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32.973-018.17 681.3.06(075)70

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70 Assembler. . 2- . / . . .: , 2003. 637 .: .ISBN 5-94723-581-1

Intel. , , -

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. Intel- ( Pentium IV ). , Assembler.

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32.973-018.17 681.3.06(075)

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ISBN 5-94723-581 -1 , 2003

13 16 16

1. 17

2. - IA-32 Intel 26

3. IA-32 58

4. 74

5. 85

6. 121

7. 146

8. 165

9. 193

10. 209

11. 236

12. 249

13. 268

14. 293

15. 324

6

16. Windows- 365

17. 447

510

. IA-32 511

625

626

13 16 16

1. 17 18 Intel : 21 24

2. - IA-32 Intel 26

27 IA-32 29

Intel 30 IA-32 40

56

3. IA-32 58 IA-32 59

61 63 mod / 64 , 70 71

72 73

4. 74 75 76 77 78

78 78 79

8

80 83

84

5. 85 86

90- 97

103 110 119

. 121 121 123 128

129 134 135 MASM 141 Microsoft Visual Studio 142 143

144

7. 146 147 149 156 158 160 164

8. 165 166

167 168

170 170 172 173 175 176 177 179 179 180

181 181 183

- 183

9

BCD- 184 BCD- 190

192

9. 193 194 195 199

199 201 203

205 205 206 207 207

207

10. 209 214

215 219

224 225 227 / 228 229

229 234 235

11. 236

if-else 237 switch 237 240

while 240 continue break 240 do-while 241 for 241

MASM 242 .IF 242 .REPEAT 243 .WHILE 244 .BREAK .CONTINUE 244 245

248

12. 249 253

MOVS 253 , 254

10

255 CMPS 255 , 258

, 259 SCAS : 259 , , 260

261 LODS 261 AL/AX/EAX , , 262

262 STOS 263 , ,

AL/AX/EAX 264 - 265

- 265 - 265

266

13. 268 269

269 271 275 278

280 281 281 282

284 286

286 287 288 290

292

14. 293 EQU = 295 297 305

WHILE REPT 305 IRP 307 IRPC 307

'. 308 308 315 318

319 321 322

11

15. 324 325 327

331 332 334 EXTRN PUBLIC 337 340

344 345 346 ENTER LEAVE 356 359

364

16. Windows- 365

Windows- 367 Windows- C/C++ 368 Windows- 379

387 389 398

TASM Windows- 401 Win32 404

Windows- 406 Windows- 406 413 Windows- 420

Windows- 435 437 - 438 - 440

446

17. 447

448 SWR 453 CWR 454 TWR 455

456 457 457 458 463

466 468 471 472

12

474 482 494

500 501 501 501 502 502 502

505 507 508

510

. IA-32 511 513 553 MX 569 (SSE SSE2) 587 . 625

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ID VIP VIF AC VM RF NT IOPL OF DF IF TF SF ZF AF PF CF

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limit_l limit_2 20- , ;base_l base_2 32- , - ;AR , ;D ( 3);G . , -

4 . , : , (-) ? . i80286. 24- , , 16 - .

24 16 . i80386 32- , -

. .

, .

, -

4 , . ,

20 , 1 ? G (. . 2.9). G = 0, , G - 1, . 4 . , - Offfffh, 1 - 1 4 = 4 .

, -

, limit. , -

. AR, - . AR dpi R/W,C/ED I, . dpi . , -

-

, 1, 2 3. 0. - (- ) , .

56 2. - IA-32 Intel

, ,

.

, .

:

(Global Descriptor Table, GDT), GDTR;

II (Local Descriptor Table, LDT), - LDTR;

(Interrupt Descriptor Table, IDT), IDTR. ,

. , , -

; - .

, . 2.7, , . -

. , ,

(GDT LDT). IA-32, ,

., -

.

.

. ,

, . . -

. , -

- , ,

.

ii : , -

;D ; ; ; .

32 . - .

* .

FLAGS EIP. EFLAGS

57

. EIP . ,

, .

:

D , i8086 ;

D , i80286;D 18086 18086,

.

,

.

3

IA-32 IA-32

-

, -

. , Pentium IV 300 - .

, , , -

.

-

-

, . -

.

-

.

, -

, -

.

. -

. -

, ,

.

IA-32 59

,

, , , -

.

. -

,

() , - -

, .

, -

, , , .

-

, -

.

, -

.

-

, .

IA-32 -

. -

.

IA-32 . IA-32 - 15 . , . . 3.1 .

-

? - :

e b x , eax MOV .

:

88 D8 8 . MOV:

mov e c x , 128 -

128. :89 00000080

9. , -

. , (MOV), (8 9). . -

, ,

60 3. IA32

-|| -' >-

|

IA-32 61

. -

, .

,

, , .

. -

. . -

.

,

.

* ,

. -

.

:

D 2Eh CS;D 36h SS; DS; 26h ES;D 64h FS;D 65h GS.

( - ). - . : - (REP OF3h), , ^ (REPE/REPZ OF3h, REPNE/REPNZ OF2h), ,

.

LOCKtf (- OFOh) . -

. LOCKfl - , --.

ii ( 67h) : 16 32 . , , .

16 , , 16-- 16- - (. . 3.1). - 2 (. . 2.7 2.8) . 32 , , 32- , 32- -

62 3. IA32

32- (. . 3.1). - -

. , -

.

( 66h) -, (32 16 ), - .

-

? , ( ) - . -

( use!6 use32 ). 16- 16 . 32- 32 . -, . , -

16 , - 67h ( !) 32 . -, 32 , - 67h ( !) 16 .

.

. ,

(16 ) (32 ), -, 16 32 . .

18086 - 16 . - D . D = 0, 16 , D = 1, - 32 . - use!6 use32 .

-

32- , - 64 . -

32- ( , ). -

. ( ) -, . 3.1. , - D . , -

IA-32 63

D, 18086.

,

.

: 16 - SP, 32 ESP. :

16 16--, 32 - 32-.

3.1.

00001111

66h-

-

+

+

-

-

+

+

67h-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

1616323232321616

1632163232163216

, -

, OFFh. - ,

.

, , -

. .

mod r/m. , -

. ,

(. . 3.1). -, ,

, . 3.2.

, . -

, , . -

.

64 3. IA32

3.2.

d

s

W

reg

1

1

1

3

: 0 reg ( ), /; 1 ( ), r/m, reg. sib

8- 16 32 . () 8-

, : ,

, : 0 8 ; 1 16 16-- 32 32-

, .

w, w

(. )

-

, ,

(. ). mod r/m mod r/m, , - . Intel . ,

. IA-32 , - . , mod r/m - (, ), - (. 2). mod r/m (. . 3.1).!' mod ( ) , -

( ). mod - r/m, . mod r/m - 32 , 24 - . , mod = 00, - / .

, . mod = 01, ,

/ . mod = 10, - , ( , )

IA-32 65

/ . mod = 11, . - mod , - .

* reg (3 ) (. 3.3 3.4), - ,

( 11 ). / mod , -

( mod = 11), , (- ).

3.3. reg ( w ) reg000001010Oil100101no111

w = 0ALCLDL

BL

AHCHDH

BH

w = 1AX/EAXCX/ECXDX/EDXBX/EBXSP/ESPBP/EBPSI/ESIDI/EDI

.4. reg ( w ) reg000001010

100101

111

1 6-

DX

SP

SIDI

32-

EDX

ESP

ESI .EDI

reg 16- 32-- , Intel - 32- .

Intel , . -

. , , MOV - , .

3 . 256

66 3. IA32

. reg (. . 3.3 3.4), r/m (. ). d, . , : reg , / . mov - ,

:mov abll,ax -. abll

mov ax,abll ; abll ,

d:' MOV abll,ax d = 0;-.. MOV ax,abll d = 1.

-

. Intel -, mod r/m (. 3.5 3.6). , -

, , ,

.

3.5. mod r/m (16- )8!632/ ( )reg

[BX+SI][BX+DI][BP+SI][BP+DI][SI][DI] 16[][+81]+_8[+1]+_8[+81]+_8[+1]+_8[81]+_8

mod00000000000000000101010101

r/m000001010O i l100101

111000001010on100

ALAXEAX0000

CLCXECX1001

DLDXEDX2010

BLBXEBX3on

AHSPESP4100

CHBPEBP5101

DH

SIESI6110

BHDIEDI7111

mod r/m00010203040506074041424344

0809OaObOcOdOeOf48494a4b4c

10111213141516175051525354

1819laIbIcIdleIf58595a5b5c

20212223242526276061626364

28292a2b2c2d2e2f68696a6b6c

30313233343536377071727374

3839

3b3c3d3e3f78797a7b7c

IA-32 67

[1]+_8[]+_8[]+_8[+81]+_16[+1]+_16[+81]+_16[+1]+_16[81]+_16[1]+_16[]+_16[]+_16EAX/AX/AL

ECX/CX/CLEDX/DX/DL

EBX/BX/BLESP/SP/AH//

ES1/SI/DHEDI/DI/BH

mod010101101010101010101011

1111

11111111

r/m101110111000001010011100101110111000 .

001010011100101

111

mod /4546478081828384858687

cl2

4

5

7

4d44f88898888d88f89

cb

cd

cf

5556579091929394959697dOdld2d3d4d5d6d7

5d5e5f98999a9b9c9d9e9fd8d9Da

DbDCDdDe

Df

656667aOala2a3a4a5a6a7eOele2e3e4e5e6

e7

6d6e6fa8a9aa

abac

adae

afe8e9ea

ebec

ed

ef

757677bOblb2b3b4b5b677

f2Gf4fSf6f7

7d7e7fb8b9babbbebdbebff8f9fafbfcfdfeff

.6. mod r/m (32- )r32/ ( )reg

[][][EDX][][sib] 32[ESI][EDI][]+_8[]+_8[]+_8

mod0000000000000000010101

r/m

001010on100101

111000001010

0000

1001

EDX2010

3011

ESP4100

5101

ESI6

EDI7111

mod r/m0001020304050607404142

0809

Ob

Od

Of48494

1011121314151617505152

1819111Id1If58595

2021222324252627606162

28292222d22f68696

3031323334353637707172

3839

3d

3f78797

68 3. IA32

3.6 ()

[]+_8[sibj+ 8[]+_8[81]+_8[1]+_8[]+_32[]+_32[]+_32[]+_32[SIB][]+_32[81]+_32[1]+_32EAX/AX/ALECX/CX/CLEDX/DX/DLEBX/BX/BLESP/SP/AH//ESI/SI/DHEDI/DI/BH

mod0101010101101010101010101011

11

11

11

11

11

11

r/m011100101

111000001010011100101

111000001010011100101110111

mod r/m4344

4546478081828384

858687

cl2

4

5

7

4

4

4d44f .88898

888d88f89

cb

cd

cf

53545556579091929394959697dOdld2d3d4d5d6d7

5b5c5d5e5f98999a9b9c9d9e9fd8d9Da

DbDCDdDe

Df

6364656667aOala2

a3a4

a5a6a7

eOele2

e3e4

e5e6e7

6b6c6d6e6fa8a9aa

abac

adae

afe8e9ea

ebec

ed

ef

7374

757677

bO

blb2

b4b5b677

fi)fl

u

f4f5f6

7b7c

7d7e

7fb8b9babbbe

bdbebfref9faftfcfdfeff

mod r/m 87h. ( -, ) , 87h, . - 16- -, mod r/m -. mod. mod r/m , , 87h, reg /. , - .

, w

(. ). 32- mod r/m -

- sib(. , ).

IA-32 69

. -

.

:

sreg86 , 18086/88 i80286;

sreg386 i80386 . ,

: sreg86 (. 3.7), a sreg386 (. 3.8). 3.7. sreg86

sreg8600011011

ESCSSSDS

3.8. sreg386 sreg386000001

010Oil100

101 GS

ESCSSSDSFS

MOV - . . 3.9.

3.9. MOV creg000001010Oil100101

111

CRO

CR2CR3CR4

-

DRODR1DR2DR3

DR6DR7

70 3. IA32

,

, (Scale-Index-Base sib) - . sib - 01 10 mod / = 100. sib (. 3.10).li (ss)

index, sib. ss 1, 2, 4 8. . -

, , -

13. index , -

.

base , - . -

.

3.10. sib (32- )32 (base)

[][][EDX][]

[][ESI][EDI][*2][*2][EDX*2][*2]

[*2][ESI*2][EDI*2][*4]

(ss)0000000000000000010101010101010110

(index)

000001010O i l100101

111000001010O i l100101110111000

EAX000

001EDX010

OilESP100

*

101ESI110

EDI111

sib

0008101820283038404850586068707880

0109111921293139414951596169717981

02OA121A222A32

424A525A626A727A82

03OB13IB232B333B434B535B636B737B83

04

141C242C343C444C545C646C747C84

05OD15ID252D353D454D555D656D757D

85

06OE16IE262E363E464E565E666E767E86

07OF17IF272F373F474F575F676F777F87

1-32 71

[*4][EDX*4][*4]

[*4][ES1*4][EDI*4][*8][*8][EDX*8][*8]

[*8][ESI*8][EDI*8]

(SS)10101010101010

11

1111

(index)

001010O i l100101

111000001010on100101

111

sib

889098

8

8

8DOD8

8FOF8

899199191919D1D919F1F9

89292

2

2

D2DA2

F2FA

8939A3

D3DB

F3FB

89494

4

4

D4DC4

F4FC

8D959D5AD5BD5CDD5DD5EDF5FD

89696

6BE6

D6DE6

F6FE

8F979F7AF7BF7CFD7DF7EFF7FF

sib , - .

(base) . 3.10 - (*). _32 , mod - 00, [] . - :

!_32[], mod=00;il _8[][], mod=01;II _32[][], mod=10.

8-, 16- 32- , ( -) .

, -

8-, 16- 32- . , -, mod r/m.

, -

, -

.

( 5) - .

7? 3. IA32

,

Pentium IV IA-32 300 . (. 3.2).

Pentium IV

-

. 3.2. Intel (Pentium IV)

, -

,

. :

; IA-32 -

; .

7-10 12 (-), (. 3.3).

^

,

-

-

. 3.3.

-

. -

IA-32 ( Pentium IV) -, .

,

(. 3.2).

73

- , -

.

I - , -

. -

.

-

. -

, .

.

-

. IA.-32 -, Intel - , ,

.

II .

iii - .

.

81 , .

II 1-32 -. ,

.

4

, -

.

. -

, , ,

,

.

, -

. .

, -

,

. .

, , ( ), - . -

. .

I , V , X , L , , D -, .

-

. ,

, -

, . :

75

DLXXVII = 500 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 577. :

CDXXIX = 500 - 100 + 10 + 10 - 1 + 10 = 429. -

. .

( ) . - 0 . . ,^) - , ak ( k = 0, ..., - 1) . -

:

Aw - an_tan_2...

, , ak < . -

:

() =

-i -"'1 + ^'"~2 + ~- + al-pl + a0-p

a, (4.1)

( ), , .

, (- , ).

-

, -

.

{0,1}, () 2. n-

(4.1):(2) - -1' 2"-' + _ 2 ' 2-> +..- + v 2' + V 2. (4-2)

, ,

,

. -

, . ,

10100111. .

(4.2), , :1 + 0 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 1 2.

, .

(. 4.1) , , .

() ( ).

76 4.

1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

f 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 1 11 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0. 4.1. -

(. 4.1). 4.1.

1234567

89101112

248163264128256512102420484096

{0,1, 2,..., 9, , , , D,, F} () 16.

-

(4.1):(,6) ,-, ' 16"~' + -2 ' 16"~2 +" + , ' 16' + ' 16-

, f45ed23c:

15 167 + 4 166 + 5 165 + 14 164 + 13 163 + 2 162 + 3 16' + 12 16. , .

(. 4.2). 4.2.

0

1

2

0000

00010010

0

1

2

77

34

567

89101112

13141516

01000101

01111000100110101011110011011110111110000

34

56789,

,

,

D,d,

F,f10

, -

. . 4.2 0-16 . -

. -

, , , ,

( ). - :

78 4.

> - _, ' -1 +

_2 10-' + ... + GI 10' + 0 10. , (|0) = 4523 :

.

-

,

. . -

,

Intel .

.

, -

: - , .

(4.1). .

.

-

.

1. 2. q .2. 1 q 0,

, , -

1, ( ) 2 .

3. 1 q 0, . , .

.

, 247)0 . 4.3. (111101112) .

.

-

, . 4.2. , [, - e4d516, 1110 0100 1 101 01012.

79

. 4.3.

-

-

.

1. 16. q .2. 1 q 0, ,

1.3. q 0, . -

, .

.

, 32 767

. 4.4. (7fff16) .

'

80 4.

, -

.

, . 4.2. , -

:

111001011010111101011000110110001111010101011012. :

0111 0010 1101 0111 1010 11000110 11000111 1010 1010 1101. -

:

7 2 d 7 a c 6 c 7 a a d .

72d7ac6c7aad1(i.

, . -

, .

, -

, -

. -

. (4.1) :

\,^-"1+-2-"2 + -

...+ at-pl + 0-" + _, ~

1 +

2-2 + ... +

-~

. (4.3) .

1 -

, :

110100,010010112. (4.3):

110100,010010112= 1 - 23 + 1-2 4 + 0 - 2 3 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 2 + 0 2 ~ ' +

+ 1 2-2 + 0 2-3 + 0 2~4 + 1 2-5 + 0 2-G + 1 2"7 + 1 2~8. :

1 . 25 + 1 . 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 2' + 0 2. . 4.3.

81

4.3. 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

.7

0,5

0,25

0,125

0,0625

0,03125

0,015625

0,0078125

. 4.3 2

110100,010010112.

2 , -

:

Idf2,ale4 |6. (4.3):

Idf2,ale416 = 1 163 + 13 162 + 15 21 + 2 16" + 10

+ 14- 16-3 + 4 - 16+ 1 16 2 +

16 (. 4.4). 4.4. 16

1

2

3

4

567

0,0625

0,00390625

0,000244140625

0,0000'! 52587890625

0,00000095367431640625

0,000000059604644775390625

0,0000000037252902984619140625

-

, , .

82 4.

3 -

:

.

1. , .

2. - .

3. Bv

.

4. , , , . -

, .

3. . -

108,40610. 108,40610 -

(. 4.5).

. 4.5. 108,406

108,40610 (. 4.6) - .

:

108,40610 = 1101100,011001111. -

! ,

83

.406

.972

. 4.6. 108,406

.

.

. , ,

. , -

. . 4.7 - (108,40610) .

108,406 = 110() 1100,

1100, 0110011101100111

1= 6,6781 ()8

. 4.7.

, .

? 0 . , 0.

, -

. , .

,

, .

, - -

. 0, - , .

1, , , . , .

84 4.

( 1 0 ) , " . -

, -18510. - 101 1 10012. , . .

,

-128...127. . :

000000001011 10012-> 111 111 11010001 102. :

1111 11 1 1010001 102 + 00000000000000012 = 11111 11 1010001 112. 11111111010001112. -

-185

.

-

,

. .

1. .2. .

,

:

11010001 112-> 00000000101 110002. :

0000000010 1110002 + 00000000000000012 = 00000000101 110012 = |-185|. ,

. -

, , , -

.

.

, -

, -

.

: , .

.

: -

, -

.

5

-

( )

-

, . -

-

,

. -

.

. , ,

, : -

, ,

. . ,

86 5.

.

IA-32.

, -

.

-. , -

: , . -

. -

Intel ( IA-32). ,

. , -

, .

* () . -

.

;! -

, .

-

. .

11 , -. .

-

. -

-

, ,

,

.

-

, -. , -

, . -

,

, - . -

.

. 5.1,5.2 5.3 - .

? : () (). , - . , ,

. -

. , -

, ,

87

. 5.1.

| [_1 f-

>.

88 5.

() - -. -

.

, ,

, . ., ,

, , .

, -

, -.

() , - , .

, :9 , -

;ii =>,

; -

, .

- -

, . -

-

-, .

8 () -, .

-

. ():=>|+|=> | =>0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9

:

9 ,, ( );

+|-|0|1|2|3|4|5||7|8|9 ( ), - ;

* (|) .

-501, -: => => => 1 =>1 => 01 => 01 => 501

(. . 5.1-5.3) , - -

, .

89

,

:

ii 5__ - Z, - z, ;decdigit 0 9; _, ?, @, $, &;: ., [, ], (, ), , {, }, +, /, *, %, !, ", ", ?, \, = #, . , , -

.

.

. -

:

(AL, , BL, , CL, , DL, , , , , , , , DX, EDX,, EBP, SP, ESP, DI, EDI, SI, ESI, CS, DS, ES, FS, GS, SS, CRO, CR2, CR3, DRO, DRl, DR2, DR3,DR6, DR7);

(BYTE, SBYTE, WORD, SWORD, DWORD, SDWORD, FWORD, QWORD, TBYTE, REAL4,REALS, REAL10, NEAR16, NEAR32, FAR16, FAR32, AND, NOT, HIGH, LOW, HIGHWORD,LOWWORD, OFFSET, SEG, LROFFSET, TYPE, THIS, PTR, WIDTH, MASK, SIZE, SIZEOF, LENGTH,LENGTHOF, ST, SHORT, TYPE, OPATTR, MOD, NEAR, FAR, OR, XOR, EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GE, SHR,

() , . , -

.

-:

=> 5__ | 5__ | 5__ | |

=> 0| 1 | 2 | 3 |4| 5 | 6| 7| 8| 9 => _|

, -

.

, _, ?, $, @. - .

255 (247 MASM), 32, . - ( TASM) /mv. ,

( ). ( TASM) /mu, /ml,/mx (. http://www.piter.com/download).

, -

. :

=> [[ < s t e x t > ]] < s t e x t > = | => | ___ => " | '

90 5.

, -

. -

. -

- .

-

:

= | 0 = | =>| | | => 0| 1 12 | 3|4|5 |6| 7|8|9 = > a | b | c | d | e | f | A | B | C | D | E | F

(h) (0) - . ,

. ,

1578 1578h , . -, fe023? , , , -

.

, , -

h. Ofe023h: => b| => 0|1

,

, . :

, ,

(). - , (-). . , . -

ASCII, (;), , (. . 5.1-5.3). -, , .

,

, . -

, . -

, , -

( ). :

;ii ; ;

91

* ;

.

,

, -

. -

.

,

:

,

;

92 5.

add [ s i j . i m d ; [ s i ] : = [ s i ] + 3 ,; imd -

mov al,5; al :=5, 5 - , -

MOV - ADD.

II : (. 5.4). :mov ax,0000hmov ds.axmov ax,ds:0000h

0000:0000 MOV .

. 5.4.

, -

.

( ) ( ). , ' -

.

. -

:

data segmentmas_w dw 25 dup (0)codesegment

lea s i , _ m a s _ w ; mas_w - mas_w , -

25 . -

.

. $. ,

93

, -

. , ,

, -

. -

-

. . ,

, -

, ,

-

, -

.

:

jmp $+3 ; moveld ; eld 1 mov a l , l

, $+3, , , -

,

. JMP . , ,

. -

, . -

, -

(. 3 ) .

.

-

:

D 32- , , , EDX, ESI, EDI, ESP, EBP; 16- , , , DX, SI, DI, SP, ; 8- , AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL; CS, DS, SS, ES, FS, GS;D CRO, CR2, CR3, CR4, DRO, DR1, DR2, DR3, DR6, DR7 (. -

MOV )., add ax,bx - . dec si SI 1. :

mov a l , 4mov dl,pass+4add al.dl

4 al pass+4 - dl

-.

-,

-. -

- 64 . - . -

-.

94 5.

- ( -), IN OUT. ,

in al,60h; 60h, -,

8,16 32 , . IN OUT . - -

- , , AL. . -

IN OUT DX. - . ,

mov dx,20hmov al,20hout dx.al

20h dx 20h al 20 20

tl , .

13.* ( ) -

( 13).II , . -

. -

, .

,

, . -

, , -

.

. 2.8 (. 2), . , -

4 16- , - : , .

,

-

.

(. 3), 8, 16, 32 . , .

.

-

. -

95

, -

8-, 16- 32- , - IP/EIP. - , .

,

jc ml ; ml, cf = 1mov al,2

m l :

,

( mov al,2) - JC.

si ,

. -

-

.

. ,

mov a x , w o r d ptr [0000] ; ;ds:0000

. -

-

(. 3). , - , , ,

. ,

data segmentperl dw 5

data endscode segmentmov ax,datamov ds.ax

mov ax,perl ; perl ( ds:0000) ,

mov a x , w o r d ptr [0000] . -

,

, ,

mod r/m , , sib. :

9 , , ;II ;ii ; ; .

96 5.

() , SP/ESP /( ).

-

. , mov ax,[ecx] - ,

. -

, -

. , , -

.

()

.

, -

, () .

-

.

, mov ax,[edx+3h] , EDX + 3h. mov ax,mas[dx] , DX mas ( , - , -

).

-

. -

.

, -

. -

. ? - 3. sib. (. IA-32 3) , . (ss), - . , mov ax,masfesi*2] - mas+(esi)*2. , , -

. -

, ,

1, 2, 4 8 .

97

: -. -

, . :

mov , [ e s i ] [ e d x ]

, (ESI) + (EDX).

-

.

: , - . , mov eax,[esi+5][edx] : (ESI) + 5 + (EDX). addax,array[esi][ebx] -, array + (ESI) + ().

, -

-

-.

-

,

. -

. -

-

.

(ASM) - . -

, -

(. 5.1). .

, -

.

5.1.

LENGTH, SIZE, WIDTH, MASK, (, ), [, ],

PTR, OFFSET, SEC, TYPE, THISHIGH, LOW+, - ()*,/,MOD,SHL, SHR

123456

&-

4 . 256

98 5.

5.1 ()

+, - ()EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GENOTANDOR, XORSHORT, TYPE

89

10

11

12

13

. (http://www.piter.com/download) MASM.9 (. 5.5). -

(+) (-), - (*), (/), (MOD). . 5.1 6, 7, 8.,

tab_sizeequ 50 ; size_el equ 2 ;

; mov cx,tab_size / size_el ; " / "

I _1|_2

. 5.5.

-

(. 5.6). ,mask_b equ 10111011

mov al.mask b shr 3 ;al=00010111

. 5.6.

99

-

(. 5.7 . 5.2). ,

. , 1, -, , 0. ,

t a b _ s i z e e q u 30 ;

mov al , tab_size ge 50 ; alcrop al,0 ; tab_size < 50. je ml ; mlmi: ...

, tab_size 50, AL Offh, tab_size 50, AL . AL FLAGS/EFLAGS. JE ml.

. 5.7.

5.2.

Eq

Ne

Lt

Le

GtGe

, _1

, _1

, 1

, 1

, 1

, _1

_2

_2

_2

_2

2

_2

(. 5.8). , , . ,

flags equ 10010011mov al,f lags xor Olh; al = 10010010; al flags

; , -

, 9.

100 5.

I _11 -|_2[-1

lanA-/or)--(xon-

. 5.8.

. . 5.9, ..! _2, . ,

mov a x , m a s [ s i ] ; mas + ( s i )

{)-}_2 [-() _1

. 5.9.

:

, . -

, -

mas + (si) , - mas

SI.

* PTR ( ), (. 5.10). : BYTE, WORD, DWORD, QWORD,TBYTE, NEAR, FAR ( , ).,

d_wrd dd 0

mov a l . b y t e ptr d_wrd+l ; . d_wrd -. , -

, (, )? mov aULwrd+1, . PTR .

||(ptr)| |. 5.10.

: -

, SEGMENT (. 5.11).

101

]

. 5.11.

, . -

(. 2) , - , .

? , -

CS, . -. CS . -

CS 16 ( ) 20- 16- IP. - , .

, ( , ), , , - , DS. - , -

.

? (. 2). - SP . ( , ) , - ,

SS . ? (. 1) - ,

. -

. , , , - .

(. IA-32 3). , , .

(, , ) -

102 5.

, .

, -

. ,

, -

. 3 .

.

, ( , ) , . -

, , .

,

CS:IP. . (:). , ,

. ,

.codejmp metl ; , ind

; ind db 5 ; ,metl:

mov al,cs:ind ; ,;

.

II - , .

(.) 13 -.

II , -

, , , -

(. 5.12).

. 5.12.

-

, -

(. 5.13).

. 5.13.

,

.datapole dw

103

.code

mov ax.seg polemov es.axmov dx,offset pole es:dx pole

-

. ,

, -

, . 2 3 -. , -

, :

is ; ; ; .

, ,

/ , .

-

, . 5.14.

-[SEGMENjJr

-

-

.

. 5.14.

, ,

, .

,

. ,

104 5.

, -

. , -

. -

SEGMENT. . ( ) -

, -

. ,

i80x86 . - . PARA:D BYTE .

;D WORD , ,

() 0 ( - );

DWORD , , - () 0 ( - );

PARA , 16, - Oh ( );

PAGE , 256, OOh ( 256 );

MEMPAGE , 4 , - OOOh ( 4 ).

( ) -, ,

.

PRIVATE. - :

PRIVATE ;

PUBLIC . .

() , , -, ,

; COMMON

, . -

; AT xxxx (

, 16, -

105

0). - .

( , , - ), . ,

,

.

; STACK .

-

SS. STACK () - PU BLIC , SS - . SP .

, , -

. , STACK -, SS (- , DS).

* ( ) , -

.

( , , -

). ( code) . -

.

^ . i80386 16- 32-. - . -

:

USE16 16- . 16- ., 64 -;

USE32 32-. - 32- . 4 .

, SEGMENT ENDS .

, , -

ASSUME, - . 5.15. , -

106 5.

. , -

, .

-

, _ , -

SEGMENT - NOTHING. NOTHING, , - . NOTHING ; -

.

. 5.15. ASSUME

MASM TASM. .

, , -

, . MASM TASM .

, , - -

-

. -

MODEL, ASSUME (-

107

ASSUME ). MODEL , ,

( DS).

. -

: Hello World! No war andbomb! Let's live friendly and learn assembler language.. 5.1 - , 5.2, -, .

5.1. data segment para public 'data'message db 'Hello World! No war andassembler language. $'data endsstk segment stack

db 256 dup ('?')stk endscode segment para public 'code'main proc

assume cs:code,ds:data,ss:stkmov ax,datamov ds.axmov ah,9mov dx,offset messageint 21hmov ax,4cOQhint 21h

main endpcode endsend main

bomb! Let us live friendly and learn

main

ds

4c00h 21h main

main

5.2. TASM - masm, MASM -

'Hello World! No war and bomb! Let us live friendly and learn

masmmodel small.datamessage dbassembler language.stack 256h.codemain proc

mov ax,@datamov ds,axmov ah,9mov dx,offset messageint 21hmov ax.4c00hint 21h

endpmainend main

main

ds

400 21h main main

MODEL . 5.16. MODEL _. -

. -

,

,

(. 5.3).

108 5.

\ MODEL

. 5.16. MODEL

5.3.

( MASM).CODE [].DATA

.CONST

.DATA?

STACK []

.FARDATA []

.FARDATA? []

.

near 1

()

.

near

.

[]

far

far

[] , . , -

,

,

.

MODEL - ,

-

(. ). TASM (. 5.4). MASM (. http://www.piter.com/download). 5.4. , MODEL

codedatafardata

near

far

109

fardata?

curseg

stack

far

far

5.2, - , @data. .

MODEL , MODEL , , - , -

. . 5.5 - MODEL

5.5.

TINY

SMALL

MEDIUM

COMPACT

LARGE

FLAT

near

near

far

near

far

near

near

near

near

far

far

near

DGROUP.

,

DGROUP.

,

.

far. ; near

; far ,

32- ( )

MODEL - (. 5.6). 5.6.

use 16 16-( i80386 180486)

110 5.

5.6 ()

use32

dos

32-( i80386 J80486) MS-DOS

_

.

-

. 15 .

-

. ,

-

. -

, , -

,

. -

.

, -

. ,

, . -

. TASM ASM : . -

, -

.

.

,

, -

,

. TASM MASM ,

.

. -

(. 5.17). ,

7, 0 .

111

: :

63 47 31 15

127 95 63 31

. 5.17.

, -

. 16 ; 0 15. , - , , , 15- , . Intel - .

.

.

(32 ), - .

31. , , , , 31- , . - . .

-

.

(64 ), - .

63. , , , , 63- , . .

.

.

* 128- . Pentium III. . ,

,

. 5.18 ( ). 8,16 32 .

7, 15 31 . ,

112 5.

| [3

(||3|

31 15 7 0 31

iii i

ii

ii

ii

15 7 0

iii

4 15 7 0 31 15 7 (BCD) (BCD) ||| - | - |OOOO|BCD|OOOO|BCD| |BCD|BCD| - | - |BCD|BCD|BCD|BCD|

15 7 0 15 7

| | j J | |31 15

| | ^ |47 31 15 7

()

| ( ). 5.18.

. .

:

8- -128 +127; 16- -32 768 +32 767;D 32- -231 +231 - 1. 8,16 32 . :

D 0 255; 0 65 535; 0 232 - 1. :

32- , ; () , ;

48- , :16- () 32- .

,

4 .

113

, -

-

.

32 .ii - -

0 9. . -

.

^ - -

0 9 . - . ( 4-7) -.

s .

, .

17.* MMX- Pentium MMX/II/HI/IV.

Pentium MMX. .

9 MMX- Pentium III/IV. - Pentium III. - .

. -

-

. , , -

.

, -

. (-, ) ; , , -

. -

. 5.19.

|

^

L

1 _

*

-pup) 0~|

. 5.19.

114 5.

.

* (?) , ,

. , -

.

,

. , -

, , -

, .

,

. ,

, .

18 -, .

TASM MASM - , -

, .

DB 1 . DB - :

D , -128...+127( ) 0...255 ( );

8- , HIGH LOW;D , -

( , ).til DW . DW

:

,

-32 768...32 767 ( ) 0...65 535 ( );D , 16 ,

16- ;D 1- 2- , .

! DD . DD :D ,

-32 768...+32 767 ( i8086), 0...65 535 ( 18086), -2 147 483 64S...+2 147 483 647 ( 1386 ) 0...4 294 967 295 ( 1386 );

D , 16- 16- ;

4 , .

115

DF DP 6 . DF DP : ,

-32 768...+32 767 ( 18086), 0...65 535 ( 18086), -2 147 483 64S...+2 147 483 647 ( 1386 ) 0...4 294 967 295 ( 1386 );

, 32 ( i80386) 16 ( Intel);

, 16- 32-;

-247...247 - 1; 0...248 - 1; 6 , .DQ 8 . DQ :

,

-32 768...+32 767 ( 18086), 0...65 535 ( 18086), -2 147 483 64S...+2 147 483 647 ( 1386 ) 0...4 294 967 295 ( 1386 );

, 32 ( i80386) 16 ( Intel);

D -263...263~ 1; 0...264 - 1; 8 , .DT 10 . :

,

-32 768...+32 767 ( i8086), 0...65 535 ( 18086), -2 147 483 64S...+2 147 483 647 ( 1386 ) 0...4 294 967 295 ( 1386 );

, 32 ( i80386) 16 ( );

, 16- 32-;

-279...279 - 1; 0...280 - 1; 10 , ; 0...99 999 999 999 999 999 999.

116 5.

, , -

, ,

. -

. -

DB. -. ('') (""). , ( -) .

5.3, . - .

5.3.

masmmodel small.stack 100h.datamessage db " " , ' $ 'perem_l db Offhperem_2 dw 3a7fhperem_3 dd 0f54d567ahmas db 10 dup (" ")pole_l db 5 dup (?)adr dw perem_3adr_fuU dd perem_3fin db " $".codestart :

mov ax,@datamov d s . a xmov ah,09hmov dx.offset messageint 21hmov ax,4c00hint 21h

end start

- , -

6.

, , -

, 5.3. .

1. td.exe, TASM.2. , 5.3, -

prg_5_3.asm. work, , TASM.

3. :tasm.exe /zi prg_5_2.asm , , ,

117

4. - :

tl ink.exe /v prg_5_2.obj5. :

td prg_5_2.exe , Module -

.

, , Dump. View > Dump .

, -

. DS, DS - . -

.

.

@data. -

mov a x , @ d a t amov d s , a x

, -

. ,

F7 F8. F8. Dump.

Dump , , - Goto. , - , Dump. -

.

, , ds:0000 (. 5.20). , , .

() Dump.

-

5.3 : . , - 0000 , message. 34 . , perem_l, offh. , - , ,

perem_2. 7fh, 3ah. , , -

. , -

perem_3. .

-

118 5.

.datamessage db '

\1

ji.y_

I '?'pecem 1 db Offh

dd Of54d567ahmas db 10 dup (' ')pole 1 db 5 dup (?)adc dw pecem 3adc full dd pecem 3fin db ' .codestact:

mov ax,6data mov ds , ax^ mov ah,09h

ds:0000dsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsds

int 2 In mov ax,4cOOh

int 2 Inend stact

~1 -$', -4*$-, '"' '

0008001000180020002800300038004000480050

87ASAE285620008A3

2UA320

4D2000

AD

-3&

AFEDEOAEASF52027ADASAD

*

E3E2

E224202000ASADEB

-----

ElE3ACABFF202027E6E2E5

We

E2 A820 AFAC E3 47F 20 2000 0000 4220 El 2020 AF

E2EU20E77A2000IBASA4EO

e

D:zVM1

' ' -

-Step -teu ~

| . Pant 844. 5.20.

.

DW DD - .

adr adr_full. - ,

, . -

, ,

( DD) , ( dw). - , adr adr_full, - .

, -

, :

(seg) , ;>i (offset) ; (type) , -

.

-

SEG, OFFSET TYPE.

119

, -

,

. -

13.

, , -

, .

: , , -.

, -

, -

, -. -

, -

.

^ , -

,

.

i , ,

. -

:

;D ;D ;D ; .

, , , -

. -

.

1 -

.

-

, .

, -

.

1> TASM , - () . - .

120 5.

III .

-

IA-32 .ss , ,

,

.

6

TASM

MASM

,

, -,

, -, -

, -

.

, , -

, -

. -

.

122 6.

1. : --

; , -

, , ; -

;D ; .

2. : ; ; ;D -

.

3. : -

; ;D -

.

4. :D ; , ,

; .

5. : ; ; , -

,

; ,

, .

-

. -

.

, , -

, .

,

123

. ,

.

, -

. 2 - . ,

.

() . , - . ( )? , , - ? - . .

, , -

. -

.

, -

( ), . -

.

.

.

ASCII. ASCII . -, : - . ? : , -

. -

. -

.

-

. , ACSII- . -

0,1,..., 9, , , , D, E, F, , , , d, e, f, :12Af, 34ad. ASCII ASCII-, - . , -

. -

,

. , ,

, -

.

010100010101011110101101110101010101000101001010.

124 6.

. 2 , 8 . :

01010001 01010111 10101101 11010101 01010001 01001010. ,

, . : -

4 :0101 0001 0101 0111 1010 1101 1101 0101 0101 0001 0100 1010.

(. 6.1). 6.1.

0123456789,

.

,

D,d,

F,f

ASCII-( )()31h ( 0001)32h (001 10010)33h (001 10011)34h (001 10100)35h (001 10101)36h(00110110)37h ( 0111)38h (001 11000)39h(0011 1001)41h (0100 0001), 61h (01 10 0001)42h (0100 0010), 62h (0110 0010)43h (0100 001 1), 63h (01 10 001 1)44h (0100 0100), 64h (0110 0100)45h (0100 0101), 65h (0100 0101)46h (0100 0110), 66h (0110 0110)

000000010010

01000101

011110001001101010111100110111101111

, 51 57 ad d5 51 8. -

, , , .

.

ACSII- (. 6.1), - . , ASCII- ( 0) - 30h. 30h

125

0011 0000, - 0000 0000. .

. 0...9 ACSII- - 0011 0000, 30h. - -

:

ii : (-) - ; ,

ACSII-., 0 9 .

, , , d, e, f, . -

. -

(. . 6.1) , - .

ASCII , - 37h. - -

67h.; . -

ASCII- 37h 67h. , -

h. 4, ,

.

6.1 , -

.

6.1. ; Prg_6_l.asm ' ; ; . ;: , ; . ;: dl.

data segment para public "data" ; message db " ,$" data ends stk segment stack db 256 dup ("?") stk ends code segment para public "code" main proc

main assume cs:code,ds:data,ss:stk mov ax,data ;

*

126 6.

6.1 ()

mov ds.ax ;ax dsmov ah,9raov dx,offset messageint 21h

ax ,axah, in

xormovintmovsub dlcmp dl

21hdl.al

30h9h

jlesub

Mldl, 7h

Ml:

M2:

movshlintsubcmp aljle M2sub al

cl,4hdl.cl21hal,30h

9h

,7h

add dl.almov ax,4c00hint 21h

main endpcode endsend main

Ih ah 21h al dl: (dl)=(dl)-30h (dl) 9h Ml, dl

127

25 ASCII- 5, : = 0000 0001 0011 0101

26 AL DL. , AL . DX - :

dx = 0000 0000 0011 0101 27 5 -

30h, DL 5:dx = 0000 0000 0000 0101

28-29 , DL. 0...9, DL - . DL 9, , , , D, E, F ( ). 29 Ml. 5 , Ml ( 31).

. -

, , .

32-33 DL 4 , .

34 AL ( ASCII- 63h): = 0000 0001 0100 0011

35-37 , - 0...9. ,

. 38. AL 35 : = 0000 0001 0001 0011

AL 13h, , ( !). 0...9, - 38. AL (al) = : = 0000 0001 0000 1100

, 40 DL AL:dx = 0000 0000 0101 0000

+ = 0000 0001 0000 1100

dx = 0000 0000 0101 1100 , DL

, :

(d l ) = 05Ch

128 6.

41-42 - .

. -

. -

, ,

.

. 6.1 -. -

(. 6.1). . , , -

. Windows (Notepad). ,

( ). Microsoft Word . -

Asm Editor for Windows (http://www.avtlab.ru). - .asm.

1.

/prg_3_1 . asm

2.

Tasm exe

.^1^**>1

^

^~^^^

*^

51 . .

1 kt

prg_3_1 .erf

4.

. 6.1.

MASM TASM. - , TASM,

129

. , -

, -, , -

. -

, TASM, .

-

.

(. 6.1). :

; ; ;is .

, , . -

: .

-

, -

. TASM ()tasm.exe. tasm.exe :TASM [] __ [,__][,__] [,___]

tasm.exe . , tasm.exe . , .

.

, -

. -

.asm. -

, ,

. , -

. , -

.

II , ( ), :

tasm.exe prg_6_l , , , -

, . 6.1 .^ , / -

,

, :

5 . 256

130 6.

tasm.exe prg_6_l , ,prg_l i s t , prg_6_l.obj, prg_list.lst, prg_6_l.crf.

, -

nul :t a s m . e x e prg_6_l , , n u l ,

prg_6_l.obj, prg_6_l.crf. [] -

TASM. , (http://www.piter.com/download).

tasm.exe - . TASM \TASM\BIN, - tasm.exe, . - tasm.exe , , .

, , -

.

, .

1. . .\TASM . .\WORK . .\PROGRAM. ..\PROGRAM ( .). ..\WORK - -

TASM , . -

-

. .\PROGRAM, . .\WORK , - .

, ..\WORK -, ..\PROGRAM .

2. ..\WORK tasm.exe, tlink.exe rtm.exe. - ..\WORK - -, tasm.exe tlink.exe .

3. . .\WORK prg_6_l.asm. .

..\WORK prg_6_l.asm

tasm.exe /zi prg_6_l , , . .

TASM, - .

. , -

, Error Warning. 6.1 , - - , .

Error , -

131

. -

. ,

, , -

. Warning , - ,

, .

-

.

. -

. ,

. . --

, . -, -

.

, , .

, .

-

. -

.1st, -. 6.2 , . -

, .

6.2. Turbo Assembler Version 4.102/03/98 21:23:43 Page 1Prg_6_l.asm1 ; Prg_6_l.asm2 ; 3 ; .4 ;: ,5 { .6 ;: 7 ; al.8 ;

9 0000data segment para public "data" ; 10 0000 82 A2 A5 A4 A8 E2 A5+ message db "

,$"11 20 4 2 5 20 8 5 +12 El E2 AD 4 0+13 2 5 0 AS E7 AD EB+14 A5 20 E6 AS E4 E0 EB+15 2C 2416 0025 data ends17 0000 stk segment stack18 0000 0100*(3F) db 256 dup ("?") ; 19 0100 stkends20 0000 code segment para public "code" ; 21 0000 main proc ; main22 assume cs:code,ds:data,ss:stk23 0000 B8 0000s mov ax,data ; 24 0003 8 D8 mov ds.ax ;ax ds25 0005 4 09 mov ah,926 0007 0000mov dx,offset messag**Error** Prg_6_l.asm(21) Undefined symbol: MESSAG27 0 0 0 A C D 21 i n t 21h #

132 6.

6.2()28293031323334

000 33 0 ,000 4 01 mov ah.lh0010 CD 21 int 21h0012 8A D0 mov dl.al0014 80 EA 30 sub dl0017 80 FA 09001A 7E E4 jle

Ih ah 21h at dl

30h ;: (dl)=(dl)-30hcmp dl,9h ; (dl) 9MM ; Ml, dl

133

:

_ _ _ _

:

_ -

.

_ . -

.

, -

. -

, INCLUDE, . -

, ,

.

_

. .

-

. .

.

_ , -

_.

_ .

.

-

.

,

. , -

. ,

, -

( ).

.

, ,

(9, 16, 17, 19...22, 48...50). , :

, -

;* , -

,

; , ,

,

134 6.

,

.

-

. , -

( , http://www.piter.com/download).

-

() , , , . -

. , , ,

. , -

, .

-

. -

( -) . ..

.

-

( ):TLINK [] __ [,__][.__] [,__] [,__][,__]

.

li , . (http://www.piter.com/download). - (-) / (). .

__ , -

.obj. - + (), :

t l i n k /v prog + mdf + f d r .

II __ , - . , -

.

ii __ , - .

, , .

it __ , - (.lib). -

135

tlib.exe TASM. . -

tlink.exe ,

. Windows-, - __ -

( 16). __ , -

(.def). Windows- ( 16).__ , -

Windows- (.res). - Windows- ( 16). 32--

ttink32.exe. -

. tlink.cfg (tlink32.cfg). tlink.exe tlink.cfg (tlink32.exe tlink32.cfg) tlink.cfg (tlink32.cfg). , - tlink32.cfg Windows- :

/ V/Twe

tasm.exe, - tlink.exe. - tlink.exe, .

nporpaMMytlink.exe -

t l i n k . e x e / v p r g _ 6 _ l . o b j . prg_6_l.exe. , . , -

, -

, .

.

-

, .

, -

. -

,

. -

. , -

. -

, (. . 6.1).

136 6.

, -

. -

. , -

. -

.

:

* , ,

(Turbo Pascal, Visual C++. .);

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(, Visual C++). - , -

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MS-DOS? - .

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(MS-DOS), (Windows).

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, Windows. -,

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(MS-DOS).

TASM MASM - MS-DOS, . ,

MS-DOS, 16- TASM MASM .

137

. TASM 16- Turbo Debugger(TD), Borland International. - . ,

TD , - , cv.exe MASM.

TD . :

II ; .

TD:* , -

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, TD . -

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II , .

, 6.1, . -

END:end _

MAIN.* /zi:

tasm /zi __ , , , /zi - ,

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9- /v:tlink /v __

138 6.

/v .

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:

td __, td.exe -

..\WORK. ..\BIN TASM. td.exe ,

, :

td : 5 \ _ . -

TD Module prg_6_l.asm. , td.exe - ? /zi /v tasm tlink . - . -

-

.

Module (. 6.2). - ( ). , . ( - ). . ,

, END. ,

.

;: dl.s ~ -,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

data segment para public "data" ; message db " ,$"data endsstk segment stackdb 256 dup ; stk endscode segment para public "code" ; main proc mainassume cs:code,ds:data,ss=stkmou ax,data mou ds.ax ;ax dsmou ah,9mou dx,offset messageint 2ih , ; mou ah,lh ;lh ah

. 6.2. Module TD

139

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F9. , , , ,

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( Window > User screen - Alt+F5). , . , - -

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F4. , .

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(breakpoints).

140 6.

, F2. - .

F2. F9 (. - ). . , -

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() . - .

F7 (Run > Trace into) F8 (Run > Step over). - ; , - . -

F7 . F8, - , -

. , Module CPU, View > CPU.

CPU .II

, Module, . ; .

ii (Registers) - ( 18086). i486 Pentium, . -

Registers 32-bit Yes. (Flags) -

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9 (Stack) , . SS SP.

(Dump) , , .

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, CPU, , . CPU . Module, - CPU, CPU. -

141

Module CPU , View - CPU.

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Ctrl+F2.

MASM MASM Microsoft (Windows NT\2000\XP) 6.13 . :

^ masm.exe ;* ml.exe (Masm and Link);s link.exe ; cv.exe (CodeView);* lib.exe, implib.exe, nmake.exe, cref.exe, h2inc.exe, exehdr.exe, cvpack.exe, helpmake.exe,

rm.exe, undel.exe, exp.exe . MASM

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macro, -

( ), . , . -

,

Intel (, TASM), , , . MASM

, . masm.exe,

ml.exe, link.exe cv.exe. , - : masm.exe ml.exe. ? MASM 5.1 masm.exe . MASM - 6.0 ml.exe, link.exe.

. , -

cLexe. C/C++ , , . -

ml.exe. MASM 6.13 masm.exe, , link.exe . masm.exe -

MASM 6.13 , .

ml.exe,masm.exe link.exe, (http://www.piter.com/download).

142 6.

ml.exe ml [] __1 [ [] __2] . . . [ / l i n k _11]

ml.exe . masm.exe

masm [] _ [, [_] [, [_][, [__]]]]

() - (DLL). Link.exe link [] _ [,[_][,[_][,[_6][ , [ ! _ ] ] ] ] ] [