â Êíè-ãå Äåÿíèé 1–8, òî ÷àùå âñåãî ïîäðàçóìåâàþòñÿ çíà÷åíèÿ 3á èëè3â, òàê êàê â ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíî íåñåò äîïîëíèòåëüíûé ïîëèòè÷åñ-

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Çà÷åì Ïåòð ïðûãàë â îçåðî? Âî ÷òî îí áûë îäåò? Íà Ãåíèñàðåò-ñêîì îçåðå (Êèíåðåò) ðûáó ëîâèëè ÷àñòî îñîáûì ñïîñîáîì, íàçû-âàåìûì «âåðàíäà», «òåððàñà». Íåâîä, ñîñòîÿâøèé èç äâóõ-òðåõñëîåâ ñåòè, áðîñàëñÿ â âîäó, îêðóæàÿ êîñÿê ðûáû. Íåâîä óõîäèëâ âîäó âåðòèêàëüíî, ðÿäîì ñ íèì çàáðàñûâàëñÿ âòîðîé, êîòîðûéïîääåðæèâàëñÿ ïóñòîòåëûì òðîñòíèêîì íà ïëàâó. Çàòåì ðûáó ïó-ãàëè è îíà íà÷èíàëà âûïðûãèâàòü ÷åðåç êðàé ïåðâîãî íåâîäà è ïî-ïàäàëà âî âòîðîé. Îñòàòêè ðûáû â ïåðâîì íåâîäå ëîâèëèñü ïóòåìçàáðàñûâàíèÿ ïðîñòîé ñåòè â öåíòð êðóãà. Ýòîò òðåòèé íåâîä íå-ìåäëåííî äîñòàâàëñÿ ðûáàêàìè èç âîäû ñî äíà îçåðà âìåñòå ñ óëî-âîì.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå Ïåòð áûë ïîëíîñòüþ áåç îäåæäû, êàê èáîëüøèíñòâî ðûáàêîâ òîãî âðåìåíè. Îí òîëüêî ÷òî çàáðîñèë òðå-òüþ ñåòü è ñîáèðàëñÿ ïðûãíóòü çà íåé â âîäó. Åñëè îí íå äîñòàëáû åå ñðàçó, òî îí ìîã íå íàéòè åå ïîçæå íà äíå. Íî îí äîëæåíáûë ÿâèòüñÿ ïåðåä Ó÷èòåëåì, â êîòîðîì óçíàëè Èèñóñà, â îäåæäå.Ìèíèìóìîì áûëî äëÿ íåãî ïîÿâèòüñÿ â íàáåäðåííîé ïîâÿçêå. Î÷å-âèäíî, åå îí è íàäåë, çàòåì îí ïðûãíóë çà ñåòüþ è, ïîäíÿâøèñü íàïîâåðõíîñòü, ïîäíÿë ñåòü â ëîäêó è âñå ïîïëûëè ê áåðåãó [302].

15 Êîãäà æå îíè îáåäàëè, Èèñóñ ãîâîðèò Ñèìîíó Ïåòðó: Ñè-ìîí Èîíèí! ëþáèøü ëè òû Ìåíÿ áîëüøå, íåæåëè îíè?Ïåòð ãîâîðèò Åìó: òàê, Ãîñïîäè! Òû çíàåøü, ÷òî ÿ ëþáëþÒåáÿ. Èèñóñ ãîâîðèò åìó: ïàñè àãíöåâ Ìîèõ... 17 Ãîâîðèò åìóâ òðåòèé ðàç: Ñèìîí Èîíèí! ëþáèøü ëè òû Ìåíÿ? Ïåòðîïå÷àëèëñÿ, ÷òî â òðåòèé ðàç ñïðîñèë åãî: ëþáèøü ëè Ìå-íÿ? è ñêàçàë Åìó: Ãîñïîäè! Òû âñå çíàåøü; Òû çíàåøü, ÷òîÿ ëþáëþ Òåáÿ. Èèñóñ ãîâîðèò åìó: ïàñè îâåö Ìîèõ.

Èèñóñ âîññòàíàâëèâàåò àïîñòîëüñòâî Ïåòðà òðèæäû, ïî ÷èñëóîòðå÷åíèé, òðåáóÿ ó íåãî çàâåðåíèé â ëþáâè ê ñåáå. Òåì ñàìûì îíäåëàåò åãî, ïðîøåäøåãî ñëîæíûé ïóòü ïàäåíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ,ðóêîâîäèòåëåì îñòàëüíûõ âåðóþùèõ, ïàñòóõîì Èèñóñîâûõ îâåö[80, ð. 396].

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ÃËÎÑÑÀÐÈÉ

Àãàäà – ÷àñòü Óñòíîé Òîðû, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç ïðèò÷, ëåãåíä, ïðî-ïîâåäåé, ïîýòè÷åñêèõ ãèìíîâ, ðàñøèðÿþùèõ è äîïîëíÿþùèõ áèá-ëåéñêèå ñþæåòû.

Àìåí – ñëîâî, ïîäòâåðæäàþùåå êëÿòâó èëè ìîëèòâó, îäîáðè-òåëüíîå õâàëåáíîå âûñêàçûâàíèå, ïîäòâåðæäåíèå âûïîëíåíèÿ áî-æåñòâåííûõ îáåùàíèé.

Àìèäà – îñíîâíàÿ ìîëèòâà èóäåéñêîãî áîãîñëóæåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿïðîèçíîñèòñÿ òðè ðàçà â äåíü, ñâîèì íàçâàíèåì îáÿçàíà îáû÷àþïðîèçíîñèòü ìîëèòâó ñòîÿ. Òàêæå íàçûâàåòñÿ òåôèëà, «ìîëèòâà»èëè Øìîíý-Ýñðå, «âîñåìíàäöàòü», òàê êàê â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîì âèäåñîñòîÿëà èç âîñåìíàäöàòè áëàãîñëîâåíèé (áåðàõîò).

Àïîêðèôû è ïñåâäîýïèãðàôû – ñôàðèì õèöîíèèì, «âíåøíèåêíèãè», äâå ãðóïïû ñî÷èíåíèé ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà, ñâÿçàííûåïî ñâîèì òåìàì èëè ìîòèâàì ñ Áèáëèåé, íî íå âêëþ÷åííûå â åâ-ðåéñêèé áèáëåéñêèé êàíîí. Àïîêðèôû áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ ÿâëÿþòñÿàíîíèìíûìè ñî÷èíåíèÿìè èñòîðè÷åñêîãî è äèäàêòè÷åñêîãî õà-ðàêòåðà, à ïñåâäîýïèãðàôû – êíèãàìè âèäåíèé, ïðèïèñûâàåìûìèïàòðèàðõàì (Åíîõó, Èñàéå, Ìîèñåþ è äð.).

Áåéò-Ãèëëåëü è Áåéò-Øàììàé – äâå øêîëû òîëêîâàíèÿ Òîðû,íàçâàííûå òàê ïî èìåíàì Ãèëëåëÿ è Øàììàÿ, æèâøèõ íà ðóáåæåíàøåé ýðû. Äèñêóññèè ýòèõ øêîë îõâàòûâàþò îñíîâíîå ñîäåðæà-íèå Óñòíîé Òîðû ïîñëåäíèõ äâóõ-òðåõ ïîêîëåíèé ïåðèîäà Âòîðî-ãî Õðàìà.

Áëàãîñëîâåíèå (áðàõà) – ìîëèòâåííàÿ ôîðìóëà, ñîäåðæàùàÿáëàãîäàðíîñòü Áîãó.

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Áîãîõóëüñòâî (õèëëóëü õàØåì) – îñêâåðíåíèå èìåíè Áîãà. ÂÁèáëèè óïîòðåáëÿëîñü â äâóõ çíà÷åíèÿõ: êàê áîãîõóëüñòâî è êàêíàðóøåíèå ðåëèãèîçíûõ çàïðåòîâ. Ïîçæå ê íåìó îòíåñëè ëþáûåäåéñòâèÿ, îòñòóïàþùèå îò ðåëèãèîçíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà.

Âîñêðåñåíèå èç ìåðòâûõ (òõèÿò õàìåòèì) – âåðà â òî, ÷òî â îï-ðåäåëåííîå âðåìÿ ìåðòâûå áóäóò îæèâëåíû âî ïëîòè è áóäóò ñíî-âà æèòü íà çåìëå, îäíî èç îñíîâíûõ ïîëîæåíèé åâðåéñêîé ýñõàòî-ëîãèè íàðÿäó ñ âåðîé â ïðèøåñòâèå Ìåññèè.

Ãàëàõà – íîðìàòèâíàÿ ÷àñòü èóäàèçìà, ðåãëàìåíòèðóþùàÿðåëèãèîçíóþ, ñåìåéíóþ è ãðàæäàíñêóþ æèçíü åâðååâ, ñîâîêóï-íîñòü çàêîíîâ, ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ â Òîðå, Òàëìóäå è â áîëåå ïîçäíåéðàââèíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå, à òàêæå êàæäûé èç ýòèõ çàêîíîâ âîòäåëüíîñòè.

Ãåáðàèçì – îáîðîò, ñâîéñòâåííûé äðåâíååâðåéñêîìó ÿçûêó, èâ-ðèòó.

Ãåçåðà øåâà («àíàëîãèÿ») – îäíî èç åâðåéñêèõ ïðàâèë òîëêî-âàíèÿ Ïèñàíèÿ (ìèäîò), êîòîðîå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå â ÍîâîìÇàâåòå. Óìîçàêëþ÷åíèå, îñíîâàííîå íà âûÿâëåíèè â òåêñòå Ïèñà-íèÿ îäèíàêîâûõ âûðàæåíèé èëè ñëîâ.

Ãåìàòðèÿ – íàóêà î áóêâàõ (îò ãðå÷. ãåîìåòðèÿ èëè ãðàìàòåÿ),òåõíèêà èíòåðïðåòàöèè òåêñòà, êîòîðàÿ èñïîëüçóåò ñóùåñòâóþùååâ àëôàâèòå èâðèòà ñîîòâåòñòâèå ìåæäó áóêâîé è öèôðîé, êîãäàáóêâà àëôàâèòà îäíîâðåìåííî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷èñëîì, è ïîýòîìó ëþáîåñëîâî ìîæåò âîñïðèíèìàòüñÿ êàê øèôð.

Ãèëëåëü – íàèáîëåå çíà÷èòåëüíûé èç çàêîíîó÷èòåëåé ýïîõèÂòîðîãî Õðàìà (êîíåö I â. äî í. ý. – íà÷. I â. í. ý.). Ðîäèëñÿ â Âà-âèëîíèè. Ñîãëàñíî òðàäèöèè, ïðîèñõîäèë èç ðîäà Äàâèäà. Çàíè-ìàë äîëæíîñòü ãëàâû Ñèíåäðèîíà ïðèìåðíî ñ 30 ã. äî í. ý. ïî10 ã. í. ý. Óñòàíîâèë äèíàñòèþ, êîòîðàÿ áîëåå 400 ëåò ðóêîâîäè-ëà åâðåéñêîé æèçíüþ, ðàçðàáîòàë ìíîæåñòâî ïðàâèë òîëêîâàíèÿÒîðû è âûâåäåíèÿ èç íåå çàêîíîâ.

Ãîé – â Áèáëèè ñëîâî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â çíà÷åíèè «íàðîä». ÂÊíèãå Èñõîä (19:6) îí èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê èçðàèëüòÿ-

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íàì («ñâÿòîé íàðîä», ãîé êàäîø). Âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (ãîèì)ýòîò òåðìèí îáîçíà÷àåò ÿçû÷åñêèå íàðîäû, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ åâðåèáóäóò ðàññåÿíû â ñëó÷àå íåñîáëþäåíèÿ çàïîâåäåé Òîðû è ñ êîòî-ðûìè Çàâåò íåâîçìîæåí.

Äåñÿòü çàïîâåäåé – «äåñÿòü ñëîâ», àñåðåò õàäåâàðèì, àñåðåò õà-äèááðîò, ïðåäïèñàíèÿ, íèñïîñëàííûå Áîãîì ñîáðàâøèìñÿ ïîñëåáåãñòâà èç Åãèïòà ó ïîäíîæèÿ ãîðû Ñèíàé åâðåÿì.

Åññåè – ðåëèãèîçíàÿ ãðóïïà êîíöà ýïîõè Âòîðîãî Õðàìà. Îáðà-çîâàëè îáîñîáëåííîå è çàìêíóòîå áðàòñòâî, ñ÷èòàÿ ñåáÿ åäèíñòâåí-íî èñòèííûì Èçðàèëåì, òàê êàê, ïî èõ ìíåíèþ, ðåëèãèîçíàÿæèçíü â ãîðîäàõ è Õðàì áûëè áåçíàäåæíî èñïîð÷åíû.

Æåðòâîïðèíîøåíèÿ – âûðàæåíèå ïîêîðíîñòè è áëàãîäàðíîñòèÁîãó, èñêóïëåíèå ãðåõîâ è î÷èùåíèå îò íå÷èñòîòû.  Êíèãå Áû-òèå îáùèì òåðìèíîì äëÿ æåðòâîïðèíîøåíèÿ ñëóæèò ñëîâî ìèíõà(«äàð»), îáîçíà÷àâøåå äâà îòäåëüíûõ âèäà æåðòâîïðèíîøåíèé:îëà («âñåñîææåíèå») è çåâàõ («çàêëàíèå»). Îëà ñæèãàëàñü íàæåðòâåííèêå, öåëèêîì ïðåäíàçíà÷àÿñü Áîãó, à çåâàõ ñúåäàëè ïî-ñëå æåðòâîïðèíîøåíèÿ, ñæèãàëàñü òîëüêî ÷àñòü æåðòâû. Âïîñëåä-ñòâèè ê îñíîâíûì âèäàì æåðòâîïðèíîøåíèÿ äîáàâèëèñü èñêóïè-òåëüíûå æåðòâû, õàòòàò è àøàì, a òàêæå ðàçíîîáðàçíûå äîáðî-âîëüíûå æåðòâû, â òîì ÷èñëå áåñêðîâíûå.

Çàâåò (áðèò) – äîãîâîð, çàêëþ÷åííûé ìåæäó Áîãîì è èçáðàí-íûì Èì èçðàèëüñêèì íàðîäîì.  îòâåò íà îáåùàíèå Áîãà äàðîâàòüñâîåìó íàðîäó áåñ÷èñëåííîå ïîòîìñòâî ïîñëåäíèé áðàë íà ñåáÿîáÿçàòåëüñòâà ñîáëþäàòü ïðåäïèñàííûå Áîãîì çàïîâåäè (ìèöâîò).Âïåðâûå Çàâåò áûë ïðîâîçãëàøåí ìåæäó Áîãîì è ïàòðèàðõîì Àâ-ðààìîì, âïîñëåäñòâèè åãî ïîäòâåðäèëè ïàòðèàðõè Èñààê è Èàêîâ.Îêîí÷àòåëüíîå îôîðìëåíèå äîãîâîðà ïðîèñõîäèò â ìîìåíò Îòêðî-âåíèÿ íà Ñèíàå.

Èçãíàíèå – ãàëóò, ãþëà, ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî îáà ñëîâà îçíà÷àëè èç-ãíàíèå åâðååâ ñî ñâîåé çåìëè ïîñëå ïàäåíèÿ Ñåâåðíîãî öàðñòâà ïîäóäàðàìè Àññèðèéñêîãî âîéñêà â 721 ã. äî í. ý. è íàøåñòâèÿ âàâè-ëîíÿí íà Þæíîå öàðñòâî â 587 ã. äî í. ý., à â ïåðèîä ýëëèíèçìàãþëà ñòàëà îçíà÷àòü âñå ñòðàíû çà ïðåäåëàìè Çåìëè Èçðàèëÿ, ãäåïðîæèâàëè åâðåè. Ïîçæå âîçâðàùåíèå èçãíàííûõ åâðååâ íà ðîä-

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íóþ çåìëþ ñòàëî ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê âàæíåéøåå ñîáûòèå, îòêðû-âàþùåå ìåññèàíñêóþ ýïîõó.

Èçðàèëü (Ýðåö Éèñðàýëü, «Çåìëÿ Èçðàèëÿ») – ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîñëîâî Èçðàèëü îáîçíà÷àëî ïàòðèàðõà Èàêîâà, à ïîçäíåå áûëî ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíî íà âåñü íàðîä, îáðàçîâàííûé åãî ïîòîìêàìè («äåòèÈçðàèëåâû», áíåé Éèñðàýëü).  ïåðâîé Êíèãå Öàðñòâ (13:19) âïåð-âûå ãîâîðèòñÿ î «çåìëå Èçðàèëÿ», Ýðåö Éèñðàýëü, è ñ òåõ ïîð ýòîâûðàæåíèå óïîòðåáëÿëîñü ïîñòîÿííî äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ñòðàíû.

Éîì Êèïóð – «Äåíü ïðîùåíèÿ», «Äåíü èñêóïëåíèÿ», «ÑóäíûéÄåíü», ñàìûé âàæíûé â åâðåéñêîé òðàäèöèè ïðàçäíèê, äåíü ïî-ñòà, ïîêàÿíèÿ è îòïóùåíèÿ ãðåõîâ. Îòìå÷àåòñÿ â äåñÿòûé äåíü ìå-ñÿöà òèøðè (ñåíòÿáðü-îêòÿáðü) è ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàâåðøåíèåì äåñÿòèäíåé ïîêàÿíèÿ. Áèáëèÿ òîëüêî ýòîò ïðàçäíèê íàçûâàåò «ñóááîòîéïîêîÿ», ïðåäïèñûâàÿ â Éîì Êèïóð «íèêàêîé ðàáîòû íå äåëàòü» è«ñìèðÿòü äóøó (òî åñòü ïîñòèòüñÿ).  ýïîõó Âòîðîãî Õðàìà âñþñëóæáó ïðàçäíèêà âåë ïåðâîñâÿùåííèê, ñîâåðøàÿ æåðòâîïðèíî-øåíèÿ – êàê îáû÷íûå, òàê è äëÿ î÷èùåíèÿ Õðàìà, Ñâÿòàÿ Ñâÿ-òûõ, æåðòâåííèêà è ñâÿùåííîé óòâàðè, à òàêæå âî èñêóïëåíèåãðåõîâ ñâîèõ è ñîáñòâåííîé ñåìüè, ñîñëîâèÿ ñâÿùåííèêîâ è âñåãîíàðîäà.  õîäå ñëóæáû ïðàçäíèêà îí åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç â ãîäó ïðî-èçíîñèë âñëóõ ïîäëèííîå èìÿ Áîãà, âõîäèë â Ñâÿòàÿ Ñâÿòûõ, ãäåâîñêóðÿë ôèìèàì, îêðîïëÿë êðîâüþ æåðòâåííûõ æèâîòíûõ ñòåíûè ìîëèëñÿ çà áëàãîäåíñòâèå íàðîäà.

Êàëåíäàðü áèáëåéñêèé – ëóííûé êàëåíäàðü, íàçâàíèÿ áîëü-øèíñòâà ìåñÿöåâ êîòîðîãî áûëè çàèìñòâîâàíû åâðåÿìè â ïåðèîäâàâèëîíñêîãî ïëåíåíèÿ, õîòÿ íàðÿäó ñ ýòèì ñîõðàíèëèñü îðèãè-íàëüíûå äðåâíååâðåéñêèå íàçâàíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ìåñÿöåâ. Ìåñÿöýòàíèì/òèøðè áûë ìåñÿöåì, ñ êîòîðîãî íà÷èíàëñÿ îòñ÷åò íîâîãîáèáëåéñêîãî ãîäà. Ïîñëå èñõîäà èç Åãèïòà Áîã èçìåíèë ýòîò ïîðÿ-äîê, îáúÿâèâ ïåðâûì ìåñÿöåì ãîäà àâèâ/íèñàí.

Êàëü âýõîìåð («ëåãêîå è òÿæåëîå») – îäíî èç åâðåéñêèõ ïðà-âèë òîëêîâàíèÿ Ïèñàíèÿ (ìèäîò), êîòîðîå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â Íî-âîì Çàâåòå, óìîçàêëþ÷åíèå îò ìåíåå ñëîæíîãî (êàëü, «ëåãêîå») êáîëåå ñëîæíîìó (õîìåð, «òÿæåëîå»). Èìååò ôîðìó «åñëè À, òî íà-ñêîëüêî áîëüøå/ìåíüøå Á».

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Êàøðóò – êîìïëåêñ ïðàâèë, êàñàþùèõñÿ âîïðîñîâ ïèòàíèÿ èðàçðåøåííûõ äëÿ ýòîãî ïðîäóêòîâ, êîòîðûå îñíîâûâàþòñÿ íà Òîðå.

Êíèæíèêè (ñîôåðèì) – îñîáàÿ ãðóïïà ìóäðåöîâ, êîòîðûå ñî-ãëàñíî ðàââèíñêîé òðàäèöèè ïðèøëè íà ñìåíó ïðîðîêàì. Ïîëó÷èâîò ñâîèõ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêîâ óñòíóþ òðàäèöèþ (Óñòíóþ Òîðó), îíèïåðåäàëè åå Ñèìîíó Ïðàâåäíèêó (Øèìîíó Öàäèêó), ïåðâîìó óïî-ìèíàåìîìó â òàëìóäè÷åñêèõ èñòî÷íèêàõ ðàââèíó, æèâøåìó âIII â. äî í. ý. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî â îáÿçàííîñòè êíèæíèêîâ âõîäèëïîäñ÷åò áóêâ â Áèáëèè äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ñîõðàíèòü òåêñò â èçíà-÷àëüíîì ñîâåðøåíñòâå: ñâèòîê, â êîòîðîì áûëà äîïóùåíà îøèáêàäàæå â îäíîé áóêâå, íå ïîäëåæàë èñïîëüçîâàíèþ.

Êîâ÷åã Çàâåòà (àðîí õàáåðèò) – äåðåâÿííûé êîâ÷åã, èçãîòîâ-ëåííûé ñïåöèàëüíî äëÿ õðàíåíèÿ ñêðèæàëåé Çàâåòà.  ãîäû ñêè-òàíèé åâðååâ ïî ïóñòûíå õðàíèëñÿ â ïåðåíîñíîé ñêèíèè, à çàòåìáûë óñòàíîâëåí â Ñâÿòîå Ñâÿòûõ â Õðàìå.

Êîøåðíûé – «ïðèãîäíûé», «ïîäõîäÿùèé» (â îòëè÷èå îò ïà-ñóëü – «íåïîäõîäÿùèé»). Ïîíÿòèå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ îá-ëàñòÿõ ðàââèíñêîãî ïðàâà, îäíàêî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ ïîíÿòèåìêîøåðíîãî àññîöèèðóåòñÿ òà îáëàñòü ïðàâà, êîòîðàÿ êàñàåòñÿ ïè-ùåâûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé.

Ëåâèðàòíûé áðàê (éèáóì) – áèáëåéñêèé îáû÷àé, êîòîðûéïðåäïèñûâàåò äåâåðþ («áðàòó ìóæà» îò ëàò. ëåâèð, îòñþäà «ëåâè-ðàòíûé») èëè çà íåèìåíèåì åãî – ëþáîìó äðóãîìó íàèáîëåå áëèç-êîìó ðîäñòâåííèêó âäîâû áåç ðåáåíêà îáÿçàííîñòü âçÿòü åå â æå-íû, ÷òîáû äàòü åé ïîòîìñòâî, êîòîðîå áóäåò ñ÷èòàòüñÿ ïîòîìñòâîìóìåðøåãî ñóïðóãà.

Ëåâèòû – ÷ëåíû êîëåíà Ëåâèÿ, îäíîãî èç ñûíîâåé Èàêîâà-Èç-ðàèëÿ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ðîäà Ààðîíà. Èõ îáÿçàííîñòè ñâîäèëèñü êòîìó, ÷òîáû ïðèñëóæèâàòü ñâÿùåííèêàì (êîõýíàì) ïðè ñîâåðøå-íèè ðåëèãèîçíûõ îáðÿäîâ, íàïðèìåð ïåíèåì è òàíöàìè. Äëÿ ïîä-äåðæàíèÿ ñîáñòâåííîãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ îñóùåñòâëÿëè ñáîð äåñÿòè-íû, ÷àñòü îò êîòîðîé îòäàâàëè ñâÿùåííèêàì.

Ëóëàâ – âåòâü ôèíèêîâîé ïàëüìû, îäèí èç ÷åòûðåõ âèäîâ ðàñ-òåíèé, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìî äåðæàòü â ðóêàõ â äåíü ÏðàçäíèêàØàëàøåé (Ñóêêîò).

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89. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 «Binding» and «Loosing». http://www.jerusalem-

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90. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 «Jehovah» — A Christian Misunderstanding.

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91. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 “Prophet” as a Messianic Title.

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92. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 A Fishy Reading of Jeremiah 16:16.

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93. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 A Gospel In Hebrew? http://www.jerusalem-

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94. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 A Hebraic Nuance of lego: Key to Understanding

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95. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 A Measure of Humility. http://www.jerusalem-

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96. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 A New Solution to the Synoptic Problem.

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97. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 A Sadducee Who Believed in an Afterlife?:

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98. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 At the Feet of a Rabbi. http://www.jerusalem-

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99. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Conjectured Process of Gospel Transmission (as

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100. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Counting the Cost of Discipleship: Lindsey's

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101. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Discovering Longer Gospel Stories.

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102. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Ears of Corn? http://www.jerusalemperspec-

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103. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Eight Tributes to Robert L. Lindsey.

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105. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Gennesaret According to Josephus.

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106. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Gospel Translation. http://www.jerusalemper-

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108. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Hebraic Heritage: The Beginning of the Jerusalem

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109. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Hebrew Idioms in the Gospels.

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110. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Hendiadys in the Synoptic Gospels.

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111. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 How Long Was Jesus in the Tomb?

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112. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 If King David were alive today, could he com-

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113. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus and the Oral Torah: Blessing.

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114. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus and the Oral Torah: Did Jesus Wear

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115. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus and the Oral Torah: The Hem of His

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116. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus and the Oral Torah: The Unutterable Name

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117. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus and the Oral Torah: Tithing.

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118. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus and the Oral Torah: Written and Oral

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119. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus' Attitude to Poverty.

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120. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus in Judea. http://www.jerusalemperspec-

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122. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus’ «Harvest» Saying.

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124. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus’ Use of «Amen». http://www.jerusalem-

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125. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Jesus’ View of Pacifism.

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126. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 King Parables. http://www.jerusalemperspec-

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127. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Leah's Tender Eyes. http://www.jerusalem-

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128. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Matthew 16:18: The Petros-petra Wordplay –

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129. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Medieval Jargon on First-century Lips.

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130. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Noun Chains in the Gospels.

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131. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 One Torah Reader, Not Seven!

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133. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Perspective on the Caiaphas Tomb.

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135. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Prayers for Emergencies. http://www.jerusalem-

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136. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Principles of Rabbinic Interpretation: kal va-

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137. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Rabbinic Literature: A Spiritual Treasure.

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138. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Romans 11: The Olive Tree's Root.

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139. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Scholarly Assumptions about the Historical Jesus.

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140. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Semitic Background to the Nain Story.

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141. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Synagogue Guest House for First-century

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142. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Discomposure of Jesus' Biography.

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143. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Fallacy of Sacred Name Bibles.

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144. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Intricacies of Hebrew Gender: Sidebar to

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145. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Mary and Martha Story.

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146. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Miraculous Catch (Luke 5:1-11):

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147. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Queen of Teman. http://www.jerusalem-

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148. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Rich Young Ruler Story: Personal

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149. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Strength of Weakness.

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150. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Syndicated Donkey. http://www.jerusalem-

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151. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 The Traveling Rabbi. http://www.jerusalem-

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152. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Translating the Gospels to Hebrew.

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153. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Us and Them: Loving Both.

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154. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Was Jesus a Rabbi? http://www.jerusalem-

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155. Bivin D. 01-Jan-2004 Who Was Jesus? http://www.jerusalemper-

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156. Bivin D. 01-Oct-2004 «They Didn't Dare» (Matt 22:46; Mark 12:34;

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157. Bivin D. 02-Dec-2008 Mark 7:19: Did Jesus Make «Unclean» Food

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158. Bivin D. 02-Oct-2009 Jesus and the Enigmatic “Green Tree”.

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160. Bivin D. 06-Jun-2005 Hebrew Nuggets #2: Jesus' Hebrew Name

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161. Bivin D. 08-Mar-2010 Evidence of an Editor’s Hand in Two Instances of

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162. Bivin D. 08-Mar-2010 Selected Examples of Rewriting in Mark’s

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163. Bivin D. 12-Oct-2006 Did women go through a mikveh (ritual immer-

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164. Bivin D. 12-Oct-2006 Matthew 24:20: Why did Jesus advise people

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165. Bivin D. 13-Aug-2004 Jesus' Yoke and Burden. http://www.jerusalem-

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166. Bivin D. 13-Oct-2006 What did Jesus mean by «Call no man your

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167. Bivin D. 14-Jul-2008 The Amidah Prayer. http://www.jerusalem-

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168. Bivin D. 14-May-2004 Matthew 5:17: «Destroy» the Law.

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169. Bivin D. 14-May-2004 Matthew 5:19: The Importance of «Light»

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170. Bivin D. 15-Mar-2004 Blessed Be the «Name»! http://www.jerusalem-

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171. Bivin D. 16-Jul-2001 The Angel Who Has Delivered Me From Harm.

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172. Bivin D. 16-Oct-2006 What did Jesus mean by, «Where the body is,

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173. Bivin D. 18-Mar-2004 Abraham’s Tenth Temptation as Background

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174. Bivin D. 21-Apr-2004 Another Look at the «Cleansing of the Temple»

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175. Bivin D. 23-Aug-2004 The New International Jesus.

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176. Bivin D. 23-Feb-2004 «Prophets and Kings,» the Evangelist Luke's

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177. Bivin D. 23-Feb-2004 Cataloging the Gospels' Hebraisms.

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178. Bivin D. 23-Feb-2004 Seeing (and Hearing!) the Kingdom of Heaven.

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179. Bivin D. 25-Dec-2003 «And» or «In order to» Remarry.

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182. Bivin D. Cataloging the New Testament's Hebraisms: Part 5

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