经典英文作品欣赏与诵读 appreciation and oral reading of the classic english works

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经经经经经经经经经经经 Appreciation and Oral Reading Of the Classic English Works Teacher: Teacher: 经经经 经经经 Professor of English Professor of English Visiting scholar of University of Visiting scholar of University of Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. from Sept. 2008 Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. from Sept. 2008 to Sept. 2009. to Sept. 2009. Teaching college English since 1994 Teaching college English since 1994 E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] Call: 15215311816(Cell) Call: 15215311816(Cell)

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经典英文作品欣赏与诵读 Appreciation and Oral Reading Of the Classic English Works. Teacher: 胡志军 Professor of English Visiting scholar of University of Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. from Sept. 2008 to Sept. 2009. Teaching college English since 1994 E-mail: [email protected] Call: 15215311816(Cell). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 经典英文作品欣赏与诵读 Appreciation and Oral Reading     Of the Classic English Works

经典英文作品欣赏与诵读Appreciation and Oral Reading Of the Classic English Works

Teacher: Teacher: 胡志军 胡志军 Professor of EnglishProfessor of EnglishVisiting scholar of University of Cincinnati, OH, Visiting scholar of University of Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. from Sept. 2008 to Sept. 2009. U.S.A. from Sept. 2008 to Sept. 2009. Teaching college English since 1994Teaching college English since 1994E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] Call: 15215311816(Cell)Call: 15215311816(Cell)

Page 2: 经典英文作品欣赏与诵读 Appreciation and Oral Reading     Of the Classic English Works

Objectives

2. Introduction to the class 3. Appreciation of English poems (part one) 4. Sonnet 18

Appreciation and Oral Reading of the Classic English Works

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems

英文诗歌的欣赏,大致包括以下几个方面:描述对象( Subject ),主题( Theme ),思想( Idea ),意义( Meaning ),意象( Imagery ),结构( Structure ),格律( Rhythm ),押韵( Rhyme ),体式( Style ),修辞( Rhetoric ),遣辞 ( Diction),造句( Syntax ), 总体印象( General Impression )等等。

这里着重介绍其中的三个方面: 诗的格律( Rhythm ) 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) 诗的体式( Style )

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的格律( Rhythm ) (1)

“ 格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),非重读音节为抑(轻),下面例句中我们将用“/”隔开音步便于分析。

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的格律( Rhythm ) (2)

常见格律有五种: ⑴ 抑扬格(轻重格) Iambus

⑵ 扬抑格(重轻格) Trochee

⑶ 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格) Anapaestic foot

⑷ 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格) Dactylic foot

⑸ 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格) Amphibrach

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的格律( Rhythm ) (3)

这里着重以前两种为例介绍: 1 ) 抑扬格(轻重格) Iambus : 抑扬格是最常见的一种格式,每 个音步由一个非 重读音节加一个重读音节构成。例如: As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass , So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still , / my dear , Till a` / the seas / gang dry : 选自 Robert Burns ( 1759-1796 ): A Red, Red Rose

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的格律( Rhythm ) (4)

2 ) 扬抑格(重轻格) Trochee :每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节) :

Tyger ! / Tyger ! / burning / bright

In the / forests / of the / night

选自 William Blake ( 1757–1827 ): The Tyger

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的格律( Rhythm ) (5)

在同一首诗中常会出现不止一种格律。格律分析对诗歌的朗诵非常有用,朗诵者通过发出轻重交替变化的音,能感受到诗歌的气势和优美。不过,现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律,相对比较自由。

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (1)

押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。主要有:

1. 尾韵( Rhyme ) 2. 头韵( Alliteration ) 3. 谐元韵( Assonance )

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (2)

押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。

1. 尾韵( Rhyme ):是最常见,最重要的押韵方式。 主要有以下几种类型: 1 ) 联韵 2 ) 交叉韵 3 ) 同韵

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (3)

1. 尾韵( Rhyme ): 1 ) 联韵( pararhyme ): aabb 型。例如: I shot an arrow into the air , It fell to earth , I knew not where ; For , so swiftly it flew , the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

选自 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1807-1882 ): The Arrow and the Song

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (4)

1. 尾韵( Rhyme ): 2 ) 交叉韵: abab 型,例如: Sunset and evening star , And one clear call for me ! And may there be no moaning of the bar , When I put out to sea , 选自  Alfred Tennyson ( 1809-1892 ):

Crossing the Bar

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (5)

1. 尾韵( Rhyme ): 3 ) 同韵:有的诗押韵是一韵到底的,大多是在同一

节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例: The woods are lovely , dark and deep , But I have promises to keep , And miles to go before I sleep , And miles to go before I sleep.

选自 Robert Frost ( 1874-1963 ): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (6)

2. 头韵( Alliteration ) 是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下

例中运用/ f /、/ b /与/ s /头韵生动写出了船在海上航行时轻盈的姿态。

The fair breeze blew , the white foam flew , The furrow followed free , We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea.

选自 T.S. Coleridge : Rime of the Acient Mariner

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (7)

3. 谐元韵( Assonance ):

谐元韵指词与词之间元音的重复形成的内部押韵。下面一节诗中/ i /及/ iη /重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。

Spring , the sweet spring , is the year‘s pleasant king ; Then blooms each thing , then maids dance in a ring , Cold dath not sting , the pretty birds do sing : Cuckoo , jug-jug , pu-we , to-witta-woo ! 选自 Thomas Nashe ( 1567-1601 ): Spring , the Sweet

Spring

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的押韵( Rhyme ) (8)

也有不少英文诗是不押韵的,不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗( blank verse )。多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的 Paradise Lost 都是用 blank verse 写成的。无韵诗不同于自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵,但是有固定的节奏,以扬抑格五音步最常见。而自由诗连节奏都是不固定的。

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的体式( Style ) (1)

有的诗分成几节( stanza ),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:

1. 十四行诗 ( Sonnet ) 2. 打油诗( Limericks ) 3. 无韵体( Blank Verse ) 4. 自由诗( Free Verse )

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的体式( Style ) (2)

1. 十四行诗 ( Sonnet ) 源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,

每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用 abba , abba , cdcdcd ( cdecde )。前八行提问,后六行回答。

后来,怀亚特( Thomas Wyatt , 1503-1542 )将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞( Edmund Spenser , 1552-1599 )用韵脚 abab , bcbc , cdcd , ee 。莎士比亚( William Shakespeare , 1564-1616 )用韵脚 abab , cdcd , efef , gg ,称英国式或莎士比亚式。

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的体式( Style ) (3)

2. 打油诗( Limericks ) 一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,

常运用双关,谐元韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba ,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems 诗的体式( Style ) (4)

3. 无韵体( Blank Verse ) 顾名思义就是不讲究押韵的诗体。 4. 自由诗( Free Verse ) 现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一

首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感,如美国诗人Walt Whitman 的《草叶集》( Leaves of Grass )。

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Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

Appreciation of poems

总而言之 , 对于每一首诗歌,每个人的感受会有所不同。因此,诵读诗歌时可以从上述几个方面思考和分析,欣赏诗歌表现出来的音律美和意境美,并从思想上找到与诗歌的切合点,深刻感悟诗歌的灵魂。在这个感悟的过程中,我们锻炼了语言能力,审美能力,并且最终提升了个人的精神素质和人文修养。

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

威廉 · 莎士比亚 (William Shakespeare , 1564--- 1616) , 英国文学史和戏剧史上最杰出的诗人和剧作家,欧洲

文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者,并且享誉全世界。他流传下来的作品包括 38 部剧本、 154 首十四行诗、两首长叙事诗和其他诗作。戏剧的代表作品有: 四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》;四大喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》;悲喜剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

威廉 · 莎士比亚 (William Shakespeare , 1564--- 1616) , 莎士比亚的戏剧大都取材于旧有剧本、小说、编年史

或民间传说,但在改写中注入了自己的思想,给旧题材赋予新颖、丰富、深刻的内容。在艺术表现上,他继承古代希腊罗马、中世纪英国和文艺复兴时期欧洲戏剧的三大传统并加以发展,从内容到形式进行了创造性革新。他的剧本被翻译成所有主要使用着的语言,并且表演次数远远超过其他任何剧作家。诗歌代表作是著名的十四行诗系列。他的作品直至今日依旧广受欢迎,在全球以不同文化和政治形式演出和诠释。

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 莎士比亚所写的 154 首十四行诗 , 主题是歌颂友谊与爱情 , 前 126 首是写给他的好友 William Herbert, 一位英俊的贵族青年 , 莎士比亚对 Herbert 的喜爱超出了一般同性之间的友谊;第 127 至 152 首是写给一位名叫Mary Filton 的肤色黝黑的女子。

莎士比亚的十四行诗总体上表现了一个思想:爱征服一切。他的诗充分肯定了人的价值,赞颂人的尊严,个人的理性作用。诗人把抽象的概念转化成具体的形象,用可感可见的物质世界,形象生动地阐释人文主义的命题。

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 这首诗在形式上一改传统的意大利十四行诗体四四三三体,而是采用了四四四二体:在前面充分地发挥表达的层次,在充分的铺垫之后,用两句诗结束全诗,点明主题。全诗用新颖巧妙的比喻、华美而恰当的修饰使人物形象鲜明,生气鲜活。诗人用形象的表达使严谨的逻辑推理变得生动有趣、曲折跌宕,最终巧妙地得出了“诗使生命永恒”的结论。

Sonnet 18 是莎士比亚献给William Herbert 的。作者在诗中把友人 Herbert 比作夏天 , 用夏天的美好短暂 , 比喻年轻和 美貌会随时间而逝。而友人 Herbert 的美却与诗长存,得以永恒。全诗运用了丰富的修辞手法,语言华丽但却得体,从视听等不同感官角度把鲜活的人物形象呈现在读者面前,不愧为传世经典。

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 这首诗的艺术特点,首先是在于它有着双重主题:一是赞美

诗人爱友的美貌,二是歌颂了诗歌艺术的不朽力量。其次就是诗人在诗中运用了新颖的比喻,但又自然而生动。

正如同一个人可以有不止一张照片或者画像那样,一首诗歌也可以有不止一个翻译。这照片、画像、翻译自然不会完全相同,会有优劣好坏的差别。但是,由于欣赏者的口味不一,在不同的欣赏者眼里,不同的作品会有不同的得分。

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 Words thee : you (objective case) thou: you (subjective case) hath: has thy: your art: are ow’st: own wand’rest: wander grow’st: grow

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 sentence order Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimmed;

Sometime the eye of heaven shines too hot,

and his gold complexion is often dimmed;

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 sentence order But thy eternal summer shall not fade

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,

Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

thy eternal summer shall not lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,

and Death shall not brag thou wand'rest in his shade,

when thou grow'st in lines eternal to time.

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 缺陷( 1 ) 一、音韵参差,破坏了音美和形美 全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格( iambic pentameter ),包括三

个四行组( quatrain )和一个对偶句 (couplet) ,采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式,即 abab cdcd efef gg 。但本诗音韵并不十分齐整。

在韵脚( end rhyme )方面,第二行的 temperate 与第四行的 date 押韵 头韵( alliteration )方面,第六和第七行都以 And 起头,形成头韵。 韵格 (meter) 方面,五音步抑扬格的诗歌是常有破格的,但破格太多 Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate”

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 缺陷( 2 ) 二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇 破坏意美诗歌之美,不仅体现在音美和形美上,而且还有语

意层面的美。通过语法、词汇或使用比喻等,可以建构诗歌的意美。本诗中有美丽的语言,如“ darling buds of May” (五月的嫩蕊)、“ eternal summer” (长夏)、“ thou wander’st in his shade” (在他的暗影里蹉跎),但也有平常的比喻和描述,如诗中将“你”比喻为“夏季”,把太阳比成“天上的眼睛”,有“金色的面容”,这当然不是平淡的描述,但至少也不是新鲜的。而说死神能“夸口”,这种拟人的手法多少有些平淡了。

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

第 18号十四行诗 缺陷( 3 ) 二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇 诗中又说夏天有“租期”,租期又“太短”,则令人感到有些陌

生,难有美感了。时光匆匆是人人皆知的常识,诗中用复杂的表述来说明浅显的道理,很难令人感到亲切,这样的比喻并未达到增强表现力的效果。这种将简单复杂化从而使人产生隔膜的例子还有“ nature’s changing course untrimm’d ” 以及“ that fair thou owest” 。而“ And every fair from fair” 则让一般读者感到很抽象,难以理解。“ So long as men can breathe or eyes can see” 也是一句很平常的散文句。

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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3. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

我可能把你和夏天相比拟? 你比夏天更可爱更温和: 狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地, 夏天也嫌太短促,匆匆而过: 有时太阳照得太热, 常常又遮暗他的金色的脸; 美的事物总不免要凋落, 偶然的,或是随自然变化而流转。 但是你的永恒之夏不会褪色; 你不会失去你的俊美的仪容; 死神不能夸说你在他的阴影里面走着, 如果你在这不朽的诗句里获得了永生; 只要人们能呼吸,眼睛能看东西, 此诗就会不朽,使你永久生存下去。 (梁实秋 译)

Appreciation and Oral Reading Of Classic English Works

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经典英文作品欣赏与诵读Appreciation and Oral Reading

Of Classic English Works

ThankThank youyou forfor your patience.your patience.

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