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The Disasters Darwinism Brought to

Humanity

By

HARUN YAHYA

XlECehc x XlECehc x XlECehc x XlECehc x hn jehal Ainfhn jehal Ainfhn jehal Ainfhn jehal Ainf

AehcAehcAehcAehc---- H He Hj H jje H He Hj H jje H He Hj H jje H He Hj H jje

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pQ fpQ fpQ fpQ f

ijL x hwn naL hfku pLlzijL x hwn naL hfku pLlzijL x hwn naL hfku pLlzijL x hwn naL hfku pLlz

XlECehcl pwr CaqpzXlECehcl pwr CaqpzXlECehcl pwr CaqpzXlECehcl pwr Caqpz

XlEq~el hZhc J Efehnhc XlECehcl XlEq~el hZhc J Efehnhc XlECehcl XlEq~el hZhc J Efehnhc XlECehcl XlEq~el hZhc J Efehnhc XlECehcl pb gphcl iuhq jazpb gphcl iuhq jazpb gphcl iuhq jazpb gphcl iuhq jaz

XlECehc LjEeSj hhlal Evp J iz XlECehc LjEeSj hhlal Evp J iz XlECehc LjEeSj hhlal Evp J iz XlECehc LjEeSj hhlal Evp J iz

fyShc J Abeaa kNajcl VL bLl pwNjz fyShc J Abeaa kNajcl VL bLl pwNjz fyShc J Abeaa kNajcl VL bLl pwNjz fyShc J Abeaa kNajcl VL bLl pwNjz

~eaL Ahru J pjSL jmhd dwp XlX~Cehcz~eaL Ahru J pjSL jmhd dwp XlX~Cehcz~eaL Ahru J pjSL jmhd dwp XlX~Cehcz~eaL Ahru J pjSL jmhd dwp XlX~Cehcz

Efpwql x XlECehc hohf AhnC eLne Lla qhz Efpwql x XlECehc hohf AhnC eLne Lla qhz Efpwql x XlECehc hohf AhnC eLne Lla qhz Efpwql x XlECehc hohf AhnC eLne Lla qhz

fln x hhaehcl hfln x hhaehcl hfln x hhaehcl hfln x hhaehcl h/im dlez/im dlez/im dlez/im dlez

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XlECehc x XlECehc x XlECehc x XlECehc x hnjehal Ainfhnjehal Ainfhnjehal Ainfhnjehal Ainf

ijL ijL ijL ijL xxxx hwn naLl hfku pLlhwn naLl hfku pLlhwn naLl hfku pLlhwn naLl hfku pLl Bjl pfa k J pwOaju hwn na flu HpR k hn jehaL cuR cxM Bjl pfa k J pwOaju hwn na flu HpR k hn jehaL cuR cxM Bjl pfa k J pwOaju hwn na flu HpR k hn jehaL cuR cxM Bjl pfa k J pwOaju hwn na flu HpR k hn jehaL cuR cxM

hce, NZqa, cl Bl pjqe dwp kz mr mr mL eqa J hflu qaLhce, NZqa, cl Bl pjqe dwp kz mr mr mL eqa J hflu qaLhce, NZqa, cl Bl pjqe dwp kz mr mr mL eqa J hflu qaLhce, NZqa, cl Bl pjqe dwp kz mr mr mL eqa J hflu qaLXl Xl Xl Xl

nLl quRz ANea mL rdu dL dL jajM faa quRz h SeN Nq, Bnu J nLl quRz ANea mL rdu dL dL jajM faa quRz h SeN Nq, Bnu J nLl quRz ANea mL rdu dL dL jajM faa quRz h SeN Nq, Bnu J nLl quRz ANea mL rdu dL dL jajM faa quRz h SeN Nq, Bnu J

pqu pmqe qkRz ilZfoe bL ha qu phL elfqeau iNR mr mr Bcj pqu pmqe qkRz ilZfoe bL ha qu phL elfqeau iNR mr mr Bcj pqu pmqe qkRz ilZfoe bL ha qu phL elfqeau iNR mr mr Bcj pqu pmqe qkRz ilZfoe bL ha qu phL elfqeau iNR mr mr Bcj

pez mr mr jeoL Hje AjehL ekael nLl qa quR k, Le fLJ Hje pez mr mr jeoL Hje AjehL ekael nLl qa quR k, Le fLJ Hje pez mr mr jeoL Hje AjehL ekael nLl qa quR k, Le fLJ Hje pez mr mr jeoL Hje AjehL ekael nLl qa quR k, Le fLJ Hje

dlel dlel dlel dlel ekae Ll qu ez Bl H ph LRC Ll quR HLV hLl J jacn ekae Ll qu ez Bl H ph LRC Ll quR HLV hLl J jacn ekae Ll qu ez Bl H ph LRC Ll quR HLV hLl J jacn ekae Ll qu ez Bl H ph LRC Ll quR HLV hLl J jacn

hahuel Enz lS~eaL faqwp Qlab Lll r faV ekae J ciNl Se hahuel Enz lS~eaL faqwp Qlab Lll r faV ekae J ciNl Se hahuel Enz lS~eaL faqwp Qlab Lll r faV ekae J ciNl Se hahuel Enz lS~eaL faqwp Qlab Lll r faV ekae J ciNl Se

Le e Le ~lnpL h HLeuL h RQl npLcl Efqa mreuz mee, me, Le e Le ~lnpL h HLeuL h RQl npLcl Efqa mreuz mee, me, Le e Le ~lnpL h HLeuL h RQl npLcl Efqa mreuz mee, me, Le e Le ~lnpL h HLeuL h RQl npLcl Efqa mreuz mee, me,

VV, jJpaw,VV, jJpaw,VV, jJpaw,VV, jJpaw, fmfV, qVml, jpme, wL, Cacz Hcl AeLC HLC jacn hnp fmfV, qVml, jpme, wL, Cacz Hcl AeLC HLC jacn hnp fmfV, qVml, jpme, wL, Cacz Hcl AeLC HLC jacn hnp fmfV, qVml, jpme, wL, Cacz Hcl AeLC HLC jacn hnp

Rmez Bhl Lq Lq fafrl ja e cM fk acl hlda Ll bL hla qae Rmez Bhl Lq Lq fafrl ja e cM fk acl hlda Ll bL hla qae Rmez Bhl Lq Lq fafrl ja e cM fk acl hlda Ll bL hla qae Rmez Bhl Lq Lq fafrl ja e cM fk acl hlda Ll bL hla qae

ez H pja LjLXl jm luR flfl hld jacnz H pja ~lnpL acl ez H pja LjLXl jm luR flfl hld jacnz H pja ~lnpL acl ez H pja LjLXl jm luR flfl hld jacnz H pja ~lnpL acl ez H pja LjLXl jm luR flfl hld jacnz H pja ~lnpL acl

pjSL c J pwOalpjSL c J pwOalpjSL c J pwOalpjSL c J pwOal fb eu NRe Hhw iCL iC Hl hl mmu kl Se fb eu NRe Hhw iCL iC Hl hl mmu kl Se fb eu NRe Hhw iCL iC Hl hl mmu kl Se fb eu NRe Hhw iCL iC Hl hl mmu kl Se

flQa Ll cez gm l qu aOa kz Bl OV hjhS, AN pwkNl jdj Ns, flQa Ll cez gm l qu aOa kz Bl OV hjhS, AN pwkNl jdj Ns, flQa Ll cez gm l qu aOa kz Bl OV hjhS, AN pwkNl jdj Ns, flQa Ll cez gm l qu aOa kz Bl OV hjhS, AN pwkNl jdj Ns,

kehqe, hsOl, cLefV dwpl OVe Hhw BjeaL J pqwp jRm ckehqe, hsOl, cLefV dwpl OVe Hhw BjeaL J pqwp jRm ckehqe, hsOl, cLefV dwpl OVe Hhw BjeaL J pqwp jRm ckehqe, hsOl, cLefV dwpl OVe Hhw BjeaL J pqwp jRm c----qjz H qjz H qjz H qjz H

pLm Adl pp elihpLm Adl pp elihpLm Adl pp elihpLm Adl pp elih ----ehQl n, Lnl, khL jqm J hL jlfV Ll Hhw ehQl n, Lnl, khL jqm J hL jlfV Ll Hhw ehQl n, Lnl, khL jqm J hL jlfV Ll Hhw ehQl n, Lnl, khL jqm J hL jlfV Ll Hhw

klC Hcl hlda Ll aclLC qa Llz al Hje qcuqe J foX k, Hl HLSe klC Hcl hlda Ll aclLC qa Llz al Hje qcuqe J foX k, Hl HLSe klC Hcl hlda Ll aclLC qa Llz al Hje qcuqe J foX k, Hl HLSe klC Hcl hlda Ll aclLC qa Llz al Hje qcuqe J foX k, Hl HLSe

elq mLl jbu A WLu al QMl cL aLu he du qa Llz H ph ppl elq mLl jbu A WLu al QMl cL aLu he du qa Llz H ph ppl elq mLl jbu A WLu al QMl cL aLu he du qa Llz H ph ppl elq mLl jbu A WLu al QMl cL aLu he du qa Llz H ph ppl

elq jeol jNS fccma elq jeol jNS fccma elq jeol jNS fccma elq jeol jNS fccma Lla d Ll ez al elq SepdlZL hs bL hqLl Lla d Ll ez al elq SepdlZL hs bL hqLl Lla d Ll ez al elq SepdlZL hs bL hqLl Lla d Ll ez al elq SepdlZL hs bL hqLl

Ll a ae h, jqm, n kC qe e Lez H ph ekaa jeol HLj Afld Rm Ll a ae h, jqm, n kC qe e Lez H ph ekaa jeol HLj Afld Rm Ll a ae h, jqm, n kC qe e Lez H ph ekaa jeol HLj Afld Rm Ll a ae h, jqm, n kC qe e Lez H ph ekaa jeol HLj Afld Rm

Ae jacn hnpzAe jacn hnpzAe jacn hnpzAe jacn hnpz

hwn nal cfl hioL bL Bjl EW HpRz jeh SaL cxpq hce J hwn nal cfl hioL bL Bjl EW HpRz jeh SaL cxpq hce J hwn nal cfl hioL bL Bjl EW HpRz jeh SaL cxpq hce J hwn nal cfl hioL bL Bjl EW HpRz jeh SaL cxpq hce J

ll heu hCll heu hCll heu hCll heu hCu cJu quR dj hLl HLV jacn hnp J a hahue Lll u cJu quR dj hLl HLV jacn hnp J a hahue Lll u cJu quR dj hLl HLV jacn hnp J a hahue Lll u cJu quR dj hLl HLV jacn hnp J a hahue Lll

ejz gpSj J LjEeSj H cV jacnLC jeh Sal hfku J cxM Ll Lm ejz gpSj J LjEeSj H cV jacnLC jeh Sal hfku J cxM Ll Lm ejz gpSj J LjEeSj H cV jacnLC jeh Sal hfku J cxM Ll Lm ejz gpSj J LjEeSj H cV jacnLC jeh Sal hfku J cxM Ll Lm

Adu pl Se no jahc qph Qqa Ll kuz kcJ Bfax ca flfl hld Adu pl Se no jahc qph Qqa Ll kuz kcJ Bfax ca flfl hld Adu pl Se no jahc qph Qqa Ll kuz kcJ Bfax ca flfl hld Adu pl Se no jahc qph Qqa Ll kuz kcJ Bfax ca flfl hld

jahc cV HLV Afljahc cV HLV Afljahc cV HLV Afljahc cV HLV AflVl dwp Lll fQu Ahqa Rmz L fLa pa qm cV BcnC Vl dwp Lll fQu Ahqa Rmz L fLa pa qm cV BcnC Vl dwp Lll fQu Ahqa Rmz L fLa pa qm cV BcnC Vl dwp Lll fQu Ahqa Rmz L fLa pa qm cV BcnC

HLV j Evp bL acl f, n J pqkNa f quRz Bl HC Evp ab jacn HLV j Evp bL acl f, n J pqkNa f quRz Bl HC Evp ab jacn HLV j Evp bL acl f, n J pqkNa f quRz Bl HC Evp ab jacn HLV j Evp bL acl f, n J pqkNa f quRz Bl HC Evp ab jacn

jeol c BL Ll e hlw phpjuC HLV eff/elq a/jacn/dle/jahc qph jeol c BL Ll e hlw phpjuC HLV eff/elq a/jacn/dle/jahc qph jeol c BL Ll e hlw phpjuC HLV eff/elq a/jacn/dle/jahc qph jeol c BL Ll e hlw phpjuC HLV eff/elq a/jacn/dle/jahc qph

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pjS faa qu BpRz HCpjS faa qu BpRz HCpjS faa qu BpRz HCpjS faa qu BpRz HC Evp ab jahc qm x Evp ab jahc qm x Evp ab jahc qm x Evp ab jahc qm x hahc cne Hhw XlECehchahc cne Hhw XlECehchahc cne Hhw XlECehchahc cne Hhw XlECehc

ab fLahczab fLahczab fLahczab fLahcz

Afncl Sh he Afncl Sh he Afncl Sh he Afncl Sh he Qmp XlECeQmp XlECeQmp XlECeQmp XlECe Eehwn naa pjlu J fQe Npl Eehwn naa pjlu J fQe Npl Eehwn naa pjlu J fQe Npl Eehwn naa pjlu J fQe Npl

fleL Nf Lb feh Lll jdj fleL Nf Lb feh Lll jdj fleL Nf Lb feh Lll jdj fleL Nf Lb feh Lll jdj XXXXlECehclECehclECehclECehc fLn J fQl Llez Bl Hl ia fLn J fQl Llez Bl Hl ia fLn J fQl Llez Bl Hl ia fLn J fQl Llez Bl Hl ia

kam jahcl i ij lQa quR phm jehal Se Ainf qph flNea kam jahcl i ij lQa quR phm jehal Se Ainf qph flNea kam jahcl i ij lQa quR phm jehal Se Ainf qph flNea kam jahcl i ij lQa quR phm jehal Se Ainf qph flNea

quRz quRz quRz quRz XlEq~ehc XlEq~ehc XlEq~ehc XlEq~ehc abLba ~heL jMn dle Ll Hph jacn J Hcl Aeplcl abLba ~heL jMn dle Ll Hph jacn J Hcl Aeplcl abLba ~heL jMn dle Ll Hph jacn J Hcl Aeplcl abLba ~heL jMn dle Ll Hph jacn J Hcl Aeplcl

aMe bL HL dlel jb ~hda ce LlRzaMe bL HL dlel jb ~hda ce LlRzaMe bL HL dlel jb ~hda ce LlRzaMe bL HL dlel jb ~hda ce LlRz HC jb ~hHC jb ~hHC jb ~hHC jb ~hdal hcma hhaehc ab dal hcma hhaehc ab dal hcma hhaehc ab dal hcma hhaehc ab

XlECehc Afcel jd Sh he J Shn hel Adr Aaj Ll jeh pfL XlECehc Afcel jd Sh he J Shn hel Adr Aaj Ll jeh pfL XlECehc Afcel jd Sh he J Shn hel Adr Aaj Ll jeh pfL XlECehc Afcel jd Sh he J Shn hel Adr Aaj Ll jeh pfL

bL l Ll Caqp, lSea, pjS he J jeol phL She kl faV r Hl bL l Ll Caqp, lSea, pjS he J jeol phL She kl faV r Hl bL l Ll Caqp, lSea, pjS he J jeol phL She kl faV r Hl bL l Ll Caqp, lSea, pjS he J jeol phL She kl faV r Hl

fih hal Llz Eehwn naa k ph jahc h Qdl pjSLfih hal Llz Eehwn naa k ph jahc h Qdl pjSLfih hal Llz Eehwn naa k ph jahc h Qdl pjSLfih hal Llz Eehwn naa k ph jahc h Qdl pjSL fiha LlRm Hl fiha LlRm Hl fiha LlRm Hl fiha LlRm Hl

LuLV Ql padl XlECehcl al jd acl kLa h abLba fje MyS LuLV Ql padl XlECehcl al jd acl kLa h abLba fje MyS LuLV Ql padl XlECehcl al jd acl kLa h abLba fje MyS LuLV Ql padl XlECehcl al jd acl kLa h abLba fje MyS

fmz gm XlECehc H pLm Qdl h jahcl hfL pjbe fa prj qmz fmz gm XlECehc H pLm Qdl h jahcl hfL pjbe fa prj qmz fmz gm XlECehc H pLm Qdl h jahcl hfL pjbe fa prj qmz fmz gm XlECehc H pLm Qdl h jahcl hfL pjbe fa prj qmz

Aaal pwNjAaal pwNjAaal pwNjAaal pwNj "" phmC yhQ bL '' Ael dwpf/flSa qu ""pjS bL A"" phmC yhQ bL '' Ael dwpf/flSa qu ""pjS bL A"" phmC yhQ bL '' Ael dwpf/flSa qu ""pjS bL A"" phmC yhQ bL '' Ael dwpf/flSa qu ""pjS bL Acn ab cn ab cn ab cn ab

eQq qu kueQq qu kueQq qu kueQq qu ku fia jahc jehu Qa Qaeu Aefhn Ll Hhw a mmel jdj fia jahc jehu Qa Qaeu Aefhn Ll Hhw a mmel jdj fia jahc jehu Qa Qaeu Aefhn Ll Hhw a mmel jdj fia jahc jehu Qa Qaeu Aefhn Ll Hhw a mmel jdj

jeh pjS fuN Lla l Llzjeh pjS fuN Lla l Llzjeh pjS fuN Lla l Llzjeh pjS fuN Lla l Llz XlECehcXlECehcXlECehcXlECehc kMe ch Lla bL k, kMe ch Lla bL k, kMe ch Lla bL k, kMe ch Lla bL k, "" Aal Se "" Aal Se "" Aal Se "" Aal Se

pwNj ''pwNj ''pwNj ''pwNj '' J c J c J c J c ""HLV fLaL hde ""HLV fLaL hde ""HLV fLaL hde ""HLV fLaL hde Hhw k dj Ec J fe SNa eu hlw a Hhw k dj Ec J fe SNa eu hlw a Hhw k dj Ec J fe SNa eu hlw a Hhw k dj Ec J fe SNa eu hlw a

phLih jeh pjSl SeJ pjih fkSz HC ealC dlhqLal BmL qVml phLih jeh pjSl SeJ pjih fkSz HC ealC dlhqLal BmL qVml phLih jeh pjSl SeJ pjih fkSz HC ealC dlhqLal BmL qVml phLih jeh pjSl SeJ pjih fkSz HC ealC dlhqLal BmL qVml

Hl hLa Qdlu Sje SaL Hl hLa Qdlu Sje SaL Hl hLa Qdlu Sje SaL Hl hLa Qdlu Sje SaL ""fil Sa''""fil Sa''""fil Sa''""fil Sa'' Lm jLp Hl ch Lm jLp Hl ch Lm jLp Hl ch Lm jLp Hl ch "" jeh Sal Caqp "" jeh Sal Caqp "" jeh Sal Caqp "" jeh Sal Caqp

ne pwNjl Caqp''ne pwNjl Caqp''ne pwNjl Caqp''ne pwNjl Caqp'' Hhw fySfacl eaa del Nlhcl Hhw fySfacl eaa del Nlhcl Hhw fySfacl eaa del Nlhcl Hhw fySfacl eaa del Nlhcl ""he ab noel ''""he ab noel ''""he ab noel ''""he ab noel ''

jjjjdj ""de AdLal de qh'' Efehnhccl aau hnl l pjql SeNeL noe J dj ""de AdLal de qh'' Efehnhccl aau hnl l pjql SeNeL noe J dj ""de AdLal de qh'' Efehnhccl aau hnl l pjql SeNeL noe J dj ""de AdLal de qh'' Efehnhccl aau hnl l pjql SeNeL noe J

hel jdj Ade lMl pjShc ea fhael l hehc Bje, eNq, fhe, hel jdj Ade lMl pjShc ea fhael l hehc Bje, eNq, fhe, hel jdj Ade lMl pjShc ea fhael l hehc Bje, eNq, fhe, hel jdj Ade lMl pjShc ea fhael l hehc Bje, eNq, fhe,

~hoj J Afnpel aaL kLa fJu kuz~hoj J Afnpel aaL kLa fJu kuz~hoj J Afnpel aaL kLa fJu kuz~hoj J Afnpel aaL kLa fJu kuz

lhV lCV (lhV lCV (lhV lCV (lhV lCV (Robert Wright)))) HLSe hha HLSe hha HLSe hha HLSe hhaehc qJu paJ al hC ehc qJu paJ al hC ehc qJu paJ al hC ehc qJu paJ al hC The Moral

Animal----H jeh SaL hhaehc Lih HL jq hfkul pjMe LlR a ej H jeh SaL hhaehc Lih HL jq hfkul pjMe LlR a ej H jeh SaL hhaehc Lih HL jq hfkul pjMe LlR a ej H jeh SaL hhaehc Lih HL jq hfkul pjMe LlR a ej

iou hee LlRe x iou hee LlRe x iou hee LlRe x iou hee LlRe x "" hhaehc fLa fr jehu LjLXl Caqp HLV cO J "" hhaehc fLa fr jehu LjLXl Caqp HLV cO J "" hhaehc fLa fr jehu LjLXl Caqp HLV cO J "" hhaehc fLa fr jehu LjLXl Caqp HLV cO J

eaeqe AffuNz HC nal nol cL lS~eaL jaheaeqe AffuNz HC nal nol cL lS~eaL jaheaeqe AffuNz HC nal nol cL lS~eaL jaheaeqe AffuNz HC nal nol cL lS~eaL jahcl pb jmjn HLV cl pb jmjn HLV cl pb jmjn HLV cl pb jmjn HLV

Ahd lS~eaL jahc p Ll HV ""pjSL XlECehc'' qph flQa mi Ll Ahd lS~eaL jahc p Ll HV ""pjSL XlECehc'' qph flQa mi Ll Ahd lS~eaL jahc p Ll HV ""pjSL XlECehc'' qph flQa mi Ll Ahd lS~eaL jahc p Ll HV ""pjSL XlECehc'' qph flQa mi Ll

Hhw aMe bLC HC SOe jahc, hehc, gphc J phQu qcuqeHhw aMe bLC HC SOe jahc, hehc, gphc J phQu qcuqeHhw aMe bLC HC SOe jahc, hehc, gphc J phQu qcuqeHhw aMe bLC HC SOe jahc, hehc, gphc J phQu qcuqe

fySfacl qaul qph hhqa qa bLz ''fySfacl qaul qph hhqa qa bLz ''fySfacl qaul qph hhqa qa bLz ''fySfacl qaul qph hhqa qa bLz ''

HC faL k a, ab J fjec EfHC faL k a, ab J fjec EfHC faL k a, ab J fjec EfHC faL k a, ab J fjec Efqfe Ll quR al jdj Se ku k, qfe Ll quR al jdj Se ku k, qfe Ll quR al jdj Se ku k, qfe Ll quR al jdj Se ku k,

XlECehc dj Shl Evf J ~heL Qdll jd Hl hh pja lMe hlw XlECehc dj Shl Evf J ~heL Qdll jd Hl hh pja lMe hlw XlECehc dj Shl Evf J ~heL Qdll jd Hl hh pja lMe hlw XlECehc dj Shl Evf J ~heL Qdll jd Hl hh pja lMe hlw

XlECehc HLV Nys jahc k dju hnpl ja Hl Aeplcl jd HL dlel A XlECehc HLV Nys jahc k dju hnpl ja Hl Aeplcl jd HL dlel A XlECehc HLV Nys jahc k dju hnpl ja Hl Aeplcl jd HL dlel A XlECehc HLV Nys jahc k dju hnpl ja Hl Aeplcl jd HL dlel A

Ejce p Llz ~heL cLe bL kcJ XlECehEjce p Llz ~heL cLe bL kcJ XlECehEjce p Llz ~heL cLe bL kcJ XlECehEjce p Llz ~heL cLe bL kcJ XlECehc pfeih im fjea qu|Rz c pfeih im fjea qu|Rz c pfeih im fjea qu|Rz c pfeih im fjea qu|Rz

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ahJ h he , lSeahc, hSh J Qhc XlECehcl ALl cL Abv Hl h ahJ h he , lSeahc, hSh J Qhc XlECehcl ALl cL Abv Hl h ahJ h he , lSeahc, hSh J Qhc XlECehcl ALl cL Abv Hl h ahJ h he , lSeahc, hSh J Qhc XlECehcl ALl cL Abv Hl h

Se h e SeJ HC Nys J hLl jahcL HMe fk pjbe cu BpRez kc Se h e SeJ HC Nys J hLl jahcL HMe fk pjbe cu BpRez kc Se h e SeJ HC Nys J hLl jahcL HMe fk pjbe cu BpRez kc Se h e SeJ HC Nys J hLl jahcL HMe fk pjbe cu BpRez kc

pjSl Bfjl SeNe HC A~heL jahcl im V J pjpjSl Bfjl SeNe HC A~heL jahcl im V J pjpjSl Bfjl SeNe HC A~heL jahcl im V J pjpjSl Bfjl SeNe HC A~heL jahcl im V J pjSL ra ab phL hfku SL ra ab phL hfku SL ra ab phL hfku SL ra ab phL hfku

pfL pWLih Sea fle a qm ~lnpL, ecu J AjehL bfl hcl H pfL pWLih Sea fle a qm ~lnpL, ecu J AjehL bfl hcl H pfL pWLih Sea fle a qm ~lnpL, ecu J AjehL bfl hcl H pfL pWLih Sea fle a qm ~lnpL, ecu J AjehL bfl hcl H

jahc LkLl Lll pkN bLhez gm HC hLl jahcl AffuN pjS bL jahc LkLl Lll pkN bLhez gm HC hLl jahcl AffuN pjS bL jahc LkLl Lll pkN bLhez gm HC hLl jahcl AffuN pjS bL jahc LkLl Lll pkN bLhez gm HC hLl jahcl AffuN pjS bL

ejm Ll ph qhz XlECehcl AffuN OVu kl jeh pjS An,ejm Ll ph qhz XlECehcl AffuN OVu kl jeh pjS An,ejm Ll ph qhz XlECehcl AffuN OVu kl jeh pjS An,ejm Ll ph qhz XlECehcl AffuN OVu kl jeh pjS An, hnwMm, noZ, hnwMm, noZ, hnwMm, noZ, hnwMm, noZ,

he J bfl Qdl J jacn fQl, fpl J fuN Ll hme k, HVC he J bfl Qdl J jacn fQl, fpl J fuN Ll hme k, HVC he J bfl Qdl J jacn fQl, fpl J fuN Ll hme k, HVC he J bfl Qdl J jacn fQl, fpl J fuN Ll hme k, HVC ""fLaL ""fLaL ""fLaL ""fLaL

hdehdehdehde''z aMe HV hml Bl Le pkN bLhe h pjS a Nqa qhez''z aMe HV hml Bl Le pkN bLhe h pjS a Nqa qhez''z aMe HV hml Bl Le pkN bLhe h pjS a Nqa qhez''z aMe HV hml Bl Le pkN bLhe h pjS a Nqa qhez

jeha hld pLm jacnl jm XlECehc kc pfelf pjS bL Qsih jeha hld pLm jacnl jm XlECehc kc pfelf pjS bL Qsih jeha hld pLm jacnl jm XlECehc kc pfelf pjS bL Qsih jeha hld pLm jacnl jm XlECehc kc pfelf pjS bL Qsih

EvfEvfEvfEvfVa qu p r HLV j pa hcje bLhz pC jqpa qm x Va qu p r HLV j pa hcje bLhz pC jqpa qm x Va qu p r HLV j pa hcje bLhz pC jqpa qm x Va qu p r HLV j pa hcje bLhz pC jqpa qm x ""HC hn jX J ""HC hn jX J ""HC hn jX J ""HC hn jX J

jeh SaL Bq p LlRez k pLm hhN HC paL qcuj Lla prj qhe jeh SaL Bq p LlRez k pLm hhN HC paL qcuj Lla prj qhe jeh SaL Bq p LlRez k pLm hhN HC paL qcuj Lla prj qhe jeh SaL Bq p LlRez k pLm hhN HC paL qcuj Lla prj qhe

al HJ hTa flhe k fLa hah pa qm jeh Sal pLm pjp pjdel Efu al HJ hTa flhe k fLa hah pa qm jeh Sal pLm pjp pjdel Efu al HJ hTa flhe k fLa hah pa qm jeh Sal pLm pjp pjdel Efu al HJ hTa flhe k fLa hah pa qm jeh Sal pLm pjp pjdel Efu

J f ~nl LaL J f ~nl LaL J f ~nl LaL J f ~nl LaL fla In NC eqa BRz''fla In NC eqa BRz''fla In NC eqa BRz''fla In NC eqa BRz'' hfL SeN kc HC dle foZ Ll hfL SeN kc HC dle foZ Ll hfL SeN kc HC dle foZ Ll hfL SeN kc HC dle foZ Ll

ah hn pjS bL cxM, hce, Aeu, AhQl, ciN ccn, NZqa J cl Afpla ah hn pjS bL cxM, hce, Aeu, AhQl, ciN ccn, NZqa J cl Afpla ah hn pjS bL cxM, hce, Aeu, AhQl, ciN ccn, NZqa J cl Afpla ah hn pjS bL cxM, hce, Aeu, AhQl, ciN ccn, NZqa J cl Afpla

qh Hhw Hl flha f, de pfc, pq, fQk J j jeh pjS hlS Llhz HV qh Hhw Hl flha f, de pfc, pq, fQk J j jeh pjS hlS Llhz HV qh Hhw Hl flha f, de pfc, pq, fQk J j jeh pjS hlS Llhz HV qh Hhw Hl flha f, de pfc, pq, fQk J j jeh pjS hlS Llhz HV

aMeC ph qh kMeaMeC ph qh kMeaMeC ph qh kMeaMeC ph qh kMe pLm jb J jeh Sal Se raLlL jahc pjS bL Afpa pLm jb J jeh Sal Se raLlL jahc pjS bL Afpa pLm jb J jeh Sal Se raLlL jahc pjS bL Afpa pLm jb J jeh Sal Se raLlL jahc pjS bL Afpa

qh Hhw d pC fh J In jahc pjS faa Lll jdj fLa SeLme pde Ll qh Hhw d pC fh J In jahc pjS faa Lll jdj fLa SeLme pde Ll qh Hhw d pC fh J In jahc pjS faa Lll jdj fLa SeLme pde Ll qh Hhw d pC fh J In jahc pjS faa Lll jdj fLa SeLme pde Ll

ph qhz ph qhz ph qhz ph qhz ""Ym jlm fVLm Rys''""Ym jlm fVLm Rys''""Ym jlm fVLm Rys''""Ym jlm fVLm Rys'' h h h h ""Opl hcm Op jl''""Opl hcm Op jl''""Opl hcm Op jl''""Opl hcm Op jl'' Abh BjeLlL Abh BjeLlL Abh BjeLlL Abh BjeLlL

AdLal hs BOa cu Le pjpl AdLal hs BOa cu Le pjpl AdLal hs BOa cu Le pjpl AdLal hs BOa cu Le pjpl hah pjde Ll ph euz hlw kl H dlel LS hah pjde Ll ph euz hlw kl H dlel LS hah pjde Ll ph euz hlw kl H dlel LS hah pjde Ll ph euz hlw kl H dlel LS

Ll acl LR ~dk, cu J pqeial pb fLa pa halaih heel jdj acl Ll acl LR ~dk, cu J pqeial pb fLa pa halaih heel jdj acl Ll acl LR ~dk, cu J pqeial pb fLa pa halaih heel jdj acl Ll acl LR ~dk, cu J pqeial pb fLa pa halaih heel jdj acl

Qdl h de dle flhae Llel jdjC H pjpl pjde Ll phzQdl h de dle flhae Llel jdjC H pjpl pjde Ll phzQdl h de dle flhae Llel jdjC H pjpl pjde Ll phzQdl h de dle flhae Llel jdjC H pjpl pjde Ll phz

HC faL mMl fLa En qm kl HC faL mMl fLa En qm kl HC faL mMl fLa En qm kl HC faL mMl fLa En qm kl XlECehclXlECehclXlECehclXlECehcl ALlju cL Se Abh e ALlju cL Se Abh e ALlju cL Se Abh e ALlju cL Se Abh e

Se Ha hnp J Bq qfe Ll bLe, aclL H jj Ahqa Ll k, al fLafr Se Ha hnp J Bq qfe Ll bLe, aclL H jj Ahqa Ll k, al fLafr Se Ha hnp J Bq qfe Ll bLe, aclL H jj Ahqa Ll k, al fLafr Se Ha hnp J Bq qfe Ll bLe, aclL H jj Ahqa Ll k, al fLafr

Le jahcL pjbe LlRez Bl kl HC jahcL hnp Lle e WLC, ah alLe jahcL pjbe LlRez Bl kl HC jahcL hnp Lle e WLC, ah alLe jahcL pjbe LlRez Bl kl HC jahcL hnp Lle e WLC, ah alLe jahcL pjbe LlRez Bl kl HC jahcL hnp Lle e WLC, ah al

XlECehcL hn jehal Se jL lf hmJ je Lle e, acl XlEq~ehXlECehcL hn jehal Se jL lf hmJ je Lle e, acl XlEq~ehXlECehcL hn jehal Se jL lf hmJ je Lle e, acl XlEq~ehXlECehcL hn jehal Se jL lf hmJ je Lle e, acl XlEq~ehcl ALlcl ALlcl ALlcl ALl

cL pfL paL LlJ H faL mMl Aeaj EnzcL pfL paL LlJ H faL mMl Aeaj EnzcL pfL paL LlJ H faL mMl Aeaj EnzcL pfL paL LlJ H faL mMl Aeaj Enz

6 / 88

fbj Adufbj Adufbj Adufbj Adu

XlEqehcl pwr CaqXlEqehcl pwr CaqXlEqehcl pwr CaqXlEqehcl pwr Caqpppp

hnjeal cxM ccn J hfhnjeal cxM ccn J hfhnjeal cxM ccn J hfhnjeal cxM ccn J hfku XlECehcl ijL pfL BmQel fh ku XlECehcl ijL pfL BmQel fh ku XlECehcl ijL pfL BmQel fh ku XlECehcl ijL pfL BmQel fh Hl Hl Hl Hl

pwr Caqp BmQe Ll fuSez AeLl dle k, Qmp XlECe phfbjpwr Caqp BmQe Ll fuSez AeLl dle k, Qmp XlECe phfbjpwr Caqp BmQe Ll fuSez AeLl dle k, Qmp XlECe phfbjpwr Caqp BmQe Ll fuSez AeLl dle k, Qmp XlECe phfbj h h h hhaehcl haehcl haehcl haehcl

~heL ~heL ~heL ~heL fje, fkhre J flr elr Ll HC jahc fQl Llez fLafr HC jahcl fje, fkhre J flr elr Ll HC jahc fQl Llez fLafr HC jahcl fje, fkhre J flr elr Ll HC jahc fQl Llez fLafr HC jahcl fje, fkhre J flr elr Ll HC jahc fQl Llez fLafr HC jahcl

jm fh XlECe euz aC H jahcl Evp Le ~heL fje eCzjm fh XlECe euz aC H jahcl Evp Le ~heL fje eCzjm fh XlECe euz aC H jahcl Evp Le ~heL fje eCzjm fh XlECe euz aC H jahcl Evp Le ~heL fje eCz

fQe jpfVjuu kMe faj fS iL dju hnp Qm Rm aMe f|bha fQe jpfVjuu kMe faj fS iL dju hnp Qm Rm aMe f|bha fQe jpfVjuu kMe faj fS iL dju hnp Qm Rm aMe f|bha fQe jpfVjuu kMe faj fS iL dju hnp Qm Rm aMe f|bha

fel Bhifel Bhifel Bhifel Bhih, hn p lqp pfL hi LpwLl J fleL Lf Lb fQma Rmz h, hn p lqp pfL hi LpwLl J fleL Lf Lb fQma Rmz h, hn p lqp pfL hi LpwLl J fleL Lf Lb fQma Rmz h, hn p lqp pfL hi LpwLl J fleL Lf Lb fQma Rmz

H pLm dlel jd HLV hnp h jahc Rm hhaehcz H pLm dlel jd HLV hnp h jahc Rm hhaehcz H pLm dlel jd HLV hnp h jahc Rm hhaehcz H pLm dlel jd HLV hnp h jahc Rm hhaehcz HejHejHejHej----Cmn (Cmn (Cmn (Cmn (ENUMA -ELISH ) ) ) )

Lh hn p pfL Lh hn p pfL Lh hn p pfL Lh hn p pfL hm qu k, HL fmuwLl hel fl ALpv cC cha hm qu k, HL fmuwLl hel fl ALpv cC cha hm qu k, HL fmuwLl hel fl ALpv cC cha hm qu k, HL fmuwLl hel fl ALpv cC cha mqj mqj mqj mqj

(((( LAHMA)))) J J J J mqmqmqmqj (j (j (j (LAHAMU)))) Hl Bhih O Hl Bhih O Hl Bhih O Hl Bhih OVz HC jahcl jm dle qR x Vz HC jahcl jm dle qR x Vz HC jahcl jm dle qR x Vz HC jahcl jm dle qR x ""HL ""HL ""HL ""HL

ch ja (cha) phfbj eSC eSL p Lle Hhw flhaa hi fcb Hhw Aee ch ja (cha) phfbj eSC eSL p Lle Hhw flhaa hi fcb Hhw Aee ch ja (cha) phfbj eSC eSL p Lle Hhw flhaa hi fcb Hhw Aee ch ja (cha) phfbj eSC eSL p Lle Hhw flhaa hi fcb Hhw Aee

Sh p Ll hnju Rsu fsz''Sh p Ll hnju Rsu fsz''Sh p Ll hnju Rsu fsz''Sh p Ll hnju Rsu fsz'' Ae Lbu pjlu fleL LfLb Aeku A~Sh SmS Ae Lbu pjlu fleL LfLb Aeku A~Sh SmS Ae Lbu pjlu fleL LfLb Aeku A~Sh SmS Ae Lbu pjlu fleL LfLb Aeku A~Sh SmS

BLlqe Ahq qa qWv fBLlqe Ahq qa qWv fBLlqe Ahq qa qWv fBLlqe Ahq qa qWv fbha hhae ful jdj fel Evf J hLn quzbha hhae ful jdj fel Evf J hLn quzbha hhae ful jdj fel Evf J hLn quzbha hhae ful jdj fel Evf J hLn quz

HC fkmQe bL cM kR k, pjlucl HC dj~u hnp Abv fbha A~Sh HC fkmQe bL cM kR k, pjlucl HC dj~u hnp Abv fbha A~Sh HC fkmQe bL cM kR k, pjlucl HC dj~u hnp Abv fbha A~Sh HC fkmQe bL cM kR k, pjlucl HC dj~u hnp Abv fbha A~Sh

fcb bL fel Evf J hLn OVR k Qmp XlECel hhaehcl pb Aa fcb bL fel Evf J hLn OVR k Qmp XlECel hhaehcl pb Aa fcb bL fel Evf J hLn OVR k Qmp XlECel hhaehcl pb Aa fcb bL fel Evf J hLn OVR k Qmp XlECel hhaehcl pb Aa

pjpfez Ha fjea qu k, hhaehpjpfez Ha fjea qu k, hhaehpjpfez Ha fjea qu k, hhaehpjpfez Ha fjea qu k, hhaehcl fbj fh XlECe ee hlw a pjlu faj cl fbj fh XlECe ee hlw a pjlu faj cl fbj fh XlECe ee hlw a pjlu faj cl fbj fh XlECe ee hlw a pjlu faj

fSlcl dju hnpzfSlcl dju hnpzfSlcl dju hnpzfSlcl dju hnpz flhaa Afl HLV faj fSl pia Abv fQe Np HC flhaa Afl HLV faj fSl pia Abv fQe Np HC flhaa Afl HLV faj fSl pia Abv fQe Np HC flhaa Afl HLV faj fSl pia Abv fQe Np HC

hhaehcl fpl J h OVz fQe Npl hahc cneLNe acl hnoZ fuu hhaehcl fpl J h OVz fQe Npl hahc cneLNe acl hnoZ fuu hhaehcl fpl J h OVz fQe Npl hahc cneLNe acl hnoZ fuu hhaehcl fpl J h OVz fQe Npl hahc cneLNe acl hnoZ fuu

Ssha Rs Ae Le LRl Aaa hnSsha Rs Ae Le LRl Aaa hnSsha Rs Ae Le LRl Aaa hnSsha Rs Ae Le LRl Aaa hn pa hcje a hnp Llae ez HC pLm NL pa hcje a hnp Llae ez HC pLm NL pa hcje a hnp Llae ez HC pLm NL pa hcje a hnp Llae ez HC pLm NL

cneL hhaehcl fleL LfLqeL pjlu pial EldLl qph Baq Ll cneL hhaehcl fleL LfLqeL pjlu pial EldLl qph Baq Ll cneL hhaehcl fleL LfLqeL pjlu pial EldLl qph Baq Ll cneL hhaehcl fleL LfLqeL pjlu pial EldLl qph Baq Ll

hnp al Eh J hLn pfL hM Lla bLez Hih hahc cne J pa hnp al Eh J hLn pfL hM Lla bLez Hih hahc cne J pa hnp al Eh J hLn pfL hM Lla bLez Hih hahc cne J pa hnp al Eh J hLn pfL hM Lla bLez Hih hahc cne J pa

pfLa fleL Lqe fQe Np BjcpfLa fleL Lqe fQe Np BjcpfLa fleL Lqe fQe Np BjcpfLa fleL Lqe fQe Np Bjce Ll quz fQe Np bL HC jahc flhaa e Ll quz fQe Np bL HC jahc flhaa e Ll quz fQe Np bL HC jahc flhaa e Ll quz fQe Np bL HC jahc flhaa

lje pwLaa Aefhn Llzlje pwLaa Aefhn Llzlje pwLaa Aefhn Llzlje pwLaa Aefhn Llz Acn naL HC Eiu jahc felu eaeih Acn naL HC Eiu jahc felu eaeih Acn naL HC Eiu jahc felu eaeih Acn naL HC Eiu jahc felu eaeih

BafLn Ll k jmax faj fSl pwLal s fafmaz LR pwML CElfu BafLn Ll k jmax faj fSl pwLal s fafmaz LR pwML CElfu BafLn Ll k jmax faj fSl pwLal s fafmaz LR pwML CElfu BafLn Ll k jmax faj fSl pwLal s fafmaz LR pwML CElfu

Qahc, kl NL cne pfL BNq Rmezal SshcQahc, kl NL cne pfL BNq Rmezal SshcQahc, kl NL cne pfL BNq Rmezal SshcQahc, kl NL cne pfL BNq Rmezal Sshc ab hahc cnel fa BL ab hahc cnel fa BL ab hahc cnel fa BL ab hahc cnel fa BL

qez HC pLm Qhccl jd HL Nil jm Rm a qmqez HC pLm Qhccl jd HL Nil jm Rm a qmqez HC pLm Qhccl jd HL Nil jm Rm a qmqez HC pLm Qhccl jd HL Nil jm Rm a qm---- djl pwN hlda ab djl pwN hlda ab djl pwN hlda ab djl pwN hlda ab

eaLaeaLaeaLaeaLa h h h h eaLhceaLhceaLhceaLhczzzz

7 / 88

glp Shhe glp Shhe glp Shhe glp Shhe S hfVV mjL (S hfVV mjL (S hfVV mjL (S hfVV mjL (Jean Baptiste Lamarck)))) fbj h ke fbj h ke fbj h ke fbj h ke

hhaehc eu halaih Nhoe Llez hhaehc eu halaih Nhoe Llez hhaehc eu halaih Nhoe Llez hhaehc eu halaih Nhoe Llez mjL dle Llae k, pLm fLl fe mjL dle Llae k, pLm fLl fe mjL dle Llae k, pLm fLl fe mjL dle Llae k, pLm fLl fe

pje flhaalf hhae ful jdj lfla qu haje lf dle LlRz HC jahc pje flhaalf hhae ful jdj lfla qu haje lf dle LlRz HC jahc pje flhaalf hhae ful jdj lfla qu haje lf dle LlRz HC jahc pje flhaalf hhae ful jdj lfla qu haje lf dle LlRz HC jahc

flhaa jb qph fjea quz a pJ mjLl HC jahc LRV flhaalf k flhaa jb qph fjea quz a pJ mjLl HC jahc LRV flhaalf k flhaa jb qph fjea quz a pJ mjLl HC jahc LRV flhaalf k flhaa jb qph fjea quz a pJ mjLl HC jahc LRV flhaalf k

h hnhpl eLV Efqfe Lle ae qme h hnhpl eLV Efqfe Lle ae qme h hnhpl eLV Efqfe Lle ae qme h hnhpl eLV Efqfe Lle ae qme hVn pMl Sh he Qmp XlECezhVn pMl Sh he Qmp XlECezhVn pMl Sh he Qmp XlECezhVn pMl Sh he Qmp XlECez

1859 pm Cwm 1859 pm Cwm 1859 pm Cwm 1859 pm Cwm Qmp XlECeQmp XlECeQmp XlECeQmp XlECe ayl faL ayl faL ayl faL ayl faL c AlSe Ah fpp (c AlSe Ah fpp (c AlSe Ah fpp (c AlSe Ah fpp (The origin of

Species )))) Hl jdj HC jahc Efqfe Llez HC faL hhaehcl pjlu pial Hl jdj HC jahc Efqfe Llez HC faL hhaehcl pjlu pial Hl jdj HC jahc Efqfe Llez HC faL hhaehcl pjlu pial Hl jdj HC jahc Efqfe Llez HC faL hhaehcl pjlu pial

fleL Lb HLV halaih fLn Llez ae ch Lle k fleL Lb HLV halaih fLn Llez ae ch Lle k fleL Lb HLV halaih fLn Llez ae ch Lle k fleL Lb HLV halaih fLn Llez ae ch Lle k pLm fe ~chv fe pLm fe ~chv fe pLm fe ~chv fe pLm fe ~chv fe

bL Hhw HL fh flo bL Hhw HL fh flo bL Hhw HL fh flo bL Hhw HL fh flo Common Ancestor bL hhae ful jdj p quRz Abv bL hhae ful jdj p quRz Abv bL hhae ful jdj p quRz Abv bL hhae ful jdj p quRz Abv

HC pLm fe agaih pje flhael jdj HL bL Ae fea lfla quRzHC pLm fe agaih pje flhael jdj HL bL Ae fea lfla quRzHC pLm fe agaih pje flhael jdj HL bL Ae fea lfla quRzHC pLm fe agaih pje flhael jdj HL bL Ae fea lfla quRz

Qmp XlECel HC ch al pjuLl hecl pdlZ AejcQmp XlECel HC ch al pjuLl hecl pdlZ AejcQmp XlECel HC ch al pjuLl hecl pdlZ AejcQmp XlECel HC ch al pjuLl hecl pdlZ Aejce h NqekNa e h NqekNa e h NqekNa e h NqekNa

mi Lla Apjb quz hno Ll gpm (Shn) hnoNe Aedhe Lla pjb quRme mi Lla Apjb quz hno Ll gpm (Shn) hnoNe Aedhe Lla pjb quRme mi Lla Apjb quz hno Ll gpm (Shn) hnoNe Aedhe Lla pjb quRme mi Lla Apjb quz hno Ll gpm (Shn) hnoNe Aedhe Lla pjb quRme

k, XlECel ch HLV L Lfe Rs Ae LR euz HacpJ pjul Bhae k, XlECel ch HLV L Lfe Rs Ae LR euz HacpJ pjul Bhae k, XlECel ch HLV L Lfe Rs Ae LR euz HacpJ pjul Bhae k, XlECel ch HLV L Lfe Rs Ae LR euz HacpJ pjul Bhae

XlECel jahc pjSl hi Nfl pjbe fa bLz H pjbel Aeaj Lle qm XlECel jahc pjSl hi Nfl pjbe fa bLz H pjbel Aeaj Lle qm XlECel jahc pjSl hi Nfl pjbe fa bLz H pjbel Aeaj Lle qm XlECel jahc pjSl hi Nfl pjbe fa bLz H pjbel Aeaj Lle qm

EehEehEehEehwn nal npLN XlECe J al HC jahc ial acl A~hd npe J noe wn nal npLN XlECe J al HC jahc ial acl A~hd npe J noe wn nal npLN XlECe J al HC jahc ial acl A~hd npe J noe wn nal npLN XlECe J al HC jahc ial acl A~hd npe J noe

fLf Lll qle p MyS fuRezfLf Lll qle p MyS fuRezfLf Lll qle p MyS fuRezfLf Lll qle p MyS fuRez

jacnNa Lle XlECehcl pjbejacnNa Lle XlECehcl pjbejacnNa Lle XlECehcl pjbejacnNa Lle XlECehcl pjbe

XlECel faL XlECel faL XlECel faL XlECel faL c AlSe Ah fppc AlSe Ah fppc AlSe Ah fppc AlSe Ah fpp(1859) kMe fLna qu aMe he Aa (1859) kMe fLna qu aMe he Aa (1859) kMe fLna qu aMe he Aa (1859) kMe fLna qu aMe he Aa

fQcfc Ahqu Rmz Ecqle lfQcfc Ahqu Rmz Ecqle lfQcfc Ahqu Rmz Ecqle lfQcfc Ahqu Rmz Ecqle lf hm ku k, pLm AehrZ kl jdj Sh Lo f hm ku k, pLm AehrZ kl jdj Sh Lo f hm ku k, pLm AehrZ kl jdj Sh Lo f hm ku k, pLm AehrZ kl jdj Sh Lo

((((cell) p e Aa pja fkul Rmz Abv a HLV hcl () p e Aa pja fkul Rmz Abv a HLV hcl () p e Aa pja fkul Rmz Abv a HLV hcl () p e Aa pja fkul Rmz Abv a HLV hcl (Blot) ja Hhw Hl ) ja Hhw Hl ) ja Hhw Hl ) ja Hhw Hl

Aal LR Se ph Rmez haje Bjl Se k, HC fe Lo HLV Aa SVm Aal LR Se ph Rmez haje Bjl Se k, HC fe Lo HLV Aa SVm Aal LR Se ph Rmez haje Bjl Se k, HC fe Lo HLV Aa SVm Aal LR Se ph Rmez haje Bjl Se k, HC fe Lo HLV Aa SVm

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XlECel H ch fQl Lla Le pjp cM ku ez Aelfih Shn NhoZJ Aea XlECel H ch fQl Lla Le pjp cM ku ez Aelfih Shn NhoZJ Aea XlECel H ch fQl Lla Le pjp cM ku ez Aelfih Shn NhoZJ Aea XlECel H ch fQl Lla Le pjp cM ku ez Aelfih Shn NhoZJ Aea

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ph quRmzAbQ haje Hje HLVJ Shn ph quRmzAbQ haje Hje HLVJ Shn ph quRmzAbQ haje Hje HLVJ Shn ph quRmzAbQ haje Hje HLVJ Shn lLX eC kl pqk fje Ll ph k, lLX eC kl pqk fje Ll ph k, lLX eC kl pqk fje Ll ph k, lLX eC kl pqk fje Ll ph k,

fZ agaih HLV bL AeVa hhae ful jdj hLn mi LlR ab p fZ agaih HLV bL AeVa hhae ful jdj hLn mi LlR ab p fZ agaih HLV bL AeVa hhae ful jdj hLn mi LlR ab p fZ agaih HLV bL AeVa hhae ful jdj hLn mi LlR ab p

quRz HjeL LRce fhJ hhaehcl HC haL Ahae qu hmae quRz HjeL LRce fhJ hhaehcl HC haL Ahae qu hmae quRz HjeL LRce fhJ hhaehcl HC haL Ahae qu hmae quRz HjeL LRce fhJ hhaehcl HC haL Ahae qu hmae "" Bd jeh "" Bd jeh "" Bd jeh "" Bd jeh ----Bd Bd Bd Bd

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k, H chV Bc pa euk, H chV Bc pa euk, H chV Bc pa euk, H chV Bc pa eu z z z z (hhaehcl h Adu hala EMa) (hhaehcl h Adu hala EMa) (hhaehcl h Adu hala EMa) (hhaehcl h Adu hala EMa)

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ARez XlEq~ehcl hNa 150 hvpl khv EldLl p f ARez XlEq~ehcl hNa 150 hvpl khv EldLl p f ARez XlEq~ehcl hNa 150 hvpl khv EldLl p f ARez XlEq~ehcl hNa 150 hvpl khv EldLl p f el el el el eu HC jahc eu HC jahc eu HC jahc eu HC jahc

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pJ pJ pJ pJ H jahcl pH jahcl pH jahcl pH jahcl pjbeLlNe Sl fQle Qmu jbeLlNe Sl fQle Qmu jbeLlNe Sl fQle Qmu jbeLlNe Sl fQle Qmu BpRez XlECehcl Aaa H LleC BpRez XlECehcl Aaa H LleC BpRez XlECehcl Aaa H LleC BpRez XlECehcl Aaa H LleC

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jahc fQl, fpl J hLnl Le pkN fRme ez XlECehc jahc fQl, fpl J hLnl Le pkN fRme ez XlECehc jahc fQl, fpl J hLnl Le pkN fRme ez XlECehc jahc fQl, fpl J hLnl Le pkN fRme ez XlECehc pl Aal ALapl Aal ALapl Aal ALapl Aal ALa

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EfEfEfEf----nlej houV| pwrLl HC iou X~fqfe Ll quRz nlej houV| pwrLl HC iou X~fqfe Ll quRz nlej houV| pwrLl HC iou X~fqfe Ll quRz nlej houV| pwrLl HC iou X~fqfe Ll quRz The Origin of Species

by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Race

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pwNj BeLm f fSa pjql pwlrezpwNj BeLm f fSa pjql pwlrezpwNj BeLm f fSa pjql pwlrezpwNj BeLm f fSa pjql pwlrez

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XlECe, jmbpl Qdl l fiha qu dle Llme k, pjN fLaXlECe, jmbpl Qdl l fiha qu dle Llme k, pjN fLaXlECe, jmbpl Qdl l fiha qu dle Llme k, pjN fLaXlECe, jmbpl Qdl l fiha qu dle Llme k, pjN fLaa HC a HC a HC a HC

dlC hlSjez LSC jeh pjSJ H dl fuN Ll EQaz HV qmdlC hlSjez LSC jeh pjSJ H dl fuN Ll EQaz HV qmdlC hlSjez LSC jeh pjSJ H dl fuN Ll EQaz HV qmdlC hlSjez LSC jeh pjSJ H dl fuN Ll EQaz HV qm---- ""nnm ""nnm ""nnm ""nnm

kNall hSu J chml flSu J dwp '' kNall hSu J chml flSu J dwp '' kNall hSu J chml flSu J dwp '' kNall hSu J chml flSu J dwp '' ae hnoih Hl Efl lalf Llez HV ae hnoih Hl Efl lalf Llez HV ae hnoih Hl Efl lalf Llez HV ae hnoih Hl Efl lalf Llez HV

AmwOeu J Qlqu fLaL hde qph ae pLal Aa ALal jdj ae AmwOeu J Qlqu fLaL hde qph ae pLal Aa ALal jdj ae AmwOeu J Qlqu fLaL hde qph ae pLal Aa ALal jdj ae AmwOeu J Qlqu fLaL hde qph ae pLal Aa ALal jdj ae

SepSepSepSepdlel dju jmhd, ea J BcnL hpSe ca Evpqa Lle Lle Hm qm dlel dju jmhd, ea J BcnL hpSe ca Evpqa Lle Lle Hm qm dlel dju jmhd, ea J BcnL hpSe ca Evpqa Lle Lle Hm qm dlel dju jmhd, ea J BcnL hpSe ca Evpqa Lle Lle Hm qm

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al al al al ""Aal pwNj''""Aal pwNj''""Aal pwNj''""Aal pwNj'' jahcl el fuN fal flfz H LleC XlECel jahc jahcl el fuN fal flfz H LleC XlECel jahc jahcl el fuN fal flfz H LleC XlECel jahc jahcl el fuN fal flfz H LleC XlECel jahc

aMe bLC npL nel fe pjbe mi Llz phfbj k CwmX J flhaa pjN fQj aMe bLC npL nel fe pjbe mi Llz phfbj k CwmX J flhaa pjN fQj aMe bLC npL nel fe pjbe mi Llz phfbj k CwmX J flhaa pjN fQj aMe bLC npL nel fe pjbe mi Llz phfbj k CwmX J flhaa pjN fQj

hn ahn ahn ahn a Rsk fsz Rsk fsz Rsk fsz Rsk fsz

pjShc, fySfa J Aee hahc hShNe HC jahcL Na Seez Lle pjShc, fySfa J Aee hahc hShNe HC jahcL Na Seez Lle pjShc, fySfa J Aee hahc hShNe HC jahcL Na Seez Lle pjShc, fySfa J Aee hahc hShNe HC jahcL Na Seez Lle

Cajd al k ilpj J eaqe noe iL lS~eaL fa fhae LlRmez H Cajd al k ilpj J eaqe noe iL lS~eaL fa fhae LlRmez H Cajd al k ilpj J eaqe noe iL lS~eaL fa fhae LlRmez H Cajd al k ilpj J eaqe noe iL lS~eaL fa fhae LlRmez H

jahcl jdC al abLba ~heL kLa cMa fuRmez HC Lle al H jahcl jdC al abLba ~heL kLa cMa fuRmez HC Lle al H jahcl jdC al abLba ~heL kLa cMa fuRmez HC Lle al H jahcl jdC al abLba ~heL kLa cMa fuRmez HC Lle al H

jacnjacnjacnjacn Aeahm Nqe Ll Hl hahuel Se ph Aeahm Nqe Ll Hl hahuel Se ph Aeahm Nqe Ll Hl hahuel Se ph Aeahm Nqe Ll Hl hahuel Se phaL Q Ahqa lMezaL Q Ahqa lMezaL Q Ahqa lMezaL Q Ahqa lMez

hhaehc AQlC pjSl pLm al Aefhn Llz pjSa, Caqp, jehe, hhaehc AQlC pjSl pLm al Aefhn Llz pjSa, Caqp, jehe, hhaehc AQlC pjSl pLm al Aefhn Llz pjSa, Caqp, jehe, hhaehc AQlC pjSl pLm al Aefhn Llz pjSa, Caqp, jehe,

lhe Cac Abv pjS Hje Le hou lCm e k Hl fih fihea quez faV lhe Cac Abv pjS Hje Le hou lCm e k Hl fih fihea quez faV lhe Cac Abv pjS Hje Le hou lCm e k Hl fih fihea quez faV lhe Cac Abv pjS Hje Le hou lCm e k Hl fih fihea quez faV

r jm fafc hou h r jm fafc hou h r jm fafc hou h r jm fafc hou h nNe qm "" nNe qm "" nNe qm "" nNe qm "" Aal Se pwNjAal Se pwNjAal Se pwNjAal Se pwNj '' J '' J '' J '' J ""kNajl VL ""kNajl VL ""kNajl VL ""kNajl VL

bLzbLzbLzbLz'''''''' lS~eaL cm, Sa, cn, fnpe, heSL fae Abv pjSl fu faV h lS~eaL cm, Sa, cn, fnpe, heSL fae Abv pjSl fu faV h lS~eaL cm, Sa, cn, fnpe, heSL fae Abv pjSl fu faV h lS~eaL cm, Sa, cn, fnpe, heSL fae Abv pjSl fu faV h

HC Bcn Aefea qu Lle Cajd pjS fde eueLl jacn qph XlECehc HC Bcn Aefea qu Lle Cajd pjS fde eueLl jacn qph XlECehc HC Bcn Aefea qu Lle Cajd pjS fde eueLl jacn qph XlECehc HC Bcn Aefea qu Lle Cajd pjS fde eueLl jacn qph XlECehc

fa mi LlR h Ae Lbfa mi LlR h Ae Lbfa mi LlR h Ae Lbfa mi LlR h Ae Lbu, pjSl pLm Qa, Qae, ihdlu XlECehc u, pjSl pLm Qa, Qae, ihdlu XlECehc u, pjSl pLm Qa, Qae, ihdlu XlECehc u, pjSl pLm Qa, Qae, ihdlu XlECehc

AhRcih k qu kuz HjeL QLm, lSea, Caqp H pLm rJ XlECe AhRcih k qu kuz HjeL QLm, lSea, Caqp H pLm rJ XlECe AhRcih k qu kuz HjeL QLm, lSea, Caqp H pLm rJ XlECe AhRcih k qu kuz HjeL QLm, lSea, Caqp H pLm rJ XlECe

jacnl BJa hqia bLm ezjacnl BJa hqia bLm ezjacnl BJa hqia bLm ezjacnl BJa hqia bLm ez

XlECehcl pb faV houl pfL qfe LXlECehcl pb faV houl pfL qfe LXlECehcl pb faV houl pfL qfe LXlECehcl pb faV houl pfL qfe Lll phaL fQ Ahqa bLzll phaL fQ Ahqa bLzll phaL fQ Ahqa bLzll phaL fQ Ahqa bLz

XlECehc cLe bLXlECehc cLe bLXlECehc cLe bLXlECehc cLe bL k Le hou hM, hnoZ J fkmQe Lll la/fa Qm Ll k Le hou hM, hnoZ J fkmQe Lll la/fa Qm Ll k Le hou hM, hnoZ J fkmQe Lll la/fa Qm Ll k Le hou hM, hnoZ J fkmQe Lll la/fa Qm Ll

quz HlC gmnaa HjeL XlECehcl ej e Se pJ XlECe jacnl ia k quz HlC gmnaa HjeL XlECehcl ej e Se pJ XlECe jacnl ia k quz HlC gmnaa HjeL XlECehcl ej e Se pJ XlECe jacnl ia k quz HlC gmnaa HjeL XlECehcl ej e Se pJ XlECe jacnl ia k

dlel pjS hhq Ns EWl Lb aC pjS Ns EWz dlel pjS hhq Ns EWl Lb aC pjS Ns EWz dlel pjS hhq Ns EWl Lb aC pjS Ns EWz dlel pjS hhq Ns EWl Lb aC pjS Ns EWz

XlECe eSC pfln LlRme k, al jahc (hhaehc) XlECe eSC pfln LlRme k, al jahc (hhaehc) XlECe eSC pfln LlRme k, al jahc (hhaehc) XlECe eSC pfln LlRme k, al jahc (hhaehc) ke pjSL he ke pjSL he ke pjSL he ke pjSL he

fuNl r pjSL jmhdl houV hhQe Ll fuN Ll quz 1869 pm HCQ bmfuNl r pjSL jmhdl houV hhQe Ll fuN Ll quz 1869 pm HCQ bmfuNl r pjSL jmhdl houV hhQe Ll fuN Ll quz 1869 pm HCQ bmfuNl r pjSL jmhdl houV hhQe Ll fuN Ll quz 1869 pm HCQ bm

((((H. Thiel) Hl eLV mMa HL f ae EM Lle k x) Hl eLV mMa HL f ae EM Lle k x) Hl eLV mMa HL f ae EM Lle k x) Hl eLV mMa HL f ae EM Lle k x

""""""""fSapjql hhael r Bj k jaja fLn LlR a pjSL jmhd J fSapjql hhael r Bj k jaja fLn LlR a pjSL jmhd J fSapjql hhael r Bj k jaja fLn LlR a pjSL jmhd J fSapjql hhael r Bj k jaja fLn LlR a pjSL jmhd J

pjSL hel rpjSL hel rpjSL hel rpjSL hel r ke pjih hhql e Ll quz Bfe a ctih hnp Lla ke pjih hhql e Ll quz Bfe a ctih hnp Lla ke pjih hhql e Ll quz Bfe a ctih hnp Lla ke pjih hhql e Ll quz Bfe a ctih hnp Lla

flez ae Bl hme k, Cafh Bj LejC je Ll eC k, Bjl jaja hi flez ae Bl hme k, Cafh Bj LejC je Ll eC k, Bjl jaja hi flez ae Bl hme k, Cafh Bj LejC je Ll eC k, Bjl jaja hi flez ae Bl hme k, Cafh Bj LejC je Ll eC k, Bjl jaja hi

lafe hou (~eaL jmhdL hc culafe hou (~eaL jmhdL hc culafe hou (~eaL jmhdL hc culafe hou (~eaL jmhdL hc cu) Ha hfLih hhql Ll qhz) Ha hfLih hhql Ll qhz) Ha hfLih hhql Ll qhz) Ha hfLih hhql Ll qhz ""fLal HC ""fLal HC ""fLal HC ""fLal HC

pwNj ''pwNj ''pwNj ''pwNj '' jehu Ql J Lj jehu Ql J Lj jehu Ql J Lj jehu Ql J LjLX Blf Ll quz gm hZhc, gphc, LjEeSj, LX Blf Ll quz gm hZhc, gphc, LjEeSj, LX Blf Ll quz gm hZhc, gphc, LjEeSj, LX Blf Ll quz gm hZhc, gphc, LjEeSj,

pjShc fia ej H pwNj BafLn Ll Hhw Hl jdj ndl h, Sa, N, pjShc fia ej H pwNj BafLn Ll Hhw Hl jdj ndl h, Sa, N, pjShc fia ej H pwNj BafLn Ll Hhw Hl jdj ndl h, Sa, N, pjShc fia ej H pwNj BafLn Ll Hhw Hl jdj ndl h, Sa, N,

acl hhQeu kl chm acl dwp Lll eae qaul fmz HC dwp kl abLba acl hhQeu kl chm acl dwp Lll eae qaul fmz HC dwp kl abLba acl hhQeu kl chm acl dwp Lll eae qaul fmz HC dwp kl abLba acl hhQeu kl chm acl dwp Lll eae qaul fmz HC dwp kl abLba

he pja a fJu Nmz H Llhe pja a fJu Nmz H Llhe pja a fJu Nmz H Llhe pja a fJu Nmz H Lle haje kl Soe Neqa J jeol pb fl eu e haje kl Soe Neqa J jeol pb fl eu e haje kl Soe Neqa J jeol pb fl eu e haje kl Soe Neqa J jeol pb fl eu

BQlZ Llz jeoL jeol hl mmu cu Hhw jeol NhZl Lle qe hhQe BQlZ Llz jeoL jeol hl mmu cu Hhw jeol NhZl Lle qe hhQe BQlZ Llz jeoL jeol hl mmu cu Hhw jeol NhZl Lle qe hhQe BQlZ Llz jeoL jeol hl mmu cu Hhw jeol NhZl Lle qe hhQe

Llz fakNal ej RV hhp fae h Ll cu, de quJ clcl fa pqkNal Llz fakNal ej RV hhp fae h Ll cu, de quJ clcl fa pqkNal Llz fakNal ej RV hhp fae h Ll cu, de quJ clcl fa pqkNal Llz fakNal ej RV hhp fae h Ll cu, de quJ clcl fa pqkNal

qa hsu cu e, acl LkLmfqa hsu cu e, acl LkLmfqa hsu cu e, acl LkLmfqa hsu cu e, acl LkLmfL ec Ll h hd cJu Aph qu cysuRz LlZ L ec Ll h hd cJu Aph qu cysuRz LlZ L ec Ll h hd cJu Aph qu cysuRz LlZ L ec Ll h hd cJu Aph qu cysuRz LlZ

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acl ja al HLV abLba fLaL J ~heL BCel BJau H ph ehQl LlRz acl ja al HLV abLba fLaL J ~heL BCel BJau H ph ehQl LlRz acl ja al HLV abLba fLaL J ~heL BCel BJau H ph ehQl LlRz acl ja al HLV abLba fLaL J ~heL BCel BJau H ph ehQl LlRz

H pLm LjLL HL Lbu pjSL XlECehc qph BMua Ll qQRzH pLm LjLL HL Lbu pjSL XlECehc qph BMua Ll qQRzH pLm LjLL HL Lbu pjSL XlECehc qph BMua Ll qQRzH pLm LjLL HL Lbu pjSL XlECehc qph BMua Ll qQRz

fMa hhaehc, BjlLe Shn he fMa hhaehc, BjlLe Shn he fMa hhaehc, BjlLe Shn he fMa hhaehc, BjlLe Shn he STEPHEN JAY GOULD H pa H pa H pa H pa

Ll Ll EM LlRe x 1859 pm Ll Ll EM LlRe x 1859 pm Ll Ll EM LlRe x 1859 pm Ll Ll EM LlRe x 1859 pm The Origin of Species fLna qJul fl cp fb, fLna qJul fl cp fb, fLna qJul fl cp fb, fLna qJul fl cp fb,

pjShc, hehc, ne pwNj, mwN ~hoj fia pjSL J lS~eaL AeQl "" pjShc, hehc, ne pwNj, mwN ~hoj fia pjSL J lS~eaL AeQl "" pjShc, hehc, ne pwNj, mwN ~hoj fia pjSL J lS~eaL AeQl "" pjShc, hehc, ne pwNj, mwN ~hoj fia pjSL J lS~eaL AeQl "" hel hel hel hel

ej fa mi LlRz''ej fa mi LlRz''ej fa mi LlRz''ej fa mi LlRz'' jeh pial Caqp k, ela, Saijeh pial Caqp k, ela, Saijeh pial Caqp k, ela, Saijeh pial Caqp k, ela, Saije, pwOa, je, pwOa, je, pwOa, je, pwOa,

hhlQa LjL pwOVa quRz L ph pju jeh SaL nr cJu quR acl H hhlQa LjL pwOVa quRz L ph pju jeh SaL nr cJu quR acl H hhlQa LjL pwOVa quRz L ph pju jeh SaL nr cJu quR acl H hhlQa LjL pwOVa quRz L ph pju jeh SaL nr cJu quR acl H

pLm LjL Aeu, im, Hhw a bL hla bL jeh SaL n J euhQl fa pLm LjL Aeu, im, Hhw a bL hla bL jeh SaL n J euhQl fa pLm LjL Aeu, im, Hhw a bL hla bL jeh SaL n J euhQl fa pLm LjL Aeu, im, Hhw a bL hla bL jeh SaL n J euhQl fa

Lll Se Bqhe See quRz jeh Sa In djl jdj Aa fr HVL hTa J Lll Se Bqhe See quRz jeh Sa In djl jdj Aa fr HVL hTa J Lll Se Bqhe See quRz jeh Sa In djl jdj Aa fr HVL hTa J Lll Se Bqhe See quRz jeh Sa In djl jdj Aa fr HVL hTa J

SSSSea flRm k, acl H pLm EvfsejmL LjL m qJu im h Aeu k ea flRm k, acl H pLm EvfsejmL LjL m qJu im h Aeu k ea flRm k, acl H pLm EvfsejmL LjL m qJu im h Aeu k ea flRm k, acl H pLm EvfsejmL LjL m qJu im h Aeu k

~eaLahldz Eehwn naa XlEq~ehcl fQl J fpll fl Seje H dle p ~eaLahldz Eehwn naa XlEq~ehcl fQl J fpll fl Seje H dle p ~eaLahldz Eehwn naa XlEq~ehcl fQl J fpll fl Seje H dle p ~eaLahldz Eehwn naa XlEq~ehcl fQl J fpll fl Seje H dle p

qm mi, Smj J AhQll Se c pwNj Lll HLV abLba ~heL kLa luRz qm mi, Smj J AhQll Se c pwNj Lll HLV abLba ~heL kLa luRz qm mi, Smj J AhQll Se c pwNj Lll HLV abLba ~heL kLa luRz qm mi, Smj J AhQll Se c pwNj Lll HLV abLba ~heL kLa luRz

hm qm HVhm qm HVhm qm HVhm qm HV jeh Qll ~hnz H dlel BjeaL J hhlQa BQlZ p al fh jeh Qll ~hnz H dlel BjeaL J hhlQa BQlZ p al fh jeh Qll ~hnz H dlel BjeaL J hhlQa BQlZ p al fh jeh Qll ~hnz H dlel BjeaL J hhlQa BQlZ p al fh

flocl(fnhL Ql) LR bL EldLl p fu|R aC SwNm kih phQu hmnm flocl(fnhL Ql) LR bL EldLl p fu|R aC SwNm kih phQu hmnm flocl(fnhL Ql) LR bL EldLl p fu|R aC SwNm kih phQu hmnm flocl(fnhL Ql) LR bL EldLl p fu|R aC SwNm kih phQu hmnm

J BjeaL fZ, pwNjl jdj eSl AaL VLu lM, pC HLC BCe jeh J BjeaL fZ, pwNjl jdj eSl AaL VLu lM, pC HLC BCe jeh J BjeaL fZ, pwNjl jdj eSl AaL VLu lM, pC HLC BCe jeh J BjeaL fZ, pwNjl jdj eSl AaL VLu lM, pC HLC BCe jeh

pjSJ pjih fkSpjSJ pjih fkSpjSJ pjih fkSpjSJ pjih fkSz H Qdll fih fbhl hi qe k, hfku, NZqa z H Qdll fih fbhl hi qe k, hfku, NZqa z H Qdll fih fbhl hi qe k, hfku, NZqa z H Qdll fih fbhl hi qe k, hfku, NZqa

hfLih fpl mi Llz XlEq~ehc H pLm LjL pjbe J Evpq kNuz Abv H hfLih fpl mi Llz XlEq~ehc H pLm LjL pjbe J Evpq kNuz Abv H hfLih fpl mi Llz XlEq~ehc H pLm LjL pjbe J Evpq kNuz Abv H hfLih fpl mi Llz XlEq~ehc H pLm LjL pjbe J Evpq kNuz Abv H

jahc pLm fLl lfa, pwOa, ekae J cxMjahc pLm fLl lfa, pwOa, ekae J cxMjahc pLm fLl lfa, pwOa, ekae J cxMjahc pLm fLl lfa, pwOa, ekae J cxM----LLLL----L kL pjbe cu bLz H L kL pjbe cu bLz H L kL pjbe cu bLz H L kL pjbe cu bLz H

LleC abLba ~heL k J fLleC abLba ~heL k J fLleC abLba ~heL k J fLleC abLba ~heL k J ffoLau pLm jehdwp jahc pjq ~eaLih foLau pLm jehdwp jahc pjq ~eaLih foLau pLm jehdwp jahc pjq ~eaLih foLau pLm jehdwp jahc pjq ~eaLih

nnm qa bLz gmnaa hwn naa "" nnm qa bLz gmnaa hwn naa "" nnm qa bLz gmnaa hwn naa "" nnm qa bLz gmnaa hwn naa "" HL ciNl naLHL ciNl naLHL ciNl naLHL ciNl naL '' qph BMka| Ll '' qph BMka| Ll '' qph BMka| Ll '' qph BMka| Ll

quz quz quz quz

Caqpl AdfL Caqpl AdfL Caqpl AdfL Caqpl AdfL Jacques Barzun ayl hC ayl hC ayl hC ayl hC DARWIN, MARX, WAGNER haje haje haje haje

hnl ~eaLal Adxfael Lle Aepe J jmuel hnl ~eaLal Adxfael Lle Aepe J jmuel hnl ~eaLal Adxfael Lle Aepe J jmuel hnl ~eaLal Adxfael Lle Aepe J jmuel frfV ~heL, pjSaL J frfV ~heL, pjSaL J frfV ~heL, pjSaL J frfV ~heL, pjSaL J

pwLaL houc fkmQe LlRez H faL pjS XlEq~ehcl fih hee fpwN ae pwLaL houc fkmQe LlRez H faL pjS XlEq~ehcl fih hee fpwN ae pwLaL houc fkmQe LlRez H faL pjS XlEq~ehcl fih hee fpwN ae pwLaL houc fkmQe LlRez H faL pjS XlEq~ehcl fih hee fpwN ae

EM Lle k xEM Lle k xEM Lle k xEM Lle k x

1870 pm bL 1914 pml jd CElfl faLV cnl khS lS~eaL cm 1870 pm bL 1914 pml jd CElfl faLV cnl khS lS~eaL cm 1870 pm bL 1914 pml jd CElfl faLV cnl khS lS~eaL cm 1870 pm bL 1914 pml jd CElfl faLV cnl khS lS~eaL cm

QRm A, h ahc cm QRm el fQRm A, h ahc cm QRm el fQRm A, h ahc cm QRm el fQRm A, h ahc cm QRm el fakNa, lSahc cml ch Rm AeNpl akNa, lSahc cml ch Rm AeNpl akNa, lSahc cml ch Rm AeNpl akNa, lSahc cml ch Rm AeNpl

SeNl Efl fde hal, pjSaL cml Rm chSeNl Efl fde hal, pjSaL cml Rm chSeNl Efl fde hal, pjSaL cml Rm chSeNl Efl fde hal, pjSaL cml Rm ch----rja cMm, hZhc cml ch rja cMm, hZhc cml ch rja cMm, hZhc cml ch rja cMm, hZhc cml ch

hldcl Bile hqLl/Bhpuez H pLm jacnC Le e Leih acl Qdll hldcl Bile hqLl/Bhpuez H pLm jacnC Le e Leih acl Qdll hldcl Bile hqLl/Bhpuez H pLm jacnC Le e Leih acl Qdll hldcl Bile hqLl/Bhpuez H pLm jacnC Le e Leih acl Qdll

fr XlECehcL hhql Llez XlECe J fepfr XlECehcL hhql Llez XlECe J fepfr XlECehcL hhql Llez XlECe J fepfr XlECehcL hhql Llez XlECe J fepl houV fhC Efqfe LlRme, l houV fhC Efqfe LlRme, l houV fhC Efqfe LlRme, l houV fhC Efqfe LlRme,

Ha hm qm kqa Le hel na HLV Sh hel hou kqa a jeh pjS Ha hm qm kqa Le hel na HLV Sh hel hou kqa a jeh pjS Ha hm qm kqa Le hel na HLV Sh hel hou kqa a jeh pjS Ha hm qm kqa Le hel na HLV Sh hel hou kqa a jeh pjS

pfLa aC HV pjS hel hou ha, HVC XlEqehczpfLa aC HV pjS hel hou ha, HVC XlEqehczpfLa aC HV pjS hel hou ha, HVC XlEqehczpfLa aC HV pjS hel hou ha, HVC XlEqehcz

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Eehwn naa XlECe kMe al hhaehc al jdj ch Llme k, pLa Eehwn naa XlECe kMe al hhaehc al jdj ch Llme k, pLa Eehwn naa XlECe kMe al hhaehc al jdj ch Llme k, pLa Eehwn naa XlECe kMe al hhaehc al jdj ch Llme k, pLa

LaL LaL LaL LaL Le LR p Ll qu eC, hlw Le LR p Ll qu eC, hlw Le LR p Ll qu eC, hlw Le LR p Ll qu eC, hlw "" ~chv agaih ''"" ~chv agaih ''"" ~chv agaih ''"" ~chv agaih '' Hm hLn mi LlRz Hm hLn mi LlRz Hm hLn mi LlRz Hm hLn mi LlRz

jeh Sa J fnLm HL Ai fh flo bL Bhia qu Hhw flhaa HL Aa Ea jeh Sa J fnLm HL Ai fh flo bL Bhia qu Hhw flhaa HL Aa Ea jeh Sa J fnLm HL Ai fh flo bL Bhia qu Hhw flhaa HL Aa Ea jeh Sa J fnLm HL Ai fh flo bL Bhia qu Hhw flhaa HL Aa Ea

fSa/fe qph BafLn LlRz AdLwn mLC aMe HC chl fLa Lgm pfL fSa/fe qph BafLn LlRz AdLwn mLC aMe HC chl fLa Lgm pfL fSa/fe qph BafLn LlRz AdLwn mLC aMe HC chl fLa Lgm pfL fSa/fe qph BafLn LlRz AdLwn mLC aMe HC chl fLa Lgm pfL

dle Lla hb qdle Lla hb qdle Lla hb qdle Lla hb quRz hwn naa HC Lgml iuhqa pjN fbha Rsu fsRz uRz hwn naa HC Lgml iuhqa pjN fbha Rsu fsRz uRz hwn naa HC Lgml iuhqa pjN fbha Rsu fsRz uRz hwn naa HC Lgml iuhqa pjN fbha Rsu fsRz

kl jeh SaL kl jeh SaL kl jeh SaL kl jeh SaL ""Ea""Ea""Ea""Ea f'' f'' f'' f'' qph hhQe LlR, al chm, Apq J acl hhQeu qph hhQe LlR, al chm, Apq J acl hhQeu qph hhQe LlR, al chm, Apq J acl hhQeu qph hhQe LlR, al chm, Apq J acl hhQeu

""eQ ''""eQ ''""eQ ''""eQ '' hm je LlR acl hm je LlR acl hm je LlR acl hm je LlR acl ""qe fe ''""qe fe ''""qe fe ''""qe fe '' qph Ne Ll Oeih fccma LlRz Hhw qph Ne Ll Oeih fccma LlRz Hhw qph Ne Ll Oeih fccma LlRz Hhw qph Ne Ll Oeih fccma LlRz Hhw

HC acl bL HC acl bL HC acl bL HC acl bL ""eQ""eQ""eQ""eQ fSaL'' fSaL'' fSaL'' fSaL'' elih qa Lla d Ll eCz Lle acl a elih qa Lla d Ll eCz Lle acl a elih qa Lla d Ll eCz Lle acl a elih qa Lla d Ll eCz Lle acl a

HLV jMn hhql Ll qR aqm HLV jMn hhql Ll qR aqm HLV jMn hhql Ll qR aqm HLV jMn hhql Ll qR aqm "" fLaL BCez''"" fLaL BCez''"" fLaL BCez''"" fLaL BCez'' HihC XlEehc hn HihC XlEehc hn HihC XlEehc hn HihC XlEehc hn

jqhfku eu HpR Hhw aNaa a pjN hn Rsu fXRz hahc J eaLhc jqhfku eu HpR Hhw aNaa a pjN hn Rsu fXRz hahc J eaLhc jqhfku eu HpR Hhw aNaa a pjN hn Rsu fXRz hahc J eaLhc jqhfku eu HpR Hhw aNaa a pjN hn Rsu fXRz hahc J eaLhc

cneLNel Qdl XlECecneLNel Qdl XlECecneLNel Qdl XlECecneLNel Qdl XlECehcl abLba ~heL ihdlu Eha qJul fh fk hcl abLba ~heL ihdlu Eha qJul fh fk hcl abLba ~heL ihdlu Eha qJul fh fk hcl abLba ~heL ihdlu Eha qJul fh fk

fbhl AdLwn jeoC hnp Lla k HLSe pLa BRez ae jeopq pjN fe J fbhl AdLwn jeoC hnp Lla k HLSe pLa BRez ae jeopq pjN fe J fbhl AdLwn jeoC hnp Lla k HLSe pLa BRez ae jeopq pjN fe J fbhl AdLwn jeoC hnp Lla k HLSe pLa BRez ae jeopq pjN fe J

Ec p LlRez aRs Aee fe bL jeo fSal HLV jmL fbL luR Lle Ec p LlRez aRs Aee fe bL jeo fSal HLV jmL fbL luR Lle Ec p LlRez aRs Aee fe bL jeo fSal HLV jmL fbL luR Lle Ec p LlRez aRs Aee fe bL jeo fSal HLV jmL fbL luR Lle

jeol luR Ba k pLjeol luR Ba k pLjeol luR Ba k pLjeol luR Ba k pLal HL Aee pz jeo p k hel h Sal h NlC qL al HL Aee pz jeo p k hel h Sal h NlC qL al HL Aee pz jeo p k hel h Sal h NlC qL al HL Aee pz jeo p k hel h Sal h NlC qL

e Le, jeo Bql p J al hc h cpz djqea ab eaLhcl na hmue e Le, jeo Bql p J al hc h cpz djqea ab eaLhcl na hmue e Le, jeo Bql p J al hc h cpz djqea ab eaLhcl na hmue e Le, jeo Bql p J al hc h cpz djqea ab eaLhcl na hmue

qu XlEehc hi pjSL ne p Llz Hl jeo HLV Ea fSal f qph Ne qu XlEehc hi pjSL ne p Llz Hl jeo HLV Ea fSal f qph Ne qu XlEehc hi pjSL ne p Llz Hl jeo HLV Ea fSal f qph Ne qu XlEehc hi pjSL ne p Llz Hl jeo HLV Ea fSal f qph Ne

Lla bL Hhw HLV eLla bL Hhw HLV eLla bL Hhw HLV eLla bL Hhw HLV el J fakNajmL el hn ci Nqe Ll pLm LjL l J fakNajmL el hn ci Nqe Ll pLm LjL l J fakNajmL el hn ci Nqe Ll pLm LjL l J fakNajmL el hn ci Nqe Ll pLm LjL

jehahc ea J Bcn hSe Llz pLal fa Le cujehahc ea J Bcn hSe Llz pLal fa Le cujehahc ea J Bcn hSe Llz pLal fa Le cujehahc ea J Bcn hSe Llz pLal fa Le cu----cual ALal jdj al cual ALal jdj al cual ALal jdj al cual ALal jdj al

Hje HLV pwLa p Ll kMe pLm fLl bfla J ela kL qph hhQe Hje HLV pwLa p Ll kMe pLm fLl bfla J ela kL qph hhQe Hje HLV pwLa p Ll kMe pLm fLl bfla J ela kL qph hhQe Hje HLV pwLa p Ll kMe pLm fLl bfla J ela kL qph hhQe

Ll quz HC pwLa bLl quz HC pwLa bLl quz HC pwLa bLl quz HC pwLa bL hi ja, fb J Bcnl Sj qu Hhw Hcl faLV ""L hi ja, fb J Bcnl Sj qu Hhw Hcl faLV ""L hi ja, fb J Bcnl Sj qu Hhw Hcl faLV ""L hi ja, fb J Bcnl Sj qu Hhw Hcl faLV ""hc h hc h hc h hc h

jacn '' jacn '' jacn '' jacn '' jehSa ab fbhl Se HL HLV jq hfku qph BafLn Llz jehSa ab fbhl Se HL HLV jq hfku qph BafLn Llz jehSa ab fbhl Se HL HLV jq hfku qph BafLn Llz jehSa ab fbhl Se HL HLV jq hfku qph BafLn Llz

XlEq~ehc k pja XlEq~ehc k pja XlEq~ehc k pja XlEq~ehc k pja ""jahcL''""jahcL''""jahcL''""jahcL'' pjbe ce LlR Hhw H dlel aL pjbe J pjbe ce LlR Hhw H dlel aL pjbe J pjbe ce LlR Hhw H dlel aL pjbe J pjbe ce LlR Hhw H dlel aL pjbe J

pqkNa Lih hnjehaL raNa LlR al pqkNa Lih hnjehaL raNa LlR al pqkNa Lih hnjehaL raNa LlR al pqkNa Lih hnjehaL raNa LlR al hala hhle flhaa fkmQe Ll hala hhle flhaa fkmQe Ll hala hhle flhaa fkmQe Ll hala hhle flhaa fkmQe Ll

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au Aduau Aduau Aduau Adu

XlXCel x SaNa hoXlXCel x SaNa hoXlXCel x SaNa hoXlXCel x SaNa ho----hZhc J EfeehnhchZhc J EfeehnhchZhc J EfeehnhchZhc J Efeehnhc

XlECel Oe h fgpl XlECel Oe h fgpl XlECel Oe h fgpl XlECel Oe h fgpl ADAM SEDGWICK Rme aclC HLSe kl Rme aclC HLSe kl Rme aclC HLSe kl Rme aclC HLSe kl

hhaehcl iuhq Lgm pfL fhq~ Aedhe Lla flRmez HC faLV fW Lhhaehcl iuhq Lgm pfL fhq~ Aedhe Lla flRmez HC faLV fW Lhhaehcl iuhq Lgm pfL fhq~ Aedhe Lla flRmez HC faLV fW Lhhaehcl iuhq Lgm pfL fhq~ Aedhe Lla flRmez HC faLV fW Ll Hl l Hl l Hl l Hl

houha Aedhe Lll fl ae jh LlRmez houha Aedhe Lll fl ae jh LlRmez houha Aedhe Lll fl ae jh LlRmez houha Aedhe Lll fl ae jh LlRmez "" HC jacn phSeNq qm jeh Sal "" HC jacn phSeNq qm jeh Sal "" HC jacn phSeNq qm jeh Sal "" HC jacn phSeNq qm jeh Sal

Se Hje hhla J ela eu Bph k Aaa jeo LMeJ far Ll eCz''Se Hje hhla J ela eu Bph k Aaa jeo LMeJ far Ll eCz''Se Hje hhla J ela eu Bph k Aaa jeo LMeJ far Ll eCz''Se Hje hhla J ela eu Bph k Aaa jeo LMeJ far Ll eCz'' Caqp Caqp Caqp Caqp

fje LlR k fje LlR k fje LlR k fje LlR k ADAM SEDGWICK Hl dle AjmL Rme hlw XlECehcl k J Hl dle AjmL Rme hlw XlECehcl k J Hl dle AjmL Rme hlw XlECehcl k J Hl dle AjmL Rme hlw XlECehcl k J

abLba fabLba fabLba fabLba fLaL BCel BJau k LlRe a Caqp HL Lm Adu qph Qqa LaL BCel BJau k LlRe a Caqp HL Lm Adu qph Qqa LaL BCel BJau k LlRe a Caqp HL Lm Adu qph Qqa LaL BCel BJau k LlRe a Caqp HL Lm Adu qph Qqa

qu BRz dj SaNa J Sj ab hZNa Lle mr mr jeoL ehQl qa Llz qu BRz dj SaNa J Sj ab hZNa Lle mr mr jeoL ehQl qa Llz qu BRz dj SaNa J Sj ab hZNa Lle mr mr jeoL ehQl qa Llz qu BRz dj SaNa J Sj ab hZNa Lle mr mr jeoL ehQl qa Llz

gm Eehwn na quR ALl kNzgm Eehwn na quR ALl kNzgm Eehwn na quR ALl kNzgm Eehwn na quR ALl kNz

XlECel fh kcJ SaNa ~hoj J NZqa pwOVa quR, L XlECehc XlECel fh kcJ SaNa ~hoj J NZqa pwOVa quR, L XlECehc XlECel fh kcJ SaNa ~hoj J NZqa pwOVa quR, L XlECehc XlECel fh kcJ SaNa ~hoj J NZqa pwOVa quR, L XlECehc H H H H

dlel ~hojL HLV jb ~heL na J AmL kLa ce LlR k hnl Caqp dlel ~hojL HLV jb ~heL na J AmL kLa ce LlR k hnl Caqp dlel ~hojL HLV jb ~heL na J AmL kLa ce LlR k hnl Caqp dlel ~hojL HLV jb ~heL na J AmL kLa ce LlR k hnl Caqp

LMeJ ~eaL pjbe mi Lla prj qu eCzLMeJ ~eaL pjbe mi Lla prj qu eCzLMeJ ~eaL pjbe mi Lla prj qu eCzLMeJ ~eaL pjbe mi Lla prj qu eCz

AeLm f fSa pjq pwlrZAeLm f fSa pjq pwlrZAeLm f fSa pjq pwlrZAeLm f fSa pjq pwlrZ

haje AdLwn XlECehc ch Ll bLe k, XlECe LMeJ hZhc Rme e haje AdLwn XlECehc ch Ll bLe k, XlECe LMeJ hZhc Rme e haje AdLwn XlECehc ch Ll bLe k, XlECe LMeJ hZhc Rme e haje AdLwn XlECehc ch Ll bLe k, XlECe LMeJ hZhc Rme e

hlw hZhlw hZhlw hZhlw hZhcl achcl achcl achcl acl jahcL l jahcL l jahcL l jahcL Sefu LlSefu LlSefu LlSefu Lll mr XlECel jahcL hhql l mr XlECel jahcL hhql l mr XlECel jahcL hhql l mr XlECel jahcL hhql LlRmez ayl LlRmez ayl LlRmez ayl LlRmez ayl

Bl ch Lle, XlECel faL Bl ch Lle, XlECel faL Bl ch Lle, XlECel faL Bl ch Lle, XlECel faL The Origin of Species EfEfEfEf----nlej nlej nlej nlej By the

preservation of Favoured Races dj fZ SNal r hhql Ll quRz H ph chl dj fZ SNal r hhql Ll quRz H ph chl dj fZ SNal r hhql Ll quRz H ph chl dj fZ SNal r hhql Ll quRz H ph chl

fhl fLafr H faL XlECfhl fLafr H faL XlECfhl fLafr H faL XlECfhl fLafr H faL XlECe jeh fSa pfL L jaja Efqfe LlRe a e jeh fSa pfL L jaja Efqfe LlRe a e jeh fSa pfL L jaja Efqfe LlRe a e jeh fSa pfL L jaja Efqfe LlRe a

ALl LlRe h a hhQe Lleez ALl LlRe h a hhQe Lleez ALl LlRe h a hhQe Lleez ALl LlRe h a hhQe Lleez

XlXCe al faL EM LlRe k, jeh Sa hhae fuu hi fku XlXCe al faL EM LlRe k, jeh Sa hhae fuu hi fku XlXCe al faL EM LlRe k, jeh Sa hhae fuu hi fku XlXCe al faL EM LlRe k, jeh Sa hhae fuu hi fku

Aaj Ll HpRz Le Le jeh fSa Aecl ameu AdLal hLna J ANpl Aaj Ll HpRz Le Le jeh fSa Aecl ameu AdLal hLna J ANpl Aaj Ll HpRz Le Le jeh fSa Aecl ameu AdLal hLna J ANpl Aaj Ll HpRz Le Le jeh fSa Aecl ameu AdLal hLna J ANpl

quRz Le Le fSquRz Le Le fSquRz Le Le fSquRz Le Le fSa h acl fh flo jehcl ameu LRV Ea h ANpl h a h acl fh flo jehcl ameu LRV Ea h ANpl h a h acl fh flo jehcl ameu LRV Ea h ANpl h a h acl fh flo jehcl ameu LRV Ea h ANpl h

AdLal hLnaz AdLal hLnaz AdLal hLnaz AdLal hLnaz H fSal Le LeV Bhl hell fku bL HLV pje hn Eaz H fSal Le LeV Bhl hell fku bL HLV pje hn Eaz H fSal Le LeV Bhl hell fku bL HLV pje hn Eaz H fSal Le LeV Bhl hell fku bL HLV pje hn Eaz

''''''''XlECe Bl ch Lle k, (hi jeo) fSal jd XlECe Bl ch Lle k, (hi jeo) fSal jd XlECe Bl ch Lle k, (hi jeo) fSal jd XlECe Bl ch Lle k, (hi jeo) fSal jd "" Aaal Se pwNj ''"" Aaal Se pwNj ''"" Aaal Se pwNj ''"" Aaal Se pwNj ''

fncl eu pjih fkSz fncl eu pjih fkSz fncl eu pjih fkSz fncl eu pjih fkSz """""""" AeLm flhn f fSa '' AeLm flhn f fSa '' AeLm flhn f fSa '' AeLm flhn f fSa '' H pwNj hSu qu bLz H pwNj hSu qu bLz H pwNj hSu qu bLz H pwNj hSu qu bLz

XlECel ja H pLm " phdf ' fSa qm CElfu naLu Sa pjqz Hnu J XlECel ja H pLm " phdf ' fSa qm CElfu naLu Sa pjqz Hnu J XlECel ja H pLm " phdf ' fSa qm CElfu naLu Sa pjqz Hnu J XlECel ja H pLm " phdf ' fSa qm CElfu naLu Sa pjqz Hnu J

BLu jeo fSa "" BLu jeo fSa "" BLu jeo fSa "" BLu jeo fSa "" Aal H pwNj fRuAal H pwNj fRuAal H pwNj fRuAal H pwNj fRu luR h al qm fRu fs SeNz luR h al qm fRu fs SeNz luR h al qm fRu fs SeNz luR h al qm fRu fs SeNz

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ae Bl ch Lle k, H fae Bl ch Lle k, H fae Bl ch Lle k, H fae Bl ch Lle k, H fSa pjq hnhf "" Aal pwNj pfelf flSa Sa pjq hnhf "" Aal pwNj pfelf flSa Sa pjq hnhf "" Aal pwNj pfelf flSa Sa pjq hnhf "" Aal pwNj pfelf flSa

qu eQq qu kh ''z qu eQq qu kh ''z qu eQq qu kh ''z qu eQq qu kh ''z

""nal Neeu Acl ihoa pi fSal jeo AhnC Api J hhl fSal ""nal Neeu Acl ihoa pi fSal jeo AhnC Api J hhl fSal ""nal Neeu Acl ihoa pi fSal jeo AhnC Api J hhl fSal ""nal Neeu Acl ihoa pi fSal jeo AhnC Api J hhl fSal

SeNL fbh bL ejm Llh Hhw acl qe AdLl Llhz jeo al eLVaj fSa SeNL fbh bL ejm Llh Hhw acl qe AdLl Llhz jeo al eLVaj fSa SeNL fbh bL ejm Llh Hhw acl qe AdLl Llhz jeo al eLVaj fSa SeNL fbh bL ejm Llh Hhw acl qe AdLl Llhz jeo al eLVaj fSa

Hl pb pHl pb pHl pb pHl pb pfLl r AdLal Ej J pnm qhz Abv haje (1859 pm) ALl fLl r AdLal Ej J pnm qhz Abv haje (1859 pm) ALl fLl r AdLal Ej J pnm qhz Abv haje (1859 pm) ALl fLl r AdLal Ej J pnm qhz Abv haje (1859 pm) ALl

eN h Amue (Bchp ) Hhw Nlmcl pb k, dlel BQlZ Ll qu a LLnu eN h Amue (Bchp ) Hhw Nlmcl pb k, dlel BQlZ Ll qu a LLnu eN h Amue (Bchp ) Hhw Nlmcl pb k, dlel BQlZ Ll qu a LLnu eN h Amue (Bchp ) Hhw Nlmcl pb k, dlel BQlZ Ll qu a LLnu ----

CElfu Hhw Ae hhe fia ej fSal bL Ea qph hhQe Ll kuz''CElfu Hhw Ae hhe fia ej fSal bL Ea qph hhQe Ll kuz''CElfu Hhw Ae hhe fia ej fSal bL Ea qph hhQe Ll kuz''CElfu Hhw Ae hhe fia ej fSal bL Ea qph hhQe Ll kuz''

The Origin of Species Hl Ae ae ch LlRe k, Aea fSal SeN dwp Hl Ae ae ch LlRe k, Aea fSal SeN dwp Hl Ae ae ch LlRe k, Aea fSal SeN dwp Hl Ae ae ch LlRe k, Aea fSal SeN dwp

qu kJu EQaz Ea fSal jeocl acl Sha J lr Lll Le fuSeua eCz qu kJu EQaz Ea fSal jeocl acl Sha J lr Lll Le fuSeua eCz qu kJu EQaz Ea fSal jeocl acl Sha J lr Lll Le fuSeua eCz qu kJu EQaz Ea fSal jeocl acl Sha J lr Lll Le fuSeua eCz

ae fn fSee J fafmel fal pb houV ame Ll EM Lle k xae fn fSee J fafmel fal pb houV ame Ll EM Lle k xae fn fSee J fafmel fal pb houV ame Ll EM Lle k xae fn fSee J fafmel fal pb houV ame Ll EM Lle k x

"" Aea SeNl pb pb kl"" Aea SeNl pb pb kl"" Aea SeNl pb pb kl"" Aea SeNl pb pb kl nllL J jepLih chm acl AQlC ejm nllL J jepLih chm acl AQlC ejm nllL J jepLih chm acl AQlC ejm nllL J jepLih chm acl AQlC ejm

Ll qh Hhw kl pdleax pql AdLl alC VL bLhz Bjl pi jeol HC Ll qh Hhw kl pdleax pql AdLl alC VL bLhz Bjl pi jeol HC Ll qh Hhw kl pdleax pql AdLl alC VL bLhz Bjl pi jeol HC Ll qh Hhw kl pdleax pql AdLl alC VL bLhz Bjl pi jeol HC

ejm fuu hd cu bL, Bjl fNm J chmcl, jepL lNNacl Se qpfam J ejm fuu hd cu bL, Bjl fNm J chmcl, jepL lNNacl Se qpfam J ejm fuu hd cu bL, Bjl fNm J chmcl, jepL lNNacl Se qpfam J ejm fuu hd cu bL, Bjl fNm J chmcl, jepL lNNacl Se qpfam J

q ehp eje Ll, cl SeNlq ehp eje Ll, cl SeNlq ehp eje Ll, cl SeNlq ehp eje Ll, cl SeNl Se Nlh BCe feue Llz Bjcl QLvpLl no Se Nlh BCe feue Llz Bjcl QLvpLl no Se Nlh BCe feue Llz Bjcl QLvpLl no Se Nlh BCe feue Llz Bjcl QLvpLl no

ja fk H ph mLl She hyQel Se phaL fQ Ahqa lMez HV hnp Lll ja fk H ph mLl She hyQel Se phaL fQ Ahqa lMez HV hnp Lll ja fk H ph mLl She hyQel Se phaL fQ Ahqa lMez HV hnp Lll ja fk H ph mLl She hyQel Se phaL fQ Ahqa lMez HV hnp Lll

k pwNa Lle luR k, VL qSl qSl jeoL eQa jal qa bL lr k pwNa Lle luR k, VL qSl qSl jeoL eQa jal qa bL lr k pwNa Lle luR k, VL qSl qSl jeoL eQa jal qa bL lr k pwNa Lle luR k, VL qSl qSl jeoL eQa jal qa bL lr

LlRz Aaa kl nllLih chm LlRz Aaa kl nllLih chm LlRz Aaa kl nllLih chm LlRz Aaa kl nllLih chm Rm al V hp ja jM faa qaz pnm Rm al V hp ja jM faa qaz pnm Rm al V hp ja jM faa qaz pnm Rm al V hp ja jM faa qaz pnm

pjSl chm hhN, H pLm LjLL acl cu qph fQle Qmez kl f fSee pjSl chm hhN, H pLm LjLL acl cu qph fQle Qmez kl f fSee pjSl chm hhN, H pLm LjLL acl cu qph fQle Qmez kl f fSee pjSl chm hhN, H pLm LjLL acl cu qph fQle Qmez kl f fSee

fu fkhre LlRe al AhnC pcq Llhe k, H dlel LjL jeh fSal fu fkhre LlRe al AhnC pcq Llhe k, H dlel LjL jeh fSal fu fkhre LlRe al AhnC pcq Llhe k, H dlel LjL jeh fSal fu fkhre LlRe al AhnC pcq Llhe k, H dlel LjL jeh fSal

ihL hLnl Se Aa raLlLz''ihL hLnl Se Aa raLlLz''ihL hLnl Se Aa raLlLz''ihL hLnl Se Aa raLlLz''

Bjl Bjl Bjl Bjl mr LlR k, XlECe al faL Amul (Bcj fSa) J ALl mr LlR k, XlECe al faL Amul (Bcj fSa) J ALl mr LlR k, XlECe al faL Amul (Bcj fSa) J ALl mr LlR k, XlECe al faL Amul (Bcj fSa) J ALl

eN Nlmcl HL pjam eu Hp ch LlRe k, H pLm SeN ejm qu eN Nlmcl HL pjam eu Hp ch LlRe k, H pLm SeN ejm qu eN Nlmcl HL pjam eu Hp ch LlRe k, H pLm SeN ejm qu eN Nlmcl HL pjam eu Hp ch LlRe k, H pLm SeN ejm qu

(Ll)kJu EQaz al hhQeu Aee (Ll)kJu EQaz al hhQeu Aee (Ll)kJu EQaz al hhQeu Aee (Ll)kJu EQaz al hhQeu Aee "" qe '' "" qe '' "" qe '' "" qe '' fSal SeNl SepwM hsa cJu fSal SeNl SepwM hsa cJu fSal SeNl SepwM hsa cJu fSal SeNl SepwM hsa cJu

EQa eu ka Hm ca eEQa eu ka Hm ca eEQa eu ka Hm ca eEQa eu ka Hm ca eQq qu kuz AaHh cM kR k hZhc a XlECe Qq qu kuz AaHh cM kR k hZhc a XlECe Qq qu kuz AaHh cM kR k hZhc a XlECe Qq qu kuz AaHh cM kR k hZhc a XlECe

EMaih a pjbe J Aejce cuRezEMaih a pjbe J Aejce cuRezEMaih a pjbe J Aejce cuRezEMaih a pjbe J Aejce cuRez

XlECel hZhc Qdl Aeku ppi jeol fde cua J Lah qm XlECel hZhc Qdl Aeku ppi jeol fde cua J Lah qm XlECel hZhc Qdl Aeku ppi jeol fde cua J Lah qm XlECel hZhc Qdl Aeku ppi jeol fde cua J Lah qm

hhaehcl fu (Abv qe SeNl eQq Lll LS) alea Llz H flqaa hhaehcl fu (Abv qe SeNl eQq Lll LS) alea Llz H flqaa hhaehcl fu (Abv qe SeNl eQq Lll LS) alea Llz H flqaa hhaehcl fu (Abv qe SeNl eQq Lll LS) alea Llz H flqaa "" "" "" ""

~heL ''~heL ''~heL ''~heL '' cil cL cu hQl Lla Nm haje H ph ej fSal Le Bf cil cL cu hQl Lla Nm haje H ph ej fSal Le Bf cil cL cu hQl Lla Nm haje H ph ej fSal Le Bf cil cL cu hQl Lla Nm haje H ph ej fSal Le Bf

bLl Lb euz Lle H qe SeNL Le e Leih ejm qaC qhzbLl Lb euz Lle H qe SeNL Le e Leih ejm qaC qhzbLl Lb euz Lle H qe SeNL Le e Leih ejm qaC qhzbLl Lb euz Lle H qe SeNL Le e Leih ejm qaC qhz

XlECel hZhc ci al hi mMu flmra quz EcqlZ lf hm ku k, XlECel hZhc ci al hi mMu flmra quz EcqlZ lf hm ku k, XlECel hZhc ci al hi mMu flmra quz EcqlZ lf hm ku k, XlECel hZhc ci al hi mMu flmra quz EcqlZ lf hm ku k,

Tierra Del Fuego SeNSeNSeNSeN pfL al hehc ciwN fLn fu H hfl HmLl qeu pfL al hehc ciwN fLn fu H hfl HmLl qeu pfL al hehc ciwN fLn fu H hfl HmLl qeu pfL al hehc ciwN fLn fu H hfl HmLl qeu

Adhp pfL al heeuz ae mMRe Adhp pfL al heeuz ae mMRe Adhp pfL al heeuz ae mMRe Adhp pfL al heeuz ae mMRe "" Hl pfe eN bL, lw jM bL, fl ja "" Hl pfe eN bL, lw jM bL, fl ja "" Hl pfe eN bL, lw jM bL, fl ja "" Hl pfe eN bL, lw jM bL, fl ja

kR aC Bql Ll, pfe eueqe, acl Nl hCll mLl fa el, al acl kR aC Bql Ll, pfe eueqe, acl Nl hCll mLl fa el, al acl kR aC Bql Ll, pfe eueqe, acl Nl hCll mLl fa el, al acl kR aC Bql Ll, pfe eueqe, acl Nl hCll mLl fa el, al acl

nL efse Ll BnL efse Ll BnL efse Ll BnL efse Ll Bec fu, cl pb chhql Ll, chacl En feL hm cu, ec fu, cl pb chhql Ll, chacl En feL hm cu, ec fu, cl pb chhql Ll, chacl En feL hm cu, ec fu, cl pb chhql Ll, chacl En feL hm cu,

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ncl qa, Ll pfe LpwLlR HLV SeN '' AbQ XlECel fh NhoL ncl qa, Ll pfe LpwLlR HLV SeN '' AbQ XlECel fh NhoL ncl qa, Ll pfe LpwLlR HLV SeN '' AbQ XlECel fh NhoL ncl qa, Ll pfe LpwLlR HLV SeN '' AbQ XlECel fh NhoL WP

Snow HLC HmLu je Ll pfe i Q EM LlRez ae hme, Hl Mh nnm HLC HmLu je Ll pfe i Q EM LlRez ae hme, Hl Mh nnm HLC HmLu je Ll pfe i Q EM LlRez ae hme, Hl Mh nnm HLC HmLu je Ll pfe i Q EM LlRez ae hme, Hl Mh nnm

kz al acl nnckz al acl nnckz al acl nnckz al acl nncl fa Aa pqnm, acl AeL nfLm Aa pj, al l fa Aa pqnm, acl AeL nfLm Aa pj, al l fa Aa pqnm, acl AeL nfLm Aa pj, al l fa Aa pqnm, acl AeL nfLm Aa pj, al

pfcl Efl AdLll La cu, al acl h jqmcl Laa je Qmz ''pfcl Efl AdLll La cu, al acl h jqmcl Laa je Qmz ''pfcl Efl AdLll La cu, al acl h jqmcl Laa je Qmz ''pfcl Efl AdLll La cu, al acl h jqmcl Laa je Qmz ''

H pLm Ecqle bL cM ku k, XlX~Ce HLSH pLm Ecqle bL cM ku k, XlX~Ce HLSH pLm Ecqle bL cM ku k, XlX~Ce HLSH pLm Ecqle bL cM ku k, XlX~Ce HLSe flfl hZhc mL Rmeze flfl hZhc mL Rmeze flfl hZhc mL Rmeze flfl hZhc mL Rmez

fLafr XlEq~e al faL fLafr XlEq~e al faL fLafr XlEq~e al faL fLafr XlEq~e al faL Decent of Man H ppi H ppi H ppi H ppi jeo fSal pb AeNpl jeo fSal pb AeNpl jeo fSal pb AeNpl jeo fSal pb AeNpl

fSal ame fpwN h dlel jh LlRm k fSal ame fpwN h dlel jh LlRm k fSal ame fpwN h dlel jh LlRm k fSal ame fpwN h dlel jh LlRm k Benjamin Farrington al hC al hC al hC al hC What

Darwin Really Said hC H hala mfh LlRezhC H hala mfh LlRezhC H hala mfh LlRezhC H hala mfh LlRez

""aRs, XlEq~el jahc pLal ALal LlZ ph jeoL Bq pjeih ""aRs, XlEq~el jahc pLal ALal LlZ ph jeoL Bq pjeih ""aRs, XlEq~el jahc pLal ALal LlZ ph jeoL Bq pjeih ""aRs, XlEq~el jahc pLal ALal LlZ ph jeoL Bq pjeih

p LlRe H hah pap LlRe H hah pap LlRe H hah pap LlRe H hah pa a SeNe hTaC flme a SeNe hTaC flme a SeNe hTaC flme a SeNe hTaC flmez hZhcl Ee J al hnhfz hZhcl Ee J al hnhfz hZhcl Ee J al hnhfz hZhcl Ee J al hnhf

NqekNal Aeaj LlZ qm HC XlECehcz''NqekNal Aeaj LlZ qm HC XlECehcz''NqekNal Aeaj LlZ qm HC XlECehcz''NqekNal Aeaj LlZ qm HC XlECehcz''

BjlLe ~heL BjlLe ~heL BjlLe ~heL BjlLe ~heL James Ferguson pLal ALal pb hZhcl Eel Nil pLal ALal pb hZhcl Eel Nil pLal ALal pb hZhcl Eel Nil pLal ALal pb hZhcl Eel Nil

pfLl hou Hih hee LlRe x pfLl hou Hih hee LlRe x pfLl hou Hih hee LlRe x pfLl hou Hih hee LlRe x

eae ea Afcel jdC jeh pl Evp eae ea Afcel jdC jeh pl Evp eae ea Afcel jdC jeh pl Evp eae ea Afcel jdC jeh pl Evp pfL cC hhcje al frfV pfL cC hhcje al frfV pfL cC hhcje al frfV pfL cC hhcje al frfV

qph LS Llmz jeh pjS fQma hcje dle/jahc Rm k jeol Nul lw h qph LS Llmz jeh pjS fQma hcje dle/jahc Rm k jeol Nul lw h qph LS Llmz jeh pjS fQma hcje dle/jahc Rm k jeol Nul lw h qph LS Llmz jeh pjS fQma hcje dle/jahc Rm k jeol Nul lw h

QlL ~hnC kC qL e Le pLm jeo Bcj (Bx) bL BNa Hhw Bq Bcj QlL ~hnC kC qL e Le pLm jeo Bcj (Bx) bL BNa Hhw Bq Bcj QlL ~hnC kC qL e Le pLm jeo Bcj (Bx) bL BNa Hhw Bq Bcj QlL ~hnC kC qL e Le pLm jeo Bcj (Bx) bL BNa Hhw Bq Bcj

p LlRez phC HL hwnSa (p LlRez phC HL hwnSa (p LlRez phC HL hwnSa (p LlRez phC HL hwnSa (MONOGENISM) HL hwnSaz k HLV HL hwnSaz k HLV HL hwnSaz k HLV HL hwnSaz k HLV dju hnp k dju hnp k dju hnp k dju hnp k

NS LaL fc nrz HV Acn na fk hnhf NqekN Rmz L kMe HC NS LaL fc nrz HV Acn na fk hnhf NqekN Rmz L kMe HC NS LaL fc nrz HV Acn na fk hnhf NqekN Rmz L kMe HC NS LaL fc nrz HV Acn na fk hnhf NqekN Rmz L kMe HC

djuLaal hlda Ll eae jahc Abv jeol (djuLaal hlda Ll eae jahc Abv jeol (djuLaal hlda Ll eae jahc Abv jeol (djuLaal hlda Ll eae jahc Abv jeol (POLYGENISM) HLdL hwnmaL ) HLdL hwnmaL ) HLdL hwnmaL ) HLdL hwnmaL

luRz Abv Le HLL h jeol Bc fa euz Abv hi SapluRz Abv Le HLL h jeol Bc fa euz Abv hi SapluRz Abv Le HLL h jeol Bc fa euz Abv hi SapluRz Abv Le HLL h jeol Bc fa euz Abv hi Sap l l l l faJ hiz faJ hiz faJ hiz faJ hiz

gm dju hnpl jdj hi Sal jd k aal he hcje Rm a R qu Nmz gm dju hnpl jdj hi Sal jd k aal he hcje Rm a R qu Nmz gm dju hnpl jdj hi Sal jd k aal he hcje Rm a R qu Nmz gm dju hnpl jdj hi Sal jd k aal he hcje Rm a R qu Nmz

Abv hn aal jm LWlOa Ll qmzAbv hn aal jm LWlOa Ll qmzAbv hn aal jm LWlOa Ll qmzAbv hn aal jm LWlOa Ll qmz

ilau eahc ilau eahc ilau eahc ilau eahc LALITA VIDYARTHI XlECel hhaehcl jdj hZhc XlECel hhaehcl jdj hZhc XlECel hhaehcl jdj hZhc XlECel hhaehcl jdj hZhc

Lih pjS he Nqa qu al hhlZ X~Lih pjS he Nqa qu al hhlZ X~Lih pjS he Nqa qu al hhlZ X~Lih pjS he Nqa qu al hhlZ X~M Ll mMRe x M Ll mMRe x M Ll mMRe x M Ll mMRe x

"" XlECel kNaj VL bL jahc pjS heNe Na Semez al hnp "" XlECel kNaj VL bL jahc pjS heNe Na Semez al hnp "" XlECel kNaj VL bL jahc pjS heNe Na Semez al hnp "" XlECel kNaj VL bL jahc pjS heNe Na Semez al hnp

Llme jeh fSa hi hhae fu Aaj Ll al Qs Ahq (Abv) naLucl Llme jeh fSa hi hhae fu Aaj Ll al Qs Ahq (Abv) naLucl Llme jeh fSa hi hhae fu Aaj Ll al Qs Ahq (Abv) naLucl Llme jeh fSa hi hhae fu Aaj Ll al Qs Ahq (Abv) naLucl

piau Ea quRz Eehwn nal aud fQal AdLwn he hZhcLpiau Ea quRz Eehwn nal aud fQal AdLwn he hZhcLpiau Ea quRz Eehwn nal aud fQal AdLwn he hZhcLpiau Ea quRz Eehwn nal aud fQal AdLwn he hZhcL hah hah hah hah

pa qph hnp Lla l Llme h je emez''pa qph hnp Lla l Llme h je emez''pa qph hnp Lla l Llme h je emez''pa qph hnp Lla l Llme h je emez''

XlECe flha hhaehcl al hZhc jacn bLl houV Slnl fQlXlECe flha hhaehcl al hZhc jacn bLl houV Slnl fQlXlECe flha hhaehcl al hZhc jacn bLl houV Slnl fQlXlECe flha hhaehcl al hZhc jacn bLl houV Slnl fQl----fLn fLn fLn fLn

Lla bLmez H LS Lla al pLm ea Bcn hSe Ll AeL ~heL ApwNa J Lla bLmez H LS Lla al pLm ea Bcn hSe Ll AeL ~heL ApwNa J Lla bLmez H LS Lla al pLm ea Bcn hSe Ll AeL ~heL ApwNa J Lla bLmez H LS Lla al pLm ea Bcn hSe Ll AeL ~heL ApwNa J

jbl Bnu Nqe Llez Hl iha bLe, Hjbl Bnu Nqe Llez Hl iha bLe, Hjbl Bnu Nqe Llez Hl iha bLe, Hjbl Bnu Nqe Llez Hl iha bLe, H a fjel jdj al acl ~na a fjel jdj al acl ~na a fjel jdj al acl ~na a fjel jdj al acl ~na

~heLih fje Ll i fSal jeh peL ekae, npe, noe J fuSehd ~heLih fje Ll i fSal jeh peL ekae, npe, noe J fuSehd ~heLih fje Ll i fSal jeh peL ekae, npe, noe J fuSehd ~heLih fje Ll i fSal jeh peL ekae, npe, noe J fuSehd

eQq Lll eQq Lll eQq Lll eQq Lll ""fLa fc AdLl '' ""fLa fc AdLl '' ""fLa fc AdLl '' ""fLa fc AdLl '' ASe LlRez ASe LlRez ASe LlRez ASe LlRez

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Stephen Jay Gould al faLal faLal faLal faL The Mismeasure of Man Hl aau Adu EM Hl aau Adu EM Hl aau Adu EM Hl aau Adu EM

LlReLlReLlReLlRe k, LR pwML eahc, nawNcl abLba na fje Lll Se jb a J k, LR pwML eahc, nawNcl abLba na fje Lll Se jb a J k, LR pwML eahc, nawNcl abLba na fje Lll Se jb a J k, LR pwML eahc, nawNcl abLba na fje Lll Se jb a J

Ef hhql LlRez Ef hhql LlRez Ef hhql LlRez Ef hhql LlRez Gould Hl ja H fuu acl cM/fJu Shn, jbl Mm J Hl ja H fuu acl cM/fJu Shn, jbl Mm J Hl ja H fuu acl cM/fJu Shn, jbl Mm J Hl ja H fuu acl cM/fJu Shn, jbl Mm J

jaLl BLl pfL jbQl LlRez acl dle Rm jeh hhl pb jaLl jaLl BLl pfL jbQl LlRez acl dle Rm jeh hhl pb jaLl jaLl BLl pfL jbQl LlRez acl dle Rm jeh hhl pb jaLl jaLl BLl pfL jbQl LlRez acl dle Rm jeh hhl pb jaLl

BLll HLVBLll HLVBLll HLVBLll HLV pfL BRz AeL eahc LLnucl Mml BLl CRLaih hs cMu pfL BRz AeL eahc LLnucl Mml BLl CRLaih hs cMu pfL BRz AeL eahc LLnucl Mml BLl CRLaih hs cMu pfL BRz AeL eahc LLnucl Mml BLl CRLaih hs cMu

ilau J Lm SeNl h Lj qph Efqfe LlRez k Rm ~heL Nhoel ej ilau J Lm SeNl h Lj qph Efqfe LlRez k Rm ~heL Nhoel ej ilau J Lm SeNl h Lj qph Efqfe LlRez k Rm ~heL Nhoel ej ilau J Lm SeNl h Lj qph Efqfe LlRez k Rm ~heL Nhoel ej

Ll Qkh/SQl h Smuaz Ll Qkh/SQl h Smuaz Ll Qkh/SQl h Smuaz Ll Qkh/SQl h Smuaz

Gould al faL al faL al faL al faL Ever Since Darwin